forests, fragility and conflict
TRANSCRIPT
7/30/2019 Forests, Fragility and Conflict
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overview and case studies
Forests, Fragility and ConFliCt
June 2011
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ah: e HaDga Faah
Ah G. Bd
Forests, Fragility and ConFliCt
overview and case studies
June 2011
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Acknowledgement
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table oF Contents
ABout tHe AutHors _____________________________________________________
ForeworD ____________________________________________________________
overview _____________________________________________________________
CHAPter 1. ___________________________________________________________ 9F, s Fgl, cfEmily Harwell
CHAPter 2. ___________________________________________________________ 6tl cm, sl nk, F:ug l f pf lDouglas Farah
CHAPter 3. ___________________________________________________________th Fl Fl h Fl w Arthur G. Blundell
CHAPter 4. ___________________________________________________________F, ex-mb, dbl s:c-l mpl pf pgmmgEmily Harwell
vtaBLe oF contents
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about the authors
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aBout tHe autHors 1
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Foreword
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Foreword to Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict
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overview
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6 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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overview 7
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8 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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10 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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mp. F xmpl, g’ m ml l mp
ll . a hg , h lbl m, h l
lk lg plm.
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bl h m, hh hl b pp mk lg-
m mmm ( h + h h ).
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hhl m mb h — g b h mj “qk mp”
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h h m ml-m h gl.
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h lh? th mp q m b l h ll x, h g
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j lm h b b h h g mplm l
mm p.
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h k g mg, bl, bg -p b h l. sg
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pg, mkg mpbl m h h h lgl gh lg f. F h
h mp h mpl h h qm h
l m lz h .
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m .
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pp p. B xpg h l mp h m pl q
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m.
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d xp hl k g h lbl g m h
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mp m h . i , l kg gp, bgg
gh g khl, mgh b l mhm mmg gl,
p, pph, xp p m. sm l p
l:
Mg mp plm mp .
rlm x-mb pl mm.
Hp mg x-mb lm llgl .
emplm pgm pbl mlzg ml -p .
w g pm pj.
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lack capac — pca ?
wh h fgh xp l pl g h , b lk
p, g hllg pf gm h lk p. exp h
h, b l p-blg m, l bgg
mgm b h h m p ll lkg. sh g hl bmp b g mhp, pl g h bk gm, h
blg q gh mhm.
B g h b h pbl h h llg pm
, l l h hl mk lk pll ll lk p.
t mpl pf , h m h l pl ll p
p, ll mll. d hl h m l h pl
l . wh h l, m “ pp” lkl b mplm
f b hm.
Key lessons
th llg p pl h pm l m h .
a p p l pg f g lmg h lk mg
gz ml gz ll mm k. th m m h h mpl
p h h m ml l m g, Lb ll
h. B q h phl p p lm (hl, jb, hlh ,
mk p), clmb Gml’ Pé h. wh h p x,
mh lm m, gz ml gp m p b lk h p
hllg h bm h bl .
cmm kg b bh h f pm mg . B
f, gg p p h k bkg h l l.
applg -m-lg l, p pph, b b p hlp
gh h ’ bl m h ppl. i pl, h xp ll
mm h mm-pg h b m, h h l h h k
mg h gm h h ghg .
s h l. Lb h h g h mm mb m
h mp h l ml .
cmm f k pl bl pbl ggph l, f l
h phl p. B b h mm lbl l b l
b p h f, l h l l x f.
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th l mp l ’ . th bl l,
pg b. th l xpg, h h f-g l
p m h . th l Lb h Pé.
t x l m h mm, h llg m gp l lkg
l k. th gp, l h k p, h p h phl ph h mm p, gll.
G h ml m h mm f, l q gl ml
p. a h w a Mx–cl am ppl m, kg h
f l mpl h l mm g.
th l k lm l gl mm b g g , mkg
hm l p.
sll, pg h k — pll h l l, b l gl ll
p — h b mh m m gp’ p. rmg k l
h l ppl h mp h f m, p, h .
cmm f h l l h h p l bk. th
pll hgh gl l, h h p hp
q. wh m h mm mh ph h f,
g mp: h lbl bl-h h p
f h h f m ph .
a f h l l m pl hgh p mhg h , h h l h gl mk. wh h mk,
mb mg gl h h p — h bl
f. th gl pph q mlpl mm g h xl
l h pl f , hb mkg f “ bl” cll’ ml.
sh pph l q mh g p p, -xpl mhm
h bg b, h p m l .
Pll mp, l pl gh l g hg, m b pp, bh mll b l . th pp m l p
h pl k mmb l .
rpg m m l hg p lg ml m.
th p — b l — hl gm bl. abl
mk h p l h mp, pll h l gm m
p m g h hl ml p p h p gm.
Fl, pf h g, m lg h g( ql h bm l ) bl xp hg. B h
16 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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b hg p hghl bl pg blg bl . nl
p h , gm l h h p hm p —
php, m mp, mplm ( x-mb pbl) — hgh h h m
h gll l h f. Gm mp m h h
p, hpg kk- g h p. B h l mh pj, h m h m gm, lg h
ppl g , k- .
J gm m hlp bl , h l m bl
h l mkpl h h l f mb g — h h p
lgl mk. rpbl m k h h ph lg mp
f. H, lgl m mg hlpg m h
lgl b g ll l, h h u.s. L a h ep u’ vl Php
agm. Pf l pl h p. G h lgg p gh f ( ), m ll b ml h h lg mkpl m
m. Mh .
B g pbl p l gh f. a m h lppg
lm, m h g lgg b ml pl, pg h h
p bl h l lggg ll mll. Gm h p
m hh p mpl h h p qm h gm
hh , b h ll p h h m h jb. a
gm h h p , h plll l h
pf m, hl g h gl , l mpl.
Gm m h mmm m ( h h mg)
b l p h mmm g g. amg -p
, h m m g h h — h ll h ppl
g g, hh l:
tp h hlp l bl m.
e lgl mgm gm, lg m , ppp , f mgm.
Hgh-ql m, lg p, mg l.
Pp mgm, lg qbl b hg.
th l l.
wh lk h hk bl g g, m ll lg
m gh — l m gh h lg ’ bl l h
h k f. s, p p b lh l pl, pf m m b
lpg g g. a bl p p .
overview 17
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* c m: nl cpl a LLc, - Mlll s, v Bc c v6e n;ph: + 9; .lpl.m; -ml: [email protected]
19
1 Forests, state Fragility, and ConFliCt Emily Harwell*
vlm h h l h m h lk mg p, m f,
k g. th h h ll m lpm p, lg h
wl Bk, gz h xmplg h lk m mplx k —
m mgm, pll lgm, gl ql, l l, p phl
b .1
al h g l mg gl, f, h m h mg l . rk f gl l x m p
xp h m h , p , l’
h ll gh pll pg pl hm. B h l h
pml l, g, ml, lg xm.
wh l h l, g l h b f
h pml l, lg h l ph mg , m
gl, l pl . e h l -l l
l. F xmpl, p m, h g m p (GdP),
p p l f. Lk, h pp l l p
p bh gl bk m l l f — , h
l h h lklh h bmg l (g . ).
e , x h l’ l b m
k lg, ggg b ll g gl (g .). s
g h lhp mp gl l ll llh
ll l, l glbl m, l , ll “glbl g” h b b. th g h mpl h
f pf pgmmg.
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Figure 1.1: Forests and state Fragility
Source: Author, based on World Bank 2010 and U.S. Fund or Peace 2009.
0 30 60 90 120
0
25
50
75
100
Land under forest cover (percent)
Failed States Index
20
th hp klg h lk mg , f, p, gl,
xmg:
The nature o ragility in predatory states, incapable or absent states, and conict-aected states,
h g lhp f.
The mechanisms enabling orests to acilitate or prolong conict , lg l f m
x bllg, h pg, p b
lgg, mplm bllg b lggg mp .
The impact o conict and ragility on orests and orest livelihoods, pll -l
pf h h mgm .
The characteristics o state ragility that should be the ocus o reorm in postconict interventions
p -b llh mg h f.
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Figure 1.2: distribution oF total global Forest Cover and risK oF beComing Failed state
Share of global forest cover, by the risk of a country becoming a failed state. High risk countries are assumed to have already become failed states.
riskHigh
11%
Medium risk63%
Low risk12%
Stable14%
Source: Author, based on World Bank 2010 and U.S. Fund or Peace 2009.
A caa
th pp mphz h h , h Lb, h dm rpbl cg, cmb,6
m h mphz b hh mh l k (pbl mplg h -
l m mp h mg). a mj bj xm -l
m h ll-k h hl l, hgh h pbl i l
l k . F h p g h m l k
.
F h — lgl, m, ll, phl — mm. thlg mp l g, h hp hghlgh l h f ,
pll f. i l l l h q h —
m m pl ppl b h m h gh kl gz, ll,
h g hh h gh l g b mph h l mb
, pll f. B h hp m hl h p l
pg m g, b h h p m mml g b bh f
pf gm ll mb. th hl mpl h h h m
mp p — l h h h m l h g h. F xmpl,h l gl h ll , l b lbl
k.
chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict
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diFFerent types oF state Fragility
th lpm mm’ m mml p state ragility h b h u.K.
dpm il dlpm h oecd dlpm a cmm: lg
m , hh lk llg p, p b phl
z. th mpl h gl xb b h lk h l l
( j mpl h ), g , l p p ,
h ppl’ ll-bg. sh k l l gm
lbl ppl, mg mgm. th pll
mp, h, .
Pda a ad capab ab a
C ag. s gl “h-” — x m, b h
q whether gl b h g h . B pph mg gl p m. F xmpl, h hl
b — pl lgl pl ( m b m x l pp)
m? i m, hh h b p gl? wh mhlg hl
b m h m? rlg h q p m b,
h l g , “y mg h m.”
sa ad ca ag. Fgl h m, hh m l k.
a mph ll p b h p h pp, hh h lk
mg h m p gl: p , pbl b , f-
. n mll xl, h pl g lp lk m
m, ggph , gm . a plll l p lbl
gh h h m h m , pll h ll p.
s p gl h mp l p h m b
f — l, h m pl mhm f p mg. i,
ml mh g h ml f- . B b
pl pl — g — l h - m l h, h hp k h ( h p)9 g p. th l gz
h l m , lg h wl Bk, k php h l gm
p hgh h m pp g .
iaa ad a aa. th mm gl mp. M
h pk gl, h M h Phlpp, Pp i, amzô Bzl,
chp Mx, nxl ghl i. th h p gm
b h m hl h m m b . a h ql
ppl b m ppl h gh m b l l gz, ll.
Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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F b ll ll, m l — lg h — h k h ll,
lg p h l bl f. th h l ll p
h b ggl l, hgh h mg b lggg
g, mkg h l l , h , bgg
hp p gm. th bj qg -ph l .
Fgl mg ghb p p b, Gml, Mx, h u s;
e, clmb, vzl; h H a; h M r g w a; h G Lk
g cl a; h ch, Mm, thl; agh Pk. B
m p h gl k, h h l, f g, ml,
lb, , mm. i , l k h h m, lg
plz , , p l, h x, pbl gm’ ml
. th -b m gg gl h h -b pph,
l .
sg ag a ad ak ag a. wh h l f h pl l
l? t , hlp gp hm g k gl .
sg gl (llg ) ll pg. th h
g mp m bl lpm;
ll llh; h- bl z; lpm g
; m lgm ( bl). th p: h l
h h p lg pl p hgh pg lhph h p h plz ml k ( kg h
pbl g). sh pg m h l l, gh ml k, g
h h m.
wk gl (pbl ) bl l m ( ll h l),
h xm lk p mpl b gm p. F lmg
l l b l , pll h h h glbl m; m
h pl, b pxm p b; bl xg (h , l p,
, gbl ); h h lg plz ( bh); hgh lbl
xl f.
th may pl p ml ml gp mpg l l
mm x ( ll g, b l mb p h bb, plm l,
). o blh, h k h p b g h llgl
h p, ppl (lb, g, x k), l hl, x m
g lk b lhl. o h m m m h hl l m.
Dp aac. ah mp g h mp k
h lpm , pll h ph f, h h mgh
23chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict
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ll b m p f. F xmpl, m pf ,
l gm h m h pl b l
p . th h h mphz l- ll
pp pgm h xp mll l llh, l b h lg
. th m xb h h ll p -p b pl h lg, b hl h l l h ll h gh lggg mp
mk hm p.
Cc-acd a
cf b p m gl h bh p ll f. B
f h pl b h g gl b m,
hh p b . cf , k , p l
k, g b ml k mb, l’ h ’ l
, p lg-lg ml phl m. cf gg l
k , h g g bk lp p, l,
g. alhgh ll f q, m glzbl p hgh p
f, h -l mpl hh gm hl b .
(th h h pp.)
wh k f m l ? F lll mp llh, ll
mg, m (h l l). th ll mp
m , pml mb p l. F l mp lmk mb h p ll glbl g, hh gl mz,
h b (l m g ml) b. B h
mlpl mpg , ql h ggl l
, , b. th b p b b l, l bk
, b llz.6
u m, h, l f h h h . th , f
b gh , b h xb b p (lg,
b lm , l f m p gl mb f g). th h h b l f h l b h h
g mp llh. wh h h hp xm l f
h l, g h m “conict” “violence” hgbl.
o , h “p m f” pml l (bh p/
g p f) b h h m q ql l. al
l, h pbl, xmpl p l x b “pf”
ml p gm. P l l h h gz m ll
l, h p h l mm, h l.
24 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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th m “pf” m mlg b mpl l, hh,
b, h m llg p gm. M h h ll p
gm bk h , b h bllg g l mp
f m h ll xpl l . e , h m “pf” k
b mk h m q h x — m h l pgm h mp -l mpl.
the linKs between Forests and ConFliCt
Fllg h mg h 1990 h “ ” l h xpl h px p
lpm m -h ,18 Pl cll ak Hf19 g l
b b l k l f. Blg h g, cll
llg l x b b mmg l , p l f, k
g, h p — pl h “lpm .”20
ug l l mp , h, m h l k h g
cll Hf’ b , b, f. B h h h
m m pl, h g l b k l b
GdP hgh-l h l, g, ml.
th xpl mhm h lhp b f l m xm
mh lm b h pl h g. cll Hf p hg l l l lhp, xp h ll-k mh-
b “g g” hph. amg h hg, h “g bl” gm hl h
g pml mll m, ggg h f p mg
hl h m ml h , h h g h h pll
g h g pplg gh mhm p .
i p h l ml, l h h, hl m g m
l g m b h pm m m l mm (pll l
h f), g ll h mp l mg ppl j pp mm. thl m mp lm h l h f hh m , h
h lg blp pph g ll f. th mp g lg
m l x pg f h b b l m . i ,
cll l l xp h hkg g h pf g, pl l l
g p h mm mgm.
th l h lhp mg m l l , k g, f,
p lpm m m l. th m m h m h
p hl gl hgh k f. th, h, h gl
h p h h l m, ggg h h lk m
25chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict
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f m k h h l l .6 i , m h h g
h k b lk p h m p hb
l pm , h h .
i m, h h cll llg — lk a sh w9 h l h
“ ” hl — pk pgm h hkg b h lk mg , m
f, lpm. M h h m h m -
l h pl lm h x h m hh l, m
p g, pll l l mhm.
H d cpa h h aa c?
s, lhgh h h m h lk ll x mg , f, p,
h lk’ character b l glz , f, mgm gm.
ulk l gm h pm h b kpg lk l f lpm, m k h h h l f gl
b p h phl b, mk, bl .
i h l f gl, h h l b h
b h l m?
F mb h l h h m mk hm lkl plg f (bl .).
Php m mp, l ll llh, pll m h l p
(h m lbl bh b f). th mpg b ll llh l lggg l g m f.
tabl e 1. 1. C ha ra Ct er is tiCs oF th re e re so ur Ce s an d th ei r re le vanC e to Co nF li Ct
Oil AlluviAl diAmOnds Timber
Competing Uses No No Y
Shelter No No Y
Footprint Point Point d
Labor Skilled u Skilled/ u
Technology High low low /Medium
Detectable Medium/High low High
Value/weight Hh Hh Low/Medium
Price Volatility vy hh Low/Medium Medium
End Users ucat Discriminating Discriminating
Renewable no no no / Yes (i sustainably managed)
Source: Author.
F p hl p ph g bl, hh m mk h lggg p bl gm g g hm m
26 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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g . Lggg p h , pll lg g b, hghl
mlz. F l plg f b h “lbl,” h , xg hm l ll
l kll, h bl. Lbl h b m
g, ml gg, p h m h b p b
.
th p ( ggph ) lggg p mh m h h p
lk l mg, gg pll g mp llh mkg h l,
bg g ml g. whl b h bl
mm, p m h p mm, b h x
m l ll b l h. th lggg p l
g , b mpl b mp h k l g
mm, b l.
tmb l bl, mkg ll m h pbl ml —
— “x” p blk, hh p f. B pxll,
mb b m l pl h mm h g ll, b llgl
lgl mb b l mx, qg l m g h lgl g pm,
xp p.
B m h mk mb l lkl f. i h l l--gh , hh
pl pblm h h m l mggl h m. i h l
ll l h, xmpl, l p ml h “pl” llg plgl m ll l mb. alhgh mb lbl mm bm
b l, l m l , p l ll h l’ (b m h
m’), h blzg mp.
Fh, lhgh mb lg p hllg, mb p bmg
m mg b g lgl, mkg gl m
gh m “g” “b” . a pl k h
, h h F shp cl, ll pgm, h
lgl hgh h ep u’ vl Php agm mb.
Fll, bl b k m g, h h bl mgm q lg-m
plg m. s lhgh bl, h lg-m m,
h lbl lgg h-gh gm h m b mp -p hm.
wha k ab ad cc?
whl m l h l m, m h lk mb, hl mx h b f. th lk l m pl m
27chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict
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g mh ( h f), b l m h
mplx h h f. cl h m , l m
b mlg h b lhp h gz p bl.
sll, m p mg. F, z h (ml) lklh f
l k , lhgh h g l Mm l h . Lk,
plg f lbl (m b l) h
l, b h mll h l p h l Bglh, Mm, Pp
n G, sgl.6
s, lhgh l mg g l g l f, prolonged
f h when there are other lootable resources available (h
ml gm), b h l. Bh l l l h
l m h plg h l , hl “h l bl bl lk f m ‘b’, hh l gm, mb, .”
th l gg h hl l plg f, m
p pplm m, m g p mb g ml .
all, h l p gl h k m h k f
h lbl lbl . i , h hgh l h x
( m, h bl l hm) b pl pblm h
mb m plg l pl m l h . a b,
pl m l pblm mb l, hh bh blk l lbl. B g, p m b b h i, Mm, Bglh.
Fll, l9 ql h h m h x gm
m mp p gl f h h p , h z
, p xp ( h GdP). B h l l pml h
h, l-xpg (“p-”). th pl l h
lhp gl f m l . r h xp: h
i, Ml, Phlpp mb p h g mb p lk q
g g mp p l h mlg h h l
p h .
th mg lk b k f p g gm
g h p gl h g h h m
b p.
28 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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meChanisms For Forests to Contribute to ConFliCt
th gg lk b plg f mb m m. wh, h,
h p mhm hgh hh — “f mb” — b f? th
mhm l l f m mb p pm h l;
ggm l p kg b lgg h mpl b lgg; lk b
lggg h m m l.
o , gl p f, h g . r h h p
gl h bl f mb, lg:
opq gl m , p.
u pg gh, bl, mgm p.
s b, llg l gz m l mb h . Lk p (lg h ) llgl lgg ml k.
ugad faca
Fgl g h l p p m mb “x”
bb p h ml, ll lll. ah m mb
p mlz. sh m ll b “bl” l
l h pp g ( h l), b h pph h gl,
p, g.
Lb cmb h b-k xmpl mb g f, b h l .
agh, h l g g h pm, l h mb,
gm, l , m g. th mp bh h tlb
h nh all, pll h h b g, h , p
l “x.” rp gg h h tlb mp p x mb.6
i h sgl’ l cm g, h mll p pg h l 99,
bl mm ml h k h g’ mb p ll h-p m, lg h . i sml h hl h bm h
m mp m h 99, h g xp ghbg
h Gl s s ab. G h l h h -p
, l g gp h l.
i h dm rpbl cg u n pl xp h l h h Kbl
gm h q lggg mp B cg pl h p
: h h gm hlp h .9 Lk, h r P am’ cg k
lk ll lggg p h p h dm rpbl cg, ug h b lk ll kg mm lg mb.
29chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict
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smll h 9, g Mm’ Kh K b hml
pml m mb l ch thl. a - h l 99 h gm k
l h b mb , ppl mb pl pm ch $.
bll m hpm. i l, m, b k l h iq M . M ll,
h r F llg p pl pm k Mg-9 gh j lhlg.
Paag ad c
cf-mb plg h lgl gl l f, b h l f
g h. Hgh-kg l gl — g l pg —
f, h hml, l h p. i, h lggg, b
p h h pg. i h dm rpbl cg m
h hl ll bl l 999–, hl h gm l
mj xp p . th gm-l lggg l p,
lgg bl l xp pbl. B h p pl (“ p”)
m bg gh mll h , hb g bllg, lg
h gm.
i Lb h lm b lggg mp x h h ’
. m. th Lb gm’ F c r p ll h h l hpp h
ll p g pg, mgm:
dg 99 999, m P chl tl k , h h -
ll p hh tl ll hl h h h
l k k. th bj -lg l l lg .
th ‘Mg-c’ pl ll h l h ’ lhp h
gh pll , ml l, m l.6
rp h Lb agll Lggg Mg cp p h h Mhmm
Gp cmp k h b h h h bj, Mhmm
slmé
l hm chl tl.
Pg p l h p gl. a Lb ll, hg pll m
ll p lppg lm . th lk l hp p g
f b ll mm h p ,9 h ll mm h p
. 6 i l lggg mp’ ll ’ m k.
i P, g ( lgg pl mp, g l
xpl g ml l) h lm h kll
l ppl.6
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Ca ad a k
a p h g p hm hgh llgll xg g mb
h mm l h -h h kll , , . s h
p , lk ll l bppl, l mplx k h plz
x h p , l m, p ll p (lg p), l m, p hll mp l mk h p. th k, hh p
b pll, h, lg , gz m, p k,
kg h mm, hh l h m p l.6 th g
g l m ll h, hh l h m gz m f
g.
Lggg mp f z l b l. th h b m kg
p ml, lg h ml k.69 B h hgh k
p lg , lgg l ql h (h ll b h bl llg h ) h k p h f
mb, k l ll mm. i m pl, hml
p , bk , lggg mp.
impaCt oF ConFliCt on Forests and Forest livelihoods
cf- l h mp h mgm glbl pbl g h b
b, l -b m, lll mp -b llh.(i l hh h l b bllg g mb f b f-
ppl kg l l llh.) y m f h b
l b hg lggg p, h b b
k mk m ( mb pl k, mg h xmpl).
th q h mp f p, h l ql mx.
all gg, hgh, h h mp gl h f h hg g h
f. th l p m mm hm: h g l hl b
mb; l plm m ; l (b mb l)
l, mb, p h b m h m llh m. th mk
l h mp llb — h g lg xbg
f.
ipac
sagc a. F l, g b, pll h h — ll, lkg
m, mpl llg — f gz mp. F mb, h p
hl blk .
32 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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F bl p pll, h mp pl g, h
b h . F mgh b plm, l, lgg, mpl bm hl
mlz, pll lg b g l. th m m xmpl php
vm, h h u.s. op rh H p l m 6 mll , g bh
p, g p x pll pblm h h lg-lg hlh .
sm m h pg ag og l l b kll p ,
h g h lgll mp mg h Mkg dl.
th l m h b p h ’ p m h .
o f clmb b 9 99 h p mpl
g m f pll h m h g rl am F
clmb (Farc), pml, bh. th h b bj h hb pg
ppp pl, hh ll llh. i npl h
cmm Ppl’ Lb am h rl npl am l ml ll g. i s h m d h lbl b ml
mp mm pbl lm.
F, mm bl , l mk g mg p
p. i 99 h r m h – m hgh h bmb g
h vg l h h mbh lg k l. 6 i Mzmbq, h h
B–Mhp p lkg B p Zmbb l g
pp, h k k b renaMo . B p, lgg, gll
p, h ll, bgg h hm h .
l aag a ad dg. c hlmgl h mp b
lk q f l mgm , h
gh, h ll g x mgm .
F mgm h pl p, xmpl, k, p, b,
l b mb bh f h cl a rpbl, h dm rpbl
cg, ehp, Mzmbq, npl, r.9 F pk h f h f
pph, k mm kll, k hg — lg h p. am, mm j ll mm hlp m m p. sm
m npl h h mm-b p m ml g h f,
mgg h mg ll m m ll mll — hgh h
ll llp.
Dpac. th l p f l pl l h
l, l, ml . rg ll pl ppl — h
ml mp g hml — xp l l-hg l p
llh, hl, l k, . s h bl pl h h-ml , h l ll bl p, pll h ml m.
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Goma, the capital o North Kivu province in the Democratic Republic o Congo, is near some o the most biodiverse
orests in the world. It was already the province’s largest city when its population swelled rom some 30,000 to
wd. Q h hm ll m bhm g f ,
b h x m (g .). i f, l hg plm h
( b g mp h ) h l h llh,
h mg lk m lg. wll l xp h m lm; b
mg, g, p p; l hb.
a l ph b g f, mb mp m
h p, lg h h h l m l. Bllg, lk l,
l h b g pp — h pl p mk
mb’ hg .
i tz traFFic h m h m p ll-h hl b
h fx m , r g h m-99. r ll hgh-p
m l, b h l m h ml b g h fgh. th xp
hg h mp, — h lbl — p. s h
bhm, hg h , , m. (Hg l p m. a l bhm
mk ppl hl h mp h hg l, pl, hl h mp
bhm ll gh, “gh-m ph.”)
th mp ll g. Bg Gm r, pl lg
ppl ll, lg-mmml ppl h b 6–9 p 99–96, h pk h g fx.6
i pll m h s ( l h dm rpbl cg), ll Gmb
nl Pk, j h b, hl xpl b mb, , mph ll.
Pl mg mp h h h phg m l h hgh h pk, kllg lg
mmml — ll bl l lph. i h l 99 mb m h s Ppl’
Lb am b h s h b hl l. th phg bm pll
h, h h dm rpbl cg’ , pk g m
m m l ll. i b p h ppl lph ll b -hl,bl b -h, hpp b h-q.
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Figure 1.3. animal population trends in the burigi game reserve, tanzania 1990- 2000
GiraffeZebraWarthogTopiSable
antelope
ReedbuckImpala
Individuals per square kilometer
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
1990 estimate 1998 estimate 2000 estimate
Source: Jambiya and others 2007 (rom aerial surveys o the Tanzanian Wildlie Conservation Monitoring Unit, MNRT 2005).
Mzmbq’ Gg nl Pk Mm r m l lg-mmml
ppl m mb b lg p. s 99 ( h
h ) h h Gg, h lph ppl l m l m
b , b h f. Fm ppl bl (b ,), hpp (m ,),
lb (b ,) ll p . ol 9 bk m p
,.9 th cl a rpbl l m ll ppl lph (b m 9 p)
h (ll xp m ppl ,).9
al m agh gg h mb h , hg m -
l hg, ml , ll ppl mm h ph m p
h bk x. th mp h m g l h bgh h ghg
ph ll h ll, h h l g b hg llg mb h
ppl m.
s mpl b h u n em Pgmm (uneP) ll ghg gg
h agh’ ppl l, lp, l, x h b l pl.91 M Pl
hp l l. i 2005 mg ppl sb hgh b
j p gl hk: h mg h b p b 2001 u.s. bmbg mpg92
b pll l lg h mg .93 Fl, mm h m,
m m m ab , h h hghl pz h hg
bl. th a l , mm h H Kh, pp h pp mpll. 94
th mb lp, h l’ ml, m h ll 100.
ill, m h l m b bbl pkpg : , guneP, h h bg k Kbl mk, g m g p h p.95
36 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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lad z ad c. cf l l gh . alz p
clmb gm m xp pml z l l
h gll pl.96 sm g h - pgm m h l g
p pl m k l l .9
Fh m h h glbl m plm l pk l l z l clmb
b pml, h l a–clmb mm h l h lll
g l ( h ll gz gh). th z l h l
“h ” b h mm h b lg x gl m
l. i h l b h gm b, h m
l b gl lg plm pl, m hh, ll,
lpm b m h u.s. Pl clmb.9
Lk, ml m agh, uneP h m h p h l ph l h b llg m kplg l,
h l b l h z b h. uneP l g h h
h h g l b g l b g ql q,
h bg g ll h xbg xg .
P c . cf l m b p . F xmpl, h
h h lggg b ll mm f h
hm h , p m lggg hg ll. o l gl
m b b h . eqll, bl gm m “x” p m g xpl — h h h “gp
.”99 th, h, fg. i, h h ,
mpl h p m h lkl h x mb hml. smll, h
g mp m l b pl m h ppl m mgl
lgll gl, lggg, l.
a l h h h g h l e, h ml lm
gl lk gzg, h p g gh.
rp gg h b mp ( l mpl) b l-
l -l l ah, Ml, Mzmbq, Mm, npl,6
ng, h mlz z h K pl. th p
p m m h f h , l m qkl l
(hgh h bl hm lg ll).
ah pl p f h , mg gm
hm g h pbl, ’ mp b hl
g . th g m hlp pk p p — hgh mm-bmgm, b p- mgm, (hm,
37chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict
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p, , lpm g).9 F xmpl, h g ah ( m bl
mm) h gg h b-g p g l , hl
mplg h x-mb f- mm mmb .
ipac hdth h “g g” hph h mh h m
l mb h p h f g. w m,
hgh, gg mplx k ll ll , m hm m h h
pp llh m f h h ml m m h b
h llh, h mg, b lg . i h l, h p
m, gh mg “mb,” “h,” “pg” m h
mp llh l h ml hml, b p
q .
F a a . F p l p (p, l, m,
ml), l (b, mplm, g l), b (l
h h l gll l, m , l ll ). th l
m l h h l h m lbl — h l p m.
wh h , h gp l p lg g g l
mp hhp, p lm xm, h h p ’ p h b m
p h b h. a h m, h m m
p hhl.
th lbl h p b f, l h h h
l f g, hl, mg b. B h plm p
l k pl lb . Lg lb hg plm,
m ghg , ll m ghg mk l l llh m
m ml mmbl h q m m. H, h x h
f , m pl llh .
tb ac. Ll llh h mb q ll ppl g “x” p. Fh, “m” (h , h g g l
mm) m h h q hmg h ph h
l g. un b h l mkg f mb h b mp
l Lb, b m h h g q pg llh b g
l m Lb mb ll lggg mplm.
e , h l ml m h mp mb llh Lb
k (g mb ), h m m h “ m b h
, h, g h h , q gg h lbl g p .” i l l m h mp pl b h ml
38 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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h pg m. B l h lbl m gg h mp lkl
mll h llh h p.
G h z h mp h Lb g h — g l
h h ’ GdP m h hl h xp h l — hl ll
mb xp l h h m q. i , g Lb
mb xp h lg-l lggg xp pp mpll h
mp h mbg Jl . B mh lggg h l b
p lg g h f. i , g h h Lb xp mb
mll l pl h llh l hhl, h m mp h p m
h b lm.
Fh, p h mp mb xp GdP gm , h h mb
p h h l bg mll l l p. em gm m mb xp ppxml $ mll, mll pp l xp p
$ mll. th gm bg l mml m l pg p b
l . M h m m mb xp b lggg mp P
tl pll.6
i , lhgh m gg h h lggg mp mpl m ,–, k
Lb h l , b h h jb ll b xp k. M h Lb
h b h mp l lb, p $–$ . d h hgh l (m
h mpbl g h ) h lggg b -l bl, m mplm p.
rl mm mgh h b m m ll p m mp mpl
m l h hlh l l pm b h mp. G
h p pg, h, h gl lk gh h , m
mp l l lll pm p mm l. i Lb
9 p l mm h l , , hl, l — h
b mm lggg .9
s, hl h m m mplm lggg mgh h m g l b
m hhl, h ll mp mplm m ll p m h b
lm l llh. a pl m b m l b gh g h q
, g kg , xl xpl m gl lggg .120
i , h m b mgh h b b b h h ll mll lggg
p m h lg-l mb lggg. a l, lg m
h mb p p h m mb mk lg mb h lgg
xp h mll p, bgg m pp m l hhl — hgh ll
pll llg l h pll k lkl b h m b.
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nhl, m h h xp h llh h l lbl p ll b
h b g h l f mm,
l m m gll. th h plmk m gh b mml
mb p pg m mb m q
f- l.
i m lgl h lgl phb mm h b
mll mml lggg, l ll, hg . a g h q lk
pll ll g pl l p (m hm m h h
pll pg), l m ppl mll p.
i h l h ’ g g “m ” b mp b b
mg fxbl p, mg h ’ m mp h l p.
postConFliCt pressures on Forests and livelihoods
th f m h h pf . r,
ppl, , l pll m, k mgm, pl ,
- h x-mb h-m bl — ll p h m , lg
ll. a h m m, pf l lggg, jmp- , m
mllhl h hlh , bh l ll llh.
P Pf gll l mbg h h h f l, hh l
h m p . o h f , l x-mb gl mplm,
hl h qk g p bl
m “p .” B h g pll ll p ml m,
h p ml lggg lg pl mllhl gl,
qk hp g mplm . o h l
pll pl h -ppg l pl.
dm mb pf g hgh. Gm ql
g jb qkl, g h m m blg m
g h fx g k. th F agl ogz m h
m pf p-m ah, ll bl hm, 6, b m
( ql), mh ppl b x-mb l llgl lggg.6 i Lb p
h m mb , b m ll, l l
m m , b m. i , pl ppl mb h b h
hm g h bg l k p llh
lg l gl lk, llg mb hl p l.
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alhgh qkl f h p
ppl, mg mgm ghg l m, pll ,
lg bh. th g p h l h mpg g g
hg.
wd. th f lm h p ll, b ll gll
mp h q l m. H llg p h h h
Mzmbq (99), pgm -mg hblg bg,
hh mp ll .9 a lhgh g g ll , h
h p pplm h , gg mll mmml b, lg p
l . th mk bhm bm, l b mk lg mj , b
m lk h b l g h .
H llg p h pf llgl lggg ll ml p. a l h pl g h f h l , hh h l h m p
, h h “l mm h p h bl
pl b m .”
Pf p l hm ll h l m m “p ” l, pp
lm g x-mb ( bh). i r -h h gl akg
nl Pk m m p lm g h lk. th l
h l ll x m p gl, lg h lp h l. i
h r h Gh F r gz p l g g. i l xpl pl b b h.
spca. ah p m m h p lkl b pf
m — ql pl mp lkg hgh llg
hgh k. a m, m pl l p ( m h h
p lg) h ll h gh hgh p. sm m k pl
pl pbl hl glg ml m mgm pbl, ll
blg ll mm.
elit concssions. Gm g h pp m pll m l l
bl g gl , bg hm h h , php hgh
, - gl, lx m (ll, h pg ml ).
a , m f m bg p pg , b h m l
g p pll l pg xpl m pl. i, h
pp p xplg l mb mm gh bg g p
-, Mm.
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i cmb p l m-99 l p-hg gm gm
p m lggg p, g p , pll 99 (bx .). 6
il p h l ml mm lggg mb xp m 99
996, hgh m lx, h b p h p.
box 1.2. war and postwar impaCts on Forest livelihoods in Cambodia
Forests in Cambodia, as in many developing countries, are essential to rural livelihoods. A source o
nutrition, they help diversiy seasonal subsistence strategies in oering insurance against the risks o
rain-ed agriculture and in generating income rom orest products. Since the late 1980s, however, various
political elites have cooperated in destroying much o the country’s orests.
In the late 1980s the country’s orest cover was more than 60 percent, but as the Khmer Rouge gained
control o orested territory near the Thai border, timber became an easily looted asset to und conict
and enrich commanders, and was widely logged with the help o the Thai military and authorities. In the
early 1990s, with political instability that ollowed the Paris Peace Agreement, members o the Cambodian
military orces, government, and political parties made deals with international logging companies to
secure fnancial resources to sustain their positions and institutions, and to build broader networks o
power and inuence. With the power sharing that resulted rom elections in the mid-1990s, orests were
used as bargaining chips, with opposition political groups agreeing to share access to logging revenue. All
these elements drove the pace o destructive logging.
Widespread corruption meant that ew proceeds rom this large harvest became government revenue.
Ofcially, the government received some $120 million rom 1989 to 1999 on timber exports valued at $2.4billion (or 5 percent o the total).
For their part, international donors, heavily involved in rebuilding Cambodia ater the Paris Peace
Agreement, avored an agenda o sustainable development and environmental protection, but proved
incapable o bringing the rule o law. As the 2006 World Bank Inspection Panel on Cambodia put it :
The Panel fnds that in the Project’s ocus on concessions, other aspects that were
important to the [World] Bank program in Cambodia and the Government were largely
ignored or at least marginalized throughout the planning phase o the Project. In this
regard, the Panel fnds that the Project did not give adequate attention to the vitalinterests o local communities and indigenous peoples in orest resources, and to the
contested nature o the orest domain.
Communities were not consulted nor paid adequate compensation, the Panel ound. They also saw their
resource base destroyed and with it, livelihood options. This was especially evident in the loss o resin
trees used in the production o torches, paints, and varnishes, and in medicine. Many resin tappers
earned monthly incomes o $36–$50 rom selling resin or 10 months o the year and during rational
management o the sector. Again, the Inspection Panel reported:
(continued)
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In one village, amilies who claimed 500 to 700 resin trees were reportedly let with just
50 trees within three years. Apart rom impact on livelihood options, longer-term damage
to the orest ecology and thus or agricultural productivity has resulted in erosion,
reduced water tables in the uplands and increased ooding in the lowlands.
The continued use during peacetime o orests or patronage and personal enrichment has produced little
appetite or orest reorm among the political elite in postconict Cambodia. Although the government
undertook a concession review with Asian Development Bank unding in 1999, when remaining operators
ailed to provide management plans within one year as required and their concessions were not terminated,
it was clear that reorm was unlikely. This ailure to reorm orest governance institutions ensured the
continued destruction o both orests and orest livelihoods.
Source: World Bank Investigation Panel 2006; Global Witness 2002; Le Billon 2002.
i h dm rpbl cg, llg mm h un Pl exp p, h
s c p-hg gm ll ll ll g h f. a
l h , l h h mpl ll. th l
l . mll h mpl , pl mm h ll
. nhl, h mm, h gm ll g
. mll h, gg h h l .
Dcaza ad ca gh. M pl, pf m h mmlz h h (ah) h lgll gz m gh
(Lb, Mzmbq, npl). th m l m
h ll b ll mm, ll mk g m bl.
i, h g ll m l m p gm, lg h
s ah, ll h M ilm Lb F g h h gm
h Phlpp.
rgl m lz h h m g m gh.
a rb llg p i, ng, ug, lh, lz
k p h h ll gm g, hh hl lml
bl h l gm.9 i m ( b ) h gh h
h pph h pl h l h. rg m gh, ,
l ll h .
wh l gh, lgll gz m gh h h pl
bg -p b ll l. i m , ll mg , , q pg lgl
hh k gh ll gh , m b m mp b ghgm f . i Lb, xmpl, h l p cmm rgh
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L p mk g mm l b h
hg b m mgm b mg h blhm ll mm ( hh
ll plm p) mm . c h , h,
h p gh k. cmm mm l bl l-
gm (lb h m lm) h kg mp m pl . th mxg pl mgm b hghl
pg, l h l bl mhm, p mgm
gh — h g “mzg” — m b h lg-m
h ll ppl, l l m llz p .
i h, l ll bl, p mgm gh
mhm — h bll “mz” — m b h lg-m
h ll ppl, m l m llz p .
sh- ad- g- . s hgh p h gl m
h ll p gm, lg hgh mplm h lk m g. th
p h mk -, llg x-mb’ llgl x m
h-m bl. th - m, h, h ll mm , ll,
xb h , b mg h lg-m gl p m l m.
i m f h lbl l pl l l, l h x
h p mp l ml p
mgm l pl, b l . y h qbl gl l , h h g g f g, p h
l g p g plg x-mb pm mplm. t h g h
l , h bgg hp gh l m (
agl, Lb, s L). Fh, h g m mb blh , h
-l mp h mm, mblz, g
h l b h bj l p plg.
th l l pf m l p h h l
mgm lbl . th l l h lbl p, p
mm , p mplm, l g l llh
gh. th m b pl h ml xp g g m, l k,
l l m g, hgh m
. wh h , h l ll m x b x-mb
p gm p, hh g h llh f- ll mm,
f p l p, lg ll, m mb.
i ng h gm z m h l 99, pg h l k, h j h ghl , g h h l h m. M h
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addressing Fragility in ConFliCt-aFFeCted Forestry seCtors
th h gl h l plg l f, h b, l
pq l f, pg, p php h ml k,
pbl , bl mpl b lggg mp, gl b
h l l, lk bl l h ll mm.
i , mph b gm h p l ml h
ml m h k h p p p
, pll h h ml h h l p. i h, gm hl
k -pg pph h pp bh bl qbl mm m
lg p.
B pacc gacth mm, lkg mp g pbl, hl k gl
f- .
Clear tenure, based on law. th l p h lgl p
ll, l m q lgl g m m’ l gh,
plz l mhm m f.
Participation, especially o orest-dependent communities, in orest management decisionmaking. th
q pp mpm mm- mgm , ll p
blg p g l .
Anticorruption. th gl p ll, lg mp
bg pg. i l q b pg p
mhm, lg mb h-- -kg m.
Penalties and unctional enorcement o orest and fnance regulations.
Cooperative regional approaches mgm, -p gl,
m.
th m m gl h g , q pf . i, h h b l pl l pll
mgm, pll g h m F L em, G, t
mgg b rg em m d F dg (redd). a -ph
h l h h b h p h hp. H, h pf
m bg q p pp l h m h hl b ll
b m. th hp g — h h plg mpl h h — m fxbl
l hh pgm m g h bl mmm m.
s ll mp hp h l mplm.
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tgg h m f- ppl m l g h pl k
mlzg ml l h , h mll lggg hl p, hh
m f- ppl p . r bm m b l pl m m
ll , gl hg. sh m, h, k
ppl-h ; h b m h (lg g mp); h l mlm; h lm mk; h bl h mgm plg gh
h h m m p mll p. a h mlzg hl b
mp b p blg, p pgm, g l- (ll
b q mk h).
sm gm, lg h Gh Lb, h mk h mb
pl , b m mb x l ll
mm, mg ml mg lggg , mgm .
oh h h m h l g (ch Gh) m (s L).F p lg-m mgm h hlp h m hz h
m h p pl m q bl, ll g q .
th k lm l h pg xp, p bl ,
bl p, g ll pp, ml bl.6
B h h mkg m pq bl gl bg p,
mk h p h l lkl (h g pll ll)
b ? th pll pblm h h bm m gl, i’
r F. a p mm b h wl Bk h h l m
$ bll m 99 99, ml hgh b - l ll- mp.
ol mll m ll .
e Gh — pf g hg ll g p — h F
Pl dlpm F h pblm. i blh p g
b gg p pbl g bm m l g p mgg
pl. B b hgh l ppl p b h
gm l, l b p pj b, m hm h lhm, b l.
uca ad
Ppl plm h lg g l pg m l
p. t lkl b m mpl f h pl q
h p h l. th p hghl hg b h g ll gl
llh ll m j. th ql l, pll
h p h m m h h p. t mpl m,
ppl p, pl l g g f l-hp .
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h p h g h . Mmm hg ll
b m l bl h hgh p blg h l , mm
, mhm pbl pp p. B xpg h l mp
gh h m mp q g hlbl p, lg
pp m l plm p, un m, , l m.
s p mgm gh mpbl h g ml, ,
p pg. y uneP xp pf h “mg,
ll, pg, m hg hml l .”6 th b m l
fgh, m, k lg, m h mk
l mg mpbl, g h , ll m h gl p
l lbg p p b h f.
impg p ll pg m hl b l pll mgm p f g. o l p mplmg
h-- m mb mb . tmb , pll
mgg m f p b k m, hz b g b
mp xpg hgh m h hgh-k m. c g p mp
p ll hg l qm ml mgm
mm pm. th mp p b mpl lk p bl
gg x — hmg h h h-- p mhm
g m.
a h-- m ll h bl p m h g h
h p l / xp h lgl. th h’ h h l xp
pm p g mg x pm ll pm b
g xp pm. cpl h - pg m ml h ex i
tp i, h-- pbl- pg l l mbg
llgll lg l mmgm, ll blg pbl gh. th m
h gh bl ll, hb p ml h g
lk l h l l f. alhgh h ex i tpi g p p m h l, g, mg , h
ppl h l h ml hm. i, Lb h l
ll, l pl ml .6
a f, gm hl b l mg h xp h p
h b h . th p h l m, b h h l
mg m h gm h h ll b b l. el p h--
-p mhm m g h mg; h
l h mp ll m. i h gm kh p ppl m, m mmm m, p, gh,
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bl, ml f . B m b l h h g
h pp p phm. i hl h blh h
b g mp l l p h pl.6
alhgh g h m pl m l p m f,
p l . cl g p h bg
. th l, xmpl, b h h bl llg h k p h f
h ml bh, h h x.6 F mp g hl
b phb m mplg h g ml llg. vg lkl g
m l, hl l p gh mhm, h mbm m
p bl mg h pbl ll gm g (pll h
m , hh l b m b x ll) bl mmm .
i “g” hl l b xpl. F xmpl, h-- m k llmb m mp l, gg ll mb m h lgl ppl h, hb g
lgl p g llgl p h p p. Mk hl
b mp b h m p b l mk qm
lgl, pll h u s h L a h ep u vl
Php agm, qg lgl mp. sh qm h b
pl m mpg bg ( hb mk h) m .
Cc- c
a mph ghg l m mgm — hgh g p
g gh — mp h l mg h h g mp h . a h m
m, m hl h f- . th , g gl hl
j b k ll gl h h l, b ppl l
h l h, h h h h b h m h m pbl —
h hlg h h.
Mlpl , lg ah, clmb, ehp, h h gzg ll mm gh
hl mpg hm m p . a ,gm p hl l mlzg m p h ml
, h g lg-m bl. wh mlz bl, l llh
pgm l mg f- ppl llgl .
opp cpa
a mb m m f hgh p f, . th
pll hgh m . B llg pl fgh
h f h pg hgh k m, h lk mplm pp,
pl m h f- mm x-mb lk jb. Fml m
b lbl b xpl l m. th p pl h l-
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x h mp m q mgm g — mll
plll b h-gh p.
d xp hl k g h g m g gm
gml (h h Hm im c) mg
gm g h mp m h . i ,
l kg gp, bgg gh khl, mgh b l
mhm mmg pl’ p xp. i pbl
pp :
Mg mgg ml mp pl ppl h , b h
u n Hgh cmm rg.
th u n dpm Pkpg op “ g ddr” hp mg
x-mb lm x p pl h x-mb
g pgm h u n dlpm Pgmm.
w-g pj.
explg bl qbl pbl mlzg h ml lggg
.
L- m l mhm g l f.
cp pll mp b g b h lbl -b
mm, lb, pl ppl, pl, p — ll ll ppl. a glpph h l, g p mmg mblz, mb
gm, l m, p pk.
P pk mp mgm hgh -b p hl g jb
blg pk mg (bx .). th l p bl “mpm”
mpg l lm, h h h c-Kk lg h p b
b e P. M, mk ml , pll b, gl
gg m l p . Gm hl hgh p
pk, m g jb .66
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box 1.3. regional management For Conservation and Control oF Commodity tradein rwanda
Rwanda is one o the most densely populated countries in Arica, making huge demands on natural
resources damaged by waves o national and international conict in the mid-1990s. The new government
and aected communities needed revenue to recover.
In the late 1990s the government starting reorming the National Parks Management Authority and
developing high-value mountain gorilla tourism. Today tourists pay $500 or a visitor’s permit, as well
as a similar daily amount on luxury accommodation, meals, and transport. Some o these unds go to
managing the park and developing local communities.
Given that the gorilla population spans the borders o the Democratic Republic o Congo and Uganda,
the three countries in 2005 signed a cooperative management agreement or joint patrols, inormation
exchange, and revenue sharing. The agreement represents an important step in transboundary
management and demonstrates that environmental cooperation can be a useul mechanism or confdence
and constituency building.
Rwanda, however, also provides an important lesson on the need or regional and cross-sectoral
coordination in controlling the commodity trade. Ater widespread deorestation, in 2006 the government
banned all charcoal production. Although the policy was ully implemented in that country, charcoal
production simply moved to its neighbor, the Democratic Republic o Congo. This created a shadow
economy o illegal charcoal smuggled into Rwanda, urther increasing extractive pressures on Virunga
National Park and damaging the gorilla habitat that generates tourism revenue or local communities in
Rwanda.
Source: Ali 2007.
lack capac ack pca ?
a g hllg pf gm h lk p, h fgh xp
l pl g h , b lk p. exp h
h l b p ll lkg, lg l p-blg
m.6 og hl b mp b g mhp, pl g h
bk gm, h blg q gh mhm.
H, llg h b h pbl (k gl ) h h
llg (g gl ) pm , l l h hl mk
lk pll ll lk p. t mpl pf , h m
h l pl ll p p, h ll mll. d hl lz h
l , h m “ pp” lkl b mplm
f b hm.
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ConClusions and Future researCh needs
th bm “f ” h h l h l m, lg h
l g f g g . alhgh l ll
ll , l h h bl h m h pbl g
l, xb m l hgh f g, h lg pg, h
bl bh lggg mp h .
th mp f . F m b m h hl x
. B h l m f- xpl m mb,
l, p lk.
F h ll, ll g f, mp l fg f
h h llh h b p b l. th l h mgm l
m hml b f.
alhgh xp mx mp g f, h m h ll h f
, h lk -l b h mgm
l m mp. sll, h m, lgl, ll mp
mk hm l g p m pblg. th pf p plll
, pl p g g. Gm hlp l hm b
blg mmm b hg hgh g pbl pp
g p.
tp g ( f h p) ml,
l mpl m l b . F pgm hl h h
llh f- ppl g b l h
pll pg p.
Fgl h mplx -gg , hh p mlpl . sh
x q b g pp m g.
cp l mp h m , l hlp bl gm g’ hp h m g h .
a l pf p m mk b kg g pp
h hlmg h m g. d hl b pp mmm — php
— h h-m - lg m, m l, gl h ll
hlp p bh llh.
th l h hp l l gp h hl b b k. Fl
m f h h mp ll llh g f, gm (h mb , mm ,
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reFerenCesahk, J.r., B. ahk. . “Pll cf
mm F: ug h imp h d Lg am cf eml Llh s rl npl.” Pp
p h caPr wkhp clla, Pp rgh, cf nlr Mgm. J –Jl , . smrp, cmb.
al, slm. . Peace parks. B, Ma: Mhi thlg.
alz, M. d. . “F h m l:c mpl h clmb .”
Journal o Sustainable Forestry 6 (/): 9–.
ah, wllm. 999. Why governments wasteresources: policy ailures in developing countries. Blm, Md: Jh Hpk u.
ah, wllm. . “th K c.” The
Irrawaddy (), apl .
a, rh M. 99. Sustaining Development in
Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis.
L: rlg.
Bj, Jh. 9. “th tbl agh-PkB.” cl Fg rl. Mh .albl ..g/pbl/9/bl_ghpk_b.hml
Bll, K, Hk nzhk. . “BG G: Pl L m s h Pll em am cf.” iPa Plrp. il P am, n yk.
B, i., P. cll, . . Natural Resources
and Violent Conict: Options and Actions.whg, dc: wl Bk.
B, c., a. dm, H. Pm, H. Km.. “Fl g i’r F g h sh p-sh p, 99–9: pll ml l redd+.” Bg: ciFor (c il F rh).
Bgg, d. . “Mgg bl lp:c, p h l p h u mh F vm.” Environmental History (): –6.
B, a., H. tj-Qz. 996. “emlmp h r g Z.” Ambio (6):–.
Blk, Hgh, ah Lbb, eml M. 9.“a al ch Lggg (P-sg) h nl F Lb: t a Msbl P.” M: Fdlpm ah.
Blm, a., J. ym. . “th H amcf imp B h cla rpbl.” whg, dc: Bspp Pgm.
Blll, ah G. . “spg s: o th B
o ipg F i th exi tp i, wh spr t Lb.” M: Leiti (Lbex i tp i).
———. . “th Fl Fl h Fl w.” wkgPp (J). whg, dc: ProFor.
Bm, Pl. 6. “ag F c chg e: Hl pp.” Mountain Research
and Development 6 (): –.
Blg, eml. . “cllg p p-f .” K i olPp n. 6. n dm, in: K i il P s, u ndm. albl hp://k../pbl/pbl.hml
B, s. 6. “Gh Fm’ Lkmr: eml g, hmb p mbg lgl.” Colloque
international “Les rontières de la question
oncière — At the rontier o land issues.” Mpll.
B, Mal, Jph Zl. 99. Cambodia
Conounds the Peacemakers. ih, ny: cllu P.
Bhl, c.n., e. H. Bl. . “Lkgnl r sl Gh M cf.”Science (6): 66–.
Bkghm, wllm a. J. 9. Operation Ranch Hand:
The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia 1961-
1971. whg, dc: o a F H,
u s a F.
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———. . “F l m lllh.” International Forestry Review ():99–.
Kmz, d., a. F. . “c m: am mm
ng’ B bph.” i War and Tropical Forests: Conservation
in Areas o Armed Conict , . s.v. P: –. nyk: Hh.
———. . “o am cf B sb-sh a: imp, Mhm, rp.” whg, dc: B sppPgm.
Kl, t L. 99. The Paradox o Plenty: Oil Booms
and Petro-states. Bkl, ca: u
cl P.
K, d. 99. The Economic Functions o Violence in
Civil Wars. alph Pp . L: rlg.Km, K.c. 99. “Pg B K’dmlz Z.” Science (6): –.
L, M. . “Mgh Jl: t Fl hM’ Gll, sml sml.” New York Times, Jl .
L Bll, P. . “th Pll elg t
cmb 99-999: w, P Fexpl.” Development and Change ():–.
———. . “th Pll elg w: nlr am cf,” Political Geography (), , 6-.———. . “Lggg M w: th Pl F expl cmb.” Critical Asian Studies (): 6–6.
L Bll, P. s. spg. . “B wa P: vl amm h
cmb Lggg s” i Extreme Conict andTropical Forests, . wl d Jg, d d, K-h ab:–6. dh, h nhl:spg.
L, B. 999. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency
since 1948. chg M, thl: slkm.
Mh, H. 9. “th P Pblm em dlpm r s: h c i.” i Studies o Economic History o the Middle
East , . M.a. ck. L: ox u P.
M, Mhl, sh Pll. . “P gg, zg, gzm
(Paddd) mpl.”Conservation Letters (ob 9): –.
M, J.F., s. Zj. 9. User’s Guide on Measuring
Fragility. B, Gm ol: Gmdlpm i undP ol G
c.MGg, Jll. . “B ‘mg’ us bmbg.”
BBc n, dmb 9. albl hp://.bb..k//h/h_/96.m
Mnl, J a. . “ag exmcf thgh P Pk.” i Extreme Conict
and Tropical Forests, . wl d Jg, dd K-h ab:9–. dh, hnhl: spg. pp9-.
Mnrt (M nl r tm).. “Bg, Bhml Km Gm rMgm Pl, Kg rg.” Kg/KgmGm r rhbl Pj. wlld, M nl r tm,u rpbl tz.
nkm, G. “dl g h vmw” i Extreme Conict and Tropical Forests, .wl Jg, d d, K ih-ab:9–. dh, h nhl: spg.
nhm, B. 99. “c b f ng.” Natural History 99: –.
oecd dac (og em c-p dlpm, dlpm a cmm).. “Ppl G il eggm Fgl s.” oecd-dac d Pp. dcd()/r, apl .
o, G H., e. w. P. 9. “elgle h w vm.” Science 6 (9):6.
P, Gh. 9. Seeds o Terror . n yk: thmd Bk.
Ph, thm, M Ll, a Lrhè. 9. “th pp hllg mplmg mb h-- m p-f Lb.” Xiii wlF cg, B a, ag, –ob.
Plmp, a J., Mhl Mz, am v.
. The Impact o Civil War on the Conservationo Protected Areas in Rwanda. whg, dc:B spp Pgm.
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thgh g ll p bm l l. r h mh bhm mggl hghP p h k (chb h ).
sm h h hgh-l m h h , ggg h gm xgh (Hmph , s Bh l m; shm mb Mm).
6 r h . s l sm ,h p gm h m h “ p gm h b llmplm h h lbl, lmkbl mm h gm mb.” F p Mm, L 999
smh 999; h dm rpbl cg, hp h un s cl ; cmb,L Bll B Zl 99; Lb,Blll ; cm, sgl, e .
r 6, p. 6. s l F . r h .9 Hmph . F xmpl, Mh 9, Kl 99, r 999,
F , s Bh . r 999, . tmb h h b h bk,
l, m f. Blll ; Fh . s Blll m Lb
lh. rb 9; yz 9;6 P 9; Gh P, p. mm.. Mh ,
. e . L .9 un s cl .
thm K . shm . Glbl w . ah r ; Blll . r ; Blll .6 Gm Lb , p. . a h Mhmm Gp cmp
l b tl. H llg h l m kg (Blll ).
Gm Lb .9 s, xmpl, Hll , wl h
, d Kg h .
6 s, xmpl, Blll .6 slz 9.6 Pé, Gml clmb (Fh ); Lb
(Fh ; Blll ; Hll — hh pp h lm); cmb(Blll ; wl Bk ip Pl 6;Glbl w 99, , ); h dmrpbl cg (Blll ); Mm agh (Blll ); cm, sgl(e ).
6 il c Gp .6 un s cl 9.6 Bj 9.66 shm . s l wl , il
c Gp .6 il dplm Mg c h
ng rg c 9; il cGp b.
6 Fh .69 Lb (Fh ; Blll ); h Pé,
Gml (Fh ); clmb (Fh ); agh (Blll ).
Lb (Blll ); clmb (Fh ); h Pé, Gml (Fh ).
Bkghm 9. s l Bgg , nkm.
o P 9; wg 9. alz . ahk ahk . uneP .6 Klp . H h . shmbgh h ; c wll
9; H h 9.9 Plmp h . Plmp h ; H h . ahk ahk .
ahk ahk . unHcr . Hg h bh ll hmm
hg m m, hh llbl b h h mp l mmb ll l. B tj-Qz (9) p h “cl mllppl p h b mp vg [nl Pk]. th Mgg mplg m , l h m mm.”
Jmb h .6 Jmb h .
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transnational Crime, soCialnetworKs, and Forests: u c fc cfc cfc c Douglas Farah*
th hp h l gz m mm kg lg m f
pg l p l h p pf . i b lkg
h h m h h f pf l.
a pg hl mk — p g f, h l l h
mlz l ml b , h l — xm
h l k q h mm h. sh k l ll “ll x,” pplg h ml m h h
mk l k x ll h mm. th ll x l “p
x” ppl p ml, ll hm l “h l”
h m p mm, l m, b h l l m
.
i h h h g h l gz m k kg
mm, pll mb, mg m gh —
b — h l l l. i Lb g b mlz l h mglz,
-h l , hl h mb-h Pé g h Gml,
clmb, ml m h p bl ml b
l.
Hg p m h mplx h p mm f, h hp
l h b lk h mm g h f. i l p m
l gm glbl b.
theoretiCal FrameworK
th p mm h l l l mb m. a m mplx p
pg hm q pl p h l plm (h p
pg ), b h hgh mk m h p h m h mlz l.
th b h p p h p h z l
l g h f xm.
* c m: il am sg c, nh u s., s , alx, va; g@glh
67chp . transnationaL criMe, sociaL networKs, and Forests
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h m h qkl bm h m m, l
h lhp h g.
cbl b m h lhp b “lbl” mm — h h hgh
l b h l m b x — h m g. th g
g b mg h m b l k h h g.
Bll nzhk mg h g h hl lg (g) h pm m
m g, lbl mk h “l lg, h l m
m l l hgh plm m.” th l g h “cmb gp h p
lbl h mpg pp b m p l gm, hl h
h gh l lz ll .” th gm l p
mk pf l mh m l b h h mm l h
gm .
Pl cll h mg m h “g-b” p l f (m
b l p g g h gm) h “bl hph,” hh cll
llg m p “h bll bl, ll .” 6 wh gll g h h
lbl mm x lg h lk p p ll l pll l
g, f lkl. a Jh w h l :
ill xpl [b h ] ’ l
mm j xpg l g. sh
pll l bh l lgm p. th mplx q h h hgh l ’ l l h mpl q h h h
p x h l p. th p g l ,
p hm, p hm h p h l b, bm h
mj pl qm h kg xpl hm. th l b h
ppl bj h ppg.
a h p m p h ll h l mk, pml m h m s
bl, m m mll gp p gh h l pl — l h
ll — m “ pl” lh m k mm. o k , ll
h h p p, h mm bm h g mhm h
f xp.
a cll llg h , “nl h k bll b h
bl . th m bh l m bll mk bll h
m b h m bl. th l h gm m h
x z h l p gm h bl, hb g h
g g.”9
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w h h lbl mm x f “h m p l-kg,
[] l-l ll gll m h bl gz m b l-
kg.” B g p h h mm, h g, l-l
l p mb. th b h h m gp.
d mm m lbl h h. alll m, mh h h h,
php h l b h l x, h hgh l h mm, h
pg h . tmb l lbl, b blk q lg m
qpm, , k, p l, h . i b m l k,
m l g h “lgl” l mk h m h mm.
i mp p l l mpl h h p
l “p pll g.” th p h l bl pm h
p h ppl p b . i h p g,b p, mp, p ( ll h), p bl g
h p lgm.
th pm p p b lll l h mph lpm g
h bk h gl m l, p, xl — h, h mk h f not
bl b mmzg h l, m, pll g bl lgmzg
m pg. a h m m, h m mxmz h gl b m h mm.
th p blk b h “ml ,” b bl, g h mg l
blg g gm p m p p.
o pl mp blhg h p g j ( mp); pbl
bl ( mk p l l); lgm l m ( blh h bl
p z h gh, ll h p f
pl f); b l (h pm hlh );
m pp (, l, mk, h mk) p bl
xp h ’ l mp.
importanCe oF soCial networKs in the Commodity–organized CrimeChain
whh h -ml m gp, h pm gl l
h “h p” mm h bg bl m g. th m b
g pl g, b l l qg p, mm, h ml
x l l p m h p p h m hh
p — bh. th m h h m l , k g
where h p f lkl bk how h lkl b .
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mk g h h gm ( ) q h h l
m gm ( ) hl p p g. th g l l h
h p, h p l g h gg f ggph l.13
cml l h gp p h h l l h k h h k
hllg h p. th k m p plll mp p
mm h xl l h gm.14 i Lb m h m pl
bm m h l gm k sml d, p h gm’ x m h
l pll l.15 Fm d, h mg h tl gm l h h gg
b h m pl h p–l . tl kp h bm’ ll l, h
l -b l, h l h hg gm l b h .
th mbl h l k h h pf xp l
m. Pf gm ql h ll g xp lm h h klg xp p h h hlp h k, mpl l hm h
gz hm. th u.s.-l p H 99 P J-B a
p l xmpl. th pg lm xll h h ml k
h a’ l b h h h l h h u s . wh h
gm hmg b h p h l k, h pm m m
mlz.6
B ll l l. i, h — bm — p mplx b
lhp h h bh bk ( h m ) ( h l mk). whlll l mk hml pbl h gm k h hg p ll
h g g f, h lk h xp ppl h h p ll h h
m plz q. th pll ph qpm, h
p m, p mm.
s, xmpl, hl ll h k m k h l l
h g h l ll ml, h m m k h q hpm aK-
l f. th h p h f m h l mk h p bkg
mbg mg hgh h “g mk” m bz ll h p b k
h l h ll l pll .
i h h h mll gp p x (g .) h p m mg
h gp hm p. th l — hgh ml , l mll
h p, pl hm, mb h b — h m l
h g ppl m h l. i h Lb, m h l
b . whl h mll gp k h ll p bk h
mk l mk, h m hml h h plz mk p, hlp, h ppk bkg l mk l hpp.
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Figure 2.2. nonstate armed aCtors
Transnationalcriminal
organizations
Insurgencies
Terrorist groups
Militias
Transnationalcriminal
organizations
Insurgencies
Terrorist groups
Militias
eh gp h pl
h. t gp —
glbl, gl, l,
bl — m ( l
mll) b lg, pl,
h g. th l
mml m kg m
pl m b mll.
th l h h m
lg pll p h
gbl.
tl ml gz
p p l . whl
f h h , h l k mb hml h k . th
l, b h m ph gp l bl f.
Ml b llz m gp h l “blk hl” “l” , hgh h
m l b. th p m h — h kg
h — p b h lg gp, p m .
ig ( p mm) k k h mll . th h mll pll bj h ml g l bl , b m h
p m .
th m l bl h g, h gp llg l g
. F xmpl, gm g clmb (h Fz am rl
clmb rl am F clmb — Farc) P (Mm rl
túp am túp am rl Mm — Mrta) p-gm ml clmb
(a u clmb u sl d F clmb — auc) l g
gp b h u s h gm, gg p h l
ml . th hb hg qkl h p h l h
mm h mlz lg lgl gp.
a , h ll mm h m mplx, m mg h p l
mk lg pm; h p pm q h mm, m h
p h g h ll m ; h l h l g
k .
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Mh h p h f m h u s hgh Mx clmb f
m Mx e. B mpl h b l m, e ,
h m, h l’ k l b h Fl a
tk F. th h m mg h k h dm Ppl’ rpbl K,
h ilm rpbl i, ehp, agl.6
Charles taylor: timber, diamonds, and weapons
a bl, chl tl g l Lb lg h ’ b
mm h g, h nPFL, g h Lb (99–99). a h bm
p 99, mgg mkbl -x m, h
m mm l bb xhg ll h g
bq g g h l (99–).
Fm dmb 99 99 tl g bl g h Lb gm
h l. i 99 h hlp blh h ruF, bl gp px m ghbg
s L. Fm h h lgl p h hgh l h g’
l l , lg mb, m, , bb, hgh h m
m mb m.
tl l l llgll xg llg mm h m ,
l l m g “G Lb,” h mpg hbx ghbg G h m l ghbg s L (mp .).
wh lhg h g, tl ll m h l m g Lb
kg mll ll b p p h p. i 996 h u.s. gm m
h m 99 99 tl h “p $ mll pg hgh h h,” lgl hgh
llg mb h mm.9
th hlp w a’ m pp l h h
mll pl. Lb’ g m p hk b m h p m 9 — llg p p m $6 $ — mplm p. Hlh
l l lm ll h l . M
h m l — lg mp l p h l h m pml
mm — xp l m h llh pp. a g
mz g ppl, m mb hl, h b l lgl mpl,
blz b mplbl h g lg phlgl hlp, hh l
lbl.
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hh h h , m hh m hgh p h m n
yk bk ep l .
th m hpl h h l gm bg, hh, g tl’ p,
f b $ mll $ mll . a m h , h, h gm mb
mgl, fg h l gm xp. M , ll
h m bg , hlh, , h pp p g.
tl , , p b llg h rb cp h ll h “p-
m ,” mg h:
… h h m l. i h gm, p
ml gz m . th p-m m b k
hm , l l p h ll, b p b
- h m p g h p-m l ... bl g, m
.
o h xbg m, tl l ll m $ mll h m m
mb, m -h l mb .
th mb m m Lb’ l mb , b b Glbl w
. ag Glbl w g, m mb g m b $ mll
h l tl’ p $ mll . th m g g h gh
h h ol tmb cp (otc).
o h mb bm h m h h ml m h b
. cmp llg x h mb, lgl pl ( b h
ml ), hghl lbl. th l mp mb gl h h un
mp m ghbg s L .6 tl ll h ruF s L,
hh m hgh h k, gg hm g p.
sca k h cd adth x l, ml, pll k h tl blh b g h m
p mp. H k qg p g m h Blk cl am,
m Blg h ilm rpbl i. H l l , ll x, l
l, b, p ph l am, Blg, dh, il, Lb,
Lb, r, sgl, sh a z. H h l ml k
gl h plg h g h p h ll l f h g.
sl l h lppg l ll . th l ll x G
Kh B u, p x sj rph, h l vk B LM, pg lg h l h ml l b. all h b m b h Lb th
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mp, mm b nPFL mm m h mmb hg
h hm gh b.
th - ll h ll bm lg h ml . whl pg
h b h m, h l bj m, hh hg bm m
x m. th lgl .
Kh g h bq l Hll b tl’ lg m otc p
m h p h .
i h h tl b otc m. ... i h hg h l ll m…
M h m h h l q. a h l h otc gm
h pp g otc mk pbl mp, k
mk pm $,, x.… s h l mk ll k
q. ap m h h k mb h m, h h h
, h h l h l k m i l h m. H
l mpl k pm.
H ll m l m h h h Lb gm otc h
l x lhp. th gl gm bg h l k
bm l . H l % l i m otc.6
Kh l xpl dh pp h:
th p lk h p G. i h h m h h
p h l h j ll b k hm x
’ x. a h hlp p h l ’ l. th ‘Kh
m’ — l .
dp h m h b tl, Kh m l
h p--mm ppl. whl h th rl cmm m
l gh p hpm — x b hp b — h hpm h m ll h h
ll x h Kh h l p x h sj rph, h
pp h l h l ( g ).
rph, K i , h ppl m l g pm
p m B J P L., otc’ p mp. rph, h p, ll-
k p x sb-sh a h pl ml g
a.9
rph h k h l p ml mp mg h dm rpbl
cg, m h l h ’ m r-bk ml
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. db “m bk” m un p, rph h l h K
Bh eg, mp h h l 99 g b l h m-mg
gh s L. Bh eg, hgh rph, l ex om h gm
s L, hh hm gh h ruF b h . ex
om, m p lgl h, m pl p m sh a Zmbb,p h hg hml m xhg x l
h m mb.
rph, b h m, m tl h m-99 Bk F, b tl p. H
m ql M m 999, g Kh’ Hl a, h tl
h h m plg g. rgzg h lbl h ( l b), tl
rph plm pp 999 h m sm M. n. H l g hm h l dp
cmm Mm a, pg hm mll h h B u, h h
mm. u il–Lb h h k ll h h d gm b llp m h ll tl. (H l m h klg h h l Lb hppg
g g, h Lb il shppg cp rg, Liscr).
Hq v, vg h u s, Liscr, m g b u.s. l,
. i p $ mll–$ mll h tl gm, m Liscr
l ph mb hlp tl. o J , , h q u,
Liscr $, s ch Bk s a Gl tg shjh, u ab em.
(s a B’ m hlg mp.) t k l h $, f hgh h m
hl. Liscr ll pm b h un Pl exp xg lg
bm.
thgh h b lg h dm rpbl cg, rph h m h p
hm h h h x l — h h l. H vk B, h l’
pm g mk p mh. dbb h “Mh dh” b Bh l
llg h h B mg mlpl l f a, B h m
h mk b blg l f h l l l hg m p b l
ph p m mb hlp m gp. Fm h m-99 l h thl , B, m s llg , m gp a, agh, clmb,
lh.
rph B tl’ l, m h mll l bh h ppl
p Lb h ruF s L. o h rph tl B h
h g l z h g Lb.
rph h k g pg ml h tl b m h
Lb gm’ Glbl cl a ag wl h B’ gl. th p g rph h pbl l . “i k b vk’ g l h
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g Lb bh vk hm h m h l h l b
l g m h m,” h h .
B kg h Lb g h h b h g, l m K,
egl, ll b l ll l h h
hg h p h lg h m.6
wh m mh mll bl fg. a h un Pl exp p,
ag 6, 999, otc’ p mp p $, p l tl. th m
p s a, “hgh sj rph.” i h l ppl, h mb f h h
f , h h h f h p f .
tl, pg ml , l m h j h b l l
l. th ll x l q pmm , l p, l p
l x. H, , l bg p x h, b h l p,
l q plm pp, hh ll hm l h l h bg h
. th p x l h h bh tl h l l bg
bl lhp ll l. Fll, h l l l l mk
g h ll hm h h m l . i, l
B tl h h bb h m mh h h ppp — hbl. “tl l
h B h h ppp , h h h ,” tl .
A cda ppPpl mb h g lm p l. i, h l
ll mxmz h bl mk m h h h p
hm. i pg h h rph l h h l l b
B. o h L M, uk–il m mh h p h lggg mp
ex tpl tmb ep Lb hl fg mlpl hpm p h tl
gm, bgg 99.
H h p pl, Bac , tl pl j. th un Pl exp
m m M fgh h p, g hm m b Bk F
Lb.9
M il ag , , h p l ll gl h h h
hl m. wh h h $,-- hb, $ mll xpl p h
bk , m h b $,. i l h p x , h
b h g - m cô ’i p pp
m Bl, Gm, h r F, h m s u, ll h m. th
il ll l h, b h p g il, h j.
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Bgg h ml h h , Lb bm bm h g’ pm m
b m h lll mg g, lgl b h llg h k lg h bh
pg h lbl g m mk, pml ap, Blgm. th l k
h m h l , kll h Lb h h m. M h mg
k pl s L, b h h g mmm h l p h h M.
tl pp h g ruF s L h ruF k h m mg
h l h s L–Lb b. th ruF lhp, l gp h ll ml
, xp lg h h l h bh. i h m
tl h p xhg ml. th m’ l b l h
m tl h. F xmpl, mll ll m mgh b l tl
h mlm, xhg h ruF l hpm b f h h
m l.6 th ll m l p p, hgh mm lppg, k bk l.
a h mb, h m b p hl ll bm hg p x l.
th ruF s L, hl mpbl h ll l, h l h p
lbl mm b h h p h mm h g, ,
h h h .
tl, g h l gkp h p b ph Lb ruF m, pll
hz gp b m m h ruF, h M h h ph gg h bh pk p h m m g ruF mm. th ph l h h-
h m ap lh l. i , lg pl gm g
pl gm p l m mmg, h b l
h h g ( bh). Ph bgh h ruF — b p — ll lph,
k, ml, ml qpm, h mb .6
Mlpl m ppl p mll tl’ ll . dm
b, lk mb, lll m mg q ll ll m plz
qpm b pbl. th l mll m, l b gl l, hgh,
h m ll bl h mggl (lk mb bh ). th
lm g hm. Fll, h m l ll
l, mggl m lm p.
th h xm l ppl — ll b h l n oll
ml — mg h pl h ppl lp h k. i l h h
l ppl pl b h. a Blg pl , p lgl pg
g smh oll, m h. oll gl m x b s L ml h h Lb/ruF m mm. H k h l h h l
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Figure 2.4. reproduCtion oF Fax From ruF Command to president taylor
d-- p b oll, h h bh h h l ll h m
m h ruF p hm bk M. n’ m h dm rpbl
cg h m h m ap, h n p m h m. th m f
hgh asa dm, mp ap ll b n b h . n mp
h p ll h m, h l h h h h
b.75
th ppl p spmb , . th l ll lph ll m n’
ap agh m spmb , . sbq Blg pl g
h n oll h asa dm’ a Bk h b m
99 l l . Fm l l apl h b $ mll. whl h
mp l h m mp b m h dm rpbl cg, g h h, , b mg m M.6
th lk mg h h mp -hg (mp .). illgll m
m b m bl gp h bh s L l mlm pg
p Lb. th mlm bk l h l
gz, hh l hm h l mk hgh ll-blh hll b k
ll p.
Sir, we write to inorm you o our present dealings with Mr. Aziz Nassour, that was
introduced to us by Gen. Abrahima Bah, upon your recommendation. Sir, we agree to
sell all o our diamonds to Mr. Aziz Nassour through your ofces. Sir, General AbrahimaBah will buy these and other items or the movement rom the unds that will come
rom the sale o diamonds.
1. Drugs or our wounded soldiers and their amilies.
2. Fuel and gasoline, engine oil and some new tyres or the operations o the
movement.
3. Military uniorms and boots or our high ranking ofcers.
4. Some cash that will keep us moving until General Abrahima Bah come romBelgium (sic).
5. One 4 x 4 truck.
May the Almighty richly bless you. Thanks.74
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i tl l h, b p. Bh, hgh n, h mbk p-
bg p. i l n bg b lg q ph p,
lg sa- -- ml, k BM- mlpl k lh, h
dg p f.
t p h p, n gh h hlp shm ylk, m il ml lg
Pm. th p ph b j b - m cô ’i. o J
, , ylk ml r Gml g “ h a
[]. th g [].” th ml k q p h p “h
h - . d, Lb.” oll x h p l ylk m Mm.
th r mh g m h p b hpp m xg p
ng, g pm b m h ng m .
i l hh h p lml l Lb. sm h p h p h h clmb pml gp. B h h l k pl
ll h h m h lk mg ml gp mm.
map 2.2. the nassour–osailly weapons and Cash pipeline
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CoCaine and logging in the petén
th Pé g Gml h h m blgll h l k
h Gml x h lm ll mm mgm. i l
h -g g L am ll z lppg ml
(mp .). th k gh llgl g m sh am Mx, Blz, h
u s. amg h pm p h ppl hgh h jgl g , mb,
llgl mg. i xhg h k bg h l h b h g h
mph g — ph p.9
map 2.3. guatemala with the petén region
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amg h m p al Pll J hg
mbzzlm lg mll ll m hl’ h. th l pl h h
’ g z Mh hg g kg, h l g
pl l g p m . i Mh h sl mmb
h cl am Plm kpp b h Gml b lk ll g gg.
i blk klgm h h Gml pbl gg h m m,
h gm g g p h il cmm ag imp Gml,
un p, h g.
th glz k p Gml h h Pé m b
pl hb h ll g. Bgg h 9 9, h, h
g bb gg mb ppl pl b h l h l b hgm-pp pml gp b h Mx gll h h g g
p ml .
B 9 h l g h g bg, h llgl lgg pg “x” h
bl b mhg sph .6 a h m lm p Gml’
l m b . t l p, h pml kg l.
ol mll m lgll xp.
B h lm mpl lk p p h lg ppl ph hg, h bl l l ll . a p h M Bph
r, blh 99 h . mll h. i g h mlpl , llg
mm mk lg pg g l g . B hl h
h l g b h l ph plll lggg , h pp . th
l h b lgg xl, l h l h p.
a m , h l ll ll lh--b gl h . th ppl h
Pé g g b m h p . Fm 96 h ppl g m
m , ppl m h ,, lkl l mll .
a h ppl g h g kg llgl lggg mhm, h ll l h
p. th bh h Pé h hl. ag Gml pl g, hh
gll m h l, h mb hm Gml m h bl m ,6
999 , 6, h p , m . .. i h g pp lghl,
b g 6,9, . p ,.9 th mg h p hm p
, h l. (th u.s. hm . Gm’ .9 .)
F h Pé h mb m l b b ll . ag wl Bk g, h hm h mj mpl m l hgh 69 p
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l , “h l ‘bll ’ h kg gz k h
‘g p’ lk h Pé Gml, h Mk c H ng h d
g Pm.”
sca k ad appg agdaa l, mk g lk h Pé g p. th g
k , l g, hm mggl lgg mp l h
h b.
a lg-m h g h , “[h g k] h h h h bg
p. th p b hm. i m, mb g p, h’
h g h ll l hm m g g h p. y k, h ppl h b kpp
h, h g ll , k, ’ll g x g, ’ll g h , pblm. a
h’ll g , h h , h kll h b g, .”
i , h g k m ll l m h mm hh h p —
p l p h mk m l lg h
h.
cl b lggg gz Mx dto h m lgh, h mp b
m g Mx dto p p “” h g,
. th b lz h x-h pph p g ..
th ca f–p f–aca k
i h h ll x h pl gm b h
g , b l h g. th l b ,
hgh.
th h k h l h l mgglg p l kg
p h gll l hpbl g, pll h h bl blh
h. ug h ll p — hghl llz b llg — l
kg b.
G h ggph mplx h , l k h h hg ll klg. Ll
p k h lg-g l hgh h jgl lg Mx h
b hm k lgg. th h b lk hm. Ll x l l
pg h pl pg lg p, mg l , lg
phll mg h , m h .
Ll x p gp p x h h gg k L Pl (th Bl o), h p
h h p h Pé pg p ll ml , pll lggg
ll mm p. th gg l p ll p p h sl cl,
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l b gl lg-l plm pl, m hh ll
lpm b m h u.s. Pl clmb.
s, h p l h p, plm l, lgl. th ml ll qg
h l pg l p.
th pml ( mblz “m” pml) h ll lg l
gm l, ll p x l dto. sm p gg h h h
ppl k p, ll h l mp h hh h p, m h
k h , h hgh h bh h x lgl,
bl pll .
th p l q plm l — h b b h p lk. B
h p z l m b mp b h clmb gm’ pl gl xpg
a plm l, plm l lbl xp mm, h p
m p m. Plm l l bl g h b ll
l l. clmb l xp p l pg pl l 9. Plm l
p m 6, 6, ,
9.
th chó ubá g clmb h lg b f , h pml gp h
mbll h auc Farc fg g mg. Bh gp h b hl l g
kg h b l gp b h u.s. gm. th Farc h b g gz b h ep u. i , h, gp h g h auc’
l mblz h b h m l hm gh b h a plm .
o h m mph h hm gh mp a plm l
6 b m gml gz. i :
th ll hgh ll l b plm l h, b
l h plm p. i ll plm mplx h h b plm,
ll hm h llgl ppp l.
th h ml mm m h l, hh l h
b pl h a plm. th p l m h m hm gh
l; llgl l xpp l l h b ; plm
/ ppl pg h xpp l; h l (
pmbl l g mb) bq plg plm h z l.
v h ph lg pl l h gh a plm l h auc,
lk m pbll b v cñ. H h p l h auc ll hlp
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g h mblz h gp. th lk h h b h pml
fl pll m h .
“i ubá h plm pl,” cñ l Semana mgz nmb 6. “i pll g
bm h pj b h lg lg p. th k
h ppl h k pj p h . wh h h ,
. ul, h l p h h h p.”6
wh h auc mblz h J P L bgg 6, m h h
h g mpl g kg h bm p p.
(th l hl z b x pml l m g j h
m.)
ell gg h h agl ng L rj mg m h ppl
mblz gp. “ol h m ,” a–clmb l. “th h m
ppl. th p mm h g. th mm h h pl -
h-ll mm.”
th gp h b m h l-z , b m m p
h l b h plm l h lgl h l.9
G h ll lk g h pml gp’ , l k
h pplbl h ml x–p x–l h . th pml ppl
l mg hml mg , h, ll k p h p k
l mpl, mg h, b, h m ppl l.
th fxbl k h hg m h b ll l l l
mg h p. th chó ubá g h b z f : h
k m m p h . chó h P h
ubá gl h al h Pm hm. cl h phl p mg h
mp mlpl gp ppl h l h mk h g.
th h mh h b l a plm l l h g m xpl
mh h l: h b m gp h m h
g-kg , h a plm mp m h p h m
gp p. whl h ll g h h bj, h pml gp ll
p ll, b h gp h b g h 96.
th mh pl h h pm k b h auc lg gz
p h l ll pll l h pll jl mp h
mb xhg g mpg b phl p m h Farc.
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Hlpg m h mm h b l m mpl b g b h
l .
th p mp b pl h ml gp l x b l
-kg gz h ll ll (mm l) pll m l. i
mh l clmb, lg h g h h ph pl a plm g, h l
gm m ll p ll gm m , b mll
l.
a l, h l b pbl p g bl ml ,
h h l h l gm b ll gl . rgl ,
, h h l ll. th “-l” clmb — mbg
l g p — h ll h pl pl, h g, h
ml.
ug f h m Mg (6), h ll x h p h g
h b h ppl m h l (g .). a , h l hg
b p h auc p h m lg gp h h p h g. th p
x l b h, lk cñ, h l h h ll x b l h p pll
p m b m h mgg b.
Figure 2.5. Colombia palm oil and violenCe Flow Chart
Violation of lawsprotecting ethnicgroups and ILOConvention 169
Violation of environmentallegislation
Murder of tradeunionists, palmworkers, andcampesinos
Violation of employment rights
Murders,massacres, forceddisplacement,threats, tortures,plundering by armedgroups and forceddisappearances
Palm complex
Plantations + extractionplants
Territorial control
• Social, economic, political, andmilitary control of territory
• Agroindustrial colonization and
land concentration• Laundering of the assets of
drugs tracking
Flow of oil to national and
international marketsPlanting of palmIllegal appropriation of
land, theft or purchaseusing armed intimidation
Attacks or conquest of territory by paramilitaries
Action or omission by
the security forces(police, navy, army)
Investment of
drugs money
Paramilitary
reinsertion
National and
international privateinvestment;development aid;Plan Colombia
State support;
indirect investment:credit and tax breaks
FEDEPALMAsupport andlobbying
Human rights violations and other illegal acts
Flow of palm oil
Support and funding by the state and private sector
Source: Mingorance 2006, p. 51.
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Hml, rg. . “cg F s i:a Pg expm cmm FMgm.” IDBAmérica. Jl.
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* c m: nl cpl a LLc, - Mlll s, v Bc c v6e n;-ml: @bl.g
Lggg g llz f g . th l l b mp
gm gz g h ll mm gh l , ll
p, pll, h lggg h b. th f
bm l, l .
Fm amz P e Mg, gm h b b , llgl
p gm mp hl llgl lggg. th l m h l l mgg g mg m, hh b fm l g h .
th hp b l f h h h m p p, bl,
lpm — h gl gz conict timber , h , mb h h “b h
bk, l m f.” apg h stressors–capabilities–expectations
mk h h wl Bk World Development Report 2011 f, ,
lpm, h hp m p g h x hh h l
f. i xm pl h l h l f m h h
h k m f g ; h h h gl ; h
m mp h pbl p h , ll p
llh.
Mh h b b h lk b l f. th ll gg h
h pm xp g m p (GdP) gl l h h l
. th l gg h h l pm xp — pll “lbl” mm lk
, hh q hgh hlg x — l h f.6 M pll, d Jg
llg
h “ xm f h g lhp. th-q a, -h a -h L am h b b l
f… [c] b l f hm m h p h l’ pl
. i, h l mg pl l h h p h
b bj l f.”
a h u.s. ag il dlpm l h f mb l b
q l l, mbg / gz l , h
11 3chp . tHe FinanciaL FLows tHat FueL war
3 the FinanCial Flows that Fuel war Arthur G. Blundell*
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p lggg p. nhl, bllg pp p xplg h mm
b mb. tmb’ h — blk, l l gh (l h m lbl
mm h p ml gh m), ll hgh hl l
x — mk l mggl. H, bllg l h
h p xp h mb, mb xpl l f, m bl Lb chl tl.
cl l h gl f, h, l mpl p.
obk f h k h l mb xp, h
h cl w, h m , h lg h m f, pll bllg h h l
xpl.9 wh r llg xm h h b h f ll
( ggg h ll), l h ( h h
m p) b h lg m f. B h
b f j : Bglh, Mm, Pp n G, sgl. th r llg l h, hl ll l f m , m b mk
glz b h l m f.
alhgh h mb f mplx, h l h h h g
l , lg mb, m gh, p, bl. F -p
, h m m g h h , p h
pll p x. B h h pll hk bl (h p
p j) b, m ll lg m gh, mp
p b gh l h g l g h k f. H h g,
h , g h lhp b llgl lggg k g (g .),
klg h l p mmgm.
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Figure 3.1: the relationship between weaK governanCe and illegal logging
H i g h
c o r r u p t i o n
( T r a n s p a r e n c y
I n t e r n
a t i o n a l
C o r r u p t i o n
P e r c e p t i o n s
I n d e x )
Indonesia
ChinaBrazil
Malaysia
Japan
EU-15
Canada
UnitedStates
Russia
Acceding EU
OtherLatin
America
OtherAsia
West and Central Africa
High share of suspicious log supply
Over 20% Over 50%–10
–5
0
–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TI = Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index. The size of the circles represents the volume of suspect log supply, including imports.
Source: Seneca Creek Association. 2004. “Illegal” Logging and Global Wood Markets: The CompetitiveImpacts on the U.S. Wood Products Industry. American Forest & Paper Association.
th hp h l Lb (99–) h pll s L, G, cô
’i xm h -g l xl h h k f h g. t Lb lg mk bl m glzbl l b
h mh f f, h h hp p b, g
p h h pp h p ml p. i h
xm h mj h f h k f. i hghlgh, h xmpl, h:
F l p, hh m m lpm h h k
f.
r m l l f.
op h pp f b, xmpl, kg p.
th lggg p pp l f.
th l m lg h l m.
i h x , h hp xm h pbl l h h . wh
pbl h m k, h k f ll . a m h pbl
h p lpg g mph m h lklh h mb ll
m p, , m gh. cll, m b b g g,
h k h ll l bq f.
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i h plm , h hp xm h xp g h f-
p h h b mg ’ pbl, h
lbl. G xp mgm l lpg h m
blg h lz h “b l,” hh b f, ll lg b l.
Forestry and Criminal opportunities
th h mj h (g .). th h licensing/regulatory chain, hh mk
h l ( l gl). i l h gl ll h gh lg.
th x h timber supply chain, hh l h p m lggg hgh p, pg,
l, hh lp bl h h revenue chain, h x ll h
gm, h p g.
ulg h h. i h reporting chain, lgg gl m p
l p gh; h enorcement chain, h l l, p ph
hgh m pl h . tp bl.
cml pp pll, pll hgh llgl lggg l b p
(h , h m p p g). op m bb gm , h m
hml, l, x p ll hm h lgl lggg, pg,
l. i, p h m b qm lggg, ml pp mlpl,
b lggg q lb, , mh — (g .).
Figure 3.2: a g eneriC representation oF the Forestry seCtor and its Constituent Chains
Source: Transparency International. 2009. Manual: An analysis o corruption in the orestry sector.
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Figure 3.3: a generiC representation oF the Four most important FaCtors involved in Forestry, an d a sa mp le oF th e Cr im in al op po rt un it ies
Basic requirements
•
Labor
• Finance
• Machinery
• Access to the resource
Illegal logging
Corruption
W ork ers’ rights, human track ing
Fraud, mone y laundering
T h e f t, f r a u d,
t a x e v a s i o n
I n t i m i d
a t i o n, a
r m e d s e
c u r i t y
cml pp h lb b lggg mp m p
k h h bl m l ll b ll l blg lb
qm, h mg. rg lb m l mmg l m l mgglg
kg kll kll lb k. Lk, pl mpl m l
k’ gh, g hm g k .
op m, h g , , llgl p h l h p
m, hgh h lgm glbl bkg k. al, p m b l mh,
x b lg h l mp qpm.
i bg h ( h , b m ), p m h m m ll llg lggg h mm . M, llgl
h gz m, h hm, g, p k.
th h ll pl p m p m p.
whl mb m b ll bllg’ mm h, h h ll pbl
xpl, lggg — h ml k — b l l h ,
h gg plg, lg, h m f. th llg p
xmpl h ml , ml Lb.
stresses
Lb h m xm mb lg m f, l . F, lk m
ghb, h, h hl h mg pl w a, h l’
“b hp.” s, lhgh p h h xml l
lk ( bg, hl l) lk gbl (
b p), h ll mll h h p h xp mb.
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th, mk Lb x g h f. (F mp ph
hgh h f, ghbg cô ’i.)6 Fh ( b l h ), h
llg h bl p lgg, h h llg
p. a mp, h dm rpbl cg (hh, h hl h ll
a, h mh m b hp l) bl p h gh f. Hlg xm, mb pp b mj lg .
th lba c
th rpbl Lb b l m h u s. th h
“am–Lb” (h m h p h ppl) g h
xll lm 6 , l h bl p 9, lh b gp g l
l b sg sml d. th p l lm g q
m g h g ppl. P lk bl gm m
p — , h m “gh h lpm” b Lb.
d’ gm, h, pl bm klp pl ppl. wh h h cl
w, h l l pp m h u s, d’ m . d
p h m-9 b kll h l bk 99, h chl tl h
nl P F Lb (nPFL) Lb m cô ’i.
s h Lb h xp p bk l, - 996 h l
h l tl p. r f p hgh h g, glg s L,
cô ’i, p G, lg h h pl, m m
m l hm gh.9 tl m p h h bl gp Lb
u rl dm (Lurd) l h Mm dm Lb (ModeL)
m G cô ’i, pl. a l p ll h , h
p g lm, tl f xl ng.
th f ll p. i h l 99–96 h g tl h nPFL ll
m h ’ , pll h h pl, M. i 99– tl,
p, ll h pp. i bh p mb pl g l h bl l h m . nhl, l l h
u n (un) s cl m h bj F ch mp
h mp p m Lb. B h m m h Lb m h llp m
lk , lg, h hl ll b k-l . G h llp, h
p GdP hl xp g.
i 99 h un s cl h ll p hpm Lb. B p h mbg
h pll s L, hh l (ll m l-mp
phb, m 99.) i h s cl h mp gh m m sL , , m Lb, mp m h f m h bllg lml
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qll h l.6 th s cl h h l l hgh b h
gl p . i z h chl tl,
h ml, l , lg l mp h m kg. th
p hm “m g mppp pp h
p bl Lb h b-g.”
a l cmph P agm h b g b tl’ gm
h bl . a p h gm, nl tl Gm Lb m
hh h gm m mg h h g . ModeL g bh h
M M h F dlpm ah, h gm mgg
Lb.
a p h pf ggm, dmb 2003 h u.s. mb M g khp
ll khl lp “mp” m h l h un mb , mgll, p pl h mph m h . th un s cl
— mmz h k h l l mp f — h gl
b mb l b l: hl b blh hgh Lb; m m
lggg f; h gm m mg h lgm .29
alhgh ll h g h ’ Lb, hl h un
n yk , h l gm h u.s. gm blh h Lb F
i bl p, bl, g g.
oh Lb khl l p qkl j, lg h wl Bk, h F agl ogz, h il u c n nl r, h
ep cmm, h c il F rh, c il, F
& Fl il.
i h l gm mpl F c r (Fcr) cmm h l
l mmb h Lb F i, pl h u.s. F s. i
h h un s cl bl h, p “b l,” Lb
l h l h f, lg h bh lggg
p. M, m qg pp, h m b b h l
lg h l blg h khl pp h
m. th m l lbl mplm h k h pblg , h
h Lb th rl cmm (trc), hh p mh h Fcr’ g
l p h m m lk h Lb f.
th Fcr l p l l gl: “th pll hl
xpl g m l b l f.” i l h h h
lggg mp gm k ll. i pl h:
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th h ll llgl lggg xhg bb h , lg m
kg l un s cl .
Lggg mp p mll ll l gm l.
i h h m, lggg mp h h p x.
th p pm l m lg.
th p b lggg mp mp m g l h mm
g hm gh l m.
th h xm h g h l h pl h Lb f. th
— — h p ml x lh, ll h , pl
h , h h ml lm, m p, , lpm.
s : Cpth mpl — p, hh m h bl mg h
bl h h k f. i Lb h lg lggg mp h h
, h ol tmb cp (otc) , p l $ mll l
h pl bk chl tl. Fg ., ., .6 p m ppk lg
mpl p ppxml $ mll chl tl’ pl , hh n (
otc) h x . Fg . p h bk p lp; g . m h
h p , , f tl’ mhl bk m; g .6 h h x h
n l m h Lb M F.
th p otc, G Kh,6 h h m pm m ml m chl
tl:
“I you make a lot o money doing business in Liberia, you have to share your profts. You
cannot reuse…The president is like the top God. I it turns out that he needs money at the end
o the year to pay his civil servants he just calls at various businesses and asks them or an
advance on next year ’s tax…This is not a ‘Kouwenhoven system’ — everyone is involved in it.” 37
“When I was at home, there would be a whole bunch o people waiting at my door who had
problems…senators, ministers… Every day there were 20 or 30... They were all paid poorly and
they thought that they had to live according to a certain standard.
“In order to get working permits or oreign employees I had to pay $75 to the Ministry o Labor
and $75 to [the Minister] himsel…
“I did have contact with Taylor about OTC matters...I he needed anything he would call
me…Most o the time it had to do with fnancial requests. Ater we had concluded the OTC
agreements…we were asked to make an advance payment o $5,000,000 or uture taxes…
Apart rom that he asked us to send a number o tractors to his arm, or he said that he wanted
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a road, that he needed electricity and he would ask me i I could advance the money. He also
simply asked or payments.
Figure 3.4: banK statement For Charles taylor showing deposit by natura holdin
Source: UN Panel o Experts Report 2007. UN Security Council S/2007/340, Annex III-V.
Figure 3.5: statement From taylor’s personal banK aCCount showing the deposit
Source: UN Panel o Experts Report 2007. UN Security Council S/2007/340, Annex III-V.
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“He would receive 50% o royalties I received rom OTC.
“…we are paying a minimum royalty o 500,000 USD per year whether we make the 50,000
or not....
“It was common use in Liberia that the leading political party was the owner o a concession.” 38
Figure 3.6: subsequent tax Credit to natura
Source: UN Panel o Experts Report 2007. UN Security Council S/2007/340, Annex III-V.
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sh bb m g mgm. a ll, h h h
lm b lggg mp x h Lb . m. th Fcr b h
ll p:
“During 1998 and 1999, ater ormer President Charles Taylor took ofce, there was another
re-allocation process in which Taylor called concession holders to his ofce and dictated
where they would work or not work. The objective was to re-align orest lands into several
large concessions. That “Mega-Concession” policy allowed the inner circle o the country’s
leadership to hand out concession rights to avored political cronies, militia leaders, and arms
dealers.”
rp h Lb agll Lggg Mg cp p h h Mhmm
Gp cmp “k bl h h bj, l b
Mhmm slmé9
h hl g chl tl.” wh h G l sqll, Mhd “ p h mp m hg h , h mp bgh gh m h
gm’ a-t u b p h .” tl ppl “ll pp h ,
chl “chk” tl, J., hm h g- m, u Lggg cmp.” a h
xmpl, p h Mz tmb cmp, h Mg, llg h “Bb tl
[chl tl’ bh, h Mgg d h F dlpm ah] p m
m pg b M. tl h i pm p, h p m h lggg
l b pp h [pml Mg] Lurd .”
th chl tl, d b hm, h pp ll l h l lggg . wh otc m, h pbl h
mp h pl “ppp bh” ( h, k h “g h l h gl gg”)
m l h h p.
th l pl pg, h h m lpm p ,
p h f z, pll h h m h pl. exmpl
l h ml gm Mm, h mmb b pll m l h th
lgg, ph Mg, h cmb l, ml e tm,6 ah,
Pp. th gm h dm rpbl cg llg h mp Zmbb
ml b pg g mll h j ll h
séé cgl ’expl B.9
th h h h vmpl lggg mp Lb ll h mlpl,
lppg lm p. o h gm g h l h
p h xghg h lm p p. M, h p ll f
pg ll ll m--mb l, h h lgll gz m.
th Fcr p h 9 vmpl - Lb. i 9 vmpl m
mgm gm h h Lb tmb Pl cmp h h . i 9
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il m, y il L., m mgm gm h Lb tmb
Pl p j h bm h lg lggg w a. th
p b h il F cp (iFc), xhg h h d
gm g 9 h h gh l h iFc h j l.
i pg x , y hlp M d blg
M h gm. d llgl il hlp m h pml ex
M G pl a-t u l h ’ . th lggg mp l
llgl m ll g h mm l h l
b pml p. i 99 h l gm Lb m
pm $. mll x, h Lb tmb Pl ( h h p)
p, h gm l h 99, p p b h iFc h h b bl
x gh. i 996 h gm ll h cl r ip,
hgh h l tl’ nPFL. wh tl bm p Lb, cl r l l b g h hl,
lg otc h il Lggg cmp, b o cp, m nPFL g l.
sh h q. i cmb h , gm m l m –
lggg m g- mp m h mll h, 9 p
cmb’ l . a h h f h dm rpbl cg, m h
h l p lmg hp, m hh pl, bl
h h m ll b .
s : lggg d a
th -l h m lggg l f. i h 99 f mb
Lb, cmb, Mm lkl x $ mll . 6 i Lb x, lg,
x .
P bmg p, chl tl pl h bl m — h bg nl
P r ambl Gm (nPraG), hgh gz b — hgh
h x mml p lk .
H m m lggg mp b l l pm p mg, “nl s am” xp,
g l.
Lk, bllg p b lg lggg mp. alhgh l p lggg mp
h bm p l m lg Lb, h lm l m h $ mll.9 i
xmpl M 99 m nPFL mm, c d, mp b nPFL x-mb,
llgl z $, lggg qpm m B & s Lggg cp.6 otc
llgl l , b m lg m eJ & J im cp. chl (chk) tl,
J.,6 h h a-t u h h l, l l $ mll lggg qpm.6 (i h
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dm rpbl cg, g ml m r ug ppl f l
pl.)
i h Fcr p, g l h, h b m h F dlpm
ah h cl Bk Lb, lggg mp m h $6 mll x 6
(ppx ) — h , l h 6 p h F dlpm ah’ x m
p. t p ( mp, h Mhmm Gp cmp Bin Lb i.) p l
h p l x ( g l $, mh xg $ mll
mh).6
th lkl mh . ag p m mpg , h m Lb
l h m h p b h Lb gm (bl .). th pg
h pg (h mp l p xp pg x h
xpg ) m .
tabl e 3. 1: timb er ex po rt s Fr om li beri a ($ mi ll io n)
YeArFOresTrY develOpmenTAuTHOriTY CenTrAl bAnk OF liberiA
FOOd And AgriCulTureOrgAnizATiOn
inTernATiOnAl TrOpiCAlTimber OrgAnizATiOn
1999 22.6 n.a. 24.5 23.5
2000 67.5 59.5 213.9 213.9
2001 79.9 60.3 228.3 239.5
2002 n.a. n.a. 333.5 282.5
Note: Sawnwood and roundwood combined.
n.a. = report not available.Source: Blundell 2008.
B h l p b h mpg lkl m h m x l
Lb g h . whl xp m Lb pl l g h bk xm
l (bl .), mh h p bl mggl, pll hgh cô ’i,
h lg mb mll m lg. i h 9 b h Lb l , cô
’i p xp b $ mll , b g h l (99–96) h jmp
$ mll , llg bk $ mll .6 i Lb h l , mb
xp g.
Mh h mg x l l h m f. i chl tl m
h p h m lggg ph m l un m . 66 M
l, h h l m s L, h m g pm m otc
“ ” b p, m g un m .6
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tabl e 3. 2: re po rted ti mb er ex po rts Fr om li be ri a
YeAr $ milliOn YeAr $ milliOn
1988 93.7 1996 15.4
1989 78.3 1997 7.7
1990 152.1 1998 13.0
1991 53.6 1999 24.5
1992 69.9 2000 213.9
1993 21.7 2001 228.3
1994 4.1 2002 333.5
1995 8.1 2003 178.1
Note: The frst civil war period is listed in bold, as is the period o extreme armed conict in2003.Source: FAOSTAT.
Cambodia
cmb’ h lghl m Lb’. d bl kp l lgg
. B h p, h hgh l mb h h b
m h a, pll i, Ml, h Phlpp. dg h 99,
mll b m x m cmb, ppxml p h , m
h mll h, . th lggg p “ l bl.”6
i 99 h gm mm lg xp, hh pp b un s cl
l.69 th s cl g mpg p, k h un m
cmb k m mplm h mm.
B h b, ll h bl (FuncinPec, KPnLF, h Khm rg) h gm h
b l lggg, hh h h . whl h gm xp ml
Jp vm, h h bl gp (pll h Khm rg) lg h b
thl m h h cmb.
th xp b, hh bg J , 99, g h ml h lggg mp
thl.
i p thl b hl fgh h un m cmb. th th plm’H cmm Fg a g k m mmz h un s cl
pp b mb mp m cmb.
Democratic Republic of Congo and elsewhere
a cmb, mp b lggg h dm rpbl cg. M h
hl ll bl l, hl h gm l h mj p
h xp mk. th gm-l lggg l p,
lgg bl l xp pbl. sll, ( xpl l) h p pl
( k “f p”) m bg gh mll h ,hb g bllg, lg h gm. a h m, h Kbl gm ppl
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q lggg mp B cg pl h p : h h
gm hlp h .
Lk, h r P am’ cg k lk ll p p h
dm rpbl cg, ug ll kg mm.
J h b xmpl, mb hgh h l f cô ’i. i agh’
K p l h mgglg mb “ h m l mh g g
gp.”6
s : lgg a a afck
th h h lggg mp p. i xmpl h un s cl
Pl exp Lb m pm b lggg mp m l hlp —
M-277
— h h k Lb.78
th p otc, G Kh, dh J 2006 g m Lb l (bh s cl mbg
gl mm), lhgh h ppl,79 hgh h m
phg h M-2 hlp hgh k m l, sj rph. 80 (th Pl exp
p h rph ppl M-2 hlp Lb, ll p p M-17 M-24
hlp, k pg M-8 hgh h ll-k m l, v B.)81
th Lb trc h otc gz mmm gh m hpm: l x b l
b . sl m h trc h hp, h Antarctic Mariner , k gll h
p Bh, lg p otc, h Kh l b hlp pfg.
th Fcr l h otc m $ mll pm gm bk , lg
$.9 mll k m l “ l.” i xhg otc ppl p fg
(x) p g b J nl, dp M F r cll (, xmpl,
g .6). i l h M Fg a, chl Bgh, M F tl,
klg h otc h m pm ml-l ph x
pm.
Ml thj, tl’ m m , mpl otc h pm h mg h
rl u F g s L. H lm h lggg hgh s L,
p h otc , l mg p, p otc p.
th trc l llg h lggg p ppl. L M,6 uk–
il m l, llgl l h p Lb m dmb 99
ag hgh, xmpl, Bk F ng, p xhg lggg , h
ex tpl tmb ep (ette). M g - mp G
h g b Gl rb Gï, h m h s cô ’i. i ag M
il, p $, llgl m, $, g , g,
12 7chp . tHe FinanciaL FLows tHat FueL war
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m gg m kg Lb, h p.9 H lm h Jl hpm
b h p h r F, vl ch h mp a,
gz b Mhmm y slmé h Mhmm Gp cmp m--mb
l.9 (r z b h Fcr9 h h Gp gh b ppl
m tl x $, “: ml .”)
Glbl w llg h b h l M , , h hp Abu 1 Hp,
h p ll b h Ml w Pg i (MwPi) lggg mp, h l
h m hlp m h a-t u ll h -l m hpm.9 Lk
M , , h Arktis Fighter llgl l p, m Blg n,
F, h lg hl b Fh m bk . a dmb 9, , MV Posen l 9
mfg k h l h m mm. Fh, ob dmb ,
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h g bgg , hl h llg h ll g m mm m l .
Gg Bl9 h Lb P cl h lm h h hlp hm
b p m h Fh mp cePii, g $, l m h Fh bk
cé L “l , LPc [h Lb P cl] hpp h h m l
mp F hh p bk h bk.”9
smll Mm g h l 99, ch llgl l b $. bll m , hh
h gm Mm p , p, h mb.96 Lk, r ppl llg p pl pm k Mg-9 gh j l hlg h Mm.9
th ’ gm l llgl b k l h iq M .9
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Lb.99 th l lm h h bl h b h
h g ml l. i Mm bl b lggg mp l h ml
g pg m h th b g; th lggg mp k b “h
blg g b h l l rg’ ml g h bl.”
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F Lb. allgl, gh k h otc mp ml m,
m nPFL gh h pll otc h il Lggg cmp (iLc). th warco lggg
mp mpl h h iLc-pp ml g h p Gll, hg h
lgg. Lk, Lb tmb & Pl cmp p g bg l b iLc-pp x-
mb. i h l 99 i tmb ip, h s L–Lb b, llgl
h nPFL g mp p nPFL ppl. o tl bm p,
gg h h u Lggg cmp h h lg l m
12 8 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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h am F Lb Lb, h h mp’ “pl
gm” h h 6h bl.6
s : vc b ggg cpa’ c c
th h mj h h p lggg mp ml b
ll, j g b l p pp. i i, pm xmpl,
h ml pl llgl x lgg h mbhpm.
a h 99 l, tl h Lb mg mj mp h l
(g .). eh h mp pp h tl. th
Mhmm Gp cmp b Mhmm slmé. i sbb s F
b Gl c d (h nPFL nom de guerre “Gl ex”) M c, bh h
h a-t u.9 iLc b o cp. MwPi b abb Fz,
h nPFL cll sm p . Fll, otc’ p Kh. th mm h
n rg, rl d, otc’ L H s.
Figure 3.7: the Four major logging areas during the taylor regime
Note: The Inland Logging Company operated the port o Greenville, the Oriental Timber Corporation the port o Buchanan, andthe Maryland Wood Processing Industries the port o Harper.Source: Government o Liberia 2005.
12 9chp . tHe FinanciaL FLows tHat FueL war
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ag h un s cl, h lg h gm h :
“() P h mb mp, hh ppl tl.
(b) G mplm mb mb h h gh h tl’ .
() e ll h mj p, hh l b l
h gl Lb m.
() Bl tl’ bl h g, xmpl, b [h
bl gp] ModeL h h-.”
a fg Lb zg otc’ m ll ppl mp, tl’ m m
, Ml thj, , “Lggg mp h m pl plll
l l l b. Lggg mp’ p m ml h pl
l pl pp l Lb.”
i h l Kh h:
“Taylor indicated that he did not want OTC to employ its own security guards and he said that
he himsel would arrange or armed security ofcers or OTC. … So the intention was that
ormer fghters would be deployed and paid by OTC.” 114
i, ll h pbl h l h gh h tl h nPFL,
ll g hm gh l m ( bh). F xmpl,
999 h gm (hgh h F dlpm ah, hh h l b tl’ bhBb) MwPi p cll sm $, mh p h h Lb
(ppx ). sm’ g cô ’i l gh. H hml
pg m l h h l Flx dh, h ghg blz
cô ’i.
sm h l l g hm gh l m Lb hl
mpl b MwPi “.” e- p lm h M sm’ mp
cô ’i l ll mm h, b h h ll Lb h
ml ( p h k h b), h MwPi m h l h llg yghb Lb. i h un m h b.6
wh lk m l, f, x-mb — m g mb k — h
m ml h lg llgl lggg. i pf ah xmpl, m mb
h m h g pm l m x-mb
k g h p bg llgl lggg (mg h ml ).
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i Lb h m nPFL mm K gz h l m lggg, g
plk g h. al Lb, x-mb p bb pl, g ll k
pp.9 o h l h m lggg mp, h Fcr l:
“sm hl g h p z ll mm l h p m
xpl pl lh p ml.”
B h lb l g ll mm, f m lkl lggg
p h h x b ’ mp ll llh. i ,
ll mm lm m pp (pll h h lm gz
h ’ l) lgg’ hm. th f l,
ggm h lkl.
s : m adg
th h h hlp l m lg.
o h otc pm m b, h Fcr m h l $ mll p bk
h h h cl Bk Lb, lg l $ mll bk n yk.
ag h m ch P h spl c s L, h l h $,999,9
pm ( g ), l cbk hh chl tl ppl h gg
h.
th un s cl Pl exp m h Fcr’ g, mg pm m
otc mlpl g.
th Pl q m m j gg h z g
h h Lb , b l gh pl. th m z “ h h l h
mll ll b m g p h P h s L spl c.”6
o h gh , ch, i, szl, h u s p, b ppl
p . F h m, l $ mll tl, x , b
hg h b z.
Glbl w llg h 99 Lb s tl , G M, p s bk l m b m h Lb lggg . i h l th Hg, tl
h h p h .
r h h u.s. Lb, h ’ p g l h
, mk Lb m lg. F l m
lg b g l m h lgl, h m pl
lggg p pm m b, mg hh ll pm b h.
13 1chp . tHe FinanciaL FLows tHat FueL war
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M, mpl mp mk p pm h mgh b m b m
g (h g q h h “plll xp p”). F
, h tl’ nPFL ll m Lb g h l h 99,
lgg, b s P, cô ’i, llgl lg l m,
lg pm hgh i s bk nPFL gz.9
a m, llgl lggg h gz m, pll f z l
h m kg. Kh l h k p m k, llgl bgh
l lggg k m h Hll agl P Gg, Bh clmb, c. i Mm lg
ch b, lggg h pm ql lk: g k h
lggg l m, lg h b hll l g.
t m p, h mp gh m f pl g l. eh
h mll f h bllg’ bh, h bllg p p lggg p. B h h m, mb h g
mp f. a g l, chl tl bl x l h g
xg $ mll . cllg h mm llg h l lg h
l m ll tl l h l. th p h l h l l
hgh ml g p — p — b, xmpl, g h l g h x
xl l ll b qg h lgl h gm.
th xmpl h, bllg m ll lggg h xp
h p, m lggg h f. G h blzg l fmb, lp h pbl h lml lm h l.
Capabilities
c h pbl h g g, hh h m mp p :
tp h hlp l bl m.
e lgl mgm gm, lg m , ppp ,
f mgm.
Hgh-ql m, lg p, mg l.
Pp mgm, lg qbl b hg.
th l l.
sh blg blk hlp p m g f mg l, g h gh
lhp b k g llgl lggg ( g .). (i, g g
g m gh hlp xpl h lk c n h h “
13 2 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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.”) t m h , g xm h x h h h
( g .).
th h lg-gl h. ibl h gm m m h lgm
h lmg h gh lg. n l lppg lm lkl, b h gm m p
mp “b l” b pl bh h . B ll pbbl
h ll p, hl p ( g) pp b khl gp. a
g h lggg , h gm ( h khl) m ll h h
lgl gm, h pp p h x p
ppp bh (lg p, pg, l) h ll h
.
th lg pg m h ll l b m mpm p b
gm gl . th mpm hlp p bl.i l pl g l gh, ll b pp (pll b h l
mm h lkl pl g pll l f); p h ml,
m; g h p pm , pll h m.
cp ll l b lp bk b f. i Lb
, h Lb F i, hlp bl h p. i, Lb b m — m
h mm h l l — h b mg h m
mplm m — php p h un l — l h h h m b
l ggm. B Lb, ll l h l q h gm’pll ll m.6
M h m Lb mpl h h b h un s
cl l h mb . th hlp bl h pll ll m. i ,
lhgh h un s cl pp cmb’ l-mp mb , b h
gm cmb ll h l h mm, h p m l
h Lb (pll h pl h h l h
m). Lggg xp mh h h gm’ m p , php m
mp, pll ll m. sll, gm h m h l — Lb
lh, m ll lggg ll m p mh h h m p
mg hm.
lad- pag
L- plg l llg mgg , pll lg pp gh, hh
xml pblm f. i Lb lgl f l h lg gl g
h jl m. sp, l f fm p h . th
l, pf l mj l l gh.
13 3chp . tHe FinanciaL FLows tHat FueL war
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F, ll m h l g f, ll pl ppl g,
p l. up g q k g h b h ghl . wh
p , m f h h h k p h l, pll h
p h m m h h p. t mpl m, ppl
p, g f, pl l g l hp.
wh p l b b f, b mpg lm
, g f lg h, lg, pll l. alhgh lg h lppg
lm , ll b m mg, plll gh, g.
i Lb pg ll m h lgl h h h lggg gh — lg
lggg mp lmg m h . m h l . a , k
m “lgm” hp h gh.
s, b h lm m l, m -h ggl h gh lll, “mm .” i m ll pll m k m h
gh m ll mm g hp gh , h g g. M
l pll, h bg h pp p gl ll h gh
lg h , h hml. G xb h pf gm,
gg h pl ppl, hm l mblz l
ll pl ppl ( clmb, Gml, ng, h dm rpbl
cg, pll h .)
i Lb pf m l h h pblm. i l h h mlkhl l mm h h b m. th gm g h
l hp b h m h , pl m, l plz
h mph m p. Flg h l l , pll
mg mm h lm h gl mm gh mml lggg.
Cc
i Lb h h lgm hl lggg . G h lppg
lm, mpbl m h l gh hl m .
th Fcr mp l h b lg h lgl m h lm. i
h mp b h lm lgl pl Lb l
gl. dg h p (99–), mmm, mp h b lgl b,
hz p Lb, h l l p b l;9 h l,
; h p pm b.
th Fcr h mp l m h , gl p — mg
h h l, lgl gh lg Lb. th m b l h lggg mppg h h h bl nPFL h nl P r ambl Gm.
13 4 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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dg h l h spl c s L, hl -xm chl tl l
h lggg mp k h nPFL pp bl gm h h lggg mp l
p ml M F, h lg h g.
th l h Fcr mbg, b h nl tl Gm Lb l
h g. o l l 6, h, P Jh sl’ x
l ll h bg lm ll (h h “l” hm b h lgl
). B ll p h m. M m lgg g h l ,
g h p pg gm l, m hh h g “b
l.” sll, h h m lgl hllg, h gm bg llg
mll h .
th h h Fcr ( h lkl lgl hllg h b m) h
h h l g b ll mmb h Fcr,
beore h lgm h xm. th h pjg h l. n h bj
pll -h-f mkg hlp mp. i h h h
pp h m h lgm mpl p, lg h l mphbl.
cl, h ll m Lb g b h Pbl Pm c
a, hh q mp bg ll lggg .
i h dm rpbl cg, llg h mm h un Pl exp p,
h s c p-hg gm b h bl gm ll ll ll g h f. a l h M , al h
h mpl ll. th l l . mll h
mpl , pl mm h ll . sll, h
gm g h , g l . mll h, gg h
h l ll h . P h ll mp g
l ml gm h ll g ppl, h lg-m
ll ll b mll h, m l m h . mll h p
h m.
lga g
a pblm gl h g l gl p m lg f
m b k . (a h j h gm h k, b l
h , l bk b f — h dm rpbl cg h p
pl .)6 th xb b h pp m
(h pl) lkl g h any l, gl h mpl, . i,
h pp l g h ll .
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th h k hgh. Fl ppl g h l h q: m h
h g m l f h , b bllg
g m h llgl xpl l l h mp l.
“B l” gbl h l chl tl’ bllg, bh g h
. elh, mb ll h Khm rg m ghg h m hg cmb, b f h dm rpbl cg, Mm,
agh.
G h m gl , mp k: wh h mmm
l gl ppl mg h ? a h q m h
hlp blh h blg mplm, bl mmm l m? i,
p mgm, h q hl b k l l.
Capacwh h pp lk p, gm h. Fl,
bj l b m hh lk p b — lk
pll ll — m mp hlg bk m. o
xm h k mplm jg h h blk x. i h m m
q g , m kl h . B h h pll
h mpm, p lkl hlp.
a h 2003 p gm h Lb gm lz h h h h mhm
h p h x m lggg h llgl l
hgh h lgl ppl h. s 2007, b h u.s. gm m l h u.K.
gm h wl Bk, p p mp, sGs, bl, p,
h gm ( ) h-- kg m. th m m k,
g b, ll lg m h p h (h mp) hgh p pg, l.
th m hl h h gm ll ll b ll xp pm
l h cl Bk Lb m h h lggg p h p ll x. Lk, h m
hl m h h mb h b m Lb lgl, l mpl hh u.s. L a (hh phb h mp llgll h ) h ep u’ d
dlg lgl mb mp9 vl Php agm, h g mk
. M, h m hl bl xp h h h lgl mpl
qm.
whl h u.s. gm h mm g h h-- m, Lb
, hh h l h M F l. th m gz h Lb h l
mll ll, p b pg h lg xp. sh lz
h h b kg m g x pm b lggg p p h gmg xp l l l p l p h .
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“i-” l hlp xpl h bk , b h m mplm
h m m b gh f . i h p xmpl, ll l h pl
x lgg p bll h f lllg h l h--
kg m h b bll. i h kg m , h ll l l h
p. H h , hgh h , bl g h pllll hg.
th wl Bk’ m g p gl mphz h m lkl h
gm k hp m, h b xmpl. Fl xp l b h
b. Lk gm hp b , h b P’ l p 9
h g gp l h m h l, hh h ll mm
b g , h b m mpl h h u.s. t Pm agm h h P’
.
i Lb’ ll m, m gm, , mg , xmpl, h
mpl h h m m h m p h mbm. a l l l
b xm h m k mplm h p m h -lmg p. i h p
b, gml gp h hg, pll (h h lg h
b m, lgl h k lg),152 l p h .
B h h m lk h p mplm p, h m .
Pa c
th m h l m h hlp mk p.
sll, h bl p, pll g m b h glbl
h hg mh. a p, gm pm gl, h h u.s. L a h
ep u’ d dlg lgl vl Php agm, ll mk mh m
g mkpl, l llg p llgl . M h l g h
pf m gz h hg.
s h k g m, hgh, l h m ll mll pbl
mp. cf-p m gmz h , “g” . wk l h h p llg k hgh k h g hgh ( l b
h l ll l hgh ). a mmm, h hgh mp h gm’
bl g x , mk h mh m llg l,
hh l p llgl, l bg mp f.
M, h xl “g” , gm lkl p pl
pmg ll mp, l b ll m gh mp mgg f k
( b ll pl b gg h ’ l l
g). s m ll p ml h h m ( , h l“b” ), h pmpg hg h p f.
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i Lb h F dlpm ah b h u.s. gm
h wl Bk h h pmg l m Lb lggg .
C c
o h mhm hlp gl gm bh p mgpm b l (gg b Pl cll usaid mg h). i, l
gz m h m p h gm gl . 6 B g h
hg p h h mhm l p , l hl b pp bh h (b ,
xmpl) m h , p m m h gh.
ip mg ml . wh h , l, mp,
gm m l b hl bl. i cmb h wl Bk’ ggm (
h F c Mgm cl Pl Pj) l p mg.
B gm m h bl m ( Glbl w, h sGs) pl, h Glbl w k b apl .
ill, m hl b l lbl, b h bl ll m. i
m, h pf , mg l, l b kg
m, pll hlg gm bl, p — h
bklh. i Lb pbl l mmb b gm bg
b mkg ll — lgl — q ll mplm h l.
o mhm h h gm Lb h pp pg l h Lbex i tp i (eiti; ppx ). eiti h p ll pm
m b l, g, mg mp h gm ( ). th eiti ol
m h b Lb’ lg , h.9 i m h b h
l l l h mp h h , h h l
m l, g, mg .
M bl, b bl p lpm. G l
blg, b l mp . Blg h l lg-m pj. d
b g l hl blg f. o mm-m l
l m p g h ppp. th wl Bk l gg h
h h m.
spca
spl — l pp p “‘ plg”6 — h h gm’ gl
m lggg pbl f. i pll mgg m pbl g pp
h q hgh p, l p, h p ll
l.6
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Gm h m lggg mp ll m h , l h bl,
p g h gm. oh, h ll g
hl hlp p h h gm p. i hghl
m (g f), m m b l lggg m
plg h h l h ll h p (hh ll l k). Gm h h pj lggg p h
pl. alhgh pl m l gm m h lg m (h h h
pp ), ll l hm m hm m h pj.
i h dm rpbl cg lg-l pl g h f.6 th
. mll h lk p pp mb-ppl —
m h bl-hl , bl h h ll.6 e
b h , h l p , b m l q 6 mll h.6
a l l l x p pl.6
a p Lb lggg mp lkl plg. th F dlpm ah h
ll bh h-, , h h ll ll hgh lggg ll
plg (b h l ppl gl) ll -, , h (
m) h h m m . G h m ll Lb hgh k
q mm p-bk m (h- p l h m), mgh h
xp hm p h g lggg. i h l b mh
m h lg , hgh h h h h l hl p
mg h .66
G h x h glbl l , m b jg h bh h
lggg mp Lb, b h h mll pm xp.
dp ll m h mll h h , h
hpm lg xp l Mh .
mak accpac
ul lggg p m, h ll b pbl. th l mk , hgh, lg h f-p . t h mk lgl p,
xpg h bl m h h h b b
l. dmg m k h h ph ll l f. a h lg
(lk h u.s. L a), ll m mpl h h h h ll
p g h mk. B g pl blh g , mgg
m f -b l mb.6
o m mplm h bg lp b h ep u hgh h F
L em, G t pgm hlp m, hl g h l l pg . u h pgm’ g, h ep u gg bll
13 9chp . tHe FinanciaL FLows tHat FueL war
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gm (vl Php agm — vPa) h p l ll mb xp
h ep u bg “lgl” (g “lgl” m
g b h p). ep u m ll b l hpm
m h vPa . i h vPa hl hlp mp m xp mb’ lgl
m pp , g mk pbl g p pmm.
vPa hl h k b hlpg mk , pll h
m k- p h m b h “b” . eh , l vPa g ll hlp
gm gl p g b p, h ppl g g,
h l l.
o lm h vPa bll. th ep u g hm h pl
lm h h p b , pl l h pg
g lgl h . B b h mlll, h kh llgl m ml b pl m h ep xp mk l mg m
mk -vPa . th hp, hgh, h vPa p “g” , g llgl
lggg h h hgh m mhm h h m ppl ll.
M, h m ppg, h m lkl glbl llgl lggg.
naa rc Cha
cp blg l ll h ppl g g, g ll m h kll
g.6 il, h h ppl, lkl m l
mh, h p. th h mp g ll m g g.69
a hgh ll, mhm gl h g g
h mpl h ll gz b p. sh p g mg
, lg , g h pp h nl r ch:
th lpm l hl b g h mxmm b h z
h h .
ex pbl h xpl hl b p
bj m pbl gh.
cmp l mhm l g.
Fl m m b b hgg m h g h ll l m
.
nl mp hl b mp mml p. th hl
g gl h .
r pj m h ml l , hh m b
mg ll g h pj l.
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r hl b pml pm m gh hgh blg
mg hgh ll m m.
e lz q h m xp b bl p gll b
mh k ll.
Gm hl lh pp pbl xp h pbl pg.
Gm pl hl l p m p pp
l hg h lh.
th hm gm x mp l pl hl q
b p.
all x mp hl ll b p g, p, pm.
c h mplm l gl h h h h mplm
ll b “g” b g p , h h hm h bl
l .
expeCtations
th pbl b mg h k p b h lkl b k
f-p . M, bh gm h , “b l,” pl
m h pll ll m. i h pl h m ll k p
p h , mm ll. t ll h m, gm, , lgm
, l bl xp mg ll h h “b l”
lg pbl. Gm pll m mg h xp ll.
maagg pca
opm xp k, hgh b h g h l l l f.
s, lhgh l gm p , m gh, , jb, h
k h mg h ’ bl m h bj.
d m bm g lg m m h l h hbl. a
h wl Bk m h k gl , mp bl l bl
h lg m, l bl k (h , pl, l , p ,
-m pm l; m h jl m ). th m
, — h Lb F i — lkl p lbl. n l
gh hlp h gm m mph , h l l h m b
mm. rm k , mh .
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a f, lggg p bl h h l mm h b ll b h
m qbl h h p, lg ll mplm. F h p, gm bl
h ll m, h lggg p mg bl,
h m h l h h l h l f.
Gm l h lpg h lggg plg.
Gm mm h g xp — pll f — l
hp h mk h l . skhl ggm , p, m
hlp h mm l; h m l Lb
q h .
cmm xp lggg mp p b, bh l (, jb)
k (l, , hl), ll gzg h gh. B Lb l, lggg mp m h mmm: 9 p l mm h l
, , hl, l, hh lggg .
wh mp lggg, mm m h lll hgh xp b hg.
s h ppm pbl f, h xp hl b b p
bg. cmm hl h h p xpl g h h pg
l l lgg p, , lg h p m blg, h m ll
h .
G h ql p l b ll mm l lggg mp, g
p mg mhm . wh h p, h “ p l
h pp h p m lbl ppl’ gh, hm Bk pl lp
p.”
a f, ll ql xp lggg p b ll mplm m h p
xml l ll (h p ll p lb m h ,
m h ). i Lb h . p Lb mpl h mb
. th dm rpbl cg h q f mp’ llg p ll mplm.6
th xp h h lggg mp h gm. wh ml
mplm, ll, lg x-mb, m k ml, ll, k. i Lb m x-
mb m b kg gz llgl lggg. (Fml jb g, mp hl
p l k’ blg, m hlp l m h pblm h ll lb h
mp lm.)
ulml, p lpm b bl, h m b gl xp (pllmg h ) h ll h h z p b h l l. (t
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gh g g, m m b mg, gg m h l
lgl g, l.)
i Lb lggg mp, m g, h g h h lggg
m hm q h gm’ mmm h l l, pll h
( hgh h ’ b l l, l ll
pl b h mpl h h l). H, h gm h hg
m h ll bh l . i h hl b
mp, l p bl h p z h h mm
, pbl , mg h .
i cmb h l 99 , lk h h gm
h m m . F xmpl, , h mg p
h lp mgm pl. y h h gm l m h h mgm pl, h pp h h wl Bk llg h gm
gl. th m h xp h “b” gg b “ l.”
ConClusions
n ll l l , mh l mb. B l h bllg l
mb-h h h p ll lggg p
h h mb h h mk. whl mb h l cmb, cô ’i, h dmrpbl cg, Mm, h pm xmpl f mb Lb. F g l,
h p, chl tl mg l x lggg mp
h l l.
i Lb h f z, lggg l f h m f m h ,
pg l, g m h ml, g lgg h f,
pg p , lg l m. cmph m l
h h . cp p, , m b lm, h h ll lggg
b pg.
B pf m h g. Fl p h , p h hp
h h g ll l l hg. B l gm lk
b m h h m bl hg mml, pg h g
h bl hg lg-m p.
o m h mm l xplg l mplm
m gh. Pl m, h, h h — l
pl — . opm pj l l h - ml,h hg h p gl m m. Fl m pj m
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p g. M p, php, h l ll l
mm m, h g h gm’ ’ bl l h pm
p . M blg “b l,” hh m pp mb-l
f.
chg q, b l f-p . wh h un s cl pl
Lb mb, h h export mb, b h import mb. i k h p b
h Lb gm gg l. B l mpl g
h h h l l b h mb mp l f.
cm h h l l lmg h f mb, l h glbl mk
hgg. s h mb Lb’ mb, h u s h hg l phb
mp llgll h — h l k h m g Gb
G mpg ll b m Mg. Lk, h ep u h g vPa, h Gh, hlpg h ’ l ppg m pll ll
lglz h .
thgh h g g, b h mkpl, hlp p ,
h mb, lg f.
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Appd . m a aa, 999
rp lggg mp pg m 999 l us$6,,, p b
h Gm Lb ().
th m b m h mp h p m b h p h mgglg pg.
COmpAnY Assessed TAxes (us$) ArreArs (us$)
Akkari Timber Inc. 1,525,365 917,557
American Wood Processing Company not reported 58,311
BIN Liberia Inc. 1,987,526 1,902,169
Carlton Resources Inc. 653,608 653,608
Cavalla Timber 2,596,216 1,187,935
Cestos Timber Corp. not reported 38,078Daba Incorporated 990,118 556,208
EJ&J not reported 39,289
Forestry and Agricultural Products Corporation 630,557 618,483
Forest Hills 192,963 180,212
Forum 447,716 275,262
Gamma Corp. 90,178 67,869
Iberic 346,679 110,605
Inland Logging Company 1,245,841 275,758
Liberian Industrial Agricultural Products not reported 5,534Liberian Logging Wood Processing Corp. 1,838,465 1,116,096
Liberia Timber and Plywood Company not reported 12,503,986
Liberia Wood Management Corp. 1,389,571 610,022
Mabow Logging Corp. not reported 36,388
Mohammed Group o Companies 5,509,119 5,112,391
Maryland Wood Processing Industries 5,592,884 5,289,950
Natura 1,978,979 0
North Eastern Logging Co. 173,374 165,614
Oriental Timber Corp. 16,400,856 28,738,845
Royal Timber Corp. 2,322,477 0
Togba Timber Corp. 1,255,154 940,453
Tropical Logging not reported 11,312
Tutex Wood Management Corp. 77,345 23,835
United Logging Company 3,224,105 1,975,659
Xoanon Liberia Ltd. 1,147,778 809,995
Source: Government o Liberia 2005, appendix 2. Exhibit B.
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Appd . l F Dp Ah qg maad wdPcg id d s
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Appd . tpa F rpg h h eac id tapac ia
th pg mpl “g p m l pm blg
l pm m. …“sp l h h mpl l l l
m… [i] g h h pbl gz h b hh mk . vl l pp pblz h .”
Template for Forestry Company Reporting
nm cmp: __________________________
rpg P: ___________________________
c : ____________________________ h
a lgg pg p: _____________ h
reF vOlume uniTs uniTs vAlue
bft sta
1 Production m3
2 Processed products m3 US$
3 Export m3 US$
payt to Cta got
4 Land rental ees US$
Amount to:
40% Ministry o Finance US$
30% Communitiesa US$
30% Countiesb US$
5 Stumpage Fees US$
Amount to:
90% Ministry o Financec US$
10% Protected Areas US$
6 Forest Products Fees US$
Amount to:
90% Ministry o Financec US$
10% Protected Areas US$
7 Log Export Fees US$
8 Sawmill License Fee US$
Size o mill: m3 /yr
9 Corporate Income Tax US$
Withholding Income Tax US$
10 Contract Administration Fees US$
11 Inspection Fees US$
12 Waybill Fees US$
13 Export License Fees US$
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reF vOlume uniTs uniTs vAlue
14 Other Fees US$
L$
In-kind payments (& monetary value) US$
payt to loca got
15 Harvest volume-based payments US$
16 Other monetary payments US$
17 In-kind payments (and monetary value) US$
Oth otay co
US$
Management sign o: We acknowledge [or, On behalf of the Board of Directors (or similar body) we acknowledge] ourresponsibility or the air presentation o the Reporting Template in accordance with the Reporting Guidelines, with theexception o: …………………..
a To be distributed to aected communities through the National Community Beneft Sharing Trust.
b To be distributed equally among the counties through the County Forestry Development Fund.c To be administered by the Forestry Development Authority to manage a network o protected areas.
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reFerenCesBll, K, Jk shm, . . The
Political Economy o Armed Conict: Beyond Greed
and Grievance. Bl, co: L r.
Blll, ah G. . “o h b pg h ex itp i, h p Lb.” spg s. nl cpl a,v, c. albl l.g.l//lb__p.p
Bh, alx J., v K. Hl. 9. Targeting
Spoilers: The Role o UN Panels o Experts. whg, dc: sm c.
Bzk, Lzk. 6. “r sh a: a
n rlhp.” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal o International and Strategic Aairs ():6-96.
ciFor (c il F rh). .“F sh: F cf.” albl ..g.g/pbl/cp/Fsh/_f.hm
cl, rb w., Gg dl, Mhll Hz, a.a. wl. 966. Growth without Development:
An economic survey o Liberia. e, iL:
nh u P.cll, Pl. . The bottom billion: Why the Poorest
Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It .n yk: ox u P.
cll, Pl, ak Hf. 99. “o emc cl w.” Oxord Economic Papers ():6-.
——— . . “G g l .” Plrh wkg Pp , wl Bk,
whg, dc.cmm rp, th rl
e tm. 6. Chega! Final Report. dl.
dbx, L., t. H, d. Kmz, a. K, G.tp, . . Forests in Post-Conict Democratic
Republic O Congo: Analysis o a Priority Agenda. Jk: ciFor (c il Frh).
d Jg, wl, d d K-h ab, .. Extreme Conict & Tropical Forests. dh,
h nhl: spg.
eiu (em illg u). . Myanmar
(Burma) country report .
eia (eml ig ag) Glblw. 9. Investigation into the illegal elling,
transport & export o precious wood in Sava Region,
Madagascar . L: eia Glbl w.——— . . Peru’s Forest Sector: Ready or the New
International Landscape? L: eia. albl .-glbl.g/PdF/eia_P_rp_eg_P_b.p
ep u. . “rgl (e) n 99/ h ep Plm h cl ob : Lg h blg p h pl mb mb p h mk.” Ofcial Journal o the European Union,
dmb .
Gm Lb. . “rp h Fc r cmm (Fcr rp) – Phiii.” M . M.
G, Jph. 9. “Ml k llgl lmb agh.” Stars and Stripes, J .
Glbl w. . A conict o interests: The
uncertain uture o Burma’s orests. L: Glblw.
——— . b. The Usual Suspects. L: Glbl w.
——— . . “a ch ch: eg h Bm’ h .” Bgm. Glbl w, L.
——— . . Cambodia’s Family Trees: Illegal logging and
the stripping o public assets by Cambodia’s elite. L: Glbl w.
——— . . Lesson UNLearned: How the UN and Member
States must do more to end natural resource-uelled
conicts. L: Glbl w.Glbg, J. . “Gg Bl, Lb wl,
i Fll u a.” The Atlantic, J .albl .hl.m/l/h///gg-bl-lb-l--ll--//
Hll, eml. . Without remedy: Human Rights
Abuse and Indonesia’s Pulp and Paper Industry. nyk: Hm rgh wh.
——— . 9. wild money: The Human Rights Implication
o Illegal Logging and Corruption in Indonesia’s
Forestry Sector . n yk: Hm rgh wh.
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——— . . Forests, Ex-combatants and Durable
Security: cross-sectoral implications o post-conict
programming. wkg Pp (ag). whg,dc: ProFor (Pgm F).
Hk, M, H Lk. . “all h m
m m .” Vrij Nederland, Mh .ida (il dlpm a). .
Operational Approaches and Financing in Fragile
States. whg, dc: wl Bk, ida.
il c Gp. . Indonesia: Resources
and Conict in Papua. a rp n. 9. Bl:il c Gp.
——— . . Aceh: Post-conict Complications. arp n. 9. Bl: il c Gp.
Jh, Pk. . “tmb Bm s B:th Pll em Lb tmb.” Review o
Arican Political Economy (): -6.
M, K. . “c h $ ml mLb tl’ bk.” r, M .
Malp, J.L., P.a. o’dh, o. P. 6.“Lb: hllg pp.”International Forestry Review (): –9.
Mch, Jh F. . Wild Logging: The Rise and Fall
o Logging Networks and Biodiversity Conservation
Projects on Sumatra’s Rainorest Frontier . olPp . Bg, i: ciFor (c il F rh).
P, M. . “P l gg lp.” em n s, J .
——— . 2002b. “P: llgl lgg ig
a.” em n s, ag 9.
Pk, F. 2005. “th Phx s: w em
s Fm Lb.” i The Dynamics o
States: the Formation and Crises o State Domination,. Kl shlh. Hmph, uK: ahg.
r, wllm. 999. Warlord Politics and Arican States.L: L r.
rh, K.w. Jm, rb d. smp, al L.Bll, ol P. 6. “th LbF c r: L mgm h l l.”
Journal o Peacekeeping and Development ():9–9.
r, Mhl L. . “wh d w K b nlr cl w?” Journal o Peace Research (): –6.
r, s a, J Kl rø, wh L, nlP Glh. . “Flg ghg: F
h , , l l .” Political Geography (): 6–.
sm F. . Plunder: The Silent Destruction
o Liberia’s Rainorest . M.
sdi (sbl dlpm i). .Liberia — The Promise Betrayed. M: sdi.
tk, shg. 996. “cmb tmb exp B(caMwood c).” am u. albl .m./ted/m.hm
The Perspective. . “ig rp oltmb cp — spl h Pp.”Mh .
thm, Jm, rmz K. . Conict
Timber: Dimensions o the Problem in Asia
and Arica. Blg, vt: a rldlpm.
th rl cmm Lb. 9.Final Consolidated Report. M: th rl cmm.
unMiL (un M Lb). 6. Joint Government
o Liberia-UN Rubber Plantations Task Force Report .M.
un s cl. 99. “rl iq-K.” ob. n yk.
——— . 99b. “rl 9 cmb.” nmb. n yk.
——— . 99. “rl h sL.” ob . n yk.
——— . . “Fl p h Mg Mhm agl s.” s//, dmb .n yk.
——— . b. “rp h Pl exp ppp s cl l 6(), Pgph 9, l s L.”s//9, dmb . n yk.
——— . . “rl 6 h sL.” Jl . n yk.
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——— . . “rp h Pl exp Lbbm h rl ().” s//, ob 6. n yk.
——— . b. “rl h Lb.” Mh . n yk.
——— . . Pl exp h eg tg cp. .
——— . b. “rp h Pl exp p pgph s cl l () g Lb.” s//9, ag .n yk.
——— . . “rl h Lb.”s/res//, M 6. n yk.
——— . . “rl h
Lb.” dmb . n yk.——— . . “illgl il op e
Jlm h h op Plt.” s//9, M . n yk.
——— . b. “rp h Pl exp p pgph s cl l () g Lb.” s//96, J . nyk.
——— . . “rl h Lb.” Mh . n yk.
——— . . “rp h Pl exp bmp pgph () s cll 9 () g Lb.”s//6, J. n yk.
——— . b. “rp h Pl exp bmp pgph () s cll 6 () g Lb.”s//, dmb . n yk.
——— . 6. “rp h Pl exp bm
p pgph s cll 69 (6) g Lb.”s/6/96, dmb . n yk.
——— . . “sm b h P h scl” s/Prst//, J . n yk.
——— . . “rp h Pl exp Lbbm p pgph () scl l 9 () g Lb.”s//, J . n yk.
——— . b. “rp h Pl exp bmp pgph s cl l
9 () g Lb.” s//,dmb . n yk.
usaid (u.s. ag il dlpm).. Forests & Conict: A toolkit or intervention.whg, dc: usaid, o cf
Mgm Mg.wl, emm. 9. Company-led approaches to
conict resolution in the orest sector . rhPp . n H, ct: th F dlg.
wl Bk. . Fragile states — best practices or
country assistance strategies. whg, dc: wlBk.
——— . 9. Roots or Good Forest Outcomes: An
Analytical Framework or Governance Reorms. rp n. 9-GLB. whg, dc: wl Bk,agl rl dlpm dpm.
wl Bk ip Pl. 6. “cmb, 6.cmb: F c Mgm cl Pl Pj.” ig rp 6.wl Bk, whg, dc.
——— . . “dm rpbl cg: tlspp em r G emgem sl r spp Pj.”ig rp 6 – Zr. wl Bk,
whg, dc.
notes wl 9.
ag ciFor , h p h h l b l f h g agl, B, cmb, cla rpbl, rpbl cg, Gml,Mzmbq, ng, P, r,
sm. tgh h b p h l’ pl hl ll pl Bzl. dKmz, xl ProFor, h h h mb-l x l b Bglh (chgg Hll), B Hzg,Fj (mb-l p), L Ppl’ dmrpbl (hll b), Pk (nh-w FP), sgl (cm).
P , b; eia Glbl w 9.
th f mb bh p h u n (un) scl, h m f gll
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m h bl-l h f h h bllg h (un s cl ). Glbl w lghl f :h , h h m xpl x f b , bm, l h mm l hm gh, l lhm l, l mg m l l (Glbl w ). i p usaid b a rl dlpm,f mb h “mb h ll b ( h ) bp h m ” (thm K ).
Fm 9 l ;
cll Hf 99, .
6 Bll shm ; r .
d Jg h .
thm K .
9 r h ; h r pp mxp b Faostat ( pblmpph m mll l hml mgglg).
F h h m h p GdP
m l . cll .
d h hg x hhz, / h pg x.
th x b f mb gzm h h lm’ hp bdgl Fh.
thm K .
Glbll, h hp p
h l’ m h mmml, b, mphb, hl g j . p hh’ .
6 un s cl b.
thm K .
cl h 966.
9 th rl cmm Lb 9.
tl l h spl c sL m g hm.
un s cl . iMF m .
un s cl 99.
un s cl 99.
un s cl .
6 un s cl b.
un s cl b.
un s cl , p. .
9 un s cl , p. .
Malp, o’dh, P 6.
Gm Lb . th g hghlgh th rl cmm Lb 9.
rh h 6.
th rl cmm Lb 9.
Gm Lb . dg p (999–), otc ppl
g $9. mll (th rl cmm Lb 9, p. ).otc b wg K t Jph (hm),tg Lg chg, ch H Kg, GKh.
6 dm Kh’ h hp otc mp mk ( pl hgg): l
h tl’ gh p h rl tmb cp (rtc), hh l p Lb F dlpmcp. — h hl h h otclgg (otc l pl hl h mg6 p).
Hk Lk .
LJn: ay6, rhbk’-Ghg, 9/-. Jl , 6.
9 slmé l b tl
llg h l m kg; h mb lg g h tl gm, mb plp g h bql gm; h h un l b “ z” l; p h lb, slmé pl tl hl xl ng, lg h tl clb (un s cl 6, p. ).
th rl cmm Lb 9.
i h u.s. l chl tl, J., spl
ag Bhl h u.s. dpm Hmls ob 6, , h gh , tl J. h “i 99…[tl J.]
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g l h bb mb ”(Jh ).
d gp ( hll mp,ll lg ) h ghl bl l h
Lb, xmpl vjm bg v (ch) Mg (Mlm h h Lurd bl gp h ghtl –).
th rl cmm Lb 9.
saMFu ; th Pp .
Glbl w p, mg h, Glbl w.
6 cavr 6.
Mch .
il c Gp .
9 “i m l hh h ll g. i , h, bm ll pl, m h mp b h l l pblh ” (dbx h ). i bl h lp h gm qhg hl (wl Bk ip Pl ).
r 999. i , h blg m h.
r 999.
Gm Lb .
wl Bk ip Pl 6.
thm K .
6 usaid .
r 999.
r 999.
9 th rl cmm Lb 9,p. 6.
6 th rl cmm Lb 9,p. 6.
6 H h b mp hu s h l Lb.
6 th rl cmm Lb 9,p. 66.
6 th m l l x
l m p x, h l h pbl h
b h mm, lk h blg hl l, ll p hg.
6 Gm Lb .
6 Fao Forstat .
66 Fm 99 , Lb un
s cl m .6 spl c s L, -xm
chl tl.
6 wl Bk ip Pl 6.
69 un s cl 99b.
tk 996.
Glbl w .
thm K .
thm K . i k hh hpl m p pm gml h m gg b.
thm K .
thm K .
6 G 9.
a Plh-m lghl m hlp, b nato h “hpl.”
un s cl b, ax Xii.
9 wh h p h xl h hlphpm m h m l, , m bf h mg. i m bb, dh l h m, h mplmg gl un . i Mh, h spm c h ppll, q l l lp h h l chl tl’ l.
i m h l Hll, Kh h “chl tl h
hlp Fb Mh .” un s cl , p. .
th rl cmm Lb 9.
un s cl b, p. 6; sjrph (appx ), m l, F rl(appx ), m sh a héh b tl “ l”; lun s cl b, p. 6-9; hp h Mg Mhm sg unita (un s cl , p.
6-6).
un s cl , ax v.
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Jh .
6 M h ppl l, h bh, hl l pp (un scl ).
Lb ml f h p h
dmb , 99 l, lh rl u F lh mj s L h l h J 999 F (uns cl , p. 6).
un s cl . wh h un scl Pl exp Gï, hklg h h p ’é 999, h plh pl i m k.H h tl ppl m m
m, Mhm slmé, h k Gï gh - . Gï h klgh m h mm m cô’i b m Lb (un s clb).
9 a il ppl lml l hil h j h mhpm h l un , b hm l hgh il M il z. i , hgh, hm $, p h m.
9 un s cl , p. .
9 Gm Lb .
9 th l lm h m kllg lg h bl pp.
9 Glbl w b.
9 i Bl h u s,hg h mmg xjl kllg Lb h lg g h us (Glbg ).
9 Pk .
96 Glbl w .
9 Bzk 6.
9 em illg u .
99 un s cl .
th rl cmm Lb 9,p. .
Glbl w .
th rl cmm Lb 9,p. .
Gm Lb .
Glbl w b.
Glbl w b.
6 Gm Lb . th lp h h h f Lb,bllg cô ’i
h h Lb p mb m. thm K .
Gm Lb .
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15 6 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict
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7/30/2019 Forests, Fragility and Conflict
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7/30/2019 Forests, Fragility and Conflict
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postConFliCt struggles over Forests as a threat to development and seCurity
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7/30/2019 Forests, Fragility and Conflict
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l ) pl l p “x” bb k h pl, mg
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pl. H, h b l cll b ch j mh l: h Ml
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b ppl gg h,” mm g l . i, pkpg
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m. B h x-mb xpll, h g, h mgh p m m l
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f.
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h g h p pl — h blh h rPtF h llg mh. sh
m lgl b ll hp mg b h u n M Lb
(unMiL), b j h b l h hm gh llh
pp, f- mm, x-mb. th rPtF fxbl p bh
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m , mh l b unMiL gm g. i h g h
rPtF m b k ml g p.
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l), lg x h m h lg p mlm,
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h bb lpm b h h ll mm, g
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pg m, h blg m h b l pl, l h-
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kg. sm h unMiL l h p xp b h p h h
bb mgm ll pg, l lgl gh m h , f
h ll mm, unMiL lm m pl, hh h k lgmzg “h
ll m b.” Fh, xp h xp b bb , h
xpl, g cll pl — h cô ’i b, h b h h pg pl j h b — hb mg h xpl gl g ll l-
pg.
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l h k l k b h h l llh. th pl p x
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cl mgm gm.
e phb lgh ppg, mp pl mgm, ml
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h m h bj blzg bb pl hg p gm l
l .”9 th p l h h pm h rPtF’ “h
l h rrr pl h h M, h (pll h wl Bk), h h
l Gm lkg h mplm.”
7/30/2019 Forests, Fragility and Conflict
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m llg l h h ghl . unMiL llg gg h hp
m l.
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b l h rPtF h lhgh s pl “ [h] g ” m h
p , p ll m mbl “h wl w,” pll h h p
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th bm l , hgh, h q l h pl p p bb
p, hh h pbl bb ppg bb m. sm x-mb
l llh pgm h , hl h mpl hllgl mg b sp nl Pk llgl mll-l lggg (p-g).
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bq hl m h pl b h x-mb.
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h x , h xp h bb xp b, h lk g h rbb
dlpm ah — p g bl p kg h h . i, unMiL p m p ll:
Gm h h glbl bb p , lhgh
hgh p h l gg bb h l l. th p
k Gh Pl bgh h pl mplm
pp. i Jl, h, m mm mmb p g h h lm
q mp m l b bm h h ,
g h hllg m mg h pl. th p m mgm m s Pl m hllg h k
h g mlzg h h l b .
worKing toward “green” reintegration in aCeh
Pf p-m h p g p h b l
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mg hgh-b i ( h Pp) hm
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mh l , m bl gh, h ml pp b llgl l k
“p x” ( pajak nanggroe) m pg llgl , llgl lggg
m. a h m m, m p-m m
l lbl. ab , hp lb, pl, hgh m, pl h k lm mp p, mb “p m” llgl .
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mm) p ml h h bm g, lk h “G ah” .
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th chag ga
“rg” x-mb p h pl h h xp mb ah,
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p. ex-mb g p pl hllg blg pm m.
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m ml g p h gh x-mb) l h l l h
mp l h f b l l l .66 Pl b h
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l h l h h h pf xp.
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mpl mplm h mm.
B h bgg hllg h mm’ h bl g KPa’ pl
lggg , hh m bl h h h GaM h b ghg — h
ah b m h p’ h .
e-cbaa hd a gad
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h g. B l , h Gm ah h m , m gh
g,6 pl h l h lk l. all, F Fl il’
cmm rg Pgm, g m h wl Bk Mld F usaid,
m g p l mplm x-mb, xllgl lgg
xll ph.69
th pph l llh mg , b h bl mb mm k h h b l m pp. th
k, , ll b h h bg g gh h llg llgl mb.
eqll mp ll b g h h b php l l j x-mb
b h mm mmb ll, h h l mp m llb
pg ah’ .
reFerenCes Aceh World. 6. “th F d L.”
J –Fb 6, vl. n. 6. B ah.
ag F P. . “M q l llgl lggg p.” apl .
antara. . “F ck u w,ig dl.” apl .
Bl, sh. . Land Grabbing and Land Reorm:
Diamonds, Rubber and Forests in the New Liberia.ol Pp n. . o: Php a
c.
Blll, ah G. . “th Fl Fl hFl w.” wkg Pp (J). whg, dc:ProFor.
cll, Pl. . “a, Pl Gh P-cf c.” dm nn. . wl Bk cf P r u, whg, dc. albl hp://.lbk.g/intcPr/-696//apolGhn.p
dPKo (un dpm Pkpg op).. “s G dmm,dmblz rg (ddr) P P op.” n yk: u n.
eia (eml ig ag) tlpk.. The Thousand Headed Snake: Forest Crimes,
Corruption and Injustice in Indonesia. wkh,uK: emm P.
Fh, dgl. . “tl cm, slnk F: ug l
f p-f l.” wkgPp. ProFor (Pgm F), whg dc.
Fao (F agl ogz h un). . “am tmb dm sppl P-tm r i.” rm: Fao. apl .
Gm, d. 6. “c akh th 6, thK eklg”. [“6 y e n: y elgl c”] waLHi (i Fm
em), ah, i.Hll, eml. 9. Wild Money: The Human Rights
Consequences o Illegal Logging in Indonesia. nyk: Hm rgh wh.
——— . . “F Fgl cf-as.” wkg . ProFor (Pgm F),whg, dc.
Hll, rh, Gl tl, Jh tm.. Would You Fight Again? Understanding
Liberian Ex-Combatant Reintegration. spl rpn. . whg, dc: u s i P, p. ( MMll 9).
Hmph, M, Jm w. .“wh h Fgh s: a s ex-cmb s L: J–ag .” Pride (P-f rg i dlpm empm). albl .lmb./~mh/sL
i cp wh. . “Lg h L
i’ Jl M.” Jk.
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il c Gp. . “ah: P-fcmpl.” a rp n. 9. Bl.
J, Mhl. 9. “th Lb rbb Mkrm, up.” unMiL rrr (un M Lb,rg, rhbl r s)
l p.K, Gg. . “Fao am tmb
dm sppl P tm c i.” rm: Fao (F aglogz).
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——— . 6b. “Lp Pm ak illgl ddlm d sk KeL, J - dmb 6.”B ah, i.
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——— . . “ah F & em Pj.”Ql rp n. . L ilF, F Fl F, Ml-F ah n, B ah, i.
albl hp://.l.g/l/aFeP_Ql_rp__.p
MMll, Jm r. 9. “unMiL rg,rhbl r (rrr) s:L m dPKo ilm h ex-cmbrg” n yk: dPKo.
Rakyat Aceh. . “Fm ll b k g KPammb l llgl lggg.” Jl . Bah.
Serambi. . “dh rk . Jg.” J .B ah.
——— . b. “il illgl Lggg, pl .” Jl 6. B ah.
——— . . “6 g M m kpl bbk.” Jl . B ah.
smm, a P. . “tk s sgh illgl Lggg M allg.” Jakarta Post , apl9.
tmg, a. 2009. e agm rp:
27 ag 2009, ax iv: J Gm o
Lb–u n M i Lb unMiL
rbb Pl tk F, 2006–2009, unMiL
Fl rp.
uneP (u n em Pgmm).. Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia.szl.
unMiL (u n M Lb). 6. rp h J unMiL Gm Lb rbb tkF, p P ell Jh sl, M.
——— . 6b. “Hm rgh Lb’ rbbPl: tppg h F.” M. M.
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notes Lbl h h xbl h
l hlg, lbl lg, ,l p, bl p lg p gl g f.
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dPKo , p. .
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mm l p. wph p llg h mm,lhgh h Pl l h m h b
m G cô ’i (un scl , p. –6).
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unMiL 6b, p. 6.
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P w Phb, Fb ,, h Jl Bh h rpbl Lb(Hbl Jh L. G, spm c a Jg pg), unMiL 6b, p. .
tmg 9.
ah Blll, pl mm.
6 unMiL 6; unMiL 6b.
MMll 9, p. .
th lm m b lbl p al vi.6 h cmph P agm:
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“all mb hll m h l l l h p g g h Lb m l l.” (H,m h x-mb pg h plh g.)
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J 9, p .
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gm mm g, b h m x h rPtF.
J 9.
J 9.
J 9, pp. –.
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9 MMll 9, p. .
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t K (unMiL a ddr o),pl mm, nmb 9, .
MMll 9, pp. 6–.
P pp mml h x , h ll lmb bk l l h h plg g. P bk h pk ($./kg).
un s cl .
th pml l h b b h h il c Gp .
56 ah , L il F
, M, M 25, 2007. th , hgh, pl
1,000 g (smb 2007).57 th L il F 2006 p h
h, h 612 m b j 29 l
, 8,900 llgll h
L . th pp b
h p h pl z llgl 2006
p 200 p m 2005, m 33,250 b
m 120,210 b m (L il
F 2006, b, 2007; Gm 2006).
K , p. .
9 M. am Mlllg, nl c Pk dpm, p l g , b m lmb m6, b m lbl Jl6. “P plg k , m,mp k bh g hi mm ah kh bkj hkm” [“Pl lgl z, b, ll mb lblhgh i ah pll”].upblh p.
6 wwF .
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6 ag F P .
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66 ah h L Hllbk (Bah) KPa mm Mhlm (Bah), ab M (tpk), Fz azm(B ah), M .
6 H a, Pl F dpm H,m “Mm Lggglm Ppk rkk ah” hl b waLHi,M , , B ah.
6 Mh Lk, Pgm Mg, F Flil, B ah. , P. cm. J , .
69 ib.
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Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict is a coLLection oF BacKGround PaPers tHat HeLPed
inForM tHe 2011 worLd deveLoPMent rePort on conFLict and deveLoPMent. it
oFFers a Broad synoPsis oF tHe Main LinKs Between vioLence, Poor Governance
and Forests, BacKed By case studies sPanninG Latin aMerica, aFrica and asia.
aLtHouGH Forests tend to Be at tHe center oF MainLy LocaLiZed, nonvioLent
struGGLes For access and use, Forests can aLso FaciLitate and ProLonG
conFLict — ParticuLarLy tHrouGH corruPtion and LootinG oF Forest tiMBer.
Forests tHeMseLves May Be at risK in tHe iMMediate aFterMatH oF conFLict, wHenMyriad deMands — FroM GovernMent, LocaL PoPuLations, coMMerciaL tiMBer
oPerations, as weLL as donors — Go uncoordinated. it is tHe writers’ HoPe
tHat tHis voLuMe’s anaLysis, case studies, and Lessons wiLL HeLP PoLicy MaKers,
oFFerinG soMe understandinG oF tHe reasons For tHe rePeated cycLes oF vioLence