AD/GLO/84/191 Assignment Report Education concerning the problem associated with the use of drugs

FOR INTERNAI, USE ONLY: NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION

K E N Y A

Education concerning the problem associated with the use of drugs

18 - 20 July 1984 15 - 17 August 1984

by

N. Friderich

The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of Unesco

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

(Unesco)

Serial No: FMR/ED/SCM/85/226(UNFDAC)

AD/GLO/84/191 Assignment Report (Friderich) FMR/ED/SCM/85/226 (UNFDAC) Paris, 30 May 1985

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

THE MISSION

RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

Postscript

ANNEXES

ANNEX I - List of persons consulted

ANNEX II - Extract of new curriculum for social sciences in Standard 6

ANNEX III - Social Science, Draft Teacher's Guide for Standard 6

ANNEX IV - Minutes of the National Committee on Drug Education held at 2 p.m. on 25 July 1984 at Marshalls House (Inspectorate)

ANNEX V - Minutes of the meeting of the National Committee on Drug Education held at 9.00 a.m. on Wednesday, 1 August 1984 at Commerce House

AD/GLO/84/191 - Education concerning the problem associated with the use of drugs

ASSIGNMENT REPORT

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The missions described in the present report were carried out between 18 and 20 July 1984 and 15 and 17 August 1984 and were funded by the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC).

The purpose of the missions was:

a) to obtain information concerning any follow-up activities under­taken in Kenya in the field of preventive education after the Course for English-speaking African Educators on the Methodology of Education concerning the problems associated with the Use of Drugs, which took place at Emhu from 17 January to 3 February 1983,

b) to discuss with the Kenya Institute of Education and the Kenya National Commission for Unesco the execution of contract No. 514.319 concerning follow-up activities of the sub-regional bookshop organized by Unesco in Freetown, in August 1980,

c) to envisage with the authorities possible future programmes in preventive education to be financed eventually through multi­lateral aid.

II. BACKGROUND

2. Kenya was one of the first six countries to participate in the programme of education concerning the problems associated with the use of drugs initiated by Unesco in Africa. Those problems had been a concern of the Government as early as the beginning of the seventies. For example, Kenya was the host country for a Conference on drugs(*), chiefly from the medical point of view, and for a Meeting organized by the International Council on Alcohol and Addictions (ICAA). Following a first mission to Kenya by the Chief of the section of education concerning the problems associated with the use of drugs of the Unesco Sector

of Education (N. Friderich), a contract was made with the Kenya Institute of Education to carry out a survey of drug use and of preventive education in Kenya(**). Two Kenyan participants attended the Meeting on Education concerning problems connected with the use of drugs in six African countries, organized by Unesco in Lomé (Togo) from 13 to 17 September 1976.

(*) 1973 Annual Scientific Conference of the East African Medical Research Council, Nairobi, Kenya, 5 - 1 0 February 1973.

(**) Document published by Unesco in English and French (The Use and Abuse of Drugs in Kenya, A Survey of the Need for Drug Education, Paris, April 1977 EPDAF/3d)

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3. In April 1980, a Unesco consultant (Ms. Montandon) helped to establish in Kenya a working group to prepare sample educational materials for discussion at the Sub-regional Workshop on educational and information material concerning the problems associated with the use of drugs, organized by Unesco in Freetown (Sierra Leone), from 20 to 29 August 1980. Three Kenyan educators participated in that Workshop and Kenya was one of the beneficiaries of the contracts offered for follow-up activities (contract 514.319 with the Kenya Institute of Education signed in 1981) , after a visit by the same consultant (April 1981) and by the Chief of the Unesco section of education concerning problems associated with the use of drugs (August 1981).

4. The Kenya authorities generously accepted to host the Course for English-speaking African Educators on the Methodology of Education Concerning the Problems Associated with the Use of Drugs organized on the initiative of Unesco, which took place at Embu from 17 January to 3 February 1983. A further brief visit was made by the same consultant (Ms. Montandon) from 5 to 12 May 1983.

5. The contract with the Kenya Institute of Educaton for the holding of the Course had been fulfilled, but for the previous contract (No. 514.319) the only step carried out had been the submission to Unesco of a detailed plan of the experiment (integrated project involving the school population as well as out-of-school youth, parents and adults in general, within a limited region) though the date for final completion of the work was 30 November 1982.

III. THE MISSION

6. Due to the necessities of her itinerary to eight African countries, the consultant made two successive visits to Nairobi.

7. On the first occasion (18 - 20 July) a meeting of the National Committee on Drug Education was held at the office of Dr. Mugiri, Chief Inspector for primary schools in the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. A review of the situation was made and the matter of the outstanding contract was clarified. The consultant provided fresh copies of the latter to the National Commission and to the Kenya Institute of Education. It was decided to take the matter up with the Kenya Institute of Education and execute the contract as soon as possible(*). A visit to the Kenya Institute of Education was arranged and it was agreed with the Director, Mr. Kanina, that the Institute would provide the assistance of its curriculum specialists, as well as meeting rooms and secretarial services to finalize the materials foreseen in the contract. Mr. Muito, Director, Secondary Education, would give his support and Mr. Ogula, Head, Social Studies Department, was appointed to take responsibility of the coordination of the work. It was agreed that working groups to prepare the materials would meet before the second visit of the consultant so that the document could be handed over to her in draft form. The social studies curriculum group working at the Kenya Institute of Education on the new primary

(*) The meeting was attended by Ms. E. Kakonge, Assistant Secretary-General, Unesco National Commission, Ms. Maina, Assistant Secretary-General, Unesco National Commission, Ms. Mwaura, Guidance and Counselling Section, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Ms. Malusi, Youth Programme, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, and Mr. Lubulela, Kenya Teachers Union.

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school curriculum for standard 5 (a reform of primary education is in process for standard 10 to standard 4) had used the materials from the Embu course, both in the teacher's and the student's book, under the heading "Bad Habits" (see Annex II).

8. A meeting was also arranged with Professor Acuda from the School of Medicine of the University of Nairobi, whp had carried out an epidemiological survey on the use of drugs in Kenya with the support of UNFDAC, and it was agreed that a copy of the completed report was to be communicated to the team preparing the educational materials, and that Professor Acuda would act as a resource person to this working group.

9. On the second occasion (15 to 18 August), the consultant went with Ms. Maina (National Commission) to the Kenya Institute of Education and met Mr. Ogula and the various groups working on the proposed teacher's guide. Some samples of the materials prepared were given to the consultant but the workshop only started on 13 August, though two meetings of the National Committee on Drug Education had been held (25 July and 1 August, see minutes attached) since her first visit. The consultant gave her comments on the available materials to Ms. Maina, since neither the Director of the Kenya Institute of Education nor Mr, Ogula were available the next day. It was agreed that the writing workshop would be continued on 21-23 August, and would be reproduced for discusión by the National Committee on Drug Education on 18 September. Materials for out-of-school youth and adults would be tried out in October and November. As regards schools, a training seminar would be held either in December 1984 or early January 1985 before the beginning of the school term, and the materials would be experimented from January to March and evaluated in April 1985 when this evaluation together with a financial statement for the project would be sent to Unesco,

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS

10. a) With regards to the first contract signed on 30 November, 1982 between the Kenya Instituí-e of Education and Unesco, the consultant would suggest that this contract be extended to May 1985 to allow for its full execution, that a further set of the Embu documents (including the materials prepared by Kenya) and the final report by Ms. Montandon be sent to the Kenya National Commission for Unesco.

b) The consultant indicated to the National Committee on Drug Education that only after the present project was completed could a request to UNFDAC for a national project be contemplated, provided there was full government support for and interest in such a programme. She clarified the procedure to be followed for the drafting of a request and its eventual submission to UNFDAC through the UNDP Resident Representative in Kenya, Components of the project might include training courses for teachers in the use of the materials prepared and tried out in 1984-1985, reproduction of the revised materials on a large scale, implementation of preventive education still on an experimental basis with built-in evaluation, but on a larger scale in possibly three regions (Nairobi, Machakos and Embu, where a promising start had been made with the Unesco course, and where awareness and interest were aroused). A number of short-term

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study tours should also be awarded to educators engaged in the project and sponsored by the Government, to foster inter-African exchange of experiences, as well as the trainees' improvement of their knowledge.

V. CONCLUSION

11. The Kenya Institute of Education and the National Committee on Drug Education are very far behind schedule on the preparation of the educational materials of which a first preliminary but insufficient draft was presented at the Embu course. It also seems unfortunate that most of the participants at that course no longer seem to possess the documentation distributed and that no further visit was paid to Embu, or attempt made to capitalize on the interest shown by the local population for the experiment in preventive education in which they had been actively participating. Obviously, the situation is partly due to the misunderstanding about the first contract, and possibly one problem has also been the numerous changes in the composition of the National Committee on Drug Education so that this Committee has lacked continuity of purpose.

12. On the positive side, however, are the facts that the Kenya Institute of Education has now assigned to this work a number of its staff that are regularly engaged in curriculum development, and has appointed a senior officer to coordinate this task. The Director seems bent on having the contract executed as soon and as thoroughly as possible. In addition, the study prepared by Professor Acuda is now available for the writers of the educational materials. Finally, both the Secretary-General and the Assistant Secretary-General of the Kenya National Commission for Unesco feel concerned by the project and are actively particpating in its execution.

Postscript

13. On the occasion of a further mission to Africa, the consultant visited Nairobi on 25 - 26 September 1984. The draft version of the Teacher's Guide (139 pp) was given to her for comments and was discussed with the Assistant Secretary-General of the Kenya National Commission for Unesco. The meeting of the National Committee on Drug Education had been postponed from 18 September to 8 October, following which the revised document would be sent to Unesco together with a list of participants to attend the training seminar. The consultant was not able to meet the new Director of the Kenya Institute of Education, Mr. Kimura, who had just taken over from Mr. Kanina.

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ANNEX I

List of persons consulted

Mr. OUSO

Ms. MAINA

Ms. E. KAKONGE

Dr. MUGIRI

Ms. MWAURA

Ms. M. MALUSI

Mr. KANINA

Mr. MUITO

Mr. P. OGULA

Members of Staff

Professor ACUDA

Mr. LUBULELA

Staff of ROSTA

Secretary-General

Assistant Secretary-General

Assistant Secretary-General Education Section

Chief Inspector of Schools

Guidance and Counselling Section

Youth activities

Director

Director, Secondary Education

Head, Social Studies Department

Kenya National Commission for Unesco

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

Kenya Institute of Education

Nairobi University

Kenya National Union of Teachers

Regional Office for Science and Technology in Africa

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ANNEX II

Extract of new curriculum for social sciences in Standard 6

Kenya Institute of Education, August 1983

BAD HABITS

Introduction

There are many habits that although practised by many people are bad. Some of these habits are bad because they harm the health of the body. Such habits that harm the health of the body are smoking and drinking.

Another bad habit is cheating (lying) which, although it does not harm the health of the body, is bad.

Why people smoke, drink and cheat

You must have seen many people who smoke cigarettes, pipes, cigars, etc. Perhaps some members of your family also smoke.

There are many reasons why people start smoking. One of the major reasons is that people want to copy what others do. It is not always bad to copy what other people do.

If the habit being copied is a good habit, for example, cleanliness or tidiness, this is good. But if it is a bad habit, for example, smoking, drinking or cheating, it is bad. Most of the people who smoke, drink and cheat copied these bad habits from other people. Any right-thinking person will not copy any of these bad habits.

Effects of smoking, drinking and cheating

(a) Smoking

The effects of smoking are bad for the health of your body. Some of the effects of smoking are the following :

i) Smoking makes your mouth and teeth dirty and develop a bad smell.

ii) Smoking dampens the taste buds in your mouth and this may reduce your appetite for food.

iii) Smoking is harmful to the body. It causes diseases that can kill, such as disease of the throat and disease of the lungs.

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ANNEX II (Cont'd)

(b) Drinking

The effects of drinking alcohol (beer) are also bad and harmful to the body and mind:

i) Drinking of alcohol may damage your liver.

ii) Excessive drinking causes loss of appetite for food. This results in the individual becoming weak.

iii) Excessive drinking causes damage to the intestines and this can be painful and may result in bleeding.

iv) Excessive drinking may cause:

hypertension, cancer of the throat, brain damage.

In some cases this damage may become permanent.

v) Excessive drinking may also reduce body resistance to infection, e.g. infections such as common colds, pneumonia, etc.

vi) Excessive drinking may result in somebody being excessively fat and miserable. This is because alcohol contains no vitamins, minerals or acids which are essential for building a healthy body.

vii) Excessive drinking affects the mind in several ways, e.g. it may reduce your metal ability to make good judgements, to reason properly; it may also affect the coordination of various parts of the body. In short, it may make some­body do silly, stupid and shameful acts.

viii) Excessive drinking also affects the eyesight so that a person cannot see properly. It also affects speech so that a person cannot speak properly and fluently.

ix) A person who is drunk cannot walk properly; he always staggers.

Social effects of drinking

As a result of excessive drinking :

- a family may experience money problems so that the children may have no school fees, clothes and even food;

- there may be quarrels and fights;

ANNEX II (Cont'd)

- it can also lead to the breaking-up of a family. It causes road accidents. It may bring a lot of misery to the individual who may commit suicide (hanging oneself, taking poison, drowning, jumping from a tall building, etc.);

- it may also result in an increase in the rate of crime and violence, e.g. fighting, murder, rape, etc.

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ANNEX III

Social Sciences, Draft Teacher's Guide for Standard 6

Sub-Unit 2: BAD HABITS

Obj ectives

At the end of this sub-unit, the pupil should be able to :

1. identify what bad habits are and their effects on the individual and society at large;

2. avoid indulging in the identified bad habits.

Skills

Interviewing, listening, discussion, reading, writing, observing, drawing, etc.

Attitudes and values

Respect, self control, honesty.

Resources

i) Resource people

ii) Diagrams and pictures

Information for the teacher

1. Spend six periods on this sub-unit.

2. Read as widely as possible and collect information on the effects of habits such as smoking and drinking on the human body and society at large.

3. Interview resource people to obtain information and concrete examples on the effects of bad habits.

4. Encourage pupils to find out more about these bad habits from resource people, e.g. parents.

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ANNEX III (Cont'd)

Suggested learning opportunities/activities

The teacher should:

1. Give written assignments to the pupils on the effects of smoking, drinking and cheating.

2. Ask the pupils to interview the resource people on various bad habits and their effects on the body and society at large.

3. Encourage the pupils to hold group discussions on the effects of these bad habits and how to avoid them.

4. Involve the pupils in the lesson by organizing them in drama and story-telling on the effects of drinking, smoking and cheating, and how these habits should be avoided.

5. Invite the resource people to come and talk to the pupils on the bad habits, their effects and how they should be avoided.

Evaluation

1. Oral and written tests on bad habits and their effect.

2. Observation (in relation to cheating).

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ANNEX IV

Minutes of the National Committee on Drug Education held at

2 p.m. on 25 July 1984 at Marshalls House (Inspectorate)

Present:

Ms. MWAURA Guidance and Counselling Section Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Box 30040, Nairobi Chairman

Ms. MAINA

Ms. MALUSI

Ms. K.M. GEKONYO

Mr. S.K. KIBE

Dr. Gershon N. AMAYO

Dr. Kenneth HART

Mr. Paul H.A. OGULA

Ms. E. KAKONGE

Kenya National Commission for Unesco Box 30040, Nairobi Secretary

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Joggoo House, Box 30040, Nairobi

Headmistress, State House Road Girls High School Box 30252, Nairobi

Headmaster, Highway Secondary School Box 30385, Nairobi

Executive Director, Kenya National Committee of the International Commission for the Prevention of Alcoholism and Drug Dependency Box 42276, Nairobi

Health and Temperance Director, S.D.A. Box 42276, Nairobi

Head, Social Studies Department Kenya Institute of Education Box 30231, Nairobi

Kenya National Commission for Unesco Box 30040, Nairobi

Min.19/84 Members present introduced themselves to the Committee.

Min.20/84 The Secretary discussed minutes of the previous Committee meeting with a view to explaining to new members why they had been called to the meeting. In so doing, reference was made to the contract signed in 1981 between the Kenya Institute of Education and Unesco and the visit of Ms. Friderich (Unesco consultant). It was explained that it was necessary to finalize the contract in order to benefit further from Unesco or United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC).

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ANNEX IV (Cont'd)

Min.21/84 An informal discussion followed in which everyone present endeavoured to provide whatever information they had regarding the previous work of the Committee. In so doing, the following came to light:

i) The contract between the Kenya Institute of Education and Unesco is part of a larger project in which a number of African countries have, with the help of Unesco, been preparing educational materials for the prevention of drug abuse for use by schools, out-of-school youth and adults.

ii) These African countries held a workshop in Embu in 1983 in which they experimented on the teaching of materials which they had prepared through similar contracts to that between the Kenya Institute of Education and Unesco.

iii) On her part, Kenya presented the materials prepared as part of her contract with Unesco. The materials were mainly in the form of a booklet entitled: "Life: Death. It is your choice".

iv) The booklet had not been presented formally to Unesco and it seemed not to fulfil the requirements of the contract in that it lacked directions of how the materials contained in it are to be used.

Min.22/8A The Committee appreciated that materials to be submitted to Unesco have to be written, a seminar held and an evaluation of the materials made in order to finalize the contract. Members however felt that the original workplan prepared, submitted to Unesco and accepted by the organization prior to the release of the first $1,000 should be made available to them so as to serve as a guide on how they should proceed with the writing of materials. It was agreed that efforts would be made to trace the workplan and have it circulated to the members. Any other useful documents were also to be made available to the members. Members also wished to know how much of the $1,000 released to the Kenya Institute of Education has been used in production of the booklet.

Min.23/84 The next Committee meeting was fixed for Wednesday, 1 August at 9.00 a.m., to be held at Commerce House.

The meeting was adjourned at 4.40 p.m.

Signed Date

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ANNEX V

Minutes of the meeting of the National Committee on Drug Education

held at 9.00 a.m. on Wednesday, 1 August 1984 at Commerce House

Members present :

Mr. T.I. OUSO

Ms. M.W. MAINA

Mr. B.K. OLE KANTAI

Mr. S.K. KIBE

Mr. P.H.A. OGULA

Ms. E.W. KAKONGE

Ms. R.N. MWAURA

Ms. MALUSI

Mr. David KIARIE

Mr. LUBULELA

Dr. Kenneth HART

Secretary-General Kenya National Commission for Unesco Chairman

Assistant Secretary-General Kenya National Commission for Unesco Secretary

Department of Adult Education Box 42264, Nairobi

Highway Secondary School Box 30385, Nairobi

Kenya Institute of Education Box 30231, Nairobi

Assistant Secretary-General Kenya National Commission for Unesco

Guidance and Counselling Box 30040, Nairobi

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Box 30040, Nairobi

NCCK Box 30407, Nairobi

KNUT H/Q Box 30407, Nairobi

SDA Box 14756, Nairobi

Min.24/84 The Chairman went through the minutes of the previous meeting held on 25 July 1984, highlighting the urgent need to complete the contract between Unesco and the Kenya Institute of Education.

Min.25/84 In completing the contract, the Committee was to be guided by the workplan previously prepared by the Kenya Institute of Education and accepted by Unesco. The document, entitled: A Pilot Project on Education on Problems Associated with the Use of Drugs was discussed in some detail, and the following points were raised.

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ANNEX V (Cont'd)

i) In the list of Committee Memhers, on page one, the Seventh Day Adventist Church had been left out. It was agreed the Committee had taken care of this matter at their meeting of 19 July 1984.

ii) It was agreed that the Muslim Council of Kenya be represented in the Committee,

iii) It was also agreed tha.t the Inspectorate be adequately represented in the Committee,

iv) It was pointed out that the budget of $ 27,577.5 outlined in the pilot project could not be met by Unesco's $ 4,000 contract of which $ 1,000 had already been released and spent, Of the $ 4,000, only 3,000 remained.

Min.26/84 The question of procedure in writing the required materials outlined in the pilot project document was discussed at length. Several suggestions were made as follows:

a) A writing workshop be organized.

b) The Committee breaks up into small units to write materials for school, out-of-school youth, adults,

c) The Kenya Institute of Education be responsible for writing the materials, as they had the personnel, facilities, funds and the time required for the exercise.

Min,27/84 Some members of the Committee felt that the National Committee had the responsibility of producing the materials and could not suddenly leave everything to the Kenya Institute of Education. It was important that the Committee was satisfied with whatever materials were going to be written. On the other hand, the Committee Members were busy people who would take too long to write any materials, besides, they had no funds to supplement Unesco's contribution.

Min.28/84 It was agreed that the Kenya Institute of Education would write the materials, that some of the Committee Members would be invited to participate in the writing, and that the materials written would be discussed by the Committee at a meeting to be held at 9.00 a.m. on 18 September.

Min.29/84 It was decided that three Committee Members, namely, Ms. Malusi, Dr. Hart and Mr. Kantai, would represent the Committee in the Kenya Institute of Education writing panel. Ms. Maina was to represent the National Commission in the panel. Regarding a

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financial request for further funding, it was agreed that this matter would be discussed after writing of some of the materials had been done, so as to have a general idea of the areas where more funding should be directed.

Min.30/84 There was a request that materials written be circulated prior to the meeting of 18 September (see min.28/84 above).