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1 Forest Ecology & Management • Objectives – Application of basic ecological principles to the management of forest resources “It should be apparent…that almost all human evolution, from primeval, primate stock to ground ape and then through agricultural, technical, and cultural revolutions to the present time, has been intimately associated with, and conditioned by, forests.” (J.P. Kimmins 1987)

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Page 1: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

1

Forest Ecology & Management

• Objectives – Application of basic ecological principles

to the management of forest resources

“It should be apparent…that almost all human evolution, from primeval, primate stock to ground ape and then through agricultural, technical, and cultural revolutions to the present time, has been intimately associated with, and conditioned by, forests.” (J.P. Kimmins 1987)

Page 2: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

2

Forest Ecology & Management

• Definitions – Forest – Forestry – Forest resources

• Timber vs. non-timber vs. ecosystem services

Page 3: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

3

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest resources

Timber Products

Non-timber Products

Ecosystem Services

Page 4: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

4

Forest Ecology & Management

• ~60% of the Earth’s pre-human land surface was forested

• ~30% of current land surface is forested – 0.62 ha (~1.5 acres) per person

• ~22% of original forest classified as “Frontier Forests” Current Forest Extent

(30% of land surface; ~50% of original forest)

Original Forest Extent

(60% of land surface)

Frontier Forest Extent

(22% of original forest)

Page 5: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

5

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Management - Categories

Silviculture Conservation Restoration

Page 6: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

6

Forest Ecology & Management

Stand Landscape

• Forest Management - Spatial Scale

Watershed

Page 7: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

7

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Management - Global Uses

Page 8: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

8

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Management - Hawai‘i Uses 1920 2000

Ewel and Putz 2004

Page 9: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

9

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Management - Deforestation

Page 10: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

10

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Management - Deforestation

Page 11: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

11

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Management - Objectives

Page 12: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

12

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Management - Objectives

Page 13: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

13

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Stand Metrics - Mensuration

– Density – DBH – Height – Basal Area

– Volume – Biomass – Species Composition – Age structure

Page 14: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

14

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Stand Metrics - Density – How many trees/ha?

20 m

20 m

Page 15: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

15

Q1 (°)

Q2 (°)

ß L (m) à

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Stand Metrics - Height – Tree ht = L * (tan Q1 + tan Q2) – What is the ht. of this tree?

• L = 20 m • Q1 = 35° • Q2 = -15°

Page 16: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

16

Forest Ecology & Management

• Forest Stand Metrics - DBH

1.37 m

Diameter

Page 17: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

17

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - Basal Area (BA)

– Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m – BA = (π*dbh2) / 4

• For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm – BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

• For BA of a single tree (m2) when dbh is cm – What is the BA of this tree in cm2 and m2?

DBH = 20 cm

Page 18: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

18

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics

– What is the density (# trees / ha)? – What is the stand basal area (m2 / ha)?

10 m

10 m

# inside circle is DBH (cm) 50

15 20

30

30

40

Page 19: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

19

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - BA with a

“wedge prism”

Page 20: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

20

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - BA with a

Nomogram

Page 21: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

21

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - Height & Age

– Site index curves Douglas-Fir

Page 22: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

22

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - DBH vs.

Height Curves

DBH (cm)0 20 40 60 80 100

Hei

ght (

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mesic ForestRain Forest

Metrosideros polymorpha

Litton & Kauffman (2008)

Page 23: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

23

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - Volume

Page 24: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

24

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - Volume

Douglas-Fir

Page 25: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

25

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - Volume

Douglas-Fir

Page 26: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

26

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - Biomass

– Y = aXb

– Y = 0.88*X1.86

– What is the biomass of a tree with a 20 cm DBH?

Litton & Kauffman (2008)

dbh (cm)

0 10 20 30To

tal B

iom

ass

(kg)

0

150

300

450

600

CR2=0.95

Metrosideros polymorpha

Tota

l Abo

vegr

ound

Bio

mas

s

Page 27: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

27

Forest Ecology & Management • Forest Stand Metrics - Species

Composition & Age/Size Class Structure

Page 28: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

28

Forest Ecology & Management

• Silviculture System – Silviculture aims to create structure

or developmental sequences that meet management objectives over a rotation

Page 29: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

29

Forest Ecology & Management

• Silviculture - Regeneration – Natural

• Seedlings • Sprouts (Coppicing)

– Artificial • Planting • Direct Seeding

Page 30: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

30

Forest Ecology & Management • Silviculture - Regeneration

Natural Artificial

Page 31: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

31

Forest Ecology & Management • Silviculture - Stand Structure

Page 32: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

32

Forest Ecology & Management • Silviculture - Stand Development

Page 33: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

33

Forest Ecology & Management

• Silviculture - Intermediate Treatments – Fertilization – Herbicides – Pruning – Thinning

• Remove undesirable/inferior individuals or species

• Concentrate resources and growth in desirable species and/or crop trees

Page 34: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

34

Forest Ecology & Management • Silviculture - Thinning

Page 35: Forest Ecology & Management · –Cross sectional area of a tree at 1.37 m –BA = (π*dbh2) / 4 • For BA of a single tree (cm2) when dbh is cm –BA = (π*dbh2) / (4 * 10,000)

35

Forest Ecology & Management

• Harvesting – Construction of roads? – Harvesting technique? – Transportation of harvest products? – Market for harvest products?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89L8ZEC14Ec&NR=1


Dalitz analysis of the decay * B + →π + π - π +

Erromanikoaren laburpena 2 unitatea. Gizarte dbh2

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π °“√·ª√º‘§°“√‡√ ’¬π§≥ ‘µ»“ µ√ å —πPs].pdf · 38 ‡∑§π‘§°“√‡√ ’¬π§≥ ‘µ»“ µ√ å : °“√·ª√º —π

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Santurtzi Dbh2 A

Erretratoa Dbh2

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DBH2 PARTITURAK. BEGOÑAZPI IKASTOLA

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Natur Zientziak DBH2

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elektrizitatea DBH2 teoria

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