• FORENSIC IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD

FORUM WHICH MEANS COURT OF LAW

• ODONTOLOGYSTUDY OF TEETH

• DEFINED AS THAT BRANCH OF DENTISTRY WHICH ,IN

THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE ,DEALS WITH THE PROPER

HANDLING AND EXAMINATION OF DENTAL

EVIDENCE,AND WITH THE PROPER EVALUATION AND

PRESENTATION OF DENTAL FINDINGS

• FORENSIC DENTISTRY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN

IDENTIFICATION IN MAN MADE OR NATURAL

DISASTER –EVENTS THAT RESULT IN

MULTIPLE FATALITIES THAT MAY NOT BE

IDENTIFIABLE THROUGH CONVENTIONAL

METHODS SUCH AS FINGER PRINTS

• THE EARLIEST KNOWN EXAMPLE BY DENTAL MEANS DATES

BACK TO 66 AD

• ELABORATE DENTAL RECORDS INCLUDING RADIOGRAPHS

AND SPARE CROWNS IDENTIFIED THE BODY OF ADOLPH

HITLER ,THE MOST HIGH PROFILE CASE OF DENTAL

IDENTIFICATION

• IT RELIES ON SOUND KNOWLEDGE OF TEETH AND

JAWS ,POSSESED BY DENTIST AND INCORPORATES DENTAL

ANATOMY ,HISTOLOGY RADIOGRAPHY ,DENTAL MATERIALS

AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES

FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY DELVE INTO • IDENTIFYING UNKNOWN HUMAN REMAINS THROUGH

DENTAL RECORDS ,AND ASSISTING AT LOCATION OF MASS DISASTER

• ELICITING THE ETHNICITY AND ASSISTING IN BUILDING UP A PICTURE OF LIFESTYLE AND DIET OF SKELETAL REMAINS AT ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES

• DETERMINIG THE GENDER OF AN UNIDENTIFIED INDIVIDUAL

• AGE ESTIMATION OF BOTH THE LIVING AND DECEASED • RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS OF BITE MARKS FOUND ON

VICTIMS OF ATTACK AND OTHER SUBSTANCES SUCH AS FOOD STUFF

6. PRESENTING EVIDENCE IN COURT AS AN EXPERT WITNESS

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

• IDENTIFICATION IS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PERSONS

INDIVIDUALITY

• REQUIRED FOR LEGAL AND HUMANITARIAN REASONS

• HELP IN SETTLEMENT OF PROPERTY ,FACLITATE

REMARRIAGE OF A SURVIVING SPOUSE AND ALLOW

CREMATION OR BURIAL OF THE BODY ,ACCORDING TO

RELAVENT RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL CUSTOMS

TRADITIONAL METHODS

• VISUALLY RECOGNISING BODY

• PERSONAL PROPERTY SUCH AS CLOTHING ,JEWELLERY

ETC

VISUALLY IDENTIFYING THAT IS BURNT OR DECOMPODSED

CAN BE AVERY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE FOR

RELATIVES AND FRIENDS ,THE BETTER OPTION

IDENTIFICATION IS FORENSIC EXPERT TO ANALYSE

PHYSICAL FEATURES PRESENT IN THE BODY

• PHYSICAL FEATURES ARE PRONE TO CHANGE

OVER TIME ,FINGER PRINTS ARE EXCEPTIONS

BUT LIKE OTHER SOFT TISSUE,UNDERGO POST

MORTUM CHANGE

• BEING THE STRONGEST STRUCTURE PRESENT IN

THE BODY DENTAL HARD TISSUES ARE RESISTANT

TO POST MORTUM DECOMPOSITION

• MOREOVER MOST MATERIAL USED BY DENTIST FOR

RESTORING TEETH ARE ALSO RESISTANT TO POST

MORTUM DESTRUCTION

• THEREFORE THE USE OF DENTAL EVIDENCE IS THE

METHOD OF CHOICE IN ESTABLISHING THE IDENTITY

OF BADLY BURNT ,TRAUMATISED,DECOMPOSED

AND SKELETONISED REMAINS

BASIS FOR DENTAL IDENTIFICATION

• HUMAN DENTITION IS NEVER SAME IN ANY

TWO INDIVIDUALS

• THE ,MORPHLOGY AND ARRANGEMENT OF

TEETH VARY FROM PERSON TO PERSON

• TEETH ARE RELATIVELY RESISTANTNTO

ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS AFTER DEATH

DENTAL IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES

• TWO FORMS:

1. COMPARITIVE IDENTIFICATION:COMPARING THE DEAD

INDIVIDUALS TEETH WITH PRESUMED DENTAL RECORDS

OF THE INDIVIDUAL

2. RECONSTRUCTIVE IDENTIFICATION (DENTAL

PROFILING):ATTEMPTS TO ELICIT THE ETHNICITY OR

“RACE” ,GENDER , AGE AND OCCUPATION OF THE DEAD

INDIVIDUAL.UNDERTAKEN WHEN VIRTUALLY NO CLUE

EXISTS

COMPARITIVE DENTAL IDENTIFICATION

• INCLUDES FOUR STEPSSTEP 1:ORAL AUTOPSY STEP 2:OBTAINING DENTAL RECORDS STEP 3:COMPARING POST MORTUM AND

ANTIMORTUM DENTAL DATASTEP 4:WRITTIN A REPORT AND DRAWING

CONCLUSION

ORAL AUTOPSY• ALSO KNOWN AS NECROPSY OR POST MORTUM

• IT HAS A SYSTEMATIC PROTOCOL STARTING WITH CRITICAL

EXAMINATION OF THE EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE BODY

SUCH AS GENDER, ETHNICITY ,BUILT,

WOUNDS.SCARS ,TATTOOS AND BODY PIERCING.

• PHOTOGRAPHS, RADIOGRAPHS,FINGERPRINTS,FINGER NAIL

SCRAPING AND HAIR SAMPLE MAY BE OBTAINED ACCORDING

TO THE REQUIREMENTS

• ORAL EXAMINATION IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF

POSTMORTUM PROCEDURS

• A FORENSIC DENTIST WHO CONDUCT ORAL AUTOPSY

SHOULD HAVE ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT

COMMON POSTMORTUM FINDINGS SUCH AS RIGOR

MORTIS ,LIVER MORTIS ,DECOMPOSITION AND

POSTMOTUM ARTEFACTS

• RIGOR MORTIS MAY RENDER THE JAW AND THE USE OF

MOUTH GAGS OR INTRA ORAL MYOTOMY IS ESSENTIAL

FOR JAW SEPERATION

• Since teeth may be brittle in burned cases, they need to be reinforced with cyanoacrylate cements, polyvinyl acetate or clear acrylic spray prior to examination

• Access for radiology in incinerated bodies can be obtained by removing tongue and contents of floor of mouth in a ‘tunneling’ fashion from beneath the skin

• The status of each tooth whether intact carious restored or missing should be carefully noted

• A thorough examination of soft tissue injuries, fracture and presence of foreign bodies is under taken and samples of hard and soft tissues may be obtained for further investigation

OBTAINING DENTAL RECORDS

• FROM TREATING DENTIST,SPEACILIST,HOSPITAL

RECORDS IN THE FORM OF DENTAL CHARTS

RADIOGRAPHS,CASTS, AND/OR PHOTOGRAPHS

• CONTENT OF ALL AVAILABLE RECORDS SHOULD BE

TRANSCRIBED ON TO THE STANDARD ‘INTERPOL

ANTEMRTEM FORM’ WHICH IS COLOUR CODED IN

YELLOW

COMPARNG POST-MORTEM &ANTE-MORTEM DENTAL

RECORDS

• FEATURES COMPARED INCLUDE TOOTH MORPHOLOGY AND

ASSOSIATED BONY STRUCTURES, PATHOLOGY AND

RESTORATIONS

• AN INDIVIDUAL WITH MULTIPLE DENTAL TREATMENT AND

UNUSUAL FEATURES HAS A BETTER LIKELIHOOD OF BEING

IDENTIFIED THAN SOMEONE WITH NO EXTRAORDINARY

DENTAL CHARECTERISTICS

• COMPARISON SHOULD TAKE IN TO ACCOUNT QUALITY

RATHER THAN QUANTITY

WRITING A REPORT AND DRAWING CONCLUSION

• CONFIRMS IDENTIFICATION:MATCH EACH OTHER

• PROBABLE IDENTIFICATION:HIGH LEVEL OF CONCORDANCE

BETWEEN THE TWO SETS OF DATA BUT,USUALLY ,WITH NO

RADIOGRAPHIC SUPPORT

• POSSIBLE IDENTIFICATION:EXPLAINABLE IDENTIFICATION

BETWEEN THE ANTE AND POST-MORTEM DATA

• INSUFFICIANT INFORMATION:AVAILABLE ANTI&POS-

MORTEM DATA ARE INSUFFFICIANT

• EXCLUDES IDENTIFICATION:ANTI&POST MORTEM DATA

ARE CLEARLY INCONSISTENT

IDENTIFICATION IN DISASTERS

• INVOLVES COMPARING HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS ,OF

ANTE &POST MORTEM DATA

• HUMAINS REMAINS IN SUCH EVENTS MAY BE HIGHLY

FRAGMENTED , ONLY PART OF BODY MAY BE RECOVERED

;THE NODIES MAY BE INCINERATED OR COMMINGLED i.e.

PARTS OF TWO BODIES MAY BE MIXED

DENTAL SECTION

• FORENSIC DENTIST ARE USUALLY PART OF A

TEAM OF IDENTIFICATION SPECIALIST

• THREE SUB SECTIONS

1.POST MORTEM UNITS

2.ANTE –MORTEM UNITS

3.DENTAL COMPARISON IDENTIFICATION UNITS

POST-MOTEM UNIT

• THE LOCATION AT WHICH A BODY IS RECOVERED NOTED

AND PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF MOUTH IS MADE TO

EVALUATE THE ORAL CONDITION

• DEFINITIVE EXAMINATION AT MORTURY OF POST-

MORTUM UNIT

• A PORTABLE DENTAL RDIGRAPHY SHOULD BE INSTALLED,

TAKING PRECAUTIONS AGAINST RADIATION HAZARDS

• TEETH AND JAW SPECIMEN MAY BE REMOVED FROM A

BODY FOR THE CONVEININCE OF EXAMINATION

ANTE-MORTEM UNIT

• MOST DIFFICULT.

• THE MEMBERS NEED TO COLLECT AS MUCH AS

INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE IN THE SHORTEST PERIOD OF

TIME

• BEGINS WITH LOCATING THE DENTAL RECORDS OF THE

VICTIMS COMMUNICATING WITH POLICE, DENTIST, AND

RELATIVES OF THE VICTIMS

• ALL INFORMATION OBTAINED MUST BE TRANSFERRED ONTO

THE STANDARD INTERPOL ANTE-MORTEM FORM

• THIS CONSTITUTE THE ANTE MORTEM COMPOSITE CHART

DENTAL COMPARISON AND IDENTIFICATION UNIT

• COMPARISON AND CONFORMATION OF

IDENTIFICATION

• THE ANTE-MORTEM DATA ARE TAKEN INDIVIDUALLY

AND COMPARED TO THE POST-MORTEM DATA THAT

ARE SPREAD OUT (COMPUTER SOFTWARE

DEVELOPED TO SIMPLIFY COMPARISON )

• FINAL IDENTIFICATION SHOULD ALWAYS BE DONE BY

DENTIST MANUALLY

IDENTIFICATION FROM DENTAL DNA• TEETH ARE EXCELLENT OURCE OF DNA SINCE IT CAN

RESIST EXTREME CONDITION

• PCR ALLOWS AMPLIFICATION OF EVEN HIGHL

DEGRADED DNA

• MAJOR ADVANTAGE IS THAT IF DECENDENT’S ANTE

MOTEM SAMPLE (HAIR FROM HAIR BRUSH,

EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM TOOTH BRUSH OR BIOPSY)IS

UNAVAILABLE ,THE DNA PATTEN MAY BE

COMPARED TO A PARENT OR TO A SIBLING

EXTRACTION OF DENTAL DNA

• PULPAL TISSUE BEST SOURCE OF DENTAL DNA

• CRYOGENIC GRINDING FOR EXTRACTING DNA(COOLING

THE WHOLE TOOTH TO EXTREMLY LOW

TEMPERATURE,AND THEN MECANICALLY GRINDING IT TO

FINE POWDER)TOOTH WILL BE COMPLETELY CRUSHED

• ANOTHER METHODDRILLING OF THE ROOT CANALS,

SCRAPING THE PULPAL AREA WITH A NOTCHABLE

MEDICAL NEEDLE,AND SUBSEQUENT FLUSHING OF THE

TIISSUE DEBRIS

TYPES OF DNA

• TWO TYPES OF DNA

1)GENOMIC OR NUCKEAR DNA

2)MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (mtDNA)

• EACH CELL HAS A HIGH COPY OF mt DNA ,ALSO

EXCLUSIVELY INHERITED FROM MOTHER;NO

CONTRIBUTION FROM FATHER

• THUS IDENTICAL mtDNA IS OBSERVED IN SIBLINGS,

THEIR MOTHER AND MANY MATERNAL RELATIVES

THE PALATAL RUAE IN IDENTIFICATION

• USEFUL IN EDENTULOUS PERSONS

• RGAE PATTERNS LIKE TEETH ARE CONSIDERED

UNIQUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL

• RUGAE PATTERNS ON THE DECEDENT’S MAXILLA OR

MAXILLARY DENTURES MAY BE COMPARED TO OLD

DENTURES THAT MAY BE REOVERED FROM THE

DECEDENT’S RESIDENCE,OR PLASTER MODEL FROM

DENTAL OFFICE

CLASSIFICATION OF PALATAL RUGAE

• LYSELL MEASURED RUGAE IN ASTRAIGHT LINE FROM

MEDIAL TO LATERAL AND CATEGORIZED AS

-PRIMARY RUGAE (>5mm)

-SECONDARY RUGAE(3-5mm)

-FRAGMANTARY RUGAE (2-3mm)

(RUGAE <2mm IS NOT TAKEN IN TO CONSIDERATION)

• THOMAS &KOTZE HAVE FURTHER DETAILED VARIOUS

PATTERNS OF PRIMARY RUGAE –BRANCHED ,UNIFIED ,

CROSSLINKED , ANNULAR , &PAPILLARY

ANALYSIS OF RUGAE PATTERNS

• THOMAS AND VAN WYK HAVE MANUALLY

TRACED RUGAE PATTERN ON PHOTOGRAPHS

OF PLASTER MODEL

• RECENTLY, LIMSON AND JULIAN HAVE

DEVELOPED A COMPUTER SOFT WARE

PROGRAM,’RUGFP-ID MATCH’(SAME

PRINCIPLE OF FINGER PRINTING)

DENTAL PROFILING• WHEN ANTE-MORTEM RECORDS ARE NOT

AVAILABLE

• INCLUDES A TRIAD OF INFORMATIONETHNIC

ORIGIN , GENDER , AGE

• INFORMATION FROM THIS PROCESS WILL

ENABLE A MORE FOCUSSED SEARCH FOR ANTE-

MORTEM RECORDS

IDENTIFY ETHNIC ORIGIN FROM THE TEETH

• HUMAN RACES HAVE BEEN DIVIDED IN TO

THREE RACES CAUCASOID, MANGALOID AND

NEGROID

• IT IS POSSIBLE TODAY TO IDENTIFY AN

INDIVIDUAL’S ETHNIC ORIGIN BASED PURELY

ON ONE’S DENTITION

GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON TEETH

• DENTAL FEATURES HAVE COMPLEX MODE OF

INHERITENCE AND ARE COMBINATION OF HERIDITY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO WHICH PERSON IS

EXPOSED

• SO DIFFERENT POPULATION SHOW CONSIDERABLE

VARIATION

• DENTAL FEATURES IN POPULATION DIVIDED IN TO

1)METRIC(TOOTH SIZE)

2)NON METRIC(TOOTH SHAPE)

:MORE HERITABLE&DEPENDABLE

NON METRIC DENTAL FEATURESCROWN FEATURE

SHOVELLING,DOUBLE SHOVELLING,CAREBELLI’S FEATURE,THREE

CUSPED UPPER 2ND MOLAR,CUSP 5, CUSP 6,CUSP 7,

WINGLING,FIVE -CUSPED LOWER SECOND MOLAR, LOWER

MOLAR GROOVE PATTERN,INTERRUPTION GROOVE, ENAMEL

EXTENSION, ODONTOME, LETAREL INCISOR VARIATION,

DISTAL ACCESSORY RIDGE, PREMOLAR ACCESSORY RIDGE,

PREMOLAR ACCESSORY MARGINAL TUBERCLE, PREMOLAR

LINGUAL CUSP, MESIAL MARGINAL TUBERCLE OF UPPER

MOLAR, PARASTYLE, PROTOSTYLID

ROOT FEATRES

TWO ROOTED UPPER PREMOLAR

TWO ROOTED UPPER MOLAR

TWO ROOTED LOWER CANINE

TOMES ROOT

THREE ROOTED LOWER MOLAR

SINGLE ROOTED LOWER MOLAR

OF THESE NON-METRIC DENTAL FEATURES SOME HAVE HIGH

FREQUENCY IN CERTAIN POPULATION AND OTHER UNCOMMEN

Eg: SOUTH-ASIAN’S EXHIBIT 4 CUSPED LOWER SECOND MOLAR BUT

FEATURES LIKE WINGLING ,SHOWELLING,Y GROOVE PATTERN TOMES

PATTERN

SEX DIFFERANTIATION

•SECOND STEP

•CAN BE DETERMINED

1)SEXING FROM CRANIOFACIAL

MORPHOLOGY AND DIMENSION

2)SEX DIFFRENCES IN TOOTH SIZE

3)DENTAL INDEX

4)SEX DETERMINATION BY DNA ANALYSIS

5)SEX DETERMINATION BY DNA ANALYSIS

Dental Age Estimation• Final step in dental profiling

• Estimation methods

1). Age estimation in prenatal, neonatal and

early post natal child

-by use of histologic technique (12 weeks before it is

actually apparent on radiographs)

-by radiograph-non invasive

-neonatal line indicates a live births

-by dry weight of mineralized tooth (at six month IU-

60mg, newborn-0.5g, six month post natal-1.8g)

2.Age estimation in children and adolescents-two events may be usederuption and tooth

calcification-various methodsa). Schowur and Massler’s method: described 20

chronological stages of tooth development starting from 4 months IU until 21 years of age. It is based on histological section which permits direct comparison with radiographs

b).Demirjan’s method: made use of a foreign system. Devolopment of Left side seven mandibular teeth was devided into 8 stages(A-H). Each tooth assaigned a” maturity score” and total maturity score of all teeth is plotted on a chronologic age conversion table. Separate maturity score and age conversion table for both sexes.

3). Age estimation in adultschallenging when compared to young age groups as numerous endogenous and exogenous fqactors, such as disease, nutrition, physical strain influences.

a). Method:Gustafson’s method: based on morphological and histological changes of the teeth. Accessed regressive changes such as:

.amount of occlusal attrition (A)

.coronal secondary dentin deposition(S)

.loss of periodontal attachment(P)

.Cementum aposition at the root apex(C)

.Root resorbtion at apex(R)

.dentin translucency (T)Each of regressive changes have seven grades (0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3)Age = 11.02+(5.14A)+(2.3S)+(4.14P)+(3.71C)+(5.57R)+ (8.98T)

b). Dentin translucency: root dentin starts to become translucent during the third decade of life beginning at the apex and advancing coronally. Hence as age advances refractive index between intratubular organic and extra tubular inorganic material is equalized resulting in increased translucency of the affected dentin zone.

Age= B0+B1X where B0 –regression constant B1-regression coefficient X-length of translucency

Cranio-facial estimators of age• Cranial suture and also mandible provides certain

characteristic for elicitation of age

Surture Endocranial initiation

Ectocranial termination

Sagittal 21 35

Sphenoparietal 30 65

Coronal 25 39

Squamosal 37 80

Sphenotemporal 30 68

Lambdoid 26 41

Mastooccipetal 26 72

Sphenofrontal 24 35

INFANCY ADULT OLD AGE

BODY shallow Thick & long shallow

RAMUS Forms an obtuse angle with the body

Forms an approximate right angle

Obtuse angle

MENATAL FORAMEN

Located near lower margin of the body

Midway between upper and lower margin

Near alveolar margin

CONDYLE Occupies a lower level to the coronoid process

Elongated and projects above the coronoid

Neck is bent

backwards

• Cranial measurement (in mm) useful in sexing• CRANIAL VARIABLES

Males Females

Cranial base length 112.5 103

Mastoid height 12.5 9.6

Mastoid width 24 19

Total face height 127 114

Bizygomatic breadth 129 122

Basion-nasion length 102 96

Cranial length 188 179

Nasal height 54 50

Maximum frontal width 120 115.5

• Cranial measurement (in mm) useful in sexing• MANDIBLE VARIABLES

Male Female

Bicondylar breadth 117 111

Bigonial breadth 100 91.5

Minimum ramus breadth 31 28.5

Gonion-gnathion breadth 77 73

Total mandibular length 111 108

CRIME INVESTIGATIONBITE MARKS:

• A mark caused by teeth either alone or in combination with

other mouth parts (Mac Donald).

• May be caused by humans or animals; may be on tissue, food

items or other objects.

• Human bite broad, U-shaped somewhat circular or oval.

• Animal bite narrow in the anterior aspect , V shaped and

elongated also morphology of the teeth is different.

Classification of bite marks1.Cameron and Sims Classification

AgentsHumansAnimals

Materialsskin,body tissuefood stuffother materials

2.Mac Donald’s classificationsTooth pressure markTongue pressure markTooth scrape mark

3. Webster’s classificationType IType IIType III

Bite mark appearance• Type of injury• Identifying The Injury As a Bite Mark

a). Gross features: Circular or ellipticalwith central area of ecchymosis

b). Class features: Incisorrectangular Caninestriangular or rectangular Premolars and molars spherical or point shapedc). Individual features: Class features intern have

characteristics such as fractures rotation etc.• Site of Bite Marks

Females on breast, legs( inner part of thigh)-sexual assault

Male children genitals-child abuseAdult Males finger, arms and shoulders-fight

Bite mark investigation• Preliminary questions• Bite mark evidence collection from the victims

if criminal in nature is reported to law enforcement agencies

Steps:1.Visual examination2.Photography

Orientation photographsclose-up photographs

3.Saliva swab: WBC and sloughed epithelial cells, potential source of DNA4.Impression: Vinyl polysiloxane 5.Evidence collection from suspect: using a signed and informed consents or a court

order (warrant) also include photograph, two casts, bite registration in centric occlusion and saliva swab from buccal vestibule

Bite mark analysis and comparison

• Jaw movement

• Flexibility of bitten tissue

• Individual features of bite marks

• Metric analysis

• Computer software program

Conclusion Of Bite Mark Analysis

• Positive identification

• Possible identification

• Excludes identification

DENTIST AS AN EXPERT WITNESS

• Expert witness are those whose training,

qualification or experience enables them to give an

opinion on relevant matter where the ordinary

person is not so enabled.

• To become dental expert to forensic dental expert

need additional knowledge and experience

Thank You!