forces transformation & resources 1 network centric operations: insights and challenges mr. john...
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Forces Transformation & ResourcesNetwork Centric Operations:Insights and Challenges
Mr. John J. GarstkaSpecial Assistant
Force Transformation & AnalysisDASD Forces Transformation & Resources
ASD(SOLIC/IC)OUSD(Policy)
(703) 697- [email protected]
www.oft.osd.mil
Presentation toNASA ESTO AIST-05
Sensor Web PI MeetingOrlando Florida
3 April 2008
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Bottom Line Up Front
• Networking can have a significant positive impact on the operational effectiveness and efficiency of networked organizations across the spectrum of operations
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Overview
• Overview of Theory
• Networked Forces in Combat Operations– Operational Effectiveness of Networked Forces
• Current Challenges
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Forces Transformation & Resources
How a Networked Force Operates:Network Centric Warfare
Creates an Information Advantage Information Advantage and translates it into a decisive Warfighting Warfighting Advantage Advantage
Information Advantage - Information Advantage - enabled by the robust networking of well informedwell informed geographically dispersed forces
Characterized by:
- Information sharing- Information sharing - Shared situational awareness- Shared situational awareness - Knowledge of commander’s intent- Knowledge of commander’s intent
Warfighting Advantage - Warfighting Advantage - exploits behavioral change and new doctrine to enable:
- - Self-synchronization - - Speed of command - - Increased combat power
Exploits Exploits Order of MagnitudeOrder of Magnitude Improvement in Information Sharing Improvement in Information Sharing
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Relevancy of Networked Forces
Major Combat Operations
Stability Operations Homeland Defense
Integrated Operations/Military Support to Crisis
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Shared Situational• Understanding• Awareness• Assessment
Domains of Warfare
Situational• Understanding• Awareness• Assessment
InformationDomain
CognitiveDomain
Physical Domain
LeadershipUnit CohesionMorale
StrikeManeuverProtectSupport
SocialDomain
Mind of the Warfighter
Where Information is Created , Shared …..
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Information-Age Warfare …Sources of Advantage
Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain
Cycle
Conveyed Commander’s Intent
Physical Domain Force Advantage
Position Advantage
Information Domain
Cognitive DomainCognitive Advantage
Precision Force
Compressed Operations
Shared Awareness
Speed and Access
NetworkCentric
Operations
Social DomainCultural Awareness
Information Advantage
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Forces Transformation & Resources
• A Robustly Networked Force Improves Information Sharing• Information Sharing And Collaboration Enhances the Quality of Information and Shared Situational Awareness• Shared Situational Awareness Enables Collaboration and Self Synchronization and Enhances Sustainability and
Speed of Command• These in Turn Dramatically Increase Mission Effectiveness
Tenets of NCW: A Hypothesis Regarding Sources of Power
Physical Domain
Cognitive + Social Domains
Information Domain
Robustly Networked
Force
Information Sharing
Collaboration
Shared Situational Awareness
Quality of Information
Mission Effectiveness
Self Synchronization
New Processes
Tenets of Network Centric Operations …The New Value Chain – High Level
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Collaboration
“Networked” Force
Mission Effectiveness
Shared Situational Awareness
Quality of Information
Information Domain
Cognitive & Social Domains
Physical Domain
Information Sharing
Common“Picture”
DecisionMaking
SelfSynchronization
Individual Situational Awareness
The NCO Value Chain …Expanded
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Tactical Picture:OIF Major Combat Operations - 2003
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Tactical Picture:3/2 Stryker Brigade – Training Exercise – May 2003
II
OOO
MAIN EFFORT • Follow and Attack to seize OBJ Blaze
CAV SQDN (RSTA)• Route Recon• Recon OBJ Blaze
II
OOO
II
OOO
SUPPORTING EFFORT• Attack to clear enemy forces in disruption zone• Isolate the OBJ Blaze
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Forces Transformation & Resources
GFAC
UAV SPI
LINK-16Air Track
UAV
Friendly EPLRSPositions
GFAC9 line Target
A-10 FAC
Link-16Land Track
SADL FlightMember
F-16C HorizontalSituation Cockpit
Display
Tactical Picture: F-16C in an Interoperability Exercise in 2002
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Forces Transformation & Resources
SARS: Singapore
NRF Assessment – NRF 5: Pakistan
Earthquake Relief
Military Support to Crisis
StabilityOperations
Major CombatOperations
Stryker BCT (OIF)
UK Low-Intensity
Conflict
NATO Task Force Fox
Joint Urban Operations
Coalition Maritime
Ops (OIF)
Task Force-50 (OEF)
Naval Special Warfare Group I (OEF/OIF)
Stryker BCT (JRTC)
V Corps/3 ID (OIF)
Air-to-Air (JTIDS)
Air-to-Ground (DCX-I /OEF/OIF)
Air-to-Ground w/ Special Operations Forces (OIF)
US/UK Coalition (OIF)
NATO ACE Mobile Force Land
NATO Response Force
(NRF) Assessment – NRF 4
Network Centric Operations Case Studies Covera Wide Range of Mission Areas
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Operational Effectiveness Insights
• Network Enabled Sensing
• Air-to-Air Combat
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Network Enabled Sensing
Information“Richness”
Information“Reach”
• Content • Accuracy• Timeliness• Relevance
..
.Platform-Centric
Operations
Network-Centric
Operations
* E-3 AWACS * JSTARS
* Rivet Joint
* Network-Centric Collaborative Targeting (NCCT)
* U-2
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Forces Transformation & Resources
• Application of network-centric techniques to horizontally integrate multiple ISR assets, providing machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction of multi-INT sensors, to create actionable information on time sensitive targets
• Multi-INT with Imagery, GMTI and SIGINT
What NCCT DoesWhat NCCT DoesWhat NCCT DoesWhat NCCT Does
BR03-006-16
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Network Centric Sensing
EngageFind, Fix Target, Track Assess
Order of Magnitude Improvement in PerformanceOrder of Magnitude Improvement in Performance
Spat
ial D
omai
n (M
eter
s)
10
50
100
500
1,000
Projected Performance
Notional EstimatesTemporal Domain (Minutes)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Today - 1 Platform
2 Platforms SIGINT
3 Platforms SIGINT
GMTI/SIGINT + Imagery
SIGINT + GMTI
2 Fighters ESM and 2 Platforms SIGINT
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Network Centric Sensing
EngageFind, Fix Target, Track Assess
Order of Magnitude Improvement in PerformanceOrder of Magnitude Improvement in Performance
Spat
ial D
omai
n (M
eter
s)
10
50
100
500
1,000
Projected Performance
Notional Estimates
JSOW
JDAM
HARM
WeaponThresholds
ERGM
AGM-130
Temporal Domain (Minutes)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Today - 1 Platform
2 Platforms SIGINT
3 Platforms SIGINT
GMTI/SIGINT + Imagery
SIGINT + GMTI
2 Fighters ESM and 2 Platforms SIGINT
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Forces Transformation & Resources
• Time - T+ 2 seconds• Ground Truth = 2 targets• Network View
• 2 Targets detected and reported• 2600 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA only
first track• Independent Platform Views
• Multiple detections, no tracks formed and no reports
Ground Truth is RedPlatform is BlueDetections are Yellow
100%0%0%
0%0%
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Forces Transformation & Resources
• Time - T+29 Seconds• Ground Truth = 5 targets• Network View
• 4 Targets detected and reported• 89 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA only
• Independent Platform Views• Multiple detections• 1 SIGINT track formed and reported from
GR 138 meter CEP
20%0%
0%0%
80%
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Forces Transformation & Resources
• Time - T+86 Seconds• Ground Truth = 5 targets• Network View
• 4 Targets detected and reported• 42 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA AND
GMTI• Independent Platform Views
• Multiple detections• 1 SIGINT track formed and reported from
GR 138 meter CEP
20%0%
0%0%
80%
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Forces Transformation & Resources
• Time - T+90 Seconds• Ground Truth = 5 targets• Network View
• 5 Targets detected and reported• 42 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA AND
GMTI• Independent Platform Views
• Multiple Detections• 1 SIGINT track reported from GR 138 meter
CEP
20%0%
0%0%
100%
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Air-to-Air Networking …Within a Domain
Office of Force Transformation / RAND Air-to-Air Case Study• Compare Mission Effectiveness of “Voice Only” F-15 Flights
to Those with Voice & Link 16/JTIDS Capabilities – 12K Sortie Look
“So Whats?” of a Common Tactical Picture• Info Completeness: “Ownship” & Other Friendly Aircraft
– Free Time = Ability to Focus on Fight
• Info Superiority: Quick Awareness & Understanding of Enemy
• Increased Decision Time– More Lethal and/or Survivable Intercept Geometry Decisions
• Earlier/Better Targeting – Improved Shot Lethality– Higher Number Shots per Time
• Battle Manage & Target While Cold (with Same S.A.)
• Better Ability to Self-Synchronize (“Swarm”)
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Quality of Individual Info:Voice Only
AWACS
BLUE 11 / 12
BLUE 13 / 14
TTTT QQQQ 4321
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
BBBB QQQQ 4321
TTTT QQQQ 4321
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
BBBB QQQQ 4321
TTTT QQQQ 4321
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
BBBB QQQQ 4321
Q1 Completeness: Detect
Q2 Correctness: ID
Q3 Correctness: Location
Q4 Correctness: Velocity
Voice + Link 16
RED 11 / 12
RED 13 / 14
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Time
B11 (Flight lead)
Voice Only Information Understanding Awareness Decisions
B12 (Wingman)
Air-to-Air: Quality of Individual Info Voice Only
AwarenessInformationVoice Only
DecisionsVoice + Link 16 AwarenessInfo Understanding
AwarenessInfo Understanding Decisions?Voice + Link 16
80
25 26
269/69
80
310/89
B11 (Flight lead) B12 (Wingman)80
25 26
16 15
28 30269/69
80
25 26
16 15
28 30272/70
B11/13 (Flt Lds) B12/14 (Wings)
Voice + Link 16
“Combat Reserve”
“Combat Reserve”
AwarenessInfo Understanding
AwarenessInfo Understanding
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Forces Transformation & Resources
VoiceVoice + Link 16
Degree of Information Sharing
Quality of Individual Information
Degree of Networking
Quantity of Retrieved Info
Quality of Decisions
Kill Ratio
Quality of Organic Info
Quality of Sensemaking
0.28
0.51.00.08
1.0
0.4
0.91
3.10:1
8.11:1
1.0
0.22
1.0
Air-Air Case Study Conclusions
• Application of NCO Value Chain Yielded Results Consistent with Live Flight & Pilot Interview Results
• Validated Relationships Between NCO Capabilities Hypothesized for the Air-Air Mission
“Information Advantage”
“Physical Advantage”
“Cognitive Advantage”
Kill Ratio ComparisonKill Ratio Comparison
Voice Only
Voice +
Link 16
Day 3.10 8.11
Night 3.62 9.40
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Forces Transformation & Resources
2008
• Networks are a key enabler of the DoD Enterprise• Ongoing significant investments in C2,
Communications, and Networking capabilities• Increased focus on cyber defense and information
assurance
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Challenges
• Accelerating the development of Doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for networked forces
• Information sharing with mission partners• Enhancing leader development
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Process Innovation
Technology Innovation Leads
People Innovation
Organizational Innovation
Technology InnovationTechnology
Process
Organization
People
Initial Capability
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Evolving Capability
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Process Innovation
Technology + Process Innovation
People Innovation
Organizational Innovation
Technology InnovationTechnology
Process
Organization
People
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Initial Capability
Evolving Capability
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Process Innovation
Transformation Process:Full Spectrum Innovation
People Innovation
Organizational Innovation
Technology InnovationTechnology
Process
Organization
People
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Initial Capability
Evolving Capability
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Overcoming Impediments to Innovation & Transformation
InformationDomain
Cognitive &
SocialDomains
Physical Domain
Organizational Innovation
Individual BehaviorOrganizational BehaviorOrganizational Values
Organizational Incentives Organizational Structure
Organizational Processes
Increasing Level of Difficulty for Change
TechnologyInnovation
ProcessInnovation
Platform “Technologies”Information “Technologies”
“New Concepts”
Vision and Leadership are key to overcoming Impediments to Innovation
PeopleInnovation
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Challenges
• Accelerating the development of Doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for networked forces
• Information sharing with mission partners• Enhancing leader development
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Forces Transformation & Resources
• Operational impact of networking is more significant than originally projected
• Technology/process linkage is critical to successful implementation of Network Centric Operations
• People are our an organizations most critical asset with respect to implementation of Network Centric Operations
Summary
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Forces Transformation & Resources
Questions?