forest soils kenneth williams fisheries extension specialist langston university aquaculture...
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Forest SoilsForest Soils
Kenneth WilliamsFisheries Extension Specialist Langston University Aquaculture Extension Program
Elements of Forestry
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Soil functionSoil function
Medium for plant growth
mechanical support
moisture
nutrients
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Soil functionSoil function
Water transmitting mantle
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Soil functionSoil function
Component of forest ecosystem– Materials added, transformed and moved
through natural cycling mechanisms.
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Soil production factorsSoil production factors
Geologic substratumClimateOrganismsTopographyTime
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Soil propertiesSoil properties
Physical properties/morphologyOrganic matterMoisture contentOrganismsChemical properties
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Soil profileSoil profile
A cross-section through the soil from organic surface layers to parent bedrock.
Horizons – distinct layers in the soil profile.
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Soil horizonsSoil horizons
Designated by capital letters– O, A, E, B,C and R– A – humus mixed
with mineral soil, often from earthworm activity
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Soil horizonsSoil horizons
– O – partially decomposed organic matter. A source of nutrients, erosion protection from runoff.
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Soil horizonsSoil horizonsA – humus mixed with
mineral soil, often from earthworm activity
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Soil horizonsSoil horizons
E – mineral horizons that have lost silicate clay, iron and aluminum.
Mostly composed of sand and silt.
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Soil horizonsSoil horizons B horizons - contain
weathering products, such as silicate clay, iron, aluminum and humus that has been moved from A, E, or O horizons or produced in place.
Most original rock obliterated through soil transforming processes.
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Soil horizonsSoil horizons
C horizons – layers excluding hard bedrock that are little affected by soil forming processes.
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Soil horizonsSoil horizons
R horizons – Hard bedrock. Not soil.
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Soil horizonsSoil horizons
Lower case letters next to capitals indicate a more specific characterization of the soil.
Ex. - Bs
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Physical soil propertiesPhysical soil propertiesSoil colorSoil textureSoil structure
gravel
sand clay silt
Soil color
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Soil colorSoil color
Depends on mineral composition, organic matter and drainage.
Red- IronBlack – organic matterBlue or green – poorly aerated
soils.
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Soil colorSoil colorBlue clay
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Soil colorSoil color
Green clay used to “draw impurities” from the skin?
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Soil colorSoil colorSome colored soils are used to
prepare artist’s pigments. Ex. Sienna, made from limonite clay, originally found in Siena, Italy. Its color comes from iron oxides in the clay. It is heated to form burnt sienna, a variant of the pigment.
Raw sienna Burnt sienna
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Soil textureSoil texture
Proportion of sand, silt and clay particles in soil.
Texture affects: drainage nutrient supply
root penetrability
seedling emergence
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Soil textureSoil texture
You can feel soil to determine its texture.Sandy soils support trees with low moisture
requirements. Ex. Pines, scrub oak and hemlock.
Silt and clay soils support trees that require large amounts of moisture and nutrients. Ex. Douglas-fir, maple, hickory, ash and oaks.
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Soil triangleSoil triangle
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Soil structureSoil structure
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Organic matterOrganic matter
Binds mineral grainsIncreases aerationSource of energy for soil
organismsModerates soil
temperatureIncreases moisture holding
capacity of soil.
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Organic matterOrganic matter
Litter – freshly fallen leaves, twigs, bark and flowers.
1000 – 4000 kg / haLitter is decomposed into humus by soil
organisms.
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Organic matterOrganic matterOrganic matter can be
regulated in forest soils by selective management and harvest systems.
Harvest whole tree or only the salable stem?
Leave slash on ground Burning slash to release
nutrients.
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Soil waterSoil water Usually in short supply Solvent that takes nutrients to
tree roots. “Available water” – can
readily be absorbed by tree roots. Factors that affect this:
amt. and freq. of rainfall
run-offsoil storageleachingdemands of vegetation
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Soil waterSoil waterWater moves
through old root channels. Along living roots.
In animal burrowsPores in soil.Unsaturated flow is
by capillary action from water table/
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Soil water/ transpirationSoil water/ transpiration
As much water can transpire from forests as evaporates from open water.
Forests usually more water efficient than cropland.
Silvaculture methods – thinning and weed control reduce moisture loss.
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Soil organismsSoil organisms
Decompose organic matter
Release nutrientsMix organic matter
with mineral soil.
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Soil organismsSoil organisms
Roots may be most important
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RootsRoots
Add organic matter to soilStimulate microbial action by root chemical
exudatesProduce organic acids that dissolve
nutrientsHold and exchange nutrients in the soil.Give off toxic compounds that prevent
growth of other plants. (allelopathy)
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Soil organisms Soil organisms - Fungi- Fungi
Increase ability of trees to uptake nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium.
Trees in soil with fungi live longer and grow better.
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Soil organisms – earthworms and Soil organisms – earthworms and nematodesnematodes
Mix soil
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Soil chemical propertiesSoil chemical properties
Soil reactionCation exchange capacityEssential chemical elements
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Soil reaction - pHSoil reaction - pH
pH important because it affects microbial populations
Availability of micro- and macronutrientsRate of nitrificationTree litter is usually acidicAcidity also can come from acid rainForest soils more acidic than grassland or
ag soils.
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Cation exchangeCation exchangeAbility of soil to hold and exchange
positively charged nutrient ions.Dominant cations(+):
– Hydrogen– Aluminum– Calcium– Magnesium– Potassium– ammonium– Sodium
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Cation exchangeCation exchangeCation exchange capacity depends on
amount of organic matter, amount and types of clays and pH.
Low in sandy soil higher in fine textured soils.
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Essential chemical elementsEssential chemical elements
Macronutrients– Nitrogen– Phosphorous– Potassium– Calcium– Magnesium– Sulfur
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Essential chemical elementsEssential chemical elements
Micronutrients– Iron– Manganese– Boron– Copper– Molybdenum– Zinc– Chlorine
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Soil-site factors and tree growthSoil-site factors and tree growth
Tree growth can be predicted from soil features. Valuable knowledge for foresters for planning Important features include:
depth
texture
drainage
slope steepness
orientation
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Nutrient deficienciesNutrient deficiencies
Difficult to tell from insect or disease damage/
Need to know soil nutrient content and requirements for tree species.
Tissue analysis (foliage) often used.Deficiencies corrected with fertilizers.Usually in nurseries or other small scale
applications.
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Soil surveySoil survey
Contains the following information:– Soil description– Use– Management– Formation– Classification– Lab data– Area information
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Soil surveySoil survey
Soil survey used to:– Match harvesting with soil conditions– Locate roads and landings– Match tree species with soil type– Planning recreational facilities– Evaluate impacts of grazing, mining, waste
disposal, etc.
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Multiple factor classification Multiple factor classification systemssystems
Classify ecologically significant segments of forests and predict site quality using:– land form– Soil initial material– Forest cover type– Soil taxonomic unit
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Habitat systemHabitat system
Classifies according to climax plant associations
Used to predict site quality and succession relationships
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Soil classificationSoil classification
Seven levels of classification: Order Suborder Great group Subgroup Family Series Type
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Soil orders important to North Soil orders important to North American forestryAmerican forestry
Ultisols – less than 35% of exchange sites containing calcium, magnesium potasium and sodium.
Occur in areas moist and warm to tropical.Loblolly and shortleaf pine in S.E. U.S. and
oak- hickory and oak-pine in south central U.S.
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Soil orders important to North Soil orders important to North American forestryAmerican forestry
Alfisols – soils with greater than 35% of exchange sites containing Ca, Mg, K, and Na.
Found in oak-hickory forests of central U.S., northern hardwoods area and ponderosa - lodge pole pine areas of W. North America
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Soil orders important to North Soil orders important to North American forestryAmerican forestry
Spodosols – enriched organic soils with iron or aluminum oxides. Develop from coarse textured acidic initial material.
Found in cold, humid climates.Major forest covers are spruce- fir, eastern
white pine and northern hardwoods.
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Soils and environmental qualitySoils and environmental quality
Forest management practices effect soil and water quality.– shortened rotations– Close utilization– Fast growing hybrids– Mechanical and chemical site preparation– Improper road building – Wet weather logging
Top 4 affect forest nutrient balance
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THE ENDTHE END