food resources: a challenge for agriculture
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Chapter 19. Food Resources: A Challenge For Agriculture. Overview of Chapter 19. Food and Nutrition World Food Problems Principle Types of Agriculture Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock Environmental Impact of Agriculture Solutions to Agricultural Problems - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Food Resources: Food Resources: A Challenge ForA Challenge For Agriculture Agriculture
Chapter 19
Overview of Chapter 19Overview of Chapter 19
o Food and NutritionFood and Nutritiono World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problemso Principle Types of AgriculturePrinciple Types of Agricultureo Challenges of Producing More Crops Challenges of Producing More Crops
and Livestockand Livestocko Environmental Impact of AgricultureEnvironmental Impact of Agricultureo Solutions to Agricultural ProblemsSolutions to Agricultural Problemso Fisheries of the WorldFisheries of the World
Food and NutritionFood and Nutrition
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Sugars and starches metabolized by cellular Sugars and starches metabolized by cellular
respiration to produce energyrespiration to produce energy
ProteinsProteins• Large, complex molecules composed of Large, complex molecules composed of
amino acids that perform critical roles in amino acids that perform critical roles in bodybody
LipidsLipids• Include fats and oils and are metabolized by Include fats and oils and are metabolized by
cellular respiration to produce energycellular respiration to produce energy
Vitamins and MineralsVitamins and Minerals
World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problems
In 2012:In 2012:• 66 countries are low-income, food 66 countries are low-income, food
deficient.deficient.
• Nearly 1 billion people are food Nearly 1 billion people are food deficientdeficient
• 182 million children severely 182 million children severely malnourished and underweightmalnourished and underweight
World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problems
Common diseases due to Common diseases due to malnourishment:malnourishment:
MarasmusMarasmus
KwashiorkorKwashiorkor
Human FoodsHuman Foods
World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problems
Feeding a growing population is difficultFeeding a growing population is difficult
Annual grain production (left) has increased Annual grain production (left) has increased since 1970since 1970
Grain per person has not (right)Grain per person has not (right)
World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problems
FamineFamine• Failure of crops caused by drought, flood or Failure of crops caused by drought, flood or
catastrophic eventcatastrophic event• Temporary but severe shortage of foodTemporary but severe shortage of food
• 1983-1985 – Drought in Africa resulted 1983-1985 – Drought in Africa resulted in 1.5 million deaths in Ethiopia and Sudanin 1.5 million deaths in Ethiopia and Sudan
• 1993 – civil unrest and drought resulted 1993 – civil unrest and drought resulted in 2 million starving Somalisin 2 million starving Somalis
• 1990’s – flooding and drought resulted 1990’s – flooding and drought resulted in 2 million deaths in North Koreain 2 million deaths in North Korea
Maintaining World Grain Carryover Maintaining World Grain Carryover StockpilesStockpiles• Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other
grains remaining from previous harvestgrains remaining from previous harvest• Provides measure of food securityProvides measure of food security• Decreased each year since 1987Decreased each year since 1987• UN feels carryover stock should not fall UN feels carryover stock should not fall
below 70 daysbelow 70 days
World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problems
World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problems
Poverty and Food: Poverty and Food:
Making Food Affordable for the PoorMaking Food Affordable for the Poor• Poverty Poverty Poor nutrition Poor nutrition• Malnutrition more common in Malnutrition more common in
urban urban than rural areas in developing than rural areas in developing countriescountries
• Infants, children, and elderly most Infants, children, and elderly most susceptible to hunger and poverty.susceptible to hunger and poverty.
World Grain World Grain Carryover StockCarryover Stock
Why the decline?Why the decline?• Rising temperaturesRising temperatures• Falling water tables Falling water tables
and droughtsand droughts• Ethanol productionEthanol production• More grain is going More grain is going
towards feeding towards feeding livestocklivestock
World Food ProblemsWorld Food Problems
Poverty and FoodPoverty and Food• 1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot 1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot
afford proper nutritionafford proper nutrition• More common inMore common in
• Rural than urban areasRural than urban areas• Infants, children and the elderlyInfants, children and the elderly
Economics and PoliticsEconomics and Politics• Cost money to store, produce, transport and Cost money to store, produce, transport and
distribute fooddistribute food• Getting food to those who need it is politicalGetting food to those who need it is political
Principle Types of AgriculturePrinciple Types of Agriculture
Industrialized Industrialized agricultureagriculture• Modern Modern
agriculture agriculture methods methods that require that require large capital large capital input, and input, and less land less land and laborand labor
Principle Types of AgriculturePrinciple Types of Agriculture
Subsistence AgricultureSubsistence Agriculture• Traditional agricultural methods, which are Traditional agricultural methods, which are
dependent on labor and large amounts of dependent on labor and large amounts of landland
Examples:Examples:• Shifting cultivationShifting cultivation• Slash and burn agricultureSlash and burn agriculture• Nomadic herdingNomadic herding• IntercroppingIntercropping
Challenges of Producing More Crop Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestockand Livestock
Domestication and Genetic DiversityDomestication and Genetic Diversity• Domestication of crops and livestock Domestication of crops and livestock
causes a loss of genetic diversitycauses a loss of genetic diversity• Farmer selects and propagates animals with Farmer selects and propagates animals with
desirable agricultural characteristicsdesirable agricultural characteristics
• Many high yielding Many high yielding crops are genetically crops are genetically uniformuniform
• High likelihood that High likelihood that bacteria, fungi, bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc. will viruses, etc. will attack and destroy attack and destroy entire cropentire crop
Increasing Crop YieldIncreasing Crop Yield
Challenges of Producing More Crop Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestockand Livestock
• Food production Food production increased in increased in developed developed countries countries (wheat (left)(wheat (left)
• PesticidesPesticides• Selective Selective
breedingbreeding
Case-In-Point Green RevolutionCase-In-Point Green Revolution
High Yielding Rice VarietiesHigh Yielding Rice Varieties
Increasing Livestock YieldsIncreasing Livestock Yields• Hormone supplementsHormone supplements
• US and Canada do thisUS and Canada do this• Europe does not citing human health concernsEurope does not citing human health concerns
• AntibioticsAntibiotics• 40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in 40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in
livestock operationslivestock operations• Problems with increased bacteria resistanceProblems with increased bacteria resistance
Challenges of Producing More Crop Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestockand Livestock
Antibiotic Use and ResistanceAntibiotic Use and Resistance
Manipulation of genes by taking specific gene from a cell of Manipulation of genes by taking specific gene from a cell of one species and placing it into the cell of an unrelated one species and placing it into the cell of an unrelated speciesspecies
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
Issues with Genetically Modified Issues with Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)Organisms (GMOs)
Determined to be safe for human Determined to be safe for human consumptionconsumption
Concerns about GMO seed or pollen Concerns about GMO seed or pollen spreading in wildspreading in wild
Backlash against GMOsBacklash against GMOs
GMOs are not currently labeledGMOs are not currently labeled• FDA finds it would be counterproductive and FDA finds it would be counterproductive and
expensive to labelexpensive to label
The Environmental Impacts of The Environmental Impacts of AgricultureAgriculture
Most livestock now grown in feedlotsMost livestock now grown in feedlots
Leads to problems like sewage disposal.
Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of AgricultureAgriculture
High use of fossil fuels and High use of fossil fuels and pesticidespesticides• Air pollutionAir pollution
Insects, weeds, and disease-Insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms causing organisms developing resistance to developing resistance to pesticidespesticides• Contaminate food supplyContaminate food supply
Environmental Impact of AgricultureEnvironmental Impact of Agriculture
Land degradationLand degradation• Decreases future ability of land to support Decreases future ability of land to support
crops or livestockcrops or livestock
Habitat fragmentationHabitat fragmentation• Breakup of large areas of habitat into Breakup of large areas of habitat into
small, isolated patchessmall, isolated patches
Cultivating marginal landsCultivating marginal lands• Irrigating dry landIrrigating dry land• Cultivating land prone to erosionCultivating land prone to erosion
Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture
Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture
Examples:Examples:• Natural Predator-prey relationships instead Natural Predator-prey relationships instead
of pesticidesof pesticides• Crop selectionCrop selection• Crop rotation and conservation tillageCrop rotation and conservation tillage• Supplying nitrogen with legumesSupplying nitrogen with legumes• Organic agricultureOrganic agriculture
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Integrated Pest Management (IPM)• Limited use of pesticides with sustainable Limited use of pesticides with sustainable
agriculture practicesagriculture practices
Fisheries of the World- ProblemsFisheries of the World- Problems
No nation lays claim to No nation lays claim to open oceanopen ocean• Resource susceptible to Resource susceptible to
overuse and degradationoveruse and degradation
OverharvestingOverharvesting• Many species are at Many species are at
point of severe depletionpoint of severe depletion• Cod (right)Cod (right)• 62% of world’s fish stock 62% of world’s fish stock
are in need of are in need of management actionmanagement action
Fisheries of the World- ProblemsFisheries of the World- Problems
Major types of seafood:Major types of seafood:
Fisheries of the WorldFisheries of the WorldOverharvesting Overharvesting is the most is the most serious problemserious problem
Fisheries of the World- ProblemsFisheries of the World- Problems
Ocean Pollution - dumping ground we Ocean Pollution - dumping ground we used to think that “dilution is the used to think that “dilution is the solution.”solution.”
80% of global ocean pollution comes from 80% of global ocean pollution comes from human activities on land:human activities on land:• OilOil• Heavy metalsHeavy metals• Deliberate litter dumpingDeliberate litter dumping• Stormwater runoff from cities and Stormwater runoff from cities and
agricultural areasagricultural areas
Fisheries of the World- ProblemsFisheries of the World- Problems
AquacultureAquaculture• Growing of aquatic organisms for human Growing of aquatic organisms for human
consumptionconsumption• Great potential to supply foodGreat potential to supply food• In US: aquaculture accounts for 6% of all In US: aquaculture accounts for 6% of all
seafood consumed; $900 million-a-year seafood consumed; $900 million-a-year industryindustry
Fisheries of the World- ProblemsFisheries of the World- ProblemsAquaculture (continued)Aquaculture (continued)
• Locations of fisheries may hurt natural Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitatshabitats
• Produce waste that pollutes adjacent waterProduce waste that pollutes adjacent water