forestry & agroforestry 2014 session 1 - introducing complex agroforestry systems
DESCRIPTION
Introductory lecture to the Tropical Forests, Agroforestry and Social and Ecological Systems. A presentation of a transdisciplinary approach to Complex Agroforestry Systems.TRANSCRIPT
Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry
Forest, Trees and Livelihoods
C. Garcia; A. Dray; P.Waeber Forest Management and Development (ForDev) CIRAD / ETH Zürich – Sept. 2014
BACKGROUND Section I
FORDEV
Karbi Anglong
TiCoYa
Games
Biodiversity, Tree Rights and Strategies
Integrating biodiversity conservation in coffee agroforestry systems of Kodagu,
India
C. Garcia Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry – Session 1
Coffee and Biodiversity
Source: Rethinking Green Consumerism 2002
Raja’s seat, Madikeri
Landscape Mosaic
History British Raj
1834 Independence
1947 Liberalisation
1992
British Planters COFFEE/ PEPPER
Traditional farmers RICE/CARDAMOM
Family farm
COFFEE / PEPPER RICE/CARDAMOM
Development of coffee area
Market prices Arabica =>
Robusta
Today
Adivasis JHUM
Worker / Fam. Farm
< 2 acres Cardamom or
COFFEE / PEPPER + self consumption
1977 1997
Landscape dynamics
• Coffee : 100% • Forest: -30%
Evergreen Forests
Coffee Plantations
Deciduous Forests 2007
Biodiversity changes
Forest to Agroforest
Coffee Production
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yiel
d (in
Bag
s)
Shade (%)
Impact of Shade and Irrigation on Coffee Yield
Irrigation
No irrigation
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 14
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 14 500m 50m
Sampling design
d1 d2 d3
d4
d7 d8
d9
d10
d5
d6
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 16
Sampling Tree Biodiversity
• 114 estates • 68.4 Ha • 20.000 trees • 240 species • 2% error
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 17
Structure Tree/ha
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Large Medium Small Sacred Forests Natural Forest
Estate size
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 18
Species Accumulation curves
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Transects
Spec
ies
Ric
hnes
s
ICE MeanACE MeanCole Rarefaction
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 19
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 20
Most frequent species
20%
10%
5%
4%
4%
57%
Grevillea robusta
Erythrina lithosperma
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Areca catechu
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Others
Stand dynamics
PCA • 65 % var with 2 factors
September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 24
Biodiversity changes
Forest to Agroforest
Opening the canopy
Planting G. robusta
Management alternatives
Biodiversity changes
Forest to Agroforest
Reducing canopy
Replacing by
G. robusta
Tree ownership
rights
Implementation of public policies Labor costs
Coffee prices
fluctuation
Timber smuggling
Timber Rights Cheynier 2006
Timber Rights
“While conferring ownership rights […] right over the tree growth may be excluded. As otherwise, it is apprehended that in 10 years time the entire tree growth is likely to disappear.” - G.K. Lokare, Secy. to Govt., Revenue Dept., 22/9/99
PCA • 65 % var with 2 factors
MANAGING AN ESTATE… Section II
PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS Section III
Coffee owner
Input Irrigation infrastructure
Labor
buys
hires
works
climbs on
Management bloc
Market Forest Dpt
Timber merchant
sells
sell
buys
buys
enforces policies
Conceptual Model
Role Playing Game
Grevillea robusta
Ferme Poivre Force de travail
Irrigation
Intrants Perche
Régénération naturelle
Arbre élagué
Junglewood
Caféier 10 cm
Biodiversity changes
Forest to Agroforest
Opening the canopy
Planting G. robusta
Human Elephant conflict
Tree ownership
rights Labor costs
Coffee supply chain
Timber smuggling
“While conferring ownership rights over the Bane and Hithlu lands, ..right over the tree growth may be excluded. As otherwise, it is apprehended that in 10 years time the entire tree growth is likely to disappear.” - G.K. Lokare, Secy. to Govt., Revenue Dept., 22/9/99
Scenarios
• No Tree Rights – Difficult to sale Jungle Wood on the legal
market – No restrictions on Silver Oak
• Tree Rights – No restrictions on Jungle Wood as well as
on Silver Oak
Results - Livelihood
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5
Farm
er's
Inco
me
(in C
INC
)
Game Turns
Average Income: Coffee + Pepper + Timber
No TreeRights
Tree Rights
Results – Tree cover
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tree Rights
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 1 2 3 4 5
No Tree Rights
Trees Saplings Seedlings
Results - Biodiversity
0%
50%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5
No Tree Rights
0%
50%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tree Rights
Jungle Wood Silver Oak
Conclusion
Conservation Development
Tree ownership
rights
Certification
PES Tax incentives
Kodagu SES
Norms and Policies
Users Ecosystems
