Forest and Wildlife

By Shalvee Meshram

Class: X ‘B’Roll No.: 29

Contents (1) :1. Introduction2. What is Biodiversity?3. Flora and Fauna4. What is Forest?5. Types of Forests6. Vanishing Forests7. What is Wildlife?8. Importance of Forest and Wildlife9. Types of species10. Causes of extinction or depletion of Flora

and Fauna

Contents (2) :11. Fact file12. Need to conserve forest and wildlife13. Conservation of Forest and Wildlife14. Forest and Wildlife conservation strategy15. Role of community in conservation16. Project Tiger

IntroductionThe planet Earth is the house of millions of living organisms starting from microorganisms like bacteria to huge creatures like Banyan tree and Elephants. The biosphere is full of Biodiversity. Human beings along with other organisms form a complex web of ecosystem which is mutually exclusive and all organisms depend upon each other for their existence. For example, the plants, animals and microorganisms recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without which we cannot survive.

What is Biodiversity? The variety of Flora and

Fauna in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that area.

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life. It is seen in the number of species in an ecosystem or on the entire Earth. 

Flora and Fauna The planet Earth is a beautiful place to

live in. No matter where we go on the planet, there are stunning plants, flowers and animals that catch are attention. 

Of all the living organisms on the planet, the most commonly seen by us are the plant life and the animal life which are known as Flora and Fauna.

Flora The term Flora is used to denote plants of

a particular region. It usually refers to the native plant life

present but does include new species that have been introduced as well.

The Flora of India is one of the richest in the world due to the wide range of climate, topology and habitat in the country. There are estimated to be over 16,000 species of flowering plants in India.

Fauna The term Fauna is used to denote species

of animals of a particular region or period.

Fauna by itself was the name of a Roman goddess representing fertility and the earth .

Over 81,000 species of Fauna are found in India. India is home to several well-known large mammals of around 500 different species along with species of insects, birds, reptiles and amphibians.

What is Forest?

A forest is a large area of land covered with trees or other woody vegetation. Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe.  

Types of Forests:Tropical Evergreen Forests

Tropical Deciduous Forests

Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs

Montane Forests

Mangrove Forests

Vanishing Forests The dimensions of deforestation in India

are staggering. The forest cover in the country is estimated at 78.29 million hectare, which is 23.81% of the total geographical area.

According to the state of Forest Report (2011), the dense forest cover has increased by 10,098 sq. km since 1997. However, this apparent increase in the forest cover is due to plantation by different agencies.

Vanishing Forests

The state of Forest Report does not differentiate between natural forests and plantations. Therefore, these reports fail to deliver accurate information about actual loss of natural forests.

What is Wildlife?

Wildlife means an area where undomesticated animals living in the wild including those hunted for food, sport or profit. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems.

Importance of forests and wildlife

1. Forests act as watershed2. They are habitat for wildlife 3. They give us economic benefits4. They help in climate control5. Wildlife help in balancing ecosystem6. Maintain food chains7. They also act as a means of recreation

Types of species :

1. Normal Species

Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, Sal, pine, rodents, etc. They are often referred to as ‘Common species’. Normal species are frequently regarded as being at low risk of extinction simply because they exist in large numbers, and hence their conservation status is often overlooked. 

2. Endangered SpeciesThese are the species which are in danger of extinction. Survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai, Rafflesia, Baobab tree, etc. Endangered species usually have a small or declining population size or a very limited range.

3. Vulnerable Species

These are species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate. The examples of such species are blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, Aloe juddii, Aglaia barbanthera, etc.

4. Rare SpeciesSpecies with small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. The examples of such species are the Himalayan Brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox, hornbill, parachute flower, pelican plant, etc. Rare species are generally considered threatened because a small population size is more likely to not recover from things that could happen.

5. Endemic Species

These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh, Nevada primrose, wax flower, etc. The ecological state of species being endemic is known as Endemism.

6. Extinct SpeciesThese are species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire Earth. Examples of such species are Asiatic cheetah, pink-head duck, dinosaurs, franklinia, kokia cookei, etc.

As the time passes…

…NORMAL SPECIES are on the way to become EXTINCT!!

Normal Species

Endangered SpeciesVulnerable Species

Rare Species

Endemic Species

Extinct Species

WHY ??

Causes of Extinction or

depletion of Flora and Fauna :-

1. Loss of Habitat

Habitat loss is probably the greatest threat to the variety of life on this

planet today. Habitat loss and degradation affect 86% of all

threatened birds, 86% of mammals and 88% of threatened amphibians. When a

plant or an animal does not have a habitat, and cannot adapt to a different

environment, it will become extinct.

2. Introduction of new species

The introduction of plant and animal species that are not endemic to a given locality is both a natural and human process that often has disastrous knock-on consequences for local biota, often including extinction of native taxa. Introduction of species that are not native to a given area may occur through regular dispersal processes over short geographic distances.

3. CompetitionOngoing evolutionary processes are driven by competition, and over (usually) long periods of time, plant and animal taxa that are unable to adapt may be out competed and naturally displaced from their habitat, and pushed towards extinction.

4. Climatic heating and cooling

Climate Change is caused by a number of things. The effect that climate has on extinction is very big. The biodiverse Earth can't keep up with the rapid changes in temperature and climate. The species are not used to severe weather conditions and long seasons, or a changing chemical make-up of their surroundings. As more species die, it is only making it more difficult for the survivors to find food. The warmer climates we are used to present-day are perfect for diseases and epidemics to thrive.

CLIMATIC CHANGE

5. Epidemic/ Diseases

Each species has defense mechanisms like immunities and the ability to fight disease. With the changing climate and landscape certain species are losing their ability to fend off disease. They are becoming more susceptible to disease and epidemics, which can lead to their eventual extinction.

6. Human Causes→ Transformation of nature into resources.→ Pollution leading to acid rains.→ Human activities leading to Global

Warming.→ Unregulated or illegal killing, hunting or

poaching of fauna.→ Damage of forests during colonial period.→ Agricultural expansion.→ Large scale development projects.→ Mining

FACT FILEOver half of India's natural forests are gone, one-third of its wetlands drained out, 70% of its surface water bodies polluted, 40% of its mangroves are wiped out, and with continued hunting and trade of wild animals and commercially valuable plants, thousands of plant and animal species are heading towards extinction

Imagine a world without Forests and

Wildlife!!

Need to conserve Forests and Wildlife

Maintaining ecological balance for supporting life. 

Preserving different kinds of species (biodiversity) . 

Preserving economically important plants and animals.

Fuel, fodder and domestic needs of the population

Needs of village, small scale and large scale industries.

Conservation of Forests and Wildlife

CONSERVATION IN THE BACKGROUND OF RAPID DECLINE IN WILDLIFE POPULATION AND FORESTRY HAS BECOME ESSENTIAL.

Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife resources

Even if we want to conserve our vast forest and wildlife resources, it is rather difficult to manage, control and regulate them. In India much of its forest and wildlife resources are either owned or managed by the government through the forest department or other government departments. These are classified under the following categories:

1. Reserved Forests

More than half of the total forest land has been declared Reserved Forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.

2. Protected ForestsAlmost one-third of the total forest area is Protected Forest, as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land are protected from any further depletion.

3. Unclassed ForestsThese are other forests and wetlands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

Reserved and protected forests are also known as Permanent forest estates.

Reserved and protected forests are maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest product, and for protective reasons.

Madhya Pradesh ha the largest area under permanent forests, constituting 75% of its total forest cover.

All northern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests managed by local communities.

Forest and wildlife conservation

strategy

Conservation of Forests: Regulated and Planned Cutting of Trees Control over Forest Fire Reforestation and Afforestation Check over Forest Clearance for

Agricultural and Habitation Purposes Proper Utilization of Forest and Forests

Products Forest Management

Role of Government in Forest conservation

Forest conservation act, 1980

The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was enacted to help conserve the country's forests. It strictly restricts and regulates the de-reservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purposes without the prior approval of Central Government. To this end the Act lays down the pre-requisites for the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes.

Conservation of Wildlife: Fourteen biosphere reserves have been

set up in the country. Financial and technical assistance is

provided to many botanical gardens by government since 1992.

Project tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced.

Role of community in conservation

In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, the villagers have fought against mining by citing the wildlife protection act.

The Chipko movement has successfully resisted deforestation.

The rise of Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya.

Project Tiger“ Project Tiger “, one of the well- publicized wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973. Initially, it showed success as the Tiger production went up to 4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save endangered species, but with equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude.

Save Them… Protect Them…

DON’T LET THEM BE A HISTORY!!

THANK YOU!!