forestry carbon standards 2008.pdf

8/14/2019 Forestry Carbon Standards 2008.pdf

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C

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C

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.................................................................................. 5

................................................................................................... 9

..................................................................................................... 10

................................................................................................... 10

1. ........................................................................................ 11

1.1. ........................................................................................... 12

2. .............................................................................. 13

3. .............................................................. 14

4. .............................................................................. 18

4.1. C .......................................................................................... 18

4.2. A ................................................................................................. 19

4.3. C C & ........................................... 22

4.4. ................................................................................................. 33

4.5. & B .................................................. 36

4.6. C .................................................................................................. 40

4.7. C & C ........................................................................ 45

5. & ................. 47

5.1. ............................................................................ 47

5.2. C C2C 2009 .............. 53

6. 2 .......................................................................................... 57

6.1. C & C ................................... 58

6.2. ................................................................................................ 59

6.3. & C2C .......................................................... 62

7. ............................................................................................ 64 7.1. C, C & B (CCB) ................................. 64

7.2. C (C) ............................................................................. 64

7.3. .................................................................. 64

7.4. C (C A) .................................................... 65

8. .............................................................................. 67

8.1. ....................................................................................... 67

8.2. C2B ................................................................................................... 68

8.3. ........................................................................................... 68

.............................................................................................. 70

............................................................................................. 71


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FT C C OS C F P V C M, M 2008. T C, C

B S (CCBS), CF S (CFS), P V S S, V C S AFOLU1(VCS), .

C, , , 2 . M, , .

T 3 WWF, .W , .

W (H .(2008), , .

A ,

C2.

1T A, F O L U (AFOLU)2A, R, A, P 3://..//.


5/72

F C 2008

5

E

B T . T CCBA

. T CFS CO2. T P V F . T VCSAFOLU P .

D

EO CFS VCS . CFS 11 D 1997, VCS 1 J 2002. B

10 .

AA A/ C .M, CFS . P V . T VCS .

D & C CT , CO2 .A CCBA , A/R CDM, CFS VCS . T CFS , IPCC4. F P V . FVCS ,A/ C .

T . I CCBS, CFS P V . F . CFS 30 % CO2 , P V 10 % CO2 . VCS (10 60 %) .

4I P C C (S UN )


6/72

F C 2008

6

& E CCBS . CFS . P V .

VCS .

CA .H, . W, CCBS 5 , CFS , 2 5 . P V CO2. F 3 5 . VCS . T 5

.

C CE CCBS 5 000 40 000 US$. T CFS 1 500 (2 050 US$5) ,0.50 (0.68 US$) CO2, 8 000 15 000 (10 900 20 500 US$). CFS / CCBS 10 000 20 000 (13 700 27 400 US$). P V 5 000 12 500 US$ F 0.30 US$ CO2. E 15 000 30 000 US$.T VCS

, 15 000 30 000 US$ . A 0.04US$ CO2 .

D &

D P A/R CDM6 EU E T S A/R CDM K .

B, A/R CDM

.

A 84 % . F , C2, , C2 .

C, SA/C A (31 %) A (25 %) O/A (16 %)

5E 10.10.2008, 1 US$ = 0.73156 , 1 = 1.36694 US$6A / R C D M (M UN )


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F C 2008

7

A (10 %). T A E.

B O 2008, 8

15 . I , 150 .

C2B

C A , CFS, P V VCS . CFS . P V . VCS .

T CCBS . P V . T CFS , , , . F, CF CO2 , . T VCS .

& C2CCO2 CFS CFS . S, C P V F. A, VCS (C ) .

I 2009, CFS 10 20 (14 27 US$) CO2, P V F 8 30 US$. T VCS 12 18 US$ .


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9/72

F C 2008

9

GAFOLU A, F O L U PAIE A I EALM A L M

A/R CDM A R C D MARR A, R, RCCAR C C A RCCBS C, C B SCDM EB C D M E BCFS CF SCH4 MDOE D O EDNA D N AEUETS E U E T SFSC F S C

GMO G HCV H C VIFM I F MIPCC I P C CIRR I R RISO I OLULUCF L U, L U C FMSF M MCO2 M N2O N NFPC N C

NGO N OTC OC MPDD P D DPIN P I NREDD R E D DUNFCCC U N F C C CVCS V C SVCU V C UWWF W W F N


10/72

F C 2008

10

1: 14 2: 17 3: 19 4: 22 5: A/ C 25 6: A/ C 26 7: A/ C 27 8: A/ C 28 9: A/ C 28 10: C C 30 11: C C 33 12: 33 13: C A 36 14: 36 15: B 39 16: C 42 17: 45 18: C 46 19: CCBA 2008 53 21: C 2008 54 22: 2008 55 23: C 2008 56 24: C 2008 56 25: 59 26: 62 27: C2 63 28: 2008 66

F 1: A/ C A 20 2: 22 3: C 24 4: 47 5: A/ C 48 6: A 49

7: 50 8: 51 9: 2008 52 10: 52 11: A () 2008 53 12: CCBA 2008 54 13: C 2008 54 14: 2008 55 15: C 2008 56 16: C2 2006 2007 57


11/72

F C 2008

11

1. I . , ,

,

( . 2007).

A 30 % , (C R 2008). A, 7.3 S, 1 100 MCO2 (FAO 2006).

A K P, . BO 2008, 1 A/R CDM 7 1170 CDM8.T , (LULUCF) EU E T S, , UN .

A , . T H . (2007, 2008) . I 2006, 33 % (3.18 MCO2) 9 2007, , 10 % (4.21 MCO2).

T 2007 . T . H, , . S, , , C2.

, , , , ,

.F G C G (F 2008)

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12/72

F C 2008

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1.1.

T C2 , . I ,

.

14 17 T .

18 46 T . H, , , . I ,

, ,

, .

S , C2 , CO2.

47 56 T S P D & C F P . I J 2008, . A,

2009.

57 63 T CO2B CO2 , , CO2 .

64 69 T S R ,CO2 .


13/72

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L

T , . T . I , CO2 .C, . A, .

T ; .

T .

T S P D & C FP J 2008 71 , 260 . T CL FL 10 . N . R NGO, ,

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14/72

F C 2008

14

3. B A , . I , ,

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T 1 . F , D 2 CCBS, 2.1 CFS, 2008 P V S, 2 VCS P. P 2 AFOLU 1 ISO11 2008.

1:

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2008

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20082009

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ISO E 2008

3.1. C, C & B (CCB)

B

T C, C B S C,C B A (CCBA), .

T CCBA .T A/R CDM

. H, , CCB S .

T CCBA C I, CARE, RA, T N C, W C S, BP, GFA C G,I, SC J, S F M L., W, .

T CCBA , CCBA CCB C. T

D 11I O S


15/72

F C 2008

15

CCBA . T CCBA , CCB C. T C .

GCCBA , . T .

E

T CCBA .

3.2. CF (CF)

BT CFS CF UNFCCC. I , . T 1999. T UN D 2007.

T CF G. F , CO2 CFS. A, .

F S, B . T . T B C A, .

G

CF . C CO2 . M, CFS .

E

W CFS . T , . W 2.1, CFS .

C

U CF S .


16/72

F C 2008

16

3.3.

B

T P V S S M 1994. P V E C C M (ECCM) E C F S (ECOSUR) U E.

B 2002 2008, S BCR D (BR&D) 2008 PV F S .

T P V F B P V S, . F, F A P V . A P V S .

GT P V S S . T , , , , .

E

T P V F , , , ,, 12. E .

C W P V . .

3.4. C (C AFL)

B

T VCS TC G, I E T A, W EF, 2005. T VCS AFOLU P N 2007,

VCS AFOLU ; ARR13, ALM14, IFM15, REDD, , , NGO, . T AFOLU P ISO 2008.

T VCS A S C , C B A . T , , , , VCS . T B

12R E D D13A, R, R14A L M15I F M


17/72

F C 2008

17

A .

G

T VCS

. I , , . M, VCS , , .

E

T VCS AFOLU P A, , A L M, I F M, REDD.

C

T .

2: 16

F IF17

A

EDD

LLCF

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CCB

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16T E & E C C17I F M18E


18/72

F C 2008

18

4. DT . I .

I, , CO2. T, A/R CDM . F, , , .

4.1.

T

. T , . T .

C, .F, . T .

4.1.1. C, C & B (CCB)

T CCBA . P , .

4.1.2. CF (CF)

P CFS 11D 1997, K P .

E 10

. P CO2.

F, CFS 10 % , . I , .

4.1.3.

P V

. A, . H, .


19/72

F C 2008

19

4.1.4. C (C AFL)

T AFOLU 1J 2002. T AFOLU VCS 1O 2010, .

P 2002 CO2. T VCS 2008 AFOLU 28 M 2006, AFOLU 1J 2002.

I , , 10 .

3:

D E A E L

CCB N N I

CF 11D 1997

10

I

N N I

C AFL N 10

I

4.2.

I ; CO2 .

H, . F , .

I , A/ C 19 . I , A/R CDM , .

19://..//AR/AT/A.


20/72

F C 2008

20

4.2.1. A/ CD

T A/R CDM :

1. T .

2. A .

3. S, . I , . S .. .H, CO2 .

4. F, ,

.O .

1: A/ C A

S: P (2008)

4.2.2. C, C & B (CCB)

T A/R CDM

E B, IPCC 2006 G P G CCBA.B CCBA.


21/72

F C 2008

21

4.2.3. CF (CF)

B A/R CDM , CFS 20. E A/R CDM, . ,

, .

4.2.4.

P V A/R CDM . I , . F, , , , , .I ,

, .

P V , , . I , , .

4.2.5. C (C AFL)

W VCS A/R CDM VCS. H, , .

T , , . I , , , ; ; , . , A/R CDM,

.

T VCS . T . B 21 VCS P.

20T 50 : ://..//051003.21://../. (13.10.2008)


22/72

F C 2008

22

4:

A/ CD

CCB CCBA

CF F

B , C

C AFL P, P, T T

4.3. &

F

CO2 . I , , CO2 , 2 .

2:

T A/R CDM , .

F , . T, CO2.

B

T .C, .

N, : I, . F, 22 . T CO2 (CO2). M,

22G


23/72

F C 2008

23

, .

L

S

, . S . T .F , , . T .

G, ,

. A , .

C2

S , CO2 . W CO2, . C, E & E

C C ( 48).

I . T . F, .

N,

. T, .

C & C A

C

F C2, , .

T IPCC 3 :


24/72

F C 2008

24

3: C

S: R (2008)

C

T

, . I , .

I , , . C, C2 .

T , , .

4.3.1. A/ CD

W K A/R CDM, IPCC23 A/RCDM E B24. I , .

23://....//.24 T E B CDM U N F C CC (UNFCCC)


25/72

F C 2008

25

B O 2008, E B A/R CDM 10 25, 1 3 5 .

5: A/ C

A/ CD A L

26

ARAM0001 R V 2

ARAM0002 R / V 1

ARAM0003A , V 3

ARAM0004 R V 2

ARAM0005A / V 1

ARAM0006A/R T S S D L V 1

ARAM0007A R L C U A P U

V 2

ARAM0008A V 2

ARAM0009A V 2

ARAM00010A / V 2

C

ARACM0001 A V 1

A A/ 27

ARAMS0001S

ARAMS0002S CDM

ARAMS0003S CDM

I , A/R CDM .

B

A , A/R CDM

. T, .

D , ( 6).

T , . T 9 10 A/R CDM .

25://..//AR/. 26://..//AR/. 27://..//SSC/SSCAR/.


26/72


27/72

F C 2008

27

7: A/ C 28

A/ CD

A

A0001

A

A0002

A

A0003

A

A0004

A

A0005

A

A0006

A

A0007

A

A0008

A

A0009

A

A0010

C

A

G

A

A

A

D

F

F

= =

F , A/R CDM N2O CH4, 5 % . A, 5 % C2, . F , IPCC A/R CDM 29 .

C2

T A/R CDM IPCC 30

CO2 . T .

T 8 A/R CDM .

28 S: TARAM (V1.3) T A R A M29T GHG A/R CDM (V 1) ://../EB/031/3116.30://....//.


28/72

F C 2008

28

8: A/ C 31

A/ CD

A

A0001

A

A0002

A

A0003

A

A0004

A

A0005

A

A0006

A

A0007

A

A0008

A

A0009

A

A0010

A

B

D

L

= =

I , A/R CDM . T 9 .

9: A/ C

S: M (2004)

4.3.2. C, C & B (CCB)

T CCBA CO2, . I , CC CCBA . I , A/R CDM C C CCBS.

B

E A/R CDM , CCBS . I A/R CDM, .

31S: TARAM (V1.3) T A R A M


29/72

F C 2008

29

L

S A/R CDM, . H, A/R CDM CCBA :

A D M

I A O

I CCBS A/R CDM.

C2

CCBA A/R CDME B , IPCC. I , CFS, VCS

. A , .

P . T , .

S , CCBS . H,

12 .

4.3.3. CF (CF)

F , , C2 T B CF CC. T CO2 .

B

I A/R CDM, CFS . T

. T,

10 ,

.

T CO2 .

F, CFS . T .


30/72

F C 2008

30

F . T CFS 32 .

L

F CFS A/R CDM.T :

F A C

R T L

F CFS . F .

CFS 0.5 % CO2 . A, 0.4 CO2 33.

C2

T CO2 . T CFS CO2 :1. A (),

()2. A I 1() 1() CO2 CO2 . A, , CO2 CO2 .

F , CFS 10 .

10: C C

S: CF S 2.1 (2008)

32T CF .33://..///WBCFS.(P 33; D N2O CO2= 1 N * 1.25 * 310 / 1000 = 0.39 CO2)


31/72

F C 2008

31

CF . H, 2 , 4 5 .

I . T CFS .

4.3.4.

T P V S S , , , C2 . F P V IPCC . T . T

A .

B

S A/R CDM, . T . I , . T:

I S

S

L R / L

L

P . T . I , , . L .

C2

F , P V . T . O . A .

P . M

. T


32/72

F C 2008

32

F P V .

4.3.5. C (C AFL)

P VCS A/ C C . T VCS IPCC C . BO 2008 VCS A,R R P (ARR), VCS A/R CDM .

B

S ARR P , A/R CDM

.

L

E , A/R CDM A/R CDM.

A VCS, , .

C2

T CO2 IPCC. A, VCS P , . H, :

I 90 %, .

I , , , .

F . O, CO2 .

D , 11 . H, .


33/72

F C 2008

33

11: C C

Y = ; O = ; S =

S: VCS AFOLU (2007)

F , VCS P A/R CDM.

12:

A/ CD A/R CDM A A/R CDM E B

CCB

A/R CDMCFS (IPCC)

VCS (IPCC)

CCBA

CF CFS (IPCC)

A/R CDM

P E

C AFLA/R CDM

VCS (IPCC)VCS

IPCC = T IPCC

4.4. P , . I , . I , , .

C . R , , , ,

.


34/72

F C 2008

34

S . B , . C , . T , . T,

.

E . I , , . A WWF (MSF) (2008):

.

T .

4.4.1. C, C & B (CCB)

T CCBS , . R , , , . T CCBS :

B A L S M S P

S CCBA , .

4.4.2. CF (CF)

T CFS . P :

B A L S G F


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F C 2008

35

P , CO2 . F , CFS 30 % CO2.

4.4.3.

P V . A . I , :

A L C S P F

F, . T . B , .

I , . F, . H, P V 10 % CO2. H, , P V A .

4.4.4. C (C AFL)

T VCS . H, VCS

.

T VCS . T C. T :

P T M T F

L F F P


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F C 2008

36

A 13 , , 10 100 %.

13: C A

C B

L 10 20 % 20 40 %

H 40 60 %

60 100 %

D , VCS. T .

S , . I

, , .

I VCS 5 , 50 % . A 5 , . I 15 , , .

14:

CCB N/A N/A

CF 30 %

M 10 %

C AFL (A) 10 60 %

4.5. &

S . M (K A 2006).

I

C2 . , C B CF

W , , , , .

I ,


37/72

F C 2008

37

, . I , .

4.5.1. C, C & B (CCB)T CCBA . T CCBA :

P CCBS . T CCBS :

P C K C C B

CCBS , .

I .

E P . T, :

D I H C V34 I H B C V35

F, , (GMO) .

A &

F , CCBS , A S. I 5 .

4.5.2. CF (CF)

T CFS .

34A , , ://../ 35P , , , , .


38/72

F C 2008

38

CFS :

C C C W C

E CP CFS :

S W B

A CFS 10 % . W IUCN36. T .

F, (GMO). T . P . I , IUCN .

A &

P CFS

. F , CFS . T .

4.5.3.

T P V S . T, . P .

P V :

P C K E I I T

36I U C N ://..


39/72

F C 2008

39

P , P V S . T , (NGO) (NFPC) P V .

E

P . F, :

B S W R

N .

I .

A &

T P V . T . E P VF.

4.5.4. C (C AFL)

T VCS AFOLU P . F VCS CCBS, FSC ECFOR CDM .

& E C

A VCS, .

A &

D , .

15: B

E

CCB

CF

C AFL

T . T


40/72

F C 2008

40

4.6.

I , , , , .

T . T , , , , .

D . T . A, .

T .A ,

.

I . H, .

F

I , ,

.

I , . T, 37 .

I C C

N,

.

C

T CO2. C, . I , .

37T .


41/72

F C 2008

41

4.6.1. C, C & B (CCB)

T CCBA .

F CCBS, CCBA . T , .

D , CCBA . C 30 . T CCB . T CCBS .

T CCBA

6 CCB . I , CCB CCB C. B 5 .

A CCBS 5 . T 5 .

T CCBA DO E (DOE)38 CDM E B

A R, F S C (FSC) . M, CCBA .

F

T 5 , .

I &

T CCBA .

C A CCBA, 2 6 .

4.6.2. CF (CF)

T CFS . F CFS 39 , , CO2.

38://../DOE/.39://../D/P


42/72

F C 2008

42

T CFS B A.T 1 CFS ,

. B ,

. T, 12 . A , . H, .

F , S . E . F, . I CFS , 6 .

I CFS, DOE40 , CFS 41. B O2008, 8 .

F

A 16 , CF 2 5 , . A 12 , 5.

16: C

1

0 2 2 2

3 4 2

4

8 4 5 12 4

6 17 5

I & A , . E

ID CF .

C

T 3 6 .

40://../DOE//.41://../TP/C.


43/72

F C 2008

43

4.6.3.

P V P V F, CO2 .

F , A P V F. I , P V S S. C, . A P V P R , CO2 .

T CO2 2 3 P V . T . A P V,

2 3 .

P V . A UNFCCC, ISO 14064, CCAR42, FSC43 P V F.

F

T P V F . H,

3 5 , (250 000 CO2).

I & A , P V P R, , . N,P V C

.

C

A P V F,

CO2 3 18 .

42://../43://../


44/72

F C 2008

44

4.6.4. C (C AFL)

P VCS .

F , . T VCS P44. T VCS VCS .

A VCS S VCS , . T, ISO 140643: 200645 14065:200746.

V VCS DOE47 A I E48 (AIE). I , VCS C C A R (CCAR).F ( 5 000 CO2), VCS .

F

T . T VCS 5 ,

( P).

I & F (PD), , , .

A , VCS VCS A CO2 . T VCS .

C

A VCS, 2 4 .

44://../. 45://..////.?=38700 46://..////.?=40685 47://../DOE//.48://../AIE/L.


45/72

F C 2008

45

17:

A

CCB 5 2 6

CF 2 5 3 6

R

3 5

CO2 3 18

C AFL5

2 4

4.7. &

P . I, CO2 . T .

4.7.1. C, C & B (CCB)

A CCBS , . T 5 000 40 000 US$, , . T , 5 .

S CCBA CO2 , .

4.7.2. CF (CF)

F , CFS 1 500 (2 050 US$49). T . TCFS 8 000 15 000 (10 900 20 500 US$). I CCBS, 2 000 5 000 (2 700 6800 US$) . CFS 2 5 .

F CO2 , 0.50 (0.68 US$) VER.

49E 10.10.2008, 1 US$ = 0.73156 , 1 = 1.36694 US$


46/72

F C 2008

46

4.7.3.

W P V 5 000 12 500US$. T 15 000 30 000 US$.S P V 3 5 , .

T CO2 0.30 US$ .

4.7.4. C (C AFL)

T VCS . C, VCS . H, . T, VCS 15 000 30 000 US$ , . T VCS .

F, VCS 0.04 US$ CO2 . T .

18: C

C C F

CCB 5 000 40 000 US$ 5 000 40 000 US$

CF 1 500 (2 050 US$)8 000 15 000 (10 900 20 500 US$)

+CCBS 2 0005 000 (2 700 6 800 US$)0.50 (0.68 US$)

CO2

5 000 10 000 US$ 15 000 30 000 US$0.30 US$

CO2

C

AFL15 000 30 000 US$ 15 000 30 000 US$

0.04 US$ CO2


47/72

F C 2008

47

5. D & C F I , C2 ,

J 2008.

I , , .

5.1.

I, . S, A/ C , .

T, , . F, .

5.1.1.

B 71 , 13 % (9) 50 87 % (62) 4 .

4:

50A, R, A,


48/72

F C 2008

48

O, (54 %) A/ C. T PIN51, PDD52 A/R CDM .

5.1.2. / S 1 A/R CDM , A/R CDM . T , .

A A/R CDM , (LULUCF) (66 %), (63 %), (52 %) , , , CO2

, (52 %) (F 5). C (42 %) (40 %) A/R CDM.

5: A/ C

5.1.3. &

A K . I , CO2 . D , .

51P I N52P D D


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F C 2008

49

S , .

I (I)

24 %, 810 %, .

B, E , F

A , 45 % A/R CDM . O 25 % .

5.1.4.

T , . A 6, 42 % 42 % . I , 10 % .

6: A

F 7 CCBS (82%), VCS (75 %), CF S (65 %), P VS S (61 %). F, , .


50/72

F C 2008

50

7:

5.1.5.

S , .

I , . T

, .

A 8 , (80.3 %) (80.2 %) . W 78.5 %, . F (73.2 %), C2(73.2 %), (71.9 %) (71.8 %).S (56.3 %)

(45.1 %) .


51/72

F C 2008

51

8:

5.1.6.

I , , .F , 64 . I , .

B 64 , 260

. F 9 . M S/C A(31 %) A (25 %). T O/A (16 %), A(10 %), N A (10 %) E (8 %).

I , 64 485 . T, ( 10). T A (5 %), /C A (+1 %).T A(+8 %) (+6 %), E E.


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F C 2008

52

9: 2008

10:

T 11, 39 % 1 000 10 000 .A 18 % (100 1 000 ) 16 % (25 100). B, (> 10 000 ) (< 25 )

10 % .


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F C 2008

53

11: A () 2008

5.2. 2 2009

A , .

5.2.1. C, C & B (CCB)

B O 2008, CCBA 4 8 . A 50

CCB S ( 19).

19: CCBA 2008

CCB I

< 25 1

> 25100

1001 000 510 2 3

L 1 00010 000 2025 4

L > 10 000 1520 2

F 12 CCBA

CCBS.


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F C 2008

54

12: CCBA 2008

5.2.2. CF (CF)

I O 2008, CFS . I , 5 . I , 25 CFS ( 20, 12).

20: C 2008

CF I

< 25

> 25100 12 1

1001 000 1015 3

L 1 00010 000 510 1 1

L > 10 000 12

13: C 2008


55/72

F C 2008

55

E C2

O , CF 150 000 CO2 . R , 1.5 CO2 CFS 2009.

5.2.3.

C, 3 P V .M, 2 , P V F, 50 P V F ( 21, 14).

21: 2008

I

< 25

> 25100 1520

1001 000 >25 L 1 00010 000 1015 2 3

L > 10 000 510

14: 2008

E C2

H, P V 550 000 CO2 3, F 3.25 CO22012.B 2008 F 160 000 , 2009 180 000 CO2.

5.2.4. C (C AFL)

A , VCS AFOLU P. A , 30

VCS ( 22, 15).


56/72

F C 2008

56

22: C 2008

C AFL I

< 25

> 25100

1001 000 510

L 1 00010 000 1015 L > 10 000 1015

15: C 2008

E C2

A VCS, 4 CO2 2009. S REDD ARR (A, R, R) , VCS ARR , 2009.

23: C

I

53

F

2009

CCB A 50 8 4

CF A 20 5 1 1.5

A 50 2 3 0.2

C AFL A 30 N/A

A 150 15 8 2

C VCS ARR REDD P

53D , .


57/72

F C 2008

57

6. C2BH , .

F , , , (H . 2008) (F 16). M, CO2 .

16: C2 2006 2007S: E M, N C F (H . 2008)

W , CO2. I, CO2 .

T P D , , ,

.

W CO2, , C2 .


58/72

F C 2008

58

6.1. &

S , . I , CO2 .

F , (LULUCF) A 3.454 K P. W A I, . I K , .

I , .

6.1.1. C, C & B (CCB)

& D C

A CCBA CO2, CCBS , .

6.1.2. CF (CF)

& D C

T CF S CF .T, ID. T ID CO2 .

I A 3.4 KP (A I ), CF DNA55 .

54 P C P P P, P A I , S B S T A, 1990 . T C P P P , , , , , , , P A I, , , , IP C C, S B S T A A 5 C P. S . A P

, 1990.://.////.55D N A, ://../DNA/.


59/72

F C 2008

59

6.1.3.

& D C

T P V F . I , 56.

T P V F .

6.1.4. C (C AFL)

& D C

T VCS A : C D, T1, B N Y M (BNYM), APX I. VCS . T

.

A APX I. VCS 57 O 2008.

24:

CCB

CF O

O

C APX I., C D, T1, T B N Y M

6.2.

A ,

.

I ,

.

S CO2 C (CSR) . H, CO2

56://.././/.57://../.


60/72

F C 2008

60

. I , .

T

CO2; .

6.2.1. C, C & B (CCB)

O 58 CCBA, , :

P P V P N S

, P D D (PDD) 30 . T .

6.2.1. CF (CF)

O CF 59. H, :

P P ( ) V P N S N P P G

I , C2 . O .

F, .T CO2 CO2

58://..//. (24.05.2008)59://../P.


61/72

F C 2008

61

. T . T .

S , . H,

. I, CFS , .

6.2.3.

T P V F 60. T . T P V S S . T :

P P ( , ) V P T V P

T P V F .

C, F . F, P V F NGO, , .

6.2.4. C (C AFL)

T VCS 61 VCS VCS . T :

P P V

D VCS . F VCS .

60://.././/. 61://../.


62/72

F C 2008

62

25:

C2

CCB 30

CFP

P

C AFL R

T . T CO2.

6.3. & 2

T CO2 CO2 2009.

6.3.1. C, C & B (CCB)

T CCBS . T, CCBA .

6.3.2. CF (CF)

C , 62 CFS

63 . R .

B CF.

A , CO2 CO2 (.. UKBOTTLE0234). TID .

I 2009, CFS 10 20 (14 27 US$) CO 2. A , , .

62V E R 63://../P.


63/72

F C 2008

63

F CFS CCBS, CF .

6.3.3.

CO2 , C, PV. I , P V ESCROW P V C . CO2 .

P P V C P VF C G P, .

I 2009, P V F 8 30 US$ CO2.

6.3.4. C (C AFL)

T VCS P CO2 CO2, C (VCU), .

T VCS 12 18 US$ CO2 2009.

26: C2

CFS P V ; VCS

E C2 2009CCB P

CF 10 20 (14 27 US$)

8 30 US$

C AFL 12 18 US$


64/72

F C 2008

64

7. T C2.

7.1. , & ()

I CCBA , . T CCB S . P CFS VCS .

R CCBA , , (> 1000 ) . P, CCBS , .

7.2. ()

W , , CF .

CO2 .

I S D 2007, . F, CFS ,

(> 100 ) .

7.3.

B , P V S S .

CCBA

.

CF

.

.


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F C 2008

65

CO2 P V C .

R P V 1994, S

, .

7.4. ( )

O, VCS ARR S . T VCS AFOLU .

T , , VCS (> 10 000 ).

S VCS ARR P A/R CDM , .

C A

/ .


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67/72

F C 2008

67

8. I , , C2 .

8.1.

D 84 % , . A, , . S .

S , .T, . T

.

B , :

F , ( 1 000 ) , PV S S S. T PV S S . A .

F 100 , CF S . W CF , .

S VCS ARR P . H, CO2 A/R CDM, (> 10 000 ) .

P C, C B A. T


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F C 2008

68

CO2 . I , 1 000 CCBA .

8.2. 2D CO2 , :

I CO2 , CCB . T .

CO2 CO2 CF

. I . M, CFS .

CO2 P V S S.I

. T,

.

8.3.

I 2007, (H ., 2008). W , , CO2 .

A .

S , , .

I , CF S CO 2, .


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F C 2008

69

O .

F, (MSF) WWF ,

.T MSF .


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F C 2008

70

C, J. G., . . . 2008. M F C C M.

S V. 320. . 5882:1456 1457.

CF. 2008. CF S V 2.0 C. CF, S G.

FA. 2006. G F R A 2005 P . F P 147, F A O UN, R.

H, C., . B, G. , D. H. 2007. S V CM 2007: P . T E M, W DC.

H, K., . , . , G. . 2008. F F: S V C M 2008. E M & N C F.

K, ., G. A. 2006. P M. P H, U SR, N J.

, .2004. CDM M G. M E, J(MOE), G E C F (GEC).

, G. J., . , K. A, . B, . B, . D, E. E,

J. F, . F, . K, . K, . A. K, .

, . , . H. , . J. . , . .2007. F. I C C 2007: M. C W G

III F A R I P CC. C U P, C, U K N Y, NY,USA.

, ., . , . B. 2008. S L U , LU C F P. W I, BC F, A M V.

, C., J. B, . B, K. . 2008. C C G F S: A ,

. R R I. I .

C .2007. G A F O L UP. V C S.

F. 2008. G . WWF I, G S.


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T

. N .

N 2008 C P ://../F C S 2008 E M. C P

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