food processing in india

7/17/2019 Food Processing in India

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FOOD PROCESSINGFOOD PROCESSINGFOOD PROCESSINGFOOD PROCESSINGFOOD PROCESSING

IN INDIAIN INDIAIN INDIAIN INDIAIN INDIA



©©©©©Chronicle IAS Academy [1]

India is the world’s second largest producerof food next to China, and has the potential of

being the biggest in the food and agriculturalsector. The food processing industry is one of thelargest industries in India-it is ranked fifth interms of production, consumption, export andexpected growth.

Performance of this sector has improvedsignificantly in the recent years. Manufacturingsector was generally growing at a higher ratethan FPI till 2009-10. Performance of FPIimproved substantially in 2010-11; almost at parwith manufacturing sector. In 2011-12, as perthe Index of Industrial Production (IIP), FPI hasout-performed manufacturing; while FPI grewat 15.1 per cent, manufacturing growth wasclose to 3.0 per cent.

This sector has a total of 35,838 registeredunits with an invested capital of nearly Rs. 2.5

lakh crore producing an output of around Rs. 5.8lakh crore in value terms. Major industriescontributing to this sector are grain mills, sugar,edible oils, beverages and dairy products. As can

be seen from the table, total number of factoriesin FP Sector [constituting both Food Products:Division-10 & Beverages: Division-11] in 2010-11is 35,838. This is 30.4 per cent higher as comparedto 2009-10. The sector has generated employmentto the tune of 16.75 lakh persons which is higher

by 4.3 per cent as compared to the previous year.Similarly, Capital invested in FP sector has alsoincreased significantly by 28.6 per cent.

Further Food processing sector is highlylabour absorptive and less capital intensive innature. As per ASI:2010-11, among all industries

'Food products' generated the highestemployment (12.2%), followed by 'Textiles'(11.5%), 'Basic metals' (8%), 'Other non-metallicproducts' (7.3%) and 'Wearing apparel' (6.9%).In terms of capital requirement, capital to outputco-efficient Food Products is 0.19 implying foodproducts requires less capital for producing oneunit of output, in value term, as compared toother labour intensive industries.

In terms of emoluments or compensation to

employees, 'Basic Metal' has the highest share(11.2%) followed by 'Machinery and equipments'

(8.3%), 'Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers'

(8%). However, among labour intensive

industries, 'Food products' (7.7%) has the highest

share of employment followed by 'Textiles'

(7.6%). Similarly, fixed capital per employee isvery favourable at Rs. 6.54 lakh per employee in

“Food Product” industry as compared to Rs. 7.45

lakh in “Textiles” and overall industry averageof Rs. 12.64 lakh.

In an emerging country like India, where

growth with equity is a primary policy thrust,the optimum development of the food processing

sector will contribute significantly in tackling

several developmental concerns such as

disguised unemployment in agriculture, rural

poverty, food security, food inflation, improved

nutrition, prevention of wastage of food, etc. By

serving as a bridge between agriculture andmanufacturing and by dealing with the basicneeds of all Indian citizens – the assured supply

of healthy and affordable food at all locations inthe country, this sector has the potential to be a

major driver in India's growth in the coming years.

MAJOR SUB SECTORS

Food processing is a large sector that covers

activities such as agriculture, horticulture,

plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. It

also includes other industries that use agricultural

inputs for manufacturing of edible products.

a) Frui t s & Veget able Processing:

• India produces the widest range of fruitsand vegetables in the world.

• It is the second largest vegetable (100million tonnes) and fruit (50 million tonnes)

FOOD PROCESSING

IN INDIA

CHRONICLEIAS ACADEMYA CIVIL SERVICES CHRONICLE INITIATIVE



[2] ©©©©©Chronicle IAS Academy

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producer accounting for 8.4 per cent of theworld’s fruit and vegetable production.

• The share of organized sector in fruitprocessing is estimated to be nearly 50 percent.

• Fruit production in India registered a

growth of 3.9 percent over the yearswhereas the fruit processing sector grewseveral times faster at 20 per cent over thesame period.

• The total area under fruit cultivation isestimated at 4.18 million hectares and 7.59million hectares under vegetablecultivation.

• However less than 2 per cent of the totalvegetables produced in the country are

commercially processed, as compared tonearly 70 per cent in Brazil and 65 percent in USA.

• India’s installed capacity for fruits andvegetable processing increased from 1.1million tonnes in 1993 to 2.77 milliontonnes in 2007.

• About 20 per cent of processed fruits andvegetables are exported.

• Major products exported include fruit

pulps, pickles, chutneys, canned foods,concentrated pulps and juices andvegetables.

• Fruit exports registered a growth of 16 percent in volume and 21 per cent in valueterms in 2006-07.

• Mango and mango based products aloneconstitute 50 per cent of the exports.

b) M i l k Processing:

• Indian stands first in the world in terms of milk production.

• The current size of the Indian dairy sectoris Rs.3133.5 billion and has been growingat 5 per cent a year.

• The dairy sector ranks first in terms of processed foods with 37 per cent of theproduce being processed.

• The organized sector processes an estimated20 percent of the total milk output in India.

• There are 676 dairy plants registered withGovernment of India, which come underthe organized sector.

• The cooperative sector dominates the milk

industry with over 70,000 village level dairy

federations at the state level.

• Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing

Federation (GCMMF or AMUL) is the most

successful player in the evolution of the

Indian Dairy Industry.

• Milk and milk products contribute to a

significant 17 per cent of the country’s total

expenditure on food.

• The market for dairy products is expected

to grow at 15-20 per cent.

c) Fish Processing:

• India has large marine product and

processing potential with varied fishresources along the 8,041 km coastline,

28,000 km of rivers and millions of hectares

of reservoirs and brackish water.

• India is the third largest fish producer in

the world and second in in-land fish

production.

• The Fisheries sector in India has been

classified into marine, inland and

aquaculture.

• The fisheries sector contributes nearly 1 percent to the country’s GDP. This segment

also provides employment to 11 million

people engaged fully, partially or in

subsidiary activities pertaining to the sector.

• India’s fish production stood at a level of

6.4 million tonnes. Of this, about 60 per

cent (3.9 million tons) came from marine

resources.

• Fish processing is mostly targeted for export

markets. Processed fish product exportsinclude conventional block frozen products,

individual quick frozen products and

minced fish products like fish sausage,

cakes, cutlets, pastes, etc.

d) M eat and Poul t ry Processing:

• India has the largest number of livestock

population in the world accounting for 50

per cent of buffaloes and 16 per cent of the

goat population.• Meat production is Rs.625 million and Meat

export is Rs.5.2 million.




• Most of the animals in India are not bredfor meat. Animals generally used for

production of meat are cattle, buffaloes,goats, sheep, pigs and poultry.

• Only 11 per cent of the buffalo population,

6 per cent of the cattle, 33 per cent of the

sheep and 38 per cent of the goatpopulation is culled for meat.

• In the case of poultry, export from India is

mostly to Maldives and Oman. Other

markets such as Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia

and Singapore are being explored.

• The growing number of fast food outlets inthe country has had a significant impacton the meat processing industry in India.

As per capita incomes rise and urban

families live in smaller units, the demandfor processed meat products, which can bequickly cooked, has been rising. Most of the production of meat and meat productscontinues to be in the unorganized sector.

e) Consumer food industry

Consumer food industry includes packaged

foods, aerated soft drinks, packaged drinkingwater and alcoholic beverages.

Packaged or Convenience Foods

• This segment comprises bakery products,ready-to-eat snacks, chips, namkeens

(salted snacks and savouries) and otherprocessed foods/ snack foods.

• The market size of confectioneries isestimated at US$ 484.3 million growing atthe rate of 5.7 per cent per annum. Biscuitshave a market of US$ 373.4 million,

growing at 7.5 per cent per annum.• Other products like bread, chocolates are

also growing at a significant rate. There isa demand for Indian snack food (Ready-To-eat) in overseas markets. The exports

market is estimated at US$ 33.4 million andis growing at around 20 per cent annually.

• The packaged food industry has aroundover 60,000 bakeries, 20,000 traditional foodunits and several pasta food units. In the

past decade several new biscuits &confectionery units, soya processing unitsand starch/glucose/sorbitol producingunits have come up. Multinational

Companies are coming up in confectioneryand cocoa based products areas.

Aerat ed Soft Dr ink s

• The aerated soft drinks industry in India

comprises hundreds of plants across all

States. It provides direct and indirectemployment to over 125,000 employees. Ithas attracted one of the highest foreign

direct investments in the country,amounting to around US$ 1049 million.

Two of the biggest global brands in thissegment are well established in India.

• Soft drinks constitute the third largest

packaged foods segment, after packed tea

and packed biscuits. Total export earnings

of the industry are over US$ 156 millionper annum.

Packaged Dri nki ng Wat er

• The market size for packaged drinking

water in India has been estimated at around

US$ 223 million. The industry comprises

215 companies which have been grantedlicense for manufacturing packaged

drinking water and 3 for manufacturingpackaged natural mineral water. Trends

such as shortage of drinking water in the

large metropolitan cities, changes in

consumer lifestyles leading to demand for

convenience and availability of various

packaged sizes to suit different needs haveled to a spurt in growth over the last 3-4

years and these trends are expected tocontinue to fuel demand in this sector.

A l coholi c Beverages

• India is the third largest market for alcoholic beverages in the world. The demand forspirits and beer is estimated to be around

373 million cases per annum. There are 12

joint venture companies producing grain

based alcoholic beverages that have acombined licensed capacity of 33.9 million

litres per annum. 56 units are engaged inmanufacturing beer under license from the

Government of India. The demand perannum for wine in the domestic market is

estimated to be around 6 million bottles

(750 ml), while the domestic production of

wine is over 2.4 million bottles.




per cent as compared to around 4 per centin Agriculture and 9 per cent inManufacturing.

• In terms of investments, food processingsector has registered a positive growth interms of Capital Invested (fixed capital and

physical working capital). The investedcapital in industry growing at an AverageAnnual Growth Rate of 22.17 per cent.

• FDI is permissible for all the processed foodproducts up to 100 per cent on automaticroute except for items reserved for Microand Small Enterprises. FDI attracted in2012-13 (April-August) was 336.10 crores.

To t he social development:

• The food processing sector will provide better market access to farmers. Adeveloped food processing industry willreduce wastages, ensure value addition,generate additional employmentopportunities as well as export earnings andthus lead to better socio-economicconditions of millions of farm families.

• The sector can create jobs for rural poor,

and thus reduce the burden on agriculturalsector for creation of their livelihood.

• According to the Annual Survey of Industries for 2010-11, Food ProcessingIndustry provides employment to 16.75lakh persons in registered industry.

• During the last five years, employment inregistered food processing sector has beenincreasing at an Annual Average GrowthRate of 3.8 per cent. Unregistered foodindustry sector support employment to 47.9lakh workers. (NSSO).

• Share of employment in registered foodprocessing industry has increased from 18per cent in 2005-06 to 25.9 per cent in 2010-11 .

To food securit y:

It has been noticed that the wastage in hugeamounts occur in fruits and vegetables, pulsesand cereals. Thus food processing industryprovides a suitable supply chain which reducesthe wastages and ensure grater supply to theconsumer to meet their daily needs. This alsocontrols food inflation.

MAJOR LOCATIONS OF FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

As the food processing sector is growing,several states in India are focusing on developingthe sector and attracting investments in it. SomeStates are at an advantageous position withrespect to others due to favourable raw materialpresence, market demand and other institutionalfactors. Some locations of food processingindustries are discussed below:

Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is a key state thatcontributes significantly to the food and foodprocessing sector in India. The state ranks firstin the country in area and production of mango,oil palm, chillies and turmeric, second incitrus and coriander,third in cashew, fourth inflowers and fifth in grapes, banana,ginger andguava based on area and production. It accountsfor a sizable share of country’s aggregateproduction of rice. It also contributes 25-30 per

cent to the total sea food exports of the country.

The food processing industry contributes19.36 per cent to total industrial production in

the state. It ranks second in the production of value-added products and beverages with a 10per cent contribution to the exports of thecountry.

The state is also well endowed with humanresources with the right skill sets. It is estimatedthat the agro-based industry in the state employs

65 per cent of its total population.

The government of the State is also providingbetter incentives to the companies such as:

1. Additional 10 per cent of the subsidy

assistance to the agro food processing units.

2. Government extending electricity tariff

at a concessional rate.

3. A refund of 50 per cent of Stamp DutyLand Registration and DocumentationDuty paid by the unit.

4. A subsidy of 50 per cent for buyingequipment per beneficiary on primaryprocessing activities, like grading, sorting,

packaging, washing at the farm gate.




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5. The Government will assistestablishment of futures markets forproducts being used by the foodprocessing industries and promote microirrigation systems and contract farmingfor which a separate policy and package

will be prepared by the HorticultureDepartment

6. The Government will develop andpromote electronic trade exchanges forprocessed food products

7. The Government will assist marketing

capabilities of food processing units to

face not only WTO challenges but also

undertake exports.

8. All the Food Processing units will be

given clearances under the Single

Window Act,. etc.

These incentives help in attracting food

processing based industries and also help in

creating integrated backward and forward

linkage.

• Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is the fourth largest

producer of agri-produce in India with lowest

consumption of fertilizer per hectare. The stateranks first in the production of soyabean, gram,

oilseeds, pulses, and linseeds, maize. It ranks

second in the production of lentils and niger.

Agriculture contributes almost one-third of

the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) and is

the main source of employment for over 70 per

cent population. It constitutes about 60 to 75 per

cent rural income. The performance of the

agriculture sector in the state has been

impressive.The government of the State is also providing

better incentives to the companies such as:

1. Food processing industries having a

fixed capital investment of US$ 110,840

and above are given a special subsidy

at the rate of 25 per cent of fixed capital

investment (in backward areas) up to a

ceiling of US$ 55,420.

2. No Mandi fee is charged on agricultural

produce, purchased from outside thestate for food processing industries to

be used as raw material.

3. Expenditure incurred in obtaining

necessary National/ International

Quality Certification such as FPO,

Agmark, BIS, Euro Standard etc. by the

food processing industry are reimbursed.

4. In order to give encouragement for

Research and Development in food

processing industries, 10 per cent of

actual expenditure incurred for its

subject are reimbursed as a subsidy.

India get its first mega food park, Srini megafood park at Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh,aimed to facilitate end-to-end food processingwith beneficial forward and backwardlinkages.

From seed to shelf, Srini Food Park willfacilitate end-to-end food processing with

beneficial forward and backward linkages. Onpar with software parks, this new-age facilityis equipped with Central Processing Centreand Primary Processing Centres. It aims at

becoming a pioneering infrastructure enablerand facilitator for the Food Processing Industry.

As a model `Mega Food Park` it providesstate-of-the-art food processing infrastructure

designed as per global standards and developsa veritable market place with common facilitieson the lines of a software park or a textile park.Food Park provides world-class facilities forpulping, IQF, bottling, tetra packing, modularcold storage, warehousing and advancedtesting lab. It enables basic and supply chaininfrastructure, cluster farming and is ably

backed by field collection centers, self helpgroups and individual farmers. It will empowerfood industry with state-of-the-art

infrastructure and quality raw materialsourcing.

With the highest growth in the fruits andvegetables sector (20%) and with Chittoor

being the largest fruits and vegetables clusterin India, this Mega Food Park becomes an idealdestination for food processing units.

Mega Food Park is promoted by experiencedprofessionals and supported by the government(the Ministry of Food Processing Industries and

the Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure InvestmentCorporation) and is intended to benefit allcomponents of the value chain.




5. In food parks common facilities like coldstorage, warehouse, etc., are beingestablished.

6. Land has been allotted at concessionalrates to attract entrepreneurs in foodparks set up in specific locations

7. The Agriculture and HorticultureDepartment took initiative to promotecontract farming around the Food Parkas per the demand of industriesestablished at foodparks.

• U t t ar Pr adesh

Uttar Pradesh dominates India’s agriculturalproduction, accounting for 34 per cent of thetotal groundnut, 17.5 per cent of the total

rapeseed, 8 per cent of the fruits and 14 per centof the vegetables produced in the country. It hasthe largest livestock population in the countryand tops the milk production. It is the largestproducer of sugarcane and ranks second in themanufacture of sugar.

The state has 2659 food productmanufacturing units, which is the highest in asingle sector in the state (19.5 per cent of totalmanufacturing units in the state). The state withits prosperity has enabled the growth of allied

industries like ware-housing, cold storages andflourmills.

However, despite the inherent potential, thefood processing sector has so far been largelyuntapped only around 2 per cent of theproduction is commercially processed. Key issuesfaced in this area relate to post harvestmanagement, which includes grading, sorting,packaging, processing, transportation andmarketing. It is envisaged that agriculture in the

state can turn into a lucrative venture, if there isa proper linkage from end to end among variouscomponents of agri-business, i.e. from the stageof sowing to final sale and consumption, whichcan develop synergy and dynamic efficiency inthe system.

• Karnat aka

About 70 per cent of Karnataka’s population

lives in villages and 71 per cent of the total workforce is engaged in agriculture. The state is theleading coffee producer in India, accounting fornearly 70 per cent of the country’s coffeecultivation. Horticulture contributes to nearly 17per cent of the state's GSDP.

Karnataka offers several green-fieldopportunities for setting up agro-based industrialactivities including preservation, processing andpackaging of food. Several MNCs haveestablished a footprint in the state, Britannia, ITC,Nestle, and Unilever being the most prominent.

The government of the State is also providing

better incentives to the companies such as:

• Agro Food Processing Industries has beendeclared as “Seasonal Industry” for the

purpose of Labour Act. These industrieswill also be exempt from payment of minimum demand charges to the KPTCL,during closure period of more than 190 daysat a time.

• 100 per cent exemption from payment of Electricity Tax and levy of concessional STof 4 per cent on liquid fuel used for CaptivePower Generation.

• All Agro Food Processing Industries which

purchase fruits and vegetables directly fromthe farmers on contract farming basisexempted from payment of Market Fee/Cess under the APMC Act

• Reimbursement of technology transfer fee,consultancy fee/contract research fee, if thetechnology is transferred through R & DInstitutions like Central Food TechnologicalResearch Institute, Defense Food ResearchLaboratory etc.

• The Government assistance will be in theform of providing financial assistance forcreation of basic infrastructure facilities.

• Government adopted the “Mega Food Park”concept formulated by Ministry of FoodProcessing, Govt. of India, forImplementation in select Districts byproviding infrastructure, forward and

backward linkages.

UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM IN FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

Food Processing Industry is divided as:Upstream, Midstream and Downstream.

The upstr eam stage of the productionprocess involves searching for and extracting




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raw materials. In the food processing industry,upstream involves farming of raw material suchas fruits, vegetables, livestock rearing, grain, etc.The upstream stage in the production processmay also manifest itself as a supplier providingraw materials to manufacturers or other

businesses that ultimately process the materialsto its finished form.

The midstream stage involves the

transportation (by rail, ship or truck), storage,and wholesale marketing of raw materials

produced by the farmers.

The dow nstr eam stage in the productionprocess involves processing the materials

collected during the upstream stage into afinished product. The downstream stage further

includes the actual sale of that product to other businesses, governments or private individuals.The type of end user will vary depending on thefinished product. The downstream process hasdirect contact with customers through the

finished product.

Upstream St age: Bri ef descript i on

Upstream stage of the production processinvolves growing raw materials for the food

processing industry.

As the food processing industry is growingat high speed in India, the demand for rawmaterials are increasing tremendously. Thus

farmers are switching to new and advancedpractices for farming raw materials at high scale.

Industrial agriculture treats the farm as a factory,with "inputs" (pesticides, fertilizers) and"outputs" (crops). The end-objective is increasingyields while controlling costs — usually by

exploiting economies of scale (i.e. making a lotof one thing, or "monocropping"), and by

replacing solar energy and manual labour withmachines and petro-chemicals like pesticides andfertilizers.

But t he draw backs of t his are:

• Soil & Water: We are exhausting and

polluting our soil and water. Industrialagriculture uses 70% of the planet's fresh

water. According to EPA, U.S. agriculturecontributes to nearly 75% of all water-quality problems in the nation’s rivers andstreams.

• Resilience & Food Security: Our foodsupply is more susceptible to shocks thanever before because we have disassembledour grain reserves, let bankers into the

business of betting on commodity crops andput small-scale farmers around the world

out of business.• Climate Change: The current food system

is responsible for 1/3 of global greenhousegas emissions; it is also fully dependent onoil both for transport and because pesticidesand fertilizers are petro-chemically derived.

• Bees & Biodiversity: Industrial agricultureis the largest single threat to biodiversity,and 7 in 10 biologists believe that today's

biodiversity collapse poses an even greaterthreat to humanity than climate change.Bees, bats, amphibians and other beneficialspecies are dying off, and their declines arelinked to pesticide exposure.

• Human Health: While farmworkers andtheir families, rural communities andchildren are on the "frontlines" of industrialagriculture, they all carry pesticides in our

bodies. Pesticide exposure underminespublic health by increasing risks of cancer,autoimmune disease (e.g. diabetes, lupus,

asthma), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,Parkinson's disease and more.

Further in the case of agricultural marketingin India, also known as ‘distributive handling’of agricultural produce - there are number of intermediaries who are involved in marketingthe agricultural produce. Intermediaries oftenflout market norms and their pricing lackstransparency. The presence of intermediariesreduces the returns of farmers substantially.

Wholesale regulated markets, governed by StateAPMC Acts, have developed a monopolistic andnon-transparent character. Indian farmersrealize only 1/3rd of the total price paid by thefinal consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers innations with a higher share of organized retail.

Further there has been a lack of investmentin the logistics of the retail chain, leading to aninefficient market mechanism in the economy.Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT/annum), it has a very limited integrated cold-chain infrastructure. Further the chain is highlyfragmented and hence, perishable horticultural




commodities find it difficult to link to distantmarkets, including overseas markets, round theyear. Storage infrastructure is necessary forcarrying over the agricultural produce fromproduction periods to the rest of the year and tofood processing industries.

To overcome these problems and to increasethe supply of raw materials to the foodprocessing industries, these days the trend has

been towards integration and collaborationacross players in the value chain, to garnermutual benefits. Such integration is initiated bymanufacturers, who are looking to integrate

backwards to establish linkages with farmersand logistics provider. This led to two new modelsemerging in the sector – Contract farming andTerminal markets.

Contract Farmi ng:

Contract Farming is an agreement betweenthe food processor (contractor) , who is typicallya large organized player, and the farmer,whereby the latter is contracted to plant thecontractor ’s crop on his land. He also agrees toharvest and deliver to the contractor a quantumof produce, based upon anticipated yield andcontracted acreage at a pre agreed price. The

food processor provides inputs in terms of technology and training to the farmer, to improvethe yield and quality of the produce.

This results in a win-win situation thatgenerates a steady source of income for thefarmer and eliminates supply shocks and assuresgood quality farm inputs which are crucial forthe processor. The Government of India has beenactively encouraging contract farmingendeavours. The National Agricultural Policy

envisages that ‘private sector participation will be encouraged through contract farming andland leasing arrangements to allow acceleratedtechnology transfer, capital inflow and assuredmarket for crop production ’.

Termi nal M arket s:

A Terminal market is a central site, often ina metropolitan area, that serves as an assemblyand trading place for agricultural commodities.

Here there are different options for disposing off the produce. It can either be sold to the endconsumer, or to the processor, or packed forexport, or even stored for disposal at a future

date. It thus offers different options to farmersunder a single roof. Typically, terminal marketsoperate on a hub and spoke model where themarkets form the hubs, and are linked todifferent collection centres (spokes) that arelocated close to the production centres.

The Government of India is looking topromote terminal markets, as a means of integrating domestic produce with retail chains.There are plans to set up such markets in eightcities across five states, at a cost of US$ 131million. The cities being considered are Mumbai,Nasik, Nagpur, Chandigarh, Raipur, Patna,Bhopal and Kolkata.

Further a new trend of global farms has come

up in the recent past to increase the food

productivity.

Food shortage and reducing level of arableland is encouraging countries to approach otherterritory for farm land. Chinese governmentwants its agricultural firms to buy or lease farmlands in Africa or South America to bolster foodsecurity in their country. China has 40% of farmers across the globe but only 9% of agricultural land. More than 40% of arable landof Brazil is unused and China would like to take

up this land for soyabean production. SimilarlyLibya is negotiating with Ukraine for growingwheat and Saudi Arabia too is looking for greenpastures for steady supply of food & livestocks.

Dow nst ream Stage: Bri ef I ntr oduct i on

The size of the Indian urban food market isestimated at Rs 350,000 crore. The domesticmarket for processed food is huge and fastgrowing.

The key drivers for increased demand invalue-added processed food products are: a)growth in consumer class; b) change in lifestylecharacterized by expanding urban population,increased number of nuclear and dual-incomefamilies; c) change in attitudes and tastes withincreasing modernization and to a lesser extentwesternization of tastes, particularly, of theyouth; d) low penetration rates; and e) ability tooffset seasonal supply-and-demand effects in

fresh products.

Thus to tap the huge market for processedfoods, an efficient marketing system is




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necessary to bring about demand-drivenproduction.

Some steps tha t need t o be t aken are:

• Special attention is to be laid towardssetting up regulated markets with the

primary objective to improve marketefficiency and achieve equitable distributionof benefits between producers, traders andconsumers. This will be possible by evolvingstrategies to strengthen regulated marketyields and equipping them with grading,cleaning and packaging facilities, alongwith market information systems.

• Efforts are to be made to develop packagingtechnologies for individual products to

increase their shelf life and improveconsumer acceptance, both in the domesticand international markets.

• Efforts are to be made to harmonise foodlaws to encourage production of highquality products with minimumintervention from regulatory authorities.The complexity of multiple administeringauthorities for food processing enterprisesis also required to be simplified bydeveloping an integrated and unified

system.

• At present, there are 7,521 regulatedmarkets. Most of these lack criticalinfrastructure. Therefore, massiveinvestment is needed to provide criticalagricultural marketing infrastructure. It isestimated that at least Rs 12,234 crore is

needed for the regulated markets. Initiativehas to be taken to promote public-privatepartnerships as they ensure efficientresource utilisation and better managementpractices. There are many examples of successful public-private partnerships. Safal

market in Karnataka is an instance of themodernisation of wholesale markets. ITC'se-Chaupal, Haryali Kisan Bazaar,Mahindra Shubhlabh, Cargil FarmgateBusiness and Tata Kisan Sansar are allinitiatives of marketing distribution in thePPP format. Besides, commodity exchangesand futures markets have come up in theform of National Commodity andDerivative Exchange Ltd (NCDEX) andMulti-Commodity Exchange Limited (MCX).

To encourage the private sector to makeinvestments in marketing infrastructure onthe required scale, a favourable regulatoryenvironment needs to be created so as toattract large corporates. This would include:a) liberalised credit norms to entrepreneursfor agricultural marketing activities; b)changes in the market regulatoryframework to allow private entrepreneursestablish market yards and other regulatoryfacilities; c) changes in the co-operativelaws to allow farmers' co-operatives towork along corporate lines and competewith private trade; d) review of severallegal instruments to facilitate the entry of entrepreneurs in marketing activities; ande) provisions to allow private entrepreneursto cover price and yield risks for farmers.

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Modern consumers nowadays demand avariety of both local staple foods and exotic foods;and they expect products from either categoryto always be of the highest quality, affordabilityand safety. In response to this ever-growingdemand, the ‘farm to fork’ food supply chainconcept has grown and now involves manytypes of organizations, some directly involvedin producing food (eg farms) and others lessdirectly (eg food processing equipmentmanufacturers). And as the food industry sectoris vast and diversified, categorized by differentsegments such as fresh food industry, organicfood industry, processed food industry and

livestock food industry. Each segment needsdifferent supply chain strategies such as

procurement and sourcing, inventory

management, warehouse management,

packaging and labeling system, and distribution

management.

Thus Food supply chain performance

management is key to meeting the growing

consumer demand for products that are safe, of

high quality, sustainably produced, and of

assured provenance. A well-managed supply

chain has social, environmental and economic

benefits.




Farm t o Fork Concept :

Farm-to-fork refers to the stages of the

production of food: harvesting, storage,processing, packaging, sales, and consumption.It also refers to a movement concerned withproducing food locally and delivering that foodto local consumers. It may also be associated withorganic farming initiatives, sustainableagriculture, and community-supportedagriculture.

Example of maki ng banana chips:

This may involve many manufacturers - Onecompany might dry the bananas into chips andthen sell them to the muesli producers who thenadd them as a component to the finished

breakfast product. The manufacturing can bedone close to where the commodity crop is grownor it can be moved elsewhere for this, evenexported to another country. Then there is thepackaging company who manufacture thepackaging material to protect the product. Alongthe way distributors and transporters move the

foods by road, rail, air or sea.

Once the product arrives at the destination,it goes into the shops or marketplace for selling.

The shop can be a huge multi-nationalsupermarket or a small outlet. The retailerspromote the product to make consumers wantto buy it through advertising and marketingstrategies at both the point of sale and throughadvertising media, like newspapers and television

channels. Finally, the customer buys the product,takes it home and consumes it. The supply chainis now completed.

However, this is not necessarily the final stepin the life of the product - the post-consumerstage of waste disposal and management for allthe food that goes uneaten.

Direct Contributors to supply chain:

primary producers, ingredient suppliers, foodmanufacturers, packaging suppliers, transport

and storage providers, wholesalers, brokersand agents, retailers and catering outletsincluding commercial (restaurants) and non-commercial (private catering).

Indirect Contributors to supply chain:

such as service providers (water, wastedisposal), equipment manufacturers (processequipment and vending machines),

biochemical manufacturers (addit ives,vitamins, pesticides, drugs, fertilisers, and

cleaning agents) and animal feed producers.

Element s of t he suppl y chai n

The stages of the supply chain are now briefly

outlined below:

• Food Ingredients and raw mater ia ls

The supply chain in the food industry startswith ingredients or raw materials. Selection of the appropriate raw materials is needed to

achieve the desired end product. Suppliers arecontracted to supply materials that meet therequirements outlined on the raw materialspecification sheet. There may be a number of concurrent suppliers of the same ingredient toensure availability is always guaranteed,especially for high volume businesses, such as infast food restaurants.

A traceability system allows manufacturersto trace the source and path of each ingredient

or raw material throughout the productionprocess. This is very important if any incidenceof contamination or allergens come to light aftera product has been placed in the market. Having

There are various reasons for rising

interest in Supply Chain Management in

agribusiness industry.

The reasons at suppliers’ level include:

• Greater differentiation of food products.

• The competition for consumerexpenditure.

• Changes in the operating environment.

• Improvement of product quality.

• Ability to ship products in cost-effectiveways provides consumers with flexibilityfrom which to choose.

The reasons at consumers' l evel i nclude:

• Consumers’ sensitivity to quality, safety,health and nutritional factors of foodproducts.

• Interest in place of origin and means of production, including non-food valuessuch as environmental sustainability andanimal welfare.




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such safeguards in place can prevent or minimizeany widespread risks to consumers.

• Transpor t and sto rage

All the food we consume has undergonesome forms of transport. In the simplest case,

fresh vegetables may be taken to a local market.Consumers then buy produce and drive, walkor cycle it home. This first step may be eliminatedif the produce is bought at the farm-gate, suchas in the case of strawberries in the summer time,

but then it is still transported home by thecustomer. A product may be a key ingredientfor another product and thus is transported to amanufacturing site elsewhere by road, rail, seaor air. This procedure can be repeated before itis finally sold as a finished product, which againrequires transport to get it to the point of sale.Transportation of foods results in what is termed"food miles" .

Commodity products, such as grains, can be bulk or container shipped around the world inhuge transporter ships. In bulk shipping the graingoes straight into the hold of the ship instead of

being transported in containers on board the ship.Some countries are major commodity exportersto other parts of the world, such as Australia and

Canada for wheat export and pulses.

The storage, packaging and transport stepsof the supply chain can involve manytechnologies, needed to maintain productquality. Chilled or frozen distribution ("cold-chain") and modified atmosphere environmentsare used for many products.

Foods can be stored and packed in modifiedor controlled atmospheres. Controlled

atmospheres are useful for crops that ripen afterharvest or deteriorate quickly even when storedoptimally. The gas composition is carefullymonitored and a proportion of the storeatmosphere is re-circulated to control the carbondioxide concentration. In modified atmospheres

however the product is held in an airtightenvironment and the atmosphere is changed byrespiratory activity of the fresh foods. Carbondioxide levels can be higher than 20% andoxygen levels can be as low as 0%. High CO

2

levels are important for controlling insects andmould growth for example in grain storage.

• Food Product i on

Ingredients are combined or transformed in

some way during the manufacturing stage toproduce the final food product. Commercialfood products can have multiple ingredients or

components, which themselves may haveundergone transformations, making them quite

complex final products. Production can take

many forms – it can be batch or continuous, on

a mass-scale, or more limited in output - and canuse many specialized techniques and equipment.

Packaging is added to the finished product.

Packaging protects the food and provides theappropriate barrier to maintain product safety,

amongst other important roles. Individual

packaged products are then combined into largerconsignments ready for distribution to sales

points.

• M arket ing

Marketing involves providing sales platformfor the food products. Sometimes it is done by




the producer himself. Government creates amarket through setting up APMC Depots, onlinewebsites and also through trade exhibitions.

• M arket

Finally, the chain gets completed when the

crop reaches the market for consumption andthe farmers as well as the processing units getthe money out of it.

Safet y i n the suppl y chain

Safety is vitally important in foodproduction. The result of a supply chain should

be a product that should be safe to eat.Manufacturers are forced by law to make sureof this. Risk assessment and hazard analysis

schemes are used in industry to assess potentialproblems before they arise.

How food get s contami nated i n supply chain?

Examples of Contamination at Production stage:

• If a hen’s reproductive organs are infected,the yolk of an egg can be contaminated inthe hen before it is even laid.

• If the fields are sprayed with contaminated

water for irrigation, fruits and vegetablescan be contaminated before harvest.

• Fish in some tropical reefs may acquire atoxin from the smaller sea creatures theyeat.

Exampl es of Contami nati on i n Processi ng

• If contaminated water or ice is used towash, pack, or chill fruits or vegetables,the contamination can spread to thoseitems.

• Peanut butter can become contaminated if roasted peanuts are stored in uncleanconditions or come into contact withcontaminated raw peanuts.

• During the slaughter process, pathogens onan animal’s hide that came from theintestines can get into the final meatproduct.

Examples of Cont aminati on in Di st ri bution

• If refrigerated food is left on a loading dockfor long time in warm weather, it could reachtemperatures that allow bacteria to grow.

• Fresh produce can be contaminated if it isloaded into a truck that was not cleanedafter transporting animals or animalproducts.

• The contents of a glass jar that breaks intransport can contaminate nearby foods.

Examples of Contami nati on in Preparat ion

• If a food worker stays on the job while heor she is sick and does not wash his or herhands carefully after using the toilet, he orshe can spread pathogens by touching food.

• If a cook uses a cutting board or knife tocut raw chicken and then uses the sameknife or cutting board without washing itto slice tomatoes for a salad, the tomatoes

can be contaminated by pathogens fromthe chicken.

• Contamination can occur in a refrigeratorif meat juices get on other items that will

be eaten raw.

Thus Hazard Anal ysis and Cri t ical Control

Poi nt s – HACCP method i s used for

maint aini ng food safet y.

There are three types of hazards defined

in food production:• Biological: such as food poisoning due to

bacterial contamination (e.g. salmonella),mould growth and viral infections.

• Chemical: such as that from cleaning fluids,fertilizers or paints.

• Physical: such as stones, hair, fingernails,rings and bits of machinery.

In order to make a HACCP plan, each stageof the production system is first described. Any

risks associated with each stage are thenidentified with an explanation of why thisparticular problem poses a risk. The controlcheck is then worked out to stop the hazard orreduce the likelihood of it happening. Finally anaction plan is outlined to state what action is to

be taken if the control check shows the hazardhas happened. On top of this, it is essential thateffective record keeping is maintained todocument everything.

The HACCP team should include peoplefrom across multidisciplinary competencies,including food technologists, microbiologists,packaging technologists, etc.




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Good Agricult ural Practi ces proposed by FAO

for proper food supply chain:

Sharing the responsibility for providing safe

food among all players in the food and

agriculture sector - from food producers and

processors to retailers and households - ismirrored by an approach in which developed

countries offer developing ones the resources and

experience to build their capacity to ensure their

food chains are safe. FAO's approach includes

the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices

(GAP) which establish basic principles for

farming, including soil and water management,

crop and animal production, storage, processing

and waste disposal. The aim of the food chain

approach, which incorporates these improved

farming practices, is to ensure that the food chain becomes more transparent so national and

global food crises can be prevented rather than

treated.

Contemporary issues in supp ly cha in

management i n food indust ry in I ndia:

The global business environment including

agribusiness is in a state of transition, being

influenced by globalization, strategic alliances,

merger and acquisition, business process and re-engineering. These strategic approaches are

altering the focus of overall management of

businesses and influencing the ultimate goal –

reaching the end-users by shifting from mass-

marketing to customized marketing and

emphasizing relationship-based marketing in all

fields. The rapid advancement of information

technology is also having its affect on businesses

and their management. The widespread success

of any business depends on the efficientutilization of its supply chain, which links all the

participants and players of that particular

business. The chain usually starts from the

gathering of raw materials or goods and finishes

when the good is supplied to the ultimate end-

users, the customers. The effective and efficient

management of supply chains is challenging, and

requires clear understanding of the components

of supply chain management (SCM). The

agribusiness sector,as a whole,needs to applySCM efficiently to be competitive in the changing

global picture.

However, the food supply chain in India have

following shortcomings:

• Poor I n fr ast r uct ur e

India has the second longest Road Network

in the world. But less than 2% of the entire road

length is covered by National Highways. This

2% of the road handles 40% of the Cargo.

Normal distance travelled by an Indian Truck is

250-300 km/day as against an International

norm of 600-800 km/day. Also most of the roads

in India can support only 16.2 tons as against

an International norm of 36 tons.

Many of the Indian cities have brought in

‘Truck Curfews’ by blocking the trucks during day

time. If the curfew is missed, the trucks have to beparked outside the city and there is a long delay.

This type of delay becomes a problem in case of

Perishable goods. For instance, it is said that 20%

of the Tomatoes get rotten during Transit.

Railway network is not very suitable for

transit of Food items as it does not provide end

to end delivery in many cases. Port Infrastructure

is very important for importing Food Items andthe delay caused in the ports can have adverse

effect. High dependence on manual labour andlow technological presence impacts the supplychain lead time. The cost of an Import Container

box in India is USD 500 as against USD 300-350in foreign ports.

• Underexposure of Organized Logist i cs

In India, only 6% of the logistics isorganized. The absence of organized logisticspaves way for delay in Transportation of food

produces from the farm to the end consumer.There are lot of middlemen involved and the timetaken for the produce to reach the end consumerresults in Food Wastage and price hike.

• Absence of Adequate Warehouses

Two types of Warehousing are required forFood Products. One is a sheltered Warehouse tostore Food Grains like Rice, wheat and Cereals.The other one is Cold Storage Facility to storeFruits and Vegetables.

Shel t ered W arehouse

Many of the warehouses have inadequate




capacity. The crop production has gone upsignificantly over the years, but the warehouseshave not increased. In 2010-2011, the Food Grainproduced was 233 Million Metric Tons. Thestorage capacity owned by the Government was91 Million Metric Tons. As a result, many crops

are stored in the Open Space and if it rainsunexpectedly, then the food grains are damaged.Also due to the absence of Pest ControlMechanisms, 20% of the food grains are eaten

by rodents each year.

Cold Storage Faci li t y

Cold Storage Facility is important for storingFruits, Vegetables and Milk. The existing ColdStorage Facilities can store 21.7 mn tons foodproduce, but the requirement is more than 31

mn tons. This means that one third of the foodproduce goes waste each year due to the absenceof Storage Facilties.

The absence of Private Players in Warehousingis also a main concern. Most of the warehousesare controlled by Government and they are notable to expand as per the demand. GovernmentStorage Facilities are poorly maintained and it alsocontributes to loss of Food Produce.

Steps needed to overcome the problems:

• Encouraging 3PL (Thi rd Party Logis t ics)

Players

3PL are Service Providers who take care of End to End Delivery. The concept of singleLogistics Service Provider (LSP) is at an infantlevel. Government must encourage 3PL players

by easing the norms. A single logistics servicemeans that there will be no loss of Food producesin between due to the presence of various players.

• Wa r eh ou si n g w i t h Pr i v a t e- P ubl i c

Partnership

Government must encourage Private firmsto set up Warehouses. The Government hasalready shown interest in this scheme, thoughPrivate Players are not very interested. Therehave been few cases of Private Public Partnershipin this sector.

Adani Agri Logistics has a tie up with Food

Corporation of India (FCI) and has set up Stateof the Art Warehouses at seven places in thecountry. It has currently capacity of 0.6 mn Tonsand is planning to increase the capacity to 2 mn

Tons. Fully Integrated, IT enabled Operationsmakes sure that there is no loss in both Qualityand Quantity of the Food Grains. These type of Firms must be encouraged by the Government.

• Steps taken by government t o improve cold

st orage facil i t ies:

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation isproviding incentives through followingschemes for setting up of cold and drywarehouses in the country:

1 . Na t i onal H or t i cu l t ure M issi on (NHM )

Under NHM scheme financial assistance isprovided for taking up various activities relatedto horticulture such as development including

setting up of cold storages for which credit linked back ended subsidy @ 40% (for general areas)and 55% (for hilly and tribal areas) of capitalcost of the project up to 5000 MT capacity withmaximum of Rs.6000/MT to all states exceptNorth Eastern and Himalayan States.

2. Hort i cul ture M ission for North Eastern &

Hi malayan Stat es (HM NEH)

Under HMNEH scheme financial assistanceis provided for taking up various activities

including setting up of cold storages for whichcredit linked back ended subsidy 55% of capitalcost of the project up to 5000 MT capacity withmaximum of Rs.6000/MT to North Eastern andHimalayan States.

3. Nat iona l Hor t i cu l tu re Board (NHB)

National Horticulture Board (NHB) provides back-ended capital investment subsidy to theeligible organizations for creation /

modernization/expansion of cold storage/Controlled Atmosphere Storage @ 40% of theproject cost in general areas and 55% in case of

hilly and scheduled areas up to 5000 MT capacitywith maximum of Rs.6000/MT. The scheme is

demand driven and is being implemented acrossthe country.

4. Rural Godown Scheme

Under Rural Godown Scheme, subsidy is

available for construction of Rural Godowns @25% for all categories of farmers, Agriculturegraduates, cooperatives. All other categories of individuals companies and corporations are




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being given subsidy @ 15% of the project cost.The subsidy is 33.33% in case of North Eastern(NE) States/hilly areas, SC/ST entrepreneurs &their cooperatives and women farmers. The

scheme has been recently revised for making itmore attractive by enhancing the maximum

capacity to 30,000 MT with maximum ceilingon subsidy of Rs.3.00 crore for other than NEStates and by enhancing the maximum capacityto 25,000 MT with maximum ceiling on subsidy

of Rs.3.333 crores in respect of North Eastern/Hilly States.

5. Scheme for Development and st rengt hening

of Agricul t ural M arket i ng Infr astr uct ure,

Gradi ng and Standardizat ion

Under the Scheme for Development andstrengthening of Agricultural MarketingInfrastructure, Grading and Standardization,subsidy @ 25% of the capital cost of the projectwith a ceiling of Rs. 50.00 lakh per project isavailable. In respect of North-Eastern States andHilly and Tribal areas and entrepreneurs

belonging to SC/ST and their cooperativessubsidy of 33.33% is provided with a ceiling of

Rs.60.00 lakh per project.

How FDI i n Ret ail can improve supply chain of food processing sector?

FDI in retail is expected to bring the investment

and expertise necessary to modernize and developthe farm and manufacturing sector. Analystsestimate that the retail market in India, currentlyworth $500 billion, will grow to $1.3 trillion by2020. Organized retail is expected to reach 20-25% of total retail by 2020 (from a current 5-6%).The prospect of higher growth in the food and

grocery category is particularly attractive because

over fifty percent of India’s workforce is employed

in the farm sector. Therefore, advocates see asignificant role for FDI for the economicdevelopment of the country as a whole.

FDI proponents also point to theemployment potential of the food retail sector,specifically in aggregators and low-levelprocessors. They project that such investmentwould create new off-farm jobs for 50-60 millionlow-skilled workers, enough to absorb newentrants to the work force as well as thosepotentially displaced by the market efficienciesintroduced by FDI (projected to be a segment of small farmers). FDI would also bring investmentin post-harvest infrastructure that wouldincrease the shelf-life of produce and minimize

food wastage (now as high as 20-30%).Moreover, new investment would result in otherpositive externalities such as better seeds andstricter standards that would increase quality andproductivity while lowering costs. FDI in retailshould also be cross-cutting and modernize notonly retail and agriculture, but alsomanufacturing.

Further the entry of players in the organizedretail will tend to make the supply chain moreeffective and efficient by:

Sourcing directly from the farmers or atleastcloser to the farm gate and eliminating theunnecessary intermediaries. This in turn resultsin better price realization to the farmers.

Overall, farmers are bound to gain from theadvent of the organized food retailers under aproper regulatory environment promoting directprocurement on one hand and machinery toprevent the exploitation of farmers on the

other hand.

OVERALL BOTTLENECKS IN FOOD

PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

a) Inadequate Infrastr ucture Faci l i t ies:

Even though India ranks second in

production of fruits and vegetables, nearly 20 to

25 per cent of this production is lost in spoilage in

various stages of harvesting. This clearly shows

the problem of inadequate infrastructure, whichis the biggest bottleneck in expanding the foodprocessing sector, in terms of both investment and

exports. It includes: long and fragmented supply

chain,inadequate cold storage and warehousingfacilities,road, rail and port infrastructure. Also,lack of modern logistics infrastructure such aslogistics parks, integrated cold chain solutions, lastmile connectivity, dependence on road over rail,customized transportation, technology adoption

(barcoding, RFIDs) and government support viaincentivizing private public partnerships are someof the lacunae that exist in supply chain & logisticssector in India.




b) Tradit ional Processing Technology:

Currently most of the processing in India ismanual. There is limited use of technology likepre-cooling facilities for vegetables, controlledatmospheric storage and irradiation facilities.This technology is important for extended storageof fruits and vegetables in making them

beneficial for further processing. In case of meatprocessing, even with the the level of technologyused in most of them is limited, resulting in lowexploitation of animal population. Introductionof modern technology is necessary to increaseprocess efficiencies as well as quality of the endproduct.

c) Food Safety Laws & Inconsistency i n State

and Centr al poli cies:

The Indian food regulations comprisevarious food policies that have been enacted atdifferent points of time, and are under the ambitof various ministries of Government of India(GOI). Historically they were introduced tocomplement and supplement each other inachieving total food sufficiency, safety and

quality. The result is that the food sector in India

is governed by a number of different statutes

rather than a single comprehensive enactment.

This incremental approach has led to

incoherence and inconsistency in the food sector

regulatory scenario. In addition the multiplicity

of ministries and administering authorities at

both the central and state level has resulted in a

complex regulatory system that is not well

integrated adding an additional burden on the

food industry.

d) L ow L ev el o f Gov er nmen t Ou t l a y f or

Development o f Food Processing I ndustr i es

During 11th Plan an Outlay of Rs. 4031.00

crores was envisaged but in last 4 years only Rs.

1132.00 crores have been spent. The vision 2015

envisaged public expenditure of Rs. 10,000 cores

by 2015 but the trend so far, is much below the

desired level.

e) A PM C A ct :

While 25 states/UTs have amended theirAPMC acts; it still discourages direct marketingarrangement between farmer and processer. Theprocessor is required to obtain license from the

respective state govt. as well as liable to pay

market fees without even using mandiinfrastructure.

In addition, some of the states haveamended APMC Act but it has not clearlyoutlined policies on contract farming/directmarketing. Thus, APMC Acts of different states

have become a stumbling block for marketsseeking to scale up operations.

f) Essential Commodit ies Act, Stock O rder, etc.

The Essential Commodities Act (ECA) 1955was put in place after independence to controlproduction, supply and distribution of essentialagricultural commodities and was put in placeto ensure availability of food products. In the

current context of liberalizations, controlling themovement of products by licensing of dealers,limits on stocks and control on movements only

hamper the growth of the agricultural sector andpromotion of food processing industries.

g) Taxes on processed food it ems

Incidence of taxation in processedagricultural products not only acts as a

disincentive for investment in the sector but also

affects the competitiveness of the food productsin the country. Though primary agricultural

commodities including fruits and vegetables are

mostly exempted from tax, processed food

commodities are subject to variety of taxes. In

most of the states, low value added food products

are exempted from VAT. However, certain high

value added food products like biscuit,

confectionery, snack items are levied VAT at the

rate of 12.5% in many states.

Apart from VAT, other taxes such aspurchase tax, entry tax, octroi, etc are also levied

on food products.

h) Lack of Di versi f icat i on of Product Portfol io

and Commerciali zati on

R&D in the food processing sector in the

country is largely governed by universities and

institutions with very little involvement of

industry. The research is also on traditional lines

with less emphasis to market preferences. There

is a need to involve industry for product

development setting up of food development




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centers/incubation centers on a regional basis/

in various prominent agro-climatic zones. The

current Indian crop production system largely

continues to be traditional and subsistence

agriculture. As a result crops varieties being

grown are not in tune with market and

processing requirements.

i ) Lack o f Qual i t y Standards:

The current legislative requirements have put

tremendous emphasis on food hygiene, GMP,

HACCP and nutritional labeling in the entire

food chain. However, most of the unorganized

players in food processing industry do not

adhere to quality standards resulting in minimal

share in world trade because of the tightening

of restrictions and the introduction of theSanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement by global

industry bodies.

j ) Lack of Ski l l ed Manpow er

At the current levels of operations itself, there

is shortage of skilled manpower at various levels.

A survey by FICCI on estimating the skill

shortage in Indian Industry, estimates that

shortage of refrigeration mechanics, electricians

and fitters exists to the tune of 65%.In addition,

shortage of agricultural scientists exists to the

tune of 60% and shortage of food safety

professionals exists to the tune of 70%7. There

are no specialized institutes for R&D and forimparting specialized skills in bakery and

confectionery. Besides CFTRI, there are very few

institutions, which provide qualified manpower

for food processing sector. There is a pressing

need to address the skill gaps.

k ) High cost o f t ranspor ta t ion

The non-availability of climate controlled or

reefer containers coupled with the high costs (in

most of the cases both side fares are computeddue to non-availability of return cargo),

temperature abuse in transit capacity issues in

terms of handling and distribution of produce,

high costs of packaging (the protocol of usage of

plastic bins for distribution with cost efficacy is

yet to be developed), etc. negate the advantage

of low production cost.

STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT

TO IMPROVE FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

1. Scheme for I nfrastr ucture Development:

To fulfil the need for creation of integrated andholistic infrastructure for food processing sector,Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI)had launched new Schemes in 11th FYP withstrong focus on creation of modern enablinginfrastructure to facilitate growth of food processingand creation of an integrated cold chainmechanism for handling perishable produce.

a) M ega Food Parks Scheme:

The scheme aims to accelerate the growthof food processing industry in the countrythrough facilitating establishment of strong foodprocessing infrastructure backed by an efficientsupplychain.

The Mega Food Parks Scheme provides fora capital grant of 50 percent of the project cost

in difficult and ITDP notified areas(with a ceilingof Rs 50 crores). The grant shall be utilizedtowards creation of common infrastructure inCPC and PPCs in the park. Such facilities are

expected to complement the processing activitiesof the units proposed to be set up at the CPC inthe Park. Each Mega Food Park may take about30-36 months to be completed.

Out of 30 Mega Food Parks proposed duringthe 11th five year plan, the Ministry has takenup 15 projects under the Scheme so far. Of this,Final approval has been accorded to 8 MegaFood Parks in the States of Andhra Pradesh,

Punjab, Jharkhand, Assam, West Bengal,Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Thecumulative project cost of these 8 Parks is Rs.930 crore which includes total grant assistanceof Rs.500 crore under the Scheme. In-principleapproval has been accorded to remaining 7projects. In addition to these, 15 new Mega FoodParks are in the process of Governmentapproval.

During the 12th Plan following changes have

been proposed:

• Considering the size of investments requiredin a Mega Food Park project, it is considered




A mega food park provides various facilities to food processors, farmers, retailers andexporters, thus help in fast growth of food processing industries. The key benefits to thesestake-holders are:

Food Processors Farmers

• Developed plot in the Mega Food Park on • Sell produce to collection centres

lease with Power, Water, and ETP facilities

• Cutting edge processing facilities in CPC • Benefit from higher pricing

• Reap benefits of power cost, common • Avail of information regarding seed and otherfacilities, testing, government support best practices

• Avail of backward and forward • Improve product qualitylinkage benefits

• Increase profitability • Reduce losses through best practices inhandling and packing

• Avail of primary processing facilities, Cold

Storages, Ripening Chambers, and Warehouses

Retail Chains MNC Exporters

• Avail of good quality produce • Avail good quality product from producers

• Avail standardized products • Be sure of product quality through food chain

• Benefit from quality assurance • Quality assurance providedfrom testing labs

• Benefit from good transportation facilitiesviz reefer trucks and vans

• Avail of labeling, packing facilities at megapark

• Satisfy your customer through goodproduct

essential that promoters of such projects

have not only sufficient experience but alsorequisite financial resources. This is alsocritical due to nature of investments, as likein any infrastructure project, these projects

have a long gestation period with slowreturns. Further many projects underimplementation have suffered due to lackof trust and coordination among variousequity holders. In some cases, such conflictshave even endangered the projects, asvarious entities seek to have control overthe Board of Directors of SPVs. Thus it has

been proposed that a business entity may be eligible to promote a SPV for setting upa Mega Food Park project.

• Acquisition of suitable land for the projectalong with change in land use has beenfound another major reason for delay thusworking group recommended to give larger

preference to those proposals which alreadypossess the required land along withnecessary permission to use it for a MFP atthe time of submission of Expression of Interest itself.

• Further to interact with the principle of “Decentralisation” proposed during the 12thPlan of the Ministry , it is being proposed toprovide for greater role of the state governmentsin both selection and implementation of theMega Food Park projects.

b) Scheme for Cold Chain, Value Addit ion and

Preservat ion I nfrastructure

The Task Force on Cold Chain set up by the

Ministry of Agriculture has identified a huge gapof 9 to 10 million tonnes of cold storage capacityin the country. Ministry of Food Processing

Industries through its Scheme for Cold Chain,




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Value Addition and Preservation Infrastructure

has been successfully addressing the above issue.

The Scheme was approved in 2008 with an

objective to provide integrated and complete coldchain, value addition and preservationinfrastructure facilities without any break, for

perishables from the farm gate to the consumer.The assistance under the Scheme includesfinancial assistance (grant-in-aid) of 50% of thetotal cost of plant and machinery and technicalcivil works in General areas and 75% for NEregion and difficult areas subject to a maximumof Rs 10 crore.

During the 12th Plan following changes havebeen proposed:

• The level of assistance would be reviewedto bring parity with the schemes of Department of Agriculture & Cooperation,to the extent feasible. In case required,competitive bidding with standardizedprojects would be taken up to bring aboutgreater objectivity in the selection process.In addition, the Scheme may make requisitelinkages to value addition/processing, asthe mandatory requirement under theScheme, so as to clearly differentiate suchprojects from those assisted by NHB/NHM.

• The state-wise selection and financial biddingprocess would also necessitate preparationof Model Projects for various States, alongwith requisite technical parameters. Therewould also be involvement of stategovernments along with agencies such asNHB, NHM and NCDC in the selection andimplementation of projects.

c) Scheme for M odern izat ion of Abat t o i rs

The rise in per capita income in the country

has witnessed an increased demand for meatproducts in recent years. It is to be noted thatmeat consumption remains a “luxury” formajority of non-vegetarian population in India.However, as the purchasing power of the peoplerise, there has been a perceptible shift towardsmeat and poultry consumption.

Unfortunately, the meat sector remainsunorganized except buffalo meat processing forexport market. This has led to not only

continuous upward pressure on meat prices, butalso increasing concerns regarding hygienestandards of meat products. Quality andhygiene levels in the meat market continue to be

major issues due to unscientific breeding,primitive and crude slaughtering and de-feathering techniques, lack of basicinfrastructure facilities including facilities forhandling carcass/flaying, cross–contaminationin slaughter and improper handling duringcarriage and transportation. These issues leadto high wastages of meat, contamination anddeterioration in quality and also avoidable crueltyto animals during whole process.

Thus during 11th Plan, the Ministry hadlaunched a comprehensive Scheme forModernization of Abattoirs across the country.The Scheme is mainly aimed at promotingscientific and hygienic slaughtering of animals,

by-product ut il izat ion and value addition,provision of chilling facility to prevent microbial

activity in slaughtered animals and betterforward linkage facilities for finished meat andmeat products.

The Scheme is to be implemented with theinvolvement of local bodies (Panchayats andMunicipal Corporations) and also has theflexibility for facilitating involvement of privateinvestors through competitive bidding.Professional agencies are also being involved bythe Ministry for project appraisals,implementation and monitoring of projects.

2. Schemes for Q ual i t y A ssurance, Codex,

R& D & promot ional act i v i t ies

a) Scheme fo r Set t i ng up /Upgrada t i on o f

Qual it y Cont rol/Food Testi ng Laboratory

This is aimed at encouraging setting up of modern food testing laboratories in the country,

both in public and private sectors. Under thisScheme, Central/State Government organi-

zations and Universities (including deemedUniversities) are eligible for grant support limitedto the entire cost of capital equipments requiredfor setting up/modernization of laboratories. Allother implementing agencies are eligible for grantlimited to 50% / 70% of the cost of capitalequipment required for setting up/upgradationof such laboratories in general areas/difficultareas.

b) Scheme for Implementati on of HACCP, ISO

14000, I SO 22000, GM P and GHP

This is to promote adoption of quality andsafety standards by food processing units whichwould help them in reaching a larger domestic




and international market. Further, this alsoencourages other implementing agencies toadopt quality management systems. Under thisScheme, grant assistance is provided to Central/State Government Organizations/ IITs,Universities and private sector to the extent of 50% / 75% of project cost in general areas/difficult areas with a maximum assistance of Rs.15 lakh and Rs. 20 lakh respectively.

c) Scheme for Research and Devel opment

This Scheme is aimed at encouraging R&D

initiatives in industry in the field of preservation,processing, packaging, storage, etc. Such R&Defforts are expected to lead to product and

process development which would make theindustry more efficient and commercially

sustainable. Under this Scheme, grant assistanceis provided to all Universities, IITs, Central/StateGovernment Organizations, R&D Laboratoriesand CSIR recognized R&D units in private sector.

For the Government Organizations, grantsupport is available to the tune of 100% of the

capital cost. For all other implementing agencies,the grant support is available up to 50% / 70%of the capital cost for general areas/difficult

areas.

d) Scheme for Promot i onal Act i v i t ies

The details of the Scheme for Promotionalactivities are also provided in the section of thisReport dealing with proposed National Mission.This Scheme is to support organizing of industryspecific seminars and workshops as alsoexhibitions and trade fairs. Further this providessupport for conducting studies and surveyswhich would be helpful for the sector. There isno limit envisaged for financial assistance if

Ministry is directly engaged as a sponsor/co-sponsor for such activities. However, if otherimplementing agencies are to take up theseactivities, the Scheme provides for grant supportup to 50% of the cost, with a maximum limit of Rs. 3 lakh in case of seminars/workshops andstudies/surveys.

During the 12th Plan following changes have

been proposed:

As the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 became effective from August, 2011, the need

for setting up of adequate food testing labs has

increased manifold. It is therefore proposed to

create a network of 108 food testing labs in the

country which may be of minimum specified

standards, though customized to the needs of

the local region/industry. The Government

agencies/departments setting up/modernizing

labs are already provided up to 100% assistance

for purchase of requisite equipment. It is nowproposed to provide these agencies capital grant

support up to 70% / 90% of cost of technical

civil work in general areas/difficult areas.

Further, for encouraging private sector

enterprises also to set up/modernize food labs,

it is proposed to increase the quantum of grant

assistance up to 70% / 80% of the lab equipment

in general areas/difficult areas.

For encouraging adoption of quality and

safety standards (HACCP, ISO 22000), theMinistry proposes to make the package of

incentives more attractive and in line with

increased compliance cost. It is proposed to cover

at least 100 units during the 12th Plan under

quality and safety standards. To achieve this, it

is proposed to increase grant assistance to 60%

/ 75% of total cost, subject to a maximum of Rs.

25 lakh / Rs. 30 lakh for both Government and

private agencies.

A Scheme for Setting up/ Strengthening of Codex Cell will be launched during 12th plan. This

is aimed at strengthening/setting up of codex cell

in the Ministry as well as at the level of stakeholders

such as industry associations, national research

institutions. This is to enable larger participation

in codex deliberations and adequate projection of

national view point in codex system. This would

include computerization, compilation and

maintenance of codex documents, study/survey

for scientific data generation, engagement of consultants for preparing discussion/position

papers, code of practices, etc.

3. Schemes for Human Resource Development

The Food Processing Industry is critical toIndia‘s development as it establishes a vitallinkage and synergy between the two pillars of the economy –Industry and Agriculture.Demand for trained manpower, including

entrepreneurs, managers, technologists, skilledworkers to cater to the growing needs of the foodprocessing industry is increasing day-by-day.Besides latest technology & diversification and




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new ways of managing and marketing isrequired by the existing food processing industryto face global competition. The following schemehas been launched by the government:

a) Crea t i on o f In f rast r uctu re Faci l i t i es fo r

Runn ing Deg ree / D ip l oma /Ce r t i f i ca te

Courses in Food Pr ocessi ng Technol ogy

This is to encourage introduction of specialized courses in food processingtechnology in recognized Colleges/EducationalInstitutions. Apart from Degree/Diplomacourses, certain short duration Certificate coursesmay also be considered under the Scheme. Thesecourses may be of duration of 3–6 months andinitiated preferably through Industrial TrainingInstitutes/Polytechnics. The level of assistance

available for creation of requisite infrastructureis proposed to be enhanced from existing Rs. 75lakh to Rs. 1 crore for each proposal.

b) Entr epreneurship Development Pr ogramme

(EDP)

This is to promote entrepreneurship in food

processing sector. Eligible institutions may beprovided assistance of Rs. 2 lakh per EDP during12th Plan. The Curriculums for such programmesmay be standardized with the assistance of NIFTEM to keep them abreast of developmentsin the food processing industry and till such time

the existing curriculum would be continued.

c) Food Processing Training Centre (FPTC)

These Centres are basically meant fordevelopment of rural entrepreneurship andtransfer of technology for processing of foodproducts by utilising locally grown raw materialand providing hands-on experience at suchproduction–cum-training centres. Thus, theseCentres would be helpful in promotingentrepreneurship/skill development as well as

transfer of technology. The entire outlay for HRDactivities during the 12th Plan would now beimplemented under NFPM though the Ministrywould be directly releasing remaining assistancefor projects sanctioned during 11th Plan, forwhich Rs. 6 crore each for next two years has

been provided.

NATIONAL MISSION ON FOOD PROCESSING

Government of India has proposed to launch

a National Mission on Food Processing (NMFP)during 12th Plan.

Object i ves of the M i ssi on are:

a. To spread the message of significance

of food processing for enhancing

agricultural productivity and farmers

income in the country.

b. To assist the state governments increating requisite synergy between their

agricultural plans and development of food processing sector.

c. To assist the state governments inaddressing both institutional andinfrastructural gaps along the Value

Chains and thus create efficient SupplyChains for agricultural produces.

d. To promote initiatives for skilldevelopment, training and

entrepreneurship which would meetneeds of both post-harvest managementand food processing industry.

e. To assist MSMEs in setting up/

modernization of food processing units by providing need based support interms of capital/technology/skill etc.

f. To assist food processing industry tomeet requisite standards in terms of foodsafety laws and market demand, bothdomestic and international.

St ructure of t he M i ssion

The proposed structure would be a three-tierstructure at National, State and District levels.

a) Nat i onal Level

At the apex level, there would be a Mission

Directorate in the Ministry of Food ProcessingIndustries with a Governing Council and an

Executive Committee.

A Governing Council would be constituted

under the Chairmanship of the Minister of FoodProcessing Industries and may comprise of

Ministers and senior officials from relevantMinistries/Institutions, Industry associations and

representatives of select state governments. The

Council would be responsible for laying down




priorities of the Mission and making its

operational guidelines. It would also have

periodical review of progress of the Mission and

give its suitable recommendations.

An Executive Committee, on the other hand,

would be constituted under the Chairmanship

of Secretary of the Ministry, with a Joint

Secretary of the Ministry as Member Secretary,

and would have representatives from relevant

Ministries/Institutions, Industry associations andselect state governments to oversee the activities

of the Mission and approve State Action Plans.The Committee would ensure smooth functional

linkages among various levels and would be the

link between Ministry and various state

governments.

The Mission Directorate, with a JointSecretary as Mission Director, would be providedwith adequate resources, including manpower,to carry out its responsibilities.

b) Sta te Level

At the State level, too, a similar structurewould be provided. Thus, there would be a StateFood Processing Mission, which may be guided

by a General Body headed by Chief Minister/

concerned Minister and comprise of Ministersfrom relevant Departments/Institutions,Industry Associations, Experts etc. An ExecutiveCommittee under Chief Secretary/DevelopmentCommissioner/Principal Secretary/AgricultureProduction Commissioner/Secretary (Industries)may be set up which would be responsible forimplementing the Schemes/programmes of theMission.

A senior officer, at the level of Director, may

be designated as the Mission Director at Statelevel who would be overall responsible for allactivities under the Mission. The State levelMission may be required to have dedicatedprofessionals and domain experts who would

be supported by NMFP on need basis. Each Statewould be encouraged to set up a State Vision/Plan Document for the food processing sector.

c) D i st r i ct L ev el

At the District level, District IndustriesCentres may be nodal body for planning,

implementation and monitoring of various

programmes of Mission. In case of the States,

with food processing under independent

department/directorate, a nodal office may be

set up at major food processing clusters to

undertake this responsibility. Also, in case of

food processing being attached with Departmentof Agriculture, a suitable agency may be

identified at the District level. A district level

committee can be formed by the State

Government whenever considered necessary.

Some mechanism for coordination with other

agencies/schemes at District/State level should

also be developed.

Thus, all three tiers of the Food Processing

Mission would work in close co-ordination with

each other and would be guided by the commonobjective of promoting, processing and value

addition to the sector. The requisite

administrative and financial support for the

above proposed structure may be provided by

the Ministry.

The Major Programmes/Schemes to be

covered under NMFP during 2012-13 are:

(i) Scheme for Technology Upgradation/

Establishment/ Modernization of Food

Processing Industries.

(ii) Scheme for Cold Chain, Value Addition

and Preservation Infrastructure for Non-

Horticultural Products.

(iii) Scheme for Human Resource

Development (HRD)

• Creation of Infrastructure Facilities

for Running Degree/Diploma/

Certificate Courses in Food

Processing Technology.• Entrepreneurship Development

Programme (EDP)

• Food Processing Training Centre

(FPTC)

(iv) Scheme for Promotional Activities

• Organizing Seminar/Workshops

• Conducting Studies/Surveys

• Support to Exhibitions/Fairs

• Advertisement & Publicity

food processing in india

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