food industry and waste management

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operators restrict the amount of waste that can be brought into landfill sites,

and as regulations have eliminated some of the previously used disposal

practices. In many cases, composting can provide a viable alternative method

for managing organic wastes. This article reviews various composting

methods and their applications in the food processing industries.

Food industry produces large volumes of wastes, both solids and liquid,

resulting from the production, preparation and consumption of food. These

wastes pose increasing disposal and can pose severe pollution problems and

represent a loss of valuable biomass and nutrients. Many standard industrial

waste treatment texts sufficiently address a few major technologies for

conventional in plant environmental control strategies in the food industry.

Environmental legislation has significantly contributed to the introduction of

sustainable waste management practices worldwide. Considering the

challenges in the area of food industry, efforts are to be made to optimize

processing technologies to minimize the amount of waste. Food processing

wastes have a potential for conversion into useful products of higher value as

by product, or even as raw material for other industries, or for use as food or

feed after biological treatment. There are many examples of utilizing waste

materials from plant material processed by canneries, there are many other

types of waste that can be utilized. In many canneries, the organic from the

processing system is combined with the other types of non usable wastes,

such as hardware, glass, cans, nails etc. Food industry should also have to

concentrate on waste avoidance as well as utilization of process wastes. All


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the combined efforts of waste minimization during the production process,

environmentally friendly preservation of the product, and utilization of by

products would substantially reduce the amount of waste, as well as boost the

environmental aspect of food processing industry.

This book basically deals with utilization of food industry wastes, ultra

filtration in the recovery of food waste, recovery of fruit and vegetable

wastes, recovery of protein, the screening of vegetable wastes, fat extraction,

treatment of fatty effluents, recovery and utilization of protein, conversion of

bone to edible products, utilization of waste in animal feeds, production of

earthworm proteins, use of microbiological agents in upgrading waste for

feed and food, underutilized proteins for beverages, coffee and tea wastes,

utilization of food waste in pet food industry, etc.

Readers, technical institution, food technologists, technocrats, existing

industries and new entrepreneurs will find valuable material in this book.

This book gives a complete detail on invaluable waste management concepts,

utilization of by-products and the practical methods to implement them. This

book deals on the techniques and methods for food processing wastage.

Comprehensive in scope, the book provides solutions that are directly

applicable to the daily waste management problems specific to the food

processing industry.

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,

managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to

materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally

undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.
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Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which

focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. All waste

materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous orradioactive fall within the

remit of waste management

Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing

nations, forurban and rural areas, and forresidential and industrialproducers.

Management of non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in

metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government

authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrialwaste is usually the responsibility of the generator subject to local, national or

international authorities.

Technologies

Traditionally the waste management industry has been slow to adopt new

technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and

integrated software packages which enable better quality data to be collected

without the use of estimation or manual data entry.

Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data onpresentation rates for curb-side pick-ups.

Benefits ofGPS tracking is particularly evident when considering theefficiency of ad hoc pick-ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the

collection is done on a consumer request basis.

Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for usein optimisation of operations for waste collection operations.
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Rear vision cameras are commonly used for OH&S (OccupationalHealth & Safety) reasons and video recording devices are becoming

more widely used, particularly concerning residential services.

Waste management concepts

Diagram of the waste hierarchy.

There are a number ofconcepts about waste management which vary in their

usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used

concepts include:

Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce,reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies

according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The

waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization

strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum

practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount

of waste see: resource recovery.

Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle wherethe polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With

respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement
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for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the

unrecoverable material.

Methods of disposal

Disposal of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a

common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in

abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids orborrow pits. A properly

designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relativelyinexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed

or poorly managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental

impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of

liquid leachate. Another common product of landfills is gas (mostly
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composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic

waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill

surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain

leachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally

compacted to increase its density and stability, and covered to prevent

attracting vermin (such as mice orrats). Many landfills also have landfill gas

extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of

the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine togenerate electricity.

Incineration

Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected

to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This

method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and

solid residue from waste water management.This process reduces thevolumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume.

Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are

sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste

materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.
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Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large

scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is

recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste

materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial

method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous

pollutants.

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce,

as these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-

energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities thatburn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity.

Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been

concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks.

Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organics such as

dioxins, furans, PAHs which may be created which may have serious

environmental consequences.

Recycling

Steel crushed and baled forrecycling
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Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and

reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials

from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products.

Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using

dedicated bins and collection vehicles are sorted directly from mixed waste

streams and are known as kerb-side recycling, it requires the owner of the

waste to separate it into various different bins (typically wheelie bins) prior to

its collection.

The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such asbeverage cans, copper such as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel

furnishings or equipment, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and

jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and

corrugated fiberboardboxes.

PVC,LDPE,PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable.

These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them

relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex

products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due

to the additional dismantling and separation required.

The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each

city and country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the

various types of recyclable materials. However, certain variation in

acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is

reprocessed.
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Sustainability

The management of waste is acomponent in a business' ability to maintain

accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve their environmentalefficiencies each year by eliminating waste through resource recovery

practices, which are sustainability-related activities. One way to do this is by

shifting away from waste management to resource recovery practices like

recycling materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and cardboard, plastic

bottles and metal.

Biological reprocessing

Main articles: Composting, Home composting, Anaerobic digestion, and

Microbial fuel cell

An active compost heap.

Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food

scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and
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digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic

material is then recycled as mulch orcompost for agricultural or landscaping

purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be

captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration)

maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste

management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition

of organic matter. (See resource recovery).

Energy recovery

Anaerobic digestion component of Lbeck mechanical biological treatment

plant in Germany, 2007

The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using

them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them intoanother type of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel

source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel

forboilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and

gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials
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are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process

usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste

converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas

can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products

(chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be further refined into

products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc

gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas

(syngas) composed ofcarbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt

to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolisis is high

temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal

monophasic oxidation).

Resource recovery

Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle

analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed

MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that

administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and

recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer

production of the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured

path.

Avoidance and reduction methods

Waste minimization
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An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste

material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance

include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of

buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton

instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using

disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid

remains from cans, packaging, ...[1]

and designing products that use less

material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting of

beverage cans).

Waste handling and transport

Waste collection vehicle, Dustbin, and Waste sorting

Molded plastic, wheeled waste bin in Berkshire, England
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Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions.

Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government

authorities, or by private companies in the industry. Some areas, especially

those in less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection

system. Examples of waste handling systems include:

In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communitiesuse a proprietary collection system known as Envac, which conveys

refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. Other

vacuum-based solutions include the MetroTaifun[3]

single-line andring-line automatic waste collection system, where the waste is

automatically collected through relatively small diameter flexible pipes

from waste collection points spread out up to a distance of four

kilometres from the waste collections stations.

In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most commonmethod of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables

and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people often

dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected

is then transported to a regional landfill.

In China, Plastic pyrolysis or Tire pyrolysis is: the process ofconverting waste plastic/tires into industrial fuels like pyrolysis oil,

carbon black and hydrocarbon gas.End products are used as industrial

fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also

known as: pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry,

plastic and tire recycling unit etc.The system is used in USA,
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California, Australia, Greece, Mexico, the United Kingdom and in

Israel.For example, RESEM pyrolysis plant that has been operational at

Texas USA since December 2011, and processes up to 60 tons per day.

In Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries forthe volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected by

the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish bags.

This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city

produces and increased the recycling rate.

In Israel, the Arrow Ecology company has developed the ArrowBiosystem, which takes trash directly from collection trucks and separates

organic and inorganic materials through gravitational settling,

screening, and hydro-mechanical shredding. The system is capable of

sorting huge volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning

the rest into biogas and rich agricultural compost. The system is used in

California, Australia, Greece, Mexico, the United Kingdom and in

Israel. For example, an ArrowBio plant that has been operational at the

Hiriya landfill site since December 2003 serves the Tel Aviv area, and

processes up to 150 tons of garbage a day.[5]

In Saudi Arabia there is the worlds largest AWCS now being built inthe vicinity of Islams holiest mosque (Mecca). During the Ramadan

and Hajj 600,000 kilos, or 4,500 cubic meters, of waste is generated

each day, which puts a heavy demand on those responsible for

collecting the waste and litter. In the[3]

MetroTaifun Automatic Waste

Collection System, the waste is automatically collected from 74 waste

feeding points spread out across the area and then transferred via a 20-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel#Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrowBio_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrowBio_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiriyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management#cite_note-MariMatic_Oy-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management#cite_note-MariMatic_Oy-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management#cite_note-MariMatic_Oy-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiriyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrowBio_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrowBio_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel#Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas


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kilometre pipe network to a central collection point, keeping all the

waste collecting activities out of sight and below ground with the

central collection point well away from the public areas.

While waste transport within a given country falls under national regulations,

trans-boundary movement of waste is often subject to international treaties. A

major concern to many countries in the world has been hazardous waste. The

Basel Convention, ratified by 172 countries, deprecates movement of

hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. The provisions

of the Basel convention have been integrated into the EU waste shipmentregulation. Nuclear waste, although considered hazardous, does not fall under

the jurisdiction of the Basel Convention.

food industry and waste management

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