INTRODUCTION

After food is packaged, label is very important to tell the customer about the product is present in the package.

Food labeling is primary means of communication between,

producer – seller of food on one hand.

purchaser – consumer on another hand

Label means:

A slip of paper or any other material on which the design concerning the product is printed, marked, embossed or impressed.

Label on packages are needed to indicate the quantity, active ingredients and manufactures name and address, as well as, manufacturing and expiry dates.

INFORMATION ON LABLE

Name of food.List of ingredients.Food additives.Name and address of manufacturing unit.Country of origin.Net content and weight.Date of manufacturing and packaging.Instruction for use.

All food products packed should have a label indicating, it is vegetarian or not

Green dot – vegetarian

Brown dot – non- vegetarian

IRRADIATED FOOD SYMBOL

Use of international food irradiated symbol to be in close related to the name and brand of food.

NUTRITIONAL LABELING

Nutritional labeling is a description of nutrient content of food and it is intended to guide the consumer in food selection.\

TWO COMPONENTS

Nutrient declaration means a statement or listing of nutrient content of food.

Supplementary nutrition information.

CAPS

SCREW CAP:1. Made of tin sheet and are

prethreaded caps.2. Non-pilfer proof caps.3. Threaded at bottle end.4. Made of aluminium, these caps are

similar to ropp caps in all respect expect the skirt-ring, is not present in these caps.

IS-7511- 74 for RSNP caps.

A typical RSNP cap is the horlicks cap.

Method sealing is similar to ropp caps.

LUG CAP

Lug caps are used in indian food packaging industries and a popular one abroad as twist-on-twist off caps.

Discontinuous multistart thread guides.

Lugs on cap give a tight hermetic seal to the lip of glass jar.

Cap is made up of tin sheet.

Lacquering is done inside and outside,inside is given a double coat to prevent corrosion.

CROWN CAP

In a carbonated beverage, costliest packaging material used in crown cap.

This is most popular for beverage bottlers.

40% of aii caps made in india are crown caps.

These can with stand very high pressure and are opened by prying off caps.

These caps are for one time use only.

Caps are made of tin sheet of TFS.

CAP OPERATION: caps are crimped on to the edge of bottle

finish and are held tight by friction between the edge of finish and flutes.

Omnia caps are same in principle as crown, but caps are made of aluminium and donot withstand pressure but keep vaccum.

INK

INK COMPONENT: Inks are designed for five

main printing process.Flexography and gravure are known

as the liquid ink process and are based on volatile solvent that evaporate readily at room temperature.

Lithography and letterpress are paste ink process. These inks are non-volatile at normal temperature.

Screen printing uses inks, that fall between these two groups.

PRINTING INK

Types oof printing inks are

1. pigment

2. vehicle

3. additives

pigment used in printing inks include both organic and inorganic pigment.

Inorganic pigments : carbon black titanium-di-oxide.

Organic pigments: azo anthoquinone

Lead and other toxic pigments are eliminated from inks for food packaging.

FLEXOGRAPHIC INK

SOLVENT BASED:

Alcohol + Ester + Hydrocarbon

solubility of vehicle resin

Solvents are used to screened, that donot interact with printing plates and rollers.

FORMULATION

Flexographics inks used in high speed printing.

Titanium-di-oxide - 40% Etanol - 26.7% Alcohol - 20%Nitro cellulose varnish - 5%Propyl acetate - 5%Plasticizer - 2%Wax - 1%

Additive - 0.3%

GRAVURE INK

SOLVENT BASED:

solvents can be used in gravure inks compared with flexographic ink because metal plates are used for gravure printing.

Solvents - Aromatic hydrocarbon-tolune

Aliphatic hydrocarbon,

Alcohol, Ester, Ketones,

Nitro paraffin and Glycol ether.

FORMULATION:

Acrylic emulsion - 40%

Water - 26%

Organic pigments - 16.5%

Clay extender - 5%

Wax - 2.5%

Plasticizer - 2%

PH controller

Morpholine - 1%

SCREEN INK

little packaging material is screen printed.two major types of inks used are solvent based and plastisol, although other types are available.

PASTE INK

LITHOGRAPHIC INK:

This is basically a concentrated dispersion of pigment in a viscous oil vehicle with various additive.

Because the ink come into contact with water during printing, to form a ink-in-water emulsion.

FORMULATION

Organic pigment - 15%

Acrylate oligometer - 40%

Photo intiator &sensitizer- 30%

Tack reducer - 4%

Wax - 3%

THERMOCHROMIC INK

Thermochromic ink change colour in response to fluctuation in temperature.

They are reversible.

These inks are used on variety of substrates, in tipical solvent based, water based, plastisol and UV formultion.

TYPES

Liquid crystals.Leuco dyes.

Liquid crystals are very difficult to work with and to need specialized printing and handling.Leuco dye is a chemically reduced form of dye. It is colourless and become coloured by oxidation dye.

Leuco dye thermo chromic ink change from one colour to another, rather than from coloured to clear.

ADHESIVE

Flexible packaging materials are made from substates such as plastry film metal foils and various types of papers.

It needs chemical inputs such as printing ink, special type of coating, adhesive and printers.

TYPES

Solvent borne adhesive

“High solid” solvent borne adhesive.

Water borne adhesive.

Solventless adhesive.

SOLVENTBORNE ADHESIVE

It is used for flexible packaging business.

It is based on polyster & polyurethane polymer quickly became the standard for flexible packaging industries.

It is classified in to four. They are

General purpose

Medium , high, & Ultra high performance.

G P adhesive are most economical and are used for low requirement relative simple end use G.P application.

Laminates used for packaging snack foods and non-adhesive dry products.

Medium and high performance adhesives are used in laminates, chemical resistance are needed.

“HIGH SOLIDS” SOLVENTBORNE ADHESIVE

It based on special low viscosity polymer available for several years.

These adhesive can be applied at high solid content upto 45-60%

It run on laminating machines without modification.

Usage of “High solid” adhesive by converters is very limited.

WATER BORNE ADHESIVE

These adhesives are dispersions of adhesive polymer in water.Available as one component and two component system.It can be used on convensional dry laminating machine.This system need higher drying temperatures and air volumes than solvent borne systems at same solid content.

SOLVENTLESS ADHESIVE

Final cured properties of solventless adhesives are similar to general purpose and medium performance solvent borne adhesive.No solvents are used, adhesive polymers to keep the viscosity of solventless adhesives within usable limits.These modification results in very low green bond strength.

Because it have a high viscosity at conditios,

CLOSURE:

Any device either made of metal or plastic or a composite material, intended to seal the mouth of a container.

CLOSURE

MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE OFCLOSURE:

METAL - Aluminium sheet of HH

Hardness and of .20+ 0.05mm thickness is used in mnufacture of ROPP and RSNP type of caps are threaded at

bottle end.

Almost all the prethreaded screw caps and lug caps are made from tin sheet of 5.6\5.6 quality and thickness 0.25+0.02mm.

Crowns are made from tin sheet or tin free steel.

PLASTICS:

plastics are pp\HDPE\LDEP\HIP.

PVC is used as plastisol coating or as a foaming compound forming wad in many closures. This body is made of PVC.

PRINCIPLE OF SEALING:

the basic principle is compressing a resilient disc against the tip of bottle and embedding it in compressed position.

In corks plugs, the sealing is ensured by making the cork of larger diameter than the I.D of the mouth of bottle.

In screw caps, a tight seal is obtained by the screwing operation, usually augmented by applying additional force on the top of cap. It is held in position by threading.

In ROPP caps, the seal is obtained by the top application pressure and is maintained by forming threads on the skirt of the caps.In crimped closure(omnia cap), the criming action keeps the wad tightly compressed against the bottle mouth and vaccum is maintained by atmospheric pressure.In lug cap, it is hybrid of threaded and bayonet type of cap with multistart thread, a tight seal is obtained by lug projection of the cap. The cap are held in position by the friction between the cap lug and thread on the finish.