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TRANSCRIPT
National Rainfed Area AuthorityPlanning CommissionGovernment of India
New Delhi
Position Paper No. 6
Contingency and Compensatory Agriculture Plansfor Droughts and Floods in India- 2012
Citation
NRAA, 2013, Contingency and Compensatory Agriculture Plans for Droughts and Floods in India- 2012. Position paper No.6. National Rainfed Area Authority, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi-110012, India : 87P
Year of Publication: January 2013
Published by: National Rainfed Area Authority Government of India, Planning Commission NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi-110012 Tel.No.Office: 25842894,FaxNo. 25842837 www.nraa.gov.in
Printed at: M/s Dee Kay Printers 5/37A,KirtiNagar Indl.Area NewDelhi-110015
Compiled by: Dr.N.B.Singh, Technical Expert (Agriculture & Horticulture). National Rainfed Area Authority, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
Dr.R.S.Saini, National Rainfed Area Authority, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
Table of Contents
S.No Subject Page No.
Foreword ............................................................................................................................i
Preface ............................................................................................................................. iii
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................v
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vi
List of Photos ................................................................................................................vii
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................1
2 Benchmarks of Normal Monsoon Behaviour and Possible Shifts .....................1
3 Probability of Occurrence of Drought ......................................................................2
4 Salient Features of 2012 Monsoon .............................................................................2
Onset of 2012 monsoon and its progress ............................................................3
Rainfall distribution ................................................................................................4
Day to day rainfall ...................................................................................................4
Sub division wise rainfall ......................................................................................6
Month wise rainfall: .................................................................................................6
Week by week departure in rainfall .....................................................................8
Sub division wise weekly departure of rainfall –monsoon 2012 ....................8
Regions showing severedeficient rainfall anddrought .................................9
5 Withdrawal of Monsoon 2012 ...................................................................................10
6 Status of Storage in Reservoirs .................................................................................10
7 Other Indicators of Drought ......................................................................................15
8 Occurrence of Floods and Cyclones-2012 ...............................................................16
Flood prone area in the country .........................................................................16
Statewisefloodoccurrenceduring2012 ...........................................................17
Assam ........................................................................................................................17
Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh ..................................................................22
Maharashtra .............................................................................................................23
Rajasthan ...................................................................................................................23
Cyclonic Storm Nilam in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh ......................24
9 Environmental, Social and Economic Impacts of Drought ................................26
10 Area Coverage Under Kharif Crops .........................................................................27
11 Drought and Flood Management Strategies Adopted in 2012 ..........................29
Advisory notes and contingency plans ..............................................................30
Contingency crop plan released to States ........................................................31
Contingency plan for plantation and horticultural crops ..............................31 Contingency plan for drinking/domestic water supply ................................32 Contingency plan for livestock sector ................................................................33 Contingency plan for forestry sector ..................................................................37 Other measures .......................................................................................................39 Regulating market sentiments ..............................................................................39 Pre-positioning of food stock ...............................................................................39 Employment guarantee ..........................................................................................39 Protected cultivations .............................................................................................39 Micro enterprises ....................................................................................................4012 Anticipated Production Losses in Kharif 2012 ......................................................40
13 Compensatory Production Strategies .......................................................................41
Compensatory production plan for normal rainfall and irrigated areas during kharif 2012 ........................................................................42 Compensatory production plan during rabi to offset kharif deficitof 2012 ..........................................................................................................43 Strategy for increasing production of rabi crops ..............................................43 Efficientuseofwater .............................................................................................44 Wheat and other rabi crops ..................................................................................44 Bring additional area under rabi pulses and oilseeds .....................................45 Enhance area under summer/spring pulses .....................................................45 Intensificationofboro rice .....................................................................................46 Promotion of rabi maize ........................................................................................48 Cultivation of aquatic crops .................................................................................53 Potential use of Chaurs/Mauns forfisheries .......................................................53 Fish based farming system for productive utilization of waterlogged areas ...........................................................................................................................54AnnexureAnnexure-I Past Policies and Initiatives to Combat Drought .......................................56Annexure-II ManagingRainfallDeficits:ATechnicalAdvisoryNote Issuedby
NRAA on 30.06.2012 .......................................................................................60Annexure-III ContingencyPlan for thePeriod15th to 31st July 2012 for Different Eco
Regions of the Country Issued by NRAA on 16.07.2012 ..........................64Annexure-IV Livestock Feed and Fodder Advisory for the States of Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana Issued by NRAAon25.07.2012 .........................................................................................73
Annexure-V Detailed Crop Contingency Plan for the Period 1st -31st, August 2012 for Different Regions of the Country Issued by NRAA on 02.08.2012 ............................................................................................................78
Annexure-VI Letter from Ministry of Agriculture to its Crop Development Directorates to follow up the suggestion of NRAA ..................................86
i
Foreword
Growth in agriculture in general, and rainfed agriculture in particular, was impressive as well as inclusive during the 11th Plan. Variability around the growth trend and in production has reduced due to better and robust technologies, proactive management and safety nets against extreme weather events like cold/heat waves, droughts, floodsetc.
The year 2012 was unique in experiencing a delayed onset and deficientmonsoon in the initialphase, followedbyheavy rainfall,
cloud burst, extended withdrawal and floods in various parts of India. However,the volatility of production and farm income was minimized by contingency plans, including compensatory production strategy for the kharif and subsequent rabi crops. Thedroughtandfloodmanagementstrategieswereinter-sectoral,complementaryandcomprehensive for realizing convergence. Relevant advisories were issued by NRAA from time to time to overcome the dynamically developing contingencies. The unique contingency plan of 2012 compiled by the NRAA will be a valuable experience for the future. Such documents will be useful in dealing with ever increasing anomalies and extreme weather events due to the effects of climate change.
(Montek Singh Ahluwalia)
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mikè;{k;kstuk vk;ksxHkkjrDeputy Chairmanplanning CommissioninDia
iii
PrefaceMonsoon season of 2012 witnessed unique anomalies in terms of onset and advancement of rains, frequent breaks, overall drought in the earlypart of the seasonwithhigh rainfall and evenfloodsand cyclone elsewhere during the extended withdrawal phase. The onset and progress of monsoon, its departure from the normal rainfall, status of storage of water in major reservoirs of the country, occurrence of floods and cyclones and delayed withdrawal ofrains has been discussed in this document. As a result of drought 5.68millionhectareof areawasnot sownduringkharif and DAC has anticipated a loss of 12.76 million tonnes of kharif food grain production in 2012. Damages to agricultural fields, fish ponds,
crops, livestock andwild life have also been reported in the floodprone, cloud burstand cyclone affected areas.To cope up with the climatic vagaries due to abnormal rains leading to drought in some partsofthecountrywhilefloodsandcyclonesinotherparts,anumberofadvisoriesandcontingency plans were issued by NRAA from time to time. Compensatory production plan strategies to make up for crop losses in the next rabi and special boro/summer seasonsparticularlyinthefloodproneareashasalsobeenproposed.Highrainfallandbetter soil moisture during the extended terminal part of the rainy season 2012 provides ample opportunities to improve productivity and production. Overall, 84 major andmonitored reservoirs were filled up to 87% of the previous good rainfall years and106%ofthepast10yearsaverage.Sameistrueformillionsofothermediumandsmallwater storages and recharging structures. The irrigation opportunities for the rabi season are quite attractive for timely sowing of crops and efficientmanagement of intensive inputs includingwater. The plan alsorecommends necessary measures to enhance productivity of the livestock, aquaculture andaquaticcropsespeciallyinfloodproneregions.Specificsuggestionshavebeenmadefor the land owners under Forest Rights Act, 2006 and non-timber forest products in the tribal belts. A few suggestions have also been argued for protecting and conserving wild life especially in thefloodproneareas to sustain tourismrelated livelihoods.I appreciate the efforts of Dr.N.B.Singh, Technical Expert (A&H), Dr.K.D.Sharma, Technical Expert (Water management) and Dr.R.S.Saini, Consultant (Agriculture) in following the rainfall anomalies leading todroughtandflood like situationaswell ascoordinating with other agencies like Ministry of Agriculture, IMD and Central Water Commission for compiling this document.
January 20, 2013 J.S. Samra ChiefExecutiveOfficer
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nso izdk’k ’kkL=kh ekxZ] iwlk] ubZ fnYyh&110012government of India,Planning Commission
National Rainfed Area AuthorityNASC Complex, 2nd Floor, Dev Prakash Shastri Marg,
Opp. Todapur Village, Pusa, New Delhi-110012
iv
Acronyms
CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
DAC Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
EDC Eco Development Committee
FRA Forest Right Act
FRL Full Reservoir Level
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
IGP Indo-Gangetic Plains
JFMC Joint Forest Management Committee
LPA Long Period Average
MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
MHA Million Hectare
MT Million Tons
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NE North East
NRAA National Rainfed Area Authority
NTFP Non Timber Forest Products
PDS Public Distribution System
RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
SAU State Agricultural University
SHG Self Help Groups
SMC Soil and Moisture Conservation
SW South West
TMR Total Mixed Ration
UMMB Urea Mineral Molasses Block
v
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
1 Probability of occurrence of drought in different regions of India ................................................................................................................. 3
2 Summary of rainfall over four homogeneous regions as on 30.09.2012 ............................................................................................................. 6
3 Monthly and second half (August+ September) of the monsoon season rainfall over the country as a whole ................................................ 6
4 Subdivisionwiseweeklypercentdeparturesof rainfall - monsoon 2012 ................................................................................................... 11
5 Subdivision-wiseweekly rainfalldistribution ............................................ 13
6 Filling up of the reservoirs in 20012 ............................................................ 15
7 Detailsoffloods in theyearof 2012 ............................................................ 17
8 Area coverage under kharif crops during 2012 .......................................... 27
9 An illustrationof somecontingentmeasures tobeadopted for fruits and vegetable crops to combat the climatic vagaries .................... 33
10 Estimated loss/gain in production of food grains during Kharif 2012-13 ................................................................................................... 40
11 Estimated loss/gain in production of oilseeds and other commercial crops during Kharif 2012-13 .................................................... 41
12 Major boro rice growing districts in various States ................................... 46
13 List of Hybrids (H) and Composite (C) varieties of maize for different States for rabi season ................................................................ 51
14 Recommendedcrops for intercroppingwithmaize .................................. 52
vi
List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page No.
1 Daily mean rainfall (mm) over country as a whole (2012) .........................4
2 Daily mean rainfall (mm) in different meteorological sub division (2012) ................................................................................................5
3 Sub-division wise rainfall distribution over India during South West monsoon season (June to September) – 2012 ............................7
4 Week-by-weekpercentdepartureofmonsoon rainfall – 2012 ....................8
5 Week-by-week cumulativepercentdepartureofmonsoon rainfall – 2012 .........................................................................................................9
6 Storagepositionof important reservoirsof Indiaason27.09.2012 .........15
7 Floods in Assam during 2012- Brahmaputra River ......................................19
8 Floods in different rivers in Bihar during 2012 ............................................20
9 Areaunder rabi maize in different States ......................................................48
10 Area and production of rabi maize in Andhra Pradesh, 2001 to 2011 ....49
11 Increasing trend of rabi maize production and productivity from 2001 to 2011 ..........................................................................................................50
vii
List of Photos
Photo No. Title Page No.
1 An Indian air force helicopter distributing relief materials in the floodhit area inSonitpur,Assam, India,on July1, 2012........................... 16
2 A typical land slide due to heavy rain ......................................................... 21
3 Degraded soil and damaged crops .................................................................. 21
4 Cloudburst andflashfloods inUttarakhand ............................................... 22
5 Unusual inundationofwater inpartsofRajasthan ..................................... 24
6 A bird’s eye view of the Marina beach after sea water breached the coast following high tides due to cyclonic storm Nilam in Chennai ....... 25
7 People save themselves at the Marina beach following high speed wind due to cyclonic storm Nilam in Chennai ................................. 25
8 Trailofdestruction:Aviewof thepaddyfieldawashwith sand following a breach in the bund of Dalimdevi Cheruvu at Jagaram village in Jammi mandal of Vizianagaram district ....................................... 26
9 Fodderblockmakingmachinewith fodderblocks ...................................... 35
10 Urea Mineral Molasses Blocks (UMMB) ......................................................... 35
11 Makhana cultivationwithfish in thevacant space inDarbhanga,Bihar . 53
12 Fish pond in water logged area with vegetables + fruits on bunds ........ 54
13 Fish trenches-cum raised bed with banana in water logged area............. 55
viii
1
1. Introduction
About60%ofcultivableareaofIndiaisrainfedorunirrigatedwhichiscriticalintermsof securities for drinking, domestic and industrial water supply, fodder, feed, food, farmers’ distress and farm income. About 80% of horticulture based livelihoods and100% of forest products are realised without formal irrigation. About 49.8 mha land(15.2% of geographical area) is flood prone and about 10-12 mha is actually floodedeachyear.During 1900–2012or 112yearsperiod,droughts andfloods are among topmostnaturaldisastersof Indiaaffectinghumanpopulation.Deficitrainfallevenintheassured irrigated regions has far reaching implications in terms of surface water supplies, ground water over exploitation, excessive power consumption and overall production strategies.Simultaneousoccurrenceoffloodinoneanddroughtinanotherpartsofthecountry are quite common. During 2012 monsoon season drought in the early parts andflood in the latterpartofmonsoonseasonwerewitnessed.
The Indian sub-continent is predominantly characterized by a tropical monsoon climate and entire regime is distinguished mainly by the differences in rainfall both in quantity and distribution. The most important feature is the regional and temporal alteration of atmospheric flowpatterns associatedwithmonsoon. There are twomonsoon systemsoperating in the region (a) the South-west or summer monsoon accounting for about 80%and(b) theNorth-eastor thewintermonsoonwhichaccountsforroughly20%ofthe rainfall. There is a large variability in the monsoon rainfall on both space and time scales.ConsequentlydifferentIndianregionsexperiencedroughtorfloodinsomepartsof the country almost every year during the monsoon period between June-September. Inthepast,Indiahasexperiencedtwentyfourlargescaledroughtsin1891,1896,1899,1905, 1911, 1915, 1918, 1920, 1941, 1951, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1986, 1987,1988, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2009 and 2012with increasing frequencies during the periods1891-1920, 1965-1990and1999-2012.
2. Benchmarks of Normal Monsoon Behaviour and Possible Shiftsi) South-west monsoon over different parts of the country sets in at different times
betweenMayandJune.ItsnormalonsetperiodoverKeralaisaround29th May and by June 1st week, the Northern limit of monsoon passes over Karnataka, Manipur and Tripura. By the second week of June, the limit passes through Mumbai, Kolkata and covers the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh and reaches Delhi byabout29th June.
ii) The onset over the North-western parts of India is around last week of June to the firstweekof July and covers the entire countrywithin about 30days. Similarly,monsoon withdrawal starts from the second week of September over the northern partsandaround15th October, the South-west monsoon conditions cease to operate in Southern part.
2
iii) Breaks in monsoon situations result from the change in the track of tropical depressions from Bay of Bengal and their number in a given month give rise to dry spells over certain sub-divisions in any given year. It happened in 2009due to cyclone called Aila. In 2012 Neelam cyclone caused unexpected rains along Southern coast and affected weather in November up to Delhi. Cloud burst caused localised havocs in Uttrakhand, Jammu, Maharashtra and Rajasthan (Jaipur) in 2012.
iv) The four broad scenarios for which one has to plan for contingency are:
I. Delayed onset Maximum of three weeks from normal date for the given region. This happened in North-west India in 2002andNorth-west andNorth-east India in2009.
II. Early onset and sudden breaks. This scenario happened in some parts of the country in2009.
III. Early withdrawal of monsoon By last week of August and causes stress during maturity of crops.
IV. Delayed withdrawal or extended monsoon.
May damage matured kharif crops at the harvesting time as in 2012 but benefit sowing of subsequentrabi crop.
V. Various permutations and combinations of above four scenario.
Complexities of management increases.
Review of the past detailed facts about drought, policies, combating, crop weather watch, international efforts, feedback, early warning and forecasting of drought are given in Annexure-I
3. Probability of Occurrence of Drought
Based on the analysis of long time series of yearly data, probability of occurrence of drought in different regions is given in Table 1.
4. Salient Features of 2012 Monsoon
Normally the South West monsoon (SW) season extends through four months of the calendar year viz., June, July, August and September. Out of these four months, June is characterized by onset of monsoon over Kerala and its subsequent Northwards and Westwards advance to cover various regions of India. Rainfall in the month of July and distribution patterns are very crucial for realizing agriculture productivity and production. The Indian summer monsoon is characterized by large spatio-temporal variability on various scales. The pattern of variability in every year is unique and is also a major driver of providing goods and services to the people and wild life.
3
Table 1. Probability of occurrence of drought in different regions of India
Regions Frequencyofdeficient rainfall (75% of normal or less)
Assam Very rare,once in15years
West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh,Konkan, Bihar and Orissa
Once in5years
South interior, Karnataka, Eastern Uttar Pradesh & Vidarbha
Once in4years
Gujarat, East Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh Once in 3 years
Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir and Telengana Once in2.5years
West Rajasthan Once in 2 years
During 2012 there was large variability in the dates of advance of monsoon over different regions and also the quantum and distribution of rainfall which had a direct bearing on the sowing operations of kharif and subsequent crops over many regions of the country.
4.1 Onset of 2012 monsoon and its progress
This year, setting in of South-west monsoon over Andaman Sea was delayed by about 3 days. The normal date of onset of SW monsoon over Kerala is 1st June. In 2012 the South-westmonsoonsetinoverKeralaon5thofJuneasagainsttheIndianMeteorologicalDepartment(IMD)forecastdateof1stJune±4days1 and covered entire Goa and some parts of Konkan on 6th June. The monsoon also covered entire North-east India and some parts of Sub-Himalayan West Bengal & Sikkim on the same day. Thereafter, there was a hiatus of 6 days, during which, the off-shore trough was feeble and the vortex also became less marked. Again with the strengthening of the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoonal current, monsoon advanced into most parts of peninsular India including interior Maharashtra by 17th June. Also, due to the formation of an upper air cyclonic circulation over the Northwest Bay of Bengal and neighbourhood, the Eastern branch advanced further during the subsequent days and covered Vidarbha, West Bengal & Sikkim andOdisha on 19th June and Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar on 21st June. Thereafter, therewas another interruption for about 9 days (till 30th June) due to the shiftingoftheseasonalheattroughtothefoothillsofHimalayason25th June. A break like situation prevailed during 25th -29th June. During the period of hiatus, systems in westerlies gave rainfall over the northeast India and the feeble off-shore trough prevailing off the West coast gave rise to rainfall along the West coast. Due to the sluggish advance, there was a lag of nearly 2 weeks over the West and Central parts of East Uttar Pradesh for the monsoon rainfall to start.
Latearrival,slowprogresstowardsNorth-westandfrequentbreaks,persistentdeficiencytill 31.07.2012, threeweek latewithdrawal, cloud bursts and floods in late September
1http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/press_english_2.pdf (accessed on 05.12.2012)
4
were the main characteristics of the 2012 South-west monsoon. Although rainfall deficiencywassomewhatmadeupduringsecondweekofJulynormalrainfallareahadprogressed from10% to 36% till the end July.Briefdescriptionof rainfalldistributionand rainfall anomalies is given below:
4.2 Rainfall distribution
4.2.1. Day to day rainfall (All India and four broad geographical regions)
The average daily rainfall over the country as a whole is given in Figure 1.
Ø It is seen that during 122 days this monsoon, the daily all India rainfall was below normal for 71(58%)days, normal rains for sevendays and above average for 44(36%)days.Initiallythereweretwobreaksintherainfallaround9th June and 28th June followedbydeficit for about8days from July18 to25.
Figure 1. Daily mean rainfall (mm) over the country as a whole (2012) (Source: IMD)
Ø The daily rainfall over the four broad geographical regions is given in Figure 2 which indicates that daily rainfall over East and North-east India remained above normal during many days of June, whereas the daily rainfall over South peninsular and Central India was above normal during the third week of June
Ø The most seriously affected region was North-west India where except for one day average rainfall was below normal till 5th of July. The rainfall breaks were more conspicuous in North-west of India.
5
Figure 2. Daily mean rainfall (mm) in different meteorological sub divisions (2012) (Source: IMD)
6
4.2.2 Sub division wise rainfall
Sub-division wise rainfall distribution over India during southwest monsoon season (June to September)–2012 is given in Figure 3. For the country as a whole, seasonal rainfall up to 30th Septemberwas 8%below the longperiod average (LPA)with near normalrainfall over all the four homogeneous regions as per the details given in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of rainfall over four homogeneous regions as on 30 .09.2012
Region LPA (mm) Actual rainfall for 2012 SW monsoon season
Actual Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (% of LPA)
All India 887.5 819.8 92
Northwest India 615.0 569.3 93
Central India 975.5 935.5 96
Northeast India 1438.3 1275.3 89
South Peninsula 715.5 643.9 90
Source :IMD
Disaggregated meteorological sub-division wise rainfall presents a different scenario which indicates that out of 36 meteorological subdivisions, the rainfall was normal in 23 (64%) and deficient in 13 (36%) subdivisions.The sub-divisions having deficientrainfall are NMMT (Nagaland Manipur Mizoram and Tripura), Bihar, West UP, Haryana Chandigarh and Delhi, Punjab, Gujarat region, Saurashtra & Kutch, Madhya Maharashtra, Marathwada, Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry, North Interior Karanataka, South Interior Karnataka and Kerala. In area-wise distribution, 67.3% area of the country receivedexcess/normal rainfall.Remaining32.7%area receiveddeficient rainfall.
4.2.3. Month wise rainfall
The rainfall during the four monsoon months and the second of the monsoon season (August + September) over the country as whole is given in Table 3. Monthly rainfall over the country as a whole was 72% of LPA in June, 87% of LPA in July, 101% ofLPA inAugust and 111% of LPA in September. Total rainfall during the second halfmonsoon was higher than its LPA value.
Table 3 Monthly and second half (August+ September) of the monsoon season rainfall over the country as a whole
Month LPA (mm) Actual Rainfall for 2012 SW Monsoon Season
Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (% LPA)
June 163.6 117.8 72
July 289.2 250.4 87
August 261.3 264.7 101
September 173.4 192.0 111
August + September 434.7 453.7 104
Source :IMD
7
Figure 3 Sub-division wise rainfall distribution over India during South West monsoon season (June to September) – 2012 (Source: IMD)
8
4.2.4. Week by week departure in rainfall
Percent departure of rainfall on week by week basis as well as for the cumulative weekly percent departure of rainfall for the entire country is given in Figure 4 and Figure 5respectively. Figure 4 depicts week by week departure of rainfall from LPA whichindicates that except for week ending 11th July, percent departure of rainfall from the LPA wasnegativetillweekending15th of August when this departure became positive and remainedsotillweekendingon19th September when it again dipped to negative side. Negative weeks were three times more of positive ones. Cumulative percent departure of rainfall for thecountryasawhole isgiven inFigure5which indicates thatpercentdeparture of rainfall for the country as a whole has been negative throughout the rainy seasonwithgreaterdeficitinthefirstpartoftheseason.Percentofdeparturefromthenormal rainfall ranged from-5.5%to -42.3%and thisdeficit rainfallduring thecriticalmonth of July led to loss in productivity and production of agriculture.
4.2.5. Sub division wise weekly departure of rainfall –monsoon 2012
weekly percent departure of rainfall in different metrological subdivision is given in Table 4 . which indicates that Punjab; Haryana, Chandigarh & Delhi; Gujarat regionandSaurashtra&Kutchregionshadscantytodeficientrainsupto15th of August The situation in Haryana Chandigarh & Delhi improved during the last week but other regions remained the same. This situation led the farmers in Punjab to extract more ground water with high energy input as the area coverage under rice was more than the normal or almost equal to last year coverage.
Figure 4. Week-by-week percent departure from normal monsoon rainfall – 2012 (Source: IMD)
9
Figure 5. Week-by-week cumulative percent departure from normal monsoon rainfall - 2012 (Source: IMD)
6.6.6Regions showingseveredeficient rainfall anddrought
Ø The distribution of rainfall is more important especially for kharif crops than the overalltotalrainfall.Table5andFigure3presentsthemeteorologicalsubdivisionwise summary of rainfall from 1.6.2012 to 30.9.2012 and number of weekswithexcess,normal,deficient,scantyornorainfall from7th June to30th of September 2012.
Ø EightmeteorologicalsubdivisionsnamelyWestUP;SaurashtraandKutch,Punjab,Gujarat region:HaryanaChandigarh&Delhi;Himachal Pradesh;North InteriorKarnataka and South Interior Karnataka which were most affected subdivisions didnotwitnessmorethanfiveweeksnormaltoexcessrainfallduringthisperiod.However two sub divisions namely Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh & Delhi were most seriously affected throughout the entire season with only 2 and 3 weeks witnessing normal to excess rainfall respectively.
Ø Most of the sowing operations for the kharif crops start in mid June and continue up to mid of August thus making this period most important for crop production activities. The week by week departure of rainfall from LPA starting week ending on 13th June to 26th of September indicates that twelve meteorological sub divisionsnamelySaurashtra&Kutch;Har.CHD&Delhi;Punjab;WestRajasthan;East Rajasthan; East UP; West UP; Gujarat region; Himachal Pradesh; MadhyaMaharashtra; South InteriorKarnatakaandKeralaweremost seriouslyaffected.
Ø Out of these twelve sub division except West Rajasthan which received normal rainfall in thefirstweek i.eweekending13th June infirst sixmeteorological sub
10
division the rainfall was deficient to scanty up to week ending 15th of August when most of the crops are sown. Similarly other sub division also suffered from deficient rains. In some of the subdivisionwhere normal rains occurredduringsecond week of August again followed a long dry spell thereby affecting the crop sowing.
Ø However, district wise weekly departure of rainfall which was seen at IMD website2 presented a different picture as discussed above. For example in case of East Uttar Pradesh the rainfall for the overall sub division has been recorded as Normal but 13 districts out of 41 districts have recorded deficient rains. In caseofPunjabtheoverallrainfallhasbeendescribedasdeficientbutinsomedistrictslikeinFatehgarhSahibexceptforthefirstweekending13th of June the rainfall in all subsequent weeks has been either scanty or no rains. In case of four districts namely Ferozepur, Moga, Nawanshahar and Taran Taran the rainfall has been eitherscantyornorainsexceptforoneweekending19th September which received excess rainfall. Interestingly during this week there has been excess rainfall in all the districts of the state except in Bathinda and Mukatsar where rainfall was recorded as deficient and in Fatehgarh Sahib where it was scanty. The weeklydistributions of rains at district level are more important than the sub division wise rainfall as far as the sowing of crops is concerned. Similar exercise at block level will give still a better picture to understand the affect of rainfall on crop sowing especially in rainfed areas like Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
5. Withdrawal of Monsoon 2012ThesouthwestmonsoonwithdrewlatefrompartsofNorth-westIndiaon24th September against its normal date 1st September. Subsequently, the SW monsoon withdrew from most parts of North-west India and parts of Gujarat State and west Madhya Pradesh. The delayed withdrawal of rainy season led to lodging of paddy crops and lack of seed setting in pearl millet (Bajra) in certain parts of the country.
6. Status of Storage in ReservoirsWaterflowand storage in reservoirs is averygood regionalizedand robust indicatorof realistic rainfall in the vast catchment. It is much better and practical parameter as compared to point estimate measured by rain-gauges.
The current year’s storage of 84 important reservoirs in different parts of the countryisnearly 87%of lastyears’s storageand106%of the averageof last tenyears.Outof84 reservoirs, 38 reservoirs reported more than 80% of normal storage, 19 reservoirsreported between 51% to 80% and remaining 27 reservoirs had 50% or less than thenormal storage. Region wise percent storage of live capacity at FRL is given in Table 6 which indicates that water level in the reservoirs in Western and Southern region was
2 http://www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/dynamic/rfmaps/WeekByWeekrain.htm http://www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/dynamic/rfmaps/Weeklyprogress.htm
11
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SCA
NT
YN
O R
AIN
S.
No.
WE
EK
S E
ND
ING
ON
---
>13
JU
N
2012
20
JUN
20
12
27
JUN
20
12
04
JUL
20
12
11
JUL
20
12
18
JUL
20
12
25
JUL
20
12
01
AU
G
2012
08
AU
G
2012
15
AU
G
2012
22
AU
G
2012
29
AU
G
2012
05
SE
P
2012
12
SE
P
2012
19
SE
P
20
12
26
SE
P
20
12
03
O
CT
20
12
ME
T.
SU
BD
I D
VIS
ION
S
1A
& N
ISL
AN
D120%
-9%
-71%
-38%
35%
13%
-61%
-57%
-81%
-42%
-24%
82%
50%
146%
300%
15%
-30%
2.A
RU
NA
CH
AL
PR
AD
ESH
-45%
-47%
78%
-51%
-4%
23%
-20%
-34%
7%-77%
3%10%
18%
-44%
60%
100%
15%
3.A
SSA
M &
ME
GH
AL
AY
A-44%
-9%
105%
-51%
-37%
49%
-40%
-37%
-32%
-57%
-12%
-36%
-26%
-49%
30%
112%
46%
4.N
M M
T-71%
-11%
31%
-49%
-54%
-33%
-47%
-53%
-10%
2%-40%
-43%
-3%
-12%
0%-44%
-17%
5.SH
WB
& S
IKK
IM1%
58%
46%
-62%
37%
87%
9%-70%
-34%
-64%
-11%
-15%
-19%
-22%
103%
49%
5%
6.G
AN
GE
TIC
WE
ST B
EN
GA
L-52%
-26%
-2%
-74%
-10%
4%-2%
3%-31%
32%
-13%
-51%
28%
23%
14%
-78%
-83%
7.O
RIS
SA-59%
8%21%
-2%
-26%
-48%
-2%
17%
31%
-3%
52%
-15%
37%
3%13%
-23%
-42%
8.JH
AR
KH
AN
D-89%
-46%
41%
-79%
-5%
8%-35%
22%
8%30%
-12%
-46%
-63%
20%
71%
-51%
-91%
9.B
IHA
R-90%
-42%
-8%
-89%
-22%
43%
12%
-63%
-4%
-28%
-26%
-41%
-75%
-64%
205%
-82%
-91%
10.
EA
ST U
.P.
-100%
-68%
-49%
-96%
60%
-32%
56%
-37%
36%
-62%
-48%
5%-21%
-69%
254%
-99%
-99%
11.
WE
ST U
.P.
-100%
-74%
-93%
-99%
1%-55%
-48%
57%
-27%
-48%
-28%
5%-29%
-67%
67%
-99%
-100%
12.
UT
TA
RA
KH
AN
D-97%
-95%
-38%
-25%
13%
-52%
-13%
-2%
42%
-25%
34%
-15%
2%-46%
165%
-89%
-96%
13.
HA
R.
CH
D &
DE
LH
I-92%
-97%
-98%
-96%
-30%
-65%
-71%
-78%
-80%
-27%
15%
86%
-20%
-74%
133%
-99%
-100%
14.
PUN
JAB
-71%
-95%
-86%
-93%
-54%
-63%
-55%
-67%
-78%
-44%
-27%
17%
-30%
-59%
382%
-99%
-100%
15.
HIM
AC
HA
L P
RA
DE
SH-70%
-93%
-51%
-74%
8%-61%
-44%
-10%
-33%
-31%
85%
43%
-46%
-23%
293%
-91%
-100%
16.
JAM
MU
& K
ASH
MIR
35%
-88%
-27%
-81%
15%
-42%
-62%
7%-14%
-6%
121%
18%
2%64%
351%
-98%
-99%
17.
WE
ST R
AJA
STH
AN
-3%
-79%
-97%
-99%
-31%
-30%
-89%
-86%
-66%
248%
9%141%
137%
208%
108%
-97%
-99%
Con
t...
12
S.
No.
WE
EK
S E
ND
ING
ON
---
>13
JU
N
2012
20
JUN
20
12
27
JUN
20
12
04
JUL
20
12
11
JUL
20
12
18
JUL
20
12
25
JUL
20
12
01
AU
G
2012
08
AU
G
2012
15
AU
G
2012
22
AU
G
2012
29
AU
G
2012
05
SE
P
2012
12
SE
P
2012
19
SE
P
20
12
26
SE
P
20
12
03
O
CT
20
12
ME
T.
SU
BD
I D
VIS
ION
S
18.
EA
ST R
AJA
STH
AN
-48%
-24%
-99%
-86%
143%
-58%
-78%
-42%
-33%
170%
48%
83%
18%
96%
15%
-67%
-96%
19.
WE
ST M
AD
HY
A P
RA
DE
SH-70%
-5%
-99%
-48%
68%
-75%
-3%
166%
40%
54%
-2%
-33%
6%128%
-66%
-52%
-67%
20.
EA
ST M
AD
HY
A P
RA
DE
SH
-82%
40%
-71%
-85%
88%
-36%
32%
11%
25%
-4%
-8%
9%-40%
17%
20%
-47%
-72%
21.
GU
JAR
AT
RE
GIO
N-31%
-44%
-91%
-66%
-9%
-47%
-76%
-72%
-80%
97%
-86%
-28%
21%
165%
-4%
-49%
-91%
22.
SAU
RA
SHT
RA
& K
UT
CH
-34%
-38%
-91%
-66%
-80%
-75%
-97%
-97%
-97%
-84%
-92%
-33%
242%
297%
71%
-11%
-30%
23.
KO
NK
AN
& G
OA
-38%
42%
-41%
17%
-27%
-13%
-31%
-21%
-9%
-23%
-46%
76%
151%
118%
-16%
-85%
12%
24.
MA
DH
YA
MA
HA
RA
SHT
RA
-54%
-20%
-73%
3%-37%
-58%
-23%
42%
-8%
10%
-75%
-26%
83%
43%
-72%
-67%
27%
25.
MA
RA
TH
WA
DA
-78%
-3%
-89%
39%
-17%
8%-41%
-36%
-76%
-75%
-66%
-7%
61%
-30%
-94%
-10%
30%
26.
VID
AR
BH
A-34%
94%
-81%
-44%
12%
-29%
63%
54%
-19%
-58%
58%
2%117%
64%
-76%
36%
-14%
27.
CH
HA
TT
ISG
AR
H-46%
2%3%
-47%
3%-33%
41%
35%
56%
-20%
26%
-26%
36%
19%
7%3%
-39%
28.
CO
AS
TA
L
AN
DH
RA
PR
AD
ESH
-19%
28%
-8%
-19%
32%
64%
-3%
-11%
81%
5%-56%
0%155%
59%
-40%
5%164%
29.
TE
LA
NG
AN
A-54%
105%
-41%
-61%
0%9%
28%
39%
11%
-37%
-10%
29%
129%
4%-67%
-5%
136%
30.
RA
YA
LA
SEE
MA
-84%
-6%
-41%
-11%
-3%
179%
-34%
-9%
-25%
-49%
-45%
200%
63%
-75%
-93%
-86%
21%
31.
TA
MI
LN
AD
U
&
PON
DIC
HE
RR
Y-70%
-4%
-57%
-14%
-26%
157%
-86%
-85%
-70%
43%
-1%
14%
-17%
-31%
-57%
-68%
11%
32.
CO
AST
AL
KA
RN
AT
AK
A-24%
21%
-27%
8%-40%
-55%
-39%
-33%
49%
64%
-25%
100%
213%
48%
22%
-99%
25%
33.
N.
I. K
AR
NA
TA
KA
-82%
3%-39%
-30%
-57%
6%-31%
-28%
-14%
-37%
-81%
55%
74%
-45%
-87%
-93%
28%
34.
S. I
. K
AR
NA
TA
KA
-59%
-14%
-52%
-36%
-73%
-39%
-36%
-28%
58%
9%-58%
159%
99%
-21%
-63%
-99%
-5%
35.
KE
RA
LA
-52%
24%
-59%
-24%
-35%
-77%
-56%
-67%
-32%
30%
10%
56%
206%
29%
37%
-94%
-71%
36.
LA
KSH
AD
WE
EP
-83%
56%
-50%
30%
103%
-49%
-69%
-87%
-91%
241%
55%
107%
273%
180%
-32%
-99%
-100%
(Sou
rce:
IM
D)
13
Tab
le 5
. S
ub
div
isio
n-w
ise
wee
kly
rai
nfa
ll d
istr
ibu
tion
S.
NO
.
ME
TE
OR
OL
OG
ICA
L
SU
BD
IVIS
ION
S
PE
RIO
D:
01.0
6.20
12 T
o 30
.09.
2012
Nu
mb
er o
f w
eek
s w
ith
Rai
nfa
ll a
s
AC
TU
AL
NO
RM
AL
% D
EP
.C
AT
.E
XC
ES
SN
OR
MA
LD
EFI
CIE
NT
SC
AN
TY
NO
RA
INFA
LL
1A
& N
ISL
AN
D2052.9
1682.5
22%
N6
34
30
2A
RU
NA
CH
AL
PR
AD
ESH
1752.3
1768
.0-1
N4
56
10
3A
SSA
M &
ME
GH
AL
AY
A17
23.7
1792.8
-4N
42
100
0
4N
M M
T1030.4
1496.9
-31
D1
68
10
5SH
WB
& S
IKK
IM2092.3
2006
.24
N6
52
30
6G
AN
GE
TIC
WE
ST B
EN
GA
L956.8
1167.9
-18
N3
74
20
7O
RIS
SA1148.0
1149.0
0N
48
40
0
8JH
AR
KH
AN
D936.3
1091.9
-14
N5
44
30
9B
IHA
R814.0
1027
.6-2
1D
23
56
0
10E
AST
U.P
.804.6
897.6
-10
N4
15
51
11W
EST
U.P
.549.0
769.4
-29
D2
26
51
12U
TT
AR
AK
HA
ND
1122
.21229.1
-9N
35
53
0
13H
AR
. C
HD
& D
EL
HI
283.
0466.3
-39
D2
13
100
14PU
NJA
B26
6.0
491.9
-46
D1
16
80
15H
IMA
CH
AL
PR
AD
ESH
698.0
825.3
-15
N3
26
50
16JA
MM
U &
KA
SHM
IR558.8
534.6
5N
46
24
0
17W
EST
RA
JAST
HA
N296.4
263.
213
N5
22
70
18E
AST
RA
JAST
HA
N67
8.1
615.8
10N
52
54
0
Con
t...
14
S.
NO
.
ME
TE
OR
OL
OG
ICA
L
SU
BD
IVIS
ION
S
PE
RIO
D:
01.0
6.20
12 T
o 30
.09.
2012
Nu
mb
er o
f w
eek
s w
ith
Rai
nfa
ll a
s
AC
TU
AL
NO
RM
AL
% D
EP
.C
AT
.E
XC
ES
SN
OR
MA
LD
EFI
CIE
NT
SC
AN
TY
NO
RA
INFA
LL
19W
EST
MA
DH
YA
PR
AD
ESH
996.4
876.
114
N5
43
40
20E
AST
MA
DH
YA
PR
AD
ESH
10
21.8
1051.2
-3N
55
33
0
21G
UJA
RA
T R
EG
ION
648.3
901.0
-28
D3
25
60
22SA
UR
ASH
TR
A &
KU
TC
H311.5
473.5
-34
D3
13
90
23K
ON
KA
N &
GO
A28
22.6
2914.3
-3N
44
71
0
24M
AD
HY
A M
AH
AR
ASH
TR
A543.5
729.3
-25
D3
36
40
25M
AR
AT
HW
AD
A456.6
682.9
-33
D2
53
60
26V
IDA
RB
HA
1031.5
954.6
8N
73
42
0
27C
HH
AT
TIS
GA
RH
1228
.71147.3
7N
56
50
0
28C
OA
ST
AL
A
ND
HR
A
PRA
DE
SH655.9
581.1
13N
68
20
0
29T
EL
AN
GA
NA
787.
3755.2
4N
56
32
0
30R
AY
AL
ASE
EM
A357.3
398.3
-10
N3
45
40
31T
AM
IL
NA
DU
&
PO
ND
ICH
ER
RY
243.0
317.
2-2
3D
25
45
0
32C
OA
STA
L K
AR
NA
TA
KA
3088.5
3083
.80
N7
17
10
33N
. I.
KA
RN
AT
AK
A32
6.1
506.0
-36
D2
37
40
34S.
I.
KA
RN
AT
AK
A508.6
660.
0-2
3D
32
83
0
35K
ER
AL
A1547.8
2039.6
-24
D6
16
30
36L
AK
SHA
DW
EE
P1147.1
998.5
15N
80
35
0
(Sou
rce:
IM
D)
15
53% and 62% of FRL respectively and is less than the average of last 10 years. Thestorage position in reservoirs in Northern, Eastern and Central region was better than the average of last ten years with reservoirs in the North having maximum storage of 91%of live capacityatFRLasgiven inTable6andFigure6.
7. Other Indicators of Drought: Delay in sowing or transplanting, shortfall in the area sown/transplanted, poor germination, mortality of germinated seedling, wilted crops, excessive consumption of energy in extracting ground water, reports of the press and media were several other indirect parameters of assessing drought.
Table 6: Filling up of the reservoirs in 2012
Region %age live capacity at FRL*
%age of last 10 year average
Northern 91 73
Eastern 74 73
Central 90 64
Western 62 76
Southern 53 71
* Full Reservoir Level
Figure 6. Storage position of important reservoirs of India as on 27.09.2012
Distress sale of animals were reported especially from Karnataka which is another indicator of drought. Some economic mechanism should be put in place to get proper
16
liquidation prices of animals for the farmers or provide some safety nets to avoid distress sale.
Excessivedrawdown ingroundwater, loweringof submersiblepumpby3-4meters,replacing of low horse power motors with higher horse power motors and excessive consumption of electricity /diesels oil was reported from North–west India. Shortfall in sown area and poor condition of already seeded/planted crop suggested agricultural drought in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The assured irrigated areas wereafflictedwithhigh costofpumpinggroundwaterand retrofitting.
8. Occurrence of Floods and Cyclones-2012
8.1 Flood prone area in the country:
Thereareabout175floodgauzingand10IMDmeteorologicalstationsforfloodforecastingin India. As per report of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 2012, in Indiaabout49.81Millionhectare (15.2%of totalgeographicalarea) isfloodproneandon an average 10-12 Million hectare is actually affected every year causing a range of miseries. India’s vulnerability to floods can be visualized from the flood damages atcurrent prices during 1953-2010 of Rs.8.12 Trillion (Rs.8.12 lakh Crores). Floods, soilerosion and high suspended sediments in floodwater are themajor problems in theplains of Assam, Bihar, West Bengal etc. Out of 7.8 million hectare (MHA) geographical area of Assam state, about 40% (3.16MHA) is flood prone and on an average about12% (0.9MHA) is affectedeveryyear (Photo1).
Photo 1 An Indian air force helicopter distributing relief materials in the flood hit area in Sonitpur, Assam, India, on July 1, 2012
17
Floods and landslides caused dozens of casualties in North-eastern India in late June and early July 2012. Local media reported 80 casualties. 2.2 million People were displaced fromtheirhomesasfloodingmonsoonalrainsstruckNorth-easternIndia.India’sAssamstate has endured theworst of the flooding as themonsoon season kicked into highgear during the last week of June.
8.2.Statewisefloodoccurrenceduring2012
Moderate intensityoffloodsoccurredduring2012intheStatesofAssam(3eventsfor5days,3days,7daysduration).Bihar (6events for19days,5days,2days,5days,8days, 15daysduration),Chhattisgarh (1 event for 1day),Gujarat (2 events for 1day,2 days), Jharkhand (1 event for 11 days). Madhya Pradesh (1 event for 1 day), Uttar Pradesh (3 events for 13 days, 12 days, 12 days duration) and West Bengal (6 events for 2days, 6days, 11days, 9days, 2days, 10days).Besides, cloud-burst rainfall in J&K,HimachalPradesh,UttarakhandandSikkimcausedflashfloodsandlossofhumanlifeand property in localized areas as summarized in Table 7.
Table7.Detailsoffloods in theyearof2012
S.No
State Numberofflood Depth above DL (m)*
Gauging Station
Events Total Days Mean Range
1 Bihar 6 54 0.46 0.08-1.00 Basua, Benibad, Dhengraghat
2 West Bengal 6 40 0.51 0.03-1.10 Domohani, Tufanganj, Farakka
3 U.P. 3 37 0.68 0.01-2.15 Elgin Bridge, Balrampur, Balia
4 Assam 3 15 0.67 0.06-1.29 Guwahati
5 Jharkhand 1 11 0.96 0.25-0.96 Sahibganj
6 Gujarat 2 3 1.24 0.49-1.30 Bharuch, Wanakbori
7 Chhattisgarh 1 1 0.36 0.36 Jagdalpur
8 M.P. 1 1 1.02 1.02 Hoshangabad
*Danger level in meters
As an illustration, floods spectrum in Assam and Bihar during 2012 are depicted inFigure 7 and Figure 8 respectively
8.2.1 Assam:
Ø Many a times there could be 2-5 occurrences of floods of different durations ina year in Assam. In the year of 2012 floods came very early in the districts of
18
Karimganj in April, Lakhimpur in May and subsequently spread to other districts ofAssam inearly June.Mostdevastatingphasewasobservedon24th June, 2012 due to excessive rains between 20-27 June in the China part of the Bramhaputra catchment and Arunachal Pradesh in India. In fact water level in the tributaries originating from Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh crossed danger mark on 21st June whichreachedAssamon24th June. River’s water level in the Barak valley of Assam alsoflowedabove thedangermarkduring thisperiod.Thisaffected0.935MHA(12%geographical) and0.27MHAor 9.6%ofnet sownarea inAssam, 105 liveswere lost, 4540 villageswere inundated and in all nearly 2.3million populationwas affected.
Ø Thefloodintensity inAssamduring2012wasunprecedentedand ledto the lossof even globally threatened wild life species, river embankments were breached at 43places,27 landslides like theoneshown inPhoto2andPhoto3 led to severesoil erosionandveryhighconcentrationof suspendedsediments infloodwater.Landslides also caused 16 deaths of human beings bringing the total number of deathsduetofloodsandlandslidesto121.Italsoaffected0.27millionhaofcropland (9.6%of thenet sownarea).
Ø The Brahmaputra River and its tributaries had breached more than 40 levees.Thousands of homes mostly made of bamboo and straw were washed away in daysof torrentialrains.Thefloodsalsobreachedroadsandbridgesanddownedpower lines. By July 2, 2012, the Brahmaputra River had spilled over its banks throughouttheregion.WaterpooledonfloodplainsNorthandSouthoftheriver,withespecially extensiveareasoffloodwater southofTezpur.
Ø WhiletheIndianstateofAssamcopedwithseverefloods,otherpartsofthecountryexperienced monsoon rains that were lower than average, and the dry conditions jeopardized some crops. Flood waters also submerged more than 70 percent of the famous Kaziranga National Park, known for its one-horned rhinos.
Ø The2012floodsinthestateofAssamhavecausedseriousdamagestoforestsandwildlife in the state. The Protected areas affected included (i) Kaziranga National Park (ii) Manas National Park (iii) Dibru Saikhowa National Park (iv) Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary and (v) Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park. While there have been loss of infrastructure, nurseries and plantations in many forest areas in the floodaffectedregions,mostofthewildlifecasualtieshavetakenplaceinKazirangaNational Park including loss of animals like Rhinos, Hog Deers, Sambar, Wild Boar etc. There were also reports of animals especially elephants straying out of national parks or stuck within swamps. The damages to the infrastructure and plantations/ nurseries inside forest area were assessed to be about Rs.26 crores (Rs.260 millions) by the State Forest Department.
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Figure 7 Warning and danger levels in Assam during 2012-The Brahmaputra river
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Figure 8 Floods in different rivers in Bihar during 2012
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Photo 2 A Typical land slide due to heavy rain
Photo 3 Degraded soil and damaged crops
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Ø Peoplewerejustbeginningtorebuildtheirlivesafterthepreviouswaveoffloodswhen the third wave hit, leaving people homeless and helpless. The deluge left a colossal damage in its wake after it swept away lakhs of homes, destroyed standing crop, floodedmajor roads and highways, inundated farmlands and swept awaylakhs of animals.
Ø The situation inAssam,wherewater from the thirdwaveofflood inundated16districts of the state resulted into death of 19 people and over 30 lakh affected.With10,000cattle sweptaway in theflood, the livelihoodof theaffectedpeople,whose main occupation is dairy farming, has also been severely affected. The death of animals gave rise to the fear of diseases epidemics.
Ø At the end of third event, death of 250 cows and goats and illness of another1200 animals on 6th and 7th October was reported from lower Assam’s Kamrup (rural) district. These deaths and illness were diagnosed due to alkaloid poisoning (feeding on unconventional fodder) and bacterial disease of Haemorrhagic septicaemia warranting immediate vaccination of other cattle.
8.2.2 Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
Starting August 4, 2012 incessant rain battered the Northern states of Uttarakhand,Himachal Pradesh and Jammu, triggering landslides, cloud bursts and flash floods(Photo 4). At least 34 people were killed and hundreds made homeless as reportedin Times of India dated 6, August 2012. A large number of people have been affected after flash flooding of the river Bhagirathi triggered by a cloudburst near Uttarkashitown in India’s hilly Uttarakhand state. More than 200 families living near the river were evacuated. In Uttarkashi alone, 31 people were killed and six were still missing following heavy rains,” Twenty three workers of the state-run UJVN Ltd’s Assi Ganga hydel project were missing following a cloudburst in the upper hills of Uttarkashi district and were declared dead.
Photo 4 Cloud burst and flash floods in Uttarakhand
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8.2.3 Maharashtra
Ø The torrential rains threw life out of gear and authorities had to evacuate scores from low-lying areas. The gates of several dams had to be opened as reservoir levels swelled. The damage was heaviest in Wardha district where some persons died and some were injured due to heavy rain. The season’s highest of 210 mm rainfall was recorded at Arvi in a single day, where more than 100 domestic animalsdied andhundreds of housesweredamaged. Four tofivevillageswerecompletely cut off. The total rainfall recorded on a single day in the district was 870.8 mm. In Arvi, the district disaster management wing erected shelters for evacuees as more than three hundred houses got damaged or collapsed completely due to heavy rain. A camp was set up where people got food and other essential things.
Ø In Amravati district also, rains claimed some lives. Thirteen gates of the Upper Wardha dam in Morshi and nine gates of dam on Purna Vishroli in Chandur Bazar tehsil were opened.The torrential downpour reported in the entire district threwlifeoutofgear.Riversandnullahsindistrictswereflooded.Around65mmrainfallwasreportedfromAmravatidistrictwhileWarudtehsilreported143mmrainfall.
8.2.4 Rajasthan
Although it is a desert state frequented by drought but several villages were inundated in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan after water was released from the Baraitha dam following heavyrainfall (Photo5).Muchof thecrops in theareawerealsosubmerged inwater.Thefloodedareaswas infestedwith insectsandsnakes,adding to thevillagers’woes,many of whom moved to safer grounds. The Rudaval- Bharatpur road was closed to trafficaffectingvehicularmovement.Vehicleswereusing theBayanaroad tonavigatethrough the region.
The animals and human beings moved to un-flooded raised roads, embankments,mounds and other nearby elevated places. The uppermost need was to ensure protection against diseases, unsafe drinking water clothing and food till the displaced families were re-settled. The same was true for the health of livestock and supply of safe fodder/feed to the animals. Safe disposal of dead animal and wild life carcases was essential to prevent spread of diseases and epidemics. Damages and insurance claims should be settled expeditiously to rehabilitate the affected families. Damage to infrastructure should be re-stored to ensure quick rehabilitation.
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Photo 5 Unusual inundation of water in parts of Rajasthan
8.2.5 Cyclonic “Storm Nilam” in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
Countryhadhardlycopedupwithcontingenciesofdroughtandfloodandwaspreparingfor the start of sowing of rabi crops to compensate the loss in crop production occurred during the kharif that a cyclone Nilam hit Southern States of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Cyclonic Storm Nilam was worst tropical cyclone to directly affect South India since cyclone Jal in 2010. Originating from an area of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal onOctober 28, the systembegan as aweakdepression 550kmEast-Northeastof Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Over the following few days, the depression gradually intensified into a deep depression, and subsequently a cyclonic storm byOctober 30.It made landfall near Mahabalipuram on October 31 as a strong Cyclonic Storm with peakwindsof85km/h.InChennai’sMarinaBeach,strongwindspushedpilesofsandashore and seawater reached nearly a 100 meters inland (Photo 6 and Photo 7). Schools and colleges in the city remained closed for more than three days.
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Photo 6 A bird’s eye view of the Marina beach after sea water breached the coast following high tides due to cyclonic storm Nilam in Chennai.
InTamilNadufloodwatertotally inundated51,486hectaresofdirectlysownfarmlandand 13,421 hectares of transplanted farmland; and partially submerged 4,404 hectaresofdirectly sownareaand12,189hectaresof transplantedarea3
Photo 7 People save themselves at the Marina beach following high speed wind due to cyclonic storm Nilam in Chennai
3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_nilam
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In Andhra Pradesh standing crops on roughly half a million hectares may have been badlydamagedduetotorrentialrainsinthewakeofNilamcyclone4(Photo8) Andhra Pradesh government put the loss caused to agriculture and horticulture crops due to the recent Nilam cyclone in the state at Rs. 1,710 crore5. Standing agriculture crops,mainly paddy and cotton, were the worst hit in 7.72 lakh hectares causing a monetary loss of Rs. 1,608 crore while horticulture crops in 52,000 hectares suffered damageresulting in a loss of Rs. 102 crore, according to state Finance Minister Shri Aanam Ramanarayana Reddy.
Photo 8 Trail of destruction: A view of the paddy field awash with sand following a breach in the bund of Dalimdevi Cheruvu at Jagaram village in Jammi mandal of Vizianagaram District.
9. Environmental, Social and Economic Impacts of Droughts i. Excessive withdrawal of ground water to save Kharif crops has depleted ground
water in the North-western States and other parts of the country. It is irreversible loss in many cases due to lack of recharging possibilities.
ii. Excessive use of electricity and diesel consumption for pumping ground water in order tooffset rainfalldeficiency.
iii. Higher cost of cultivation especially for paddy and other Kharif crops due to greater use of energy and diesel for lifting ground water and re-sowing.
4 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/cyclone-nilam-damages-standing-crops- in-coastal-ap/article4067731.ece 5 http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/andhra-pradesh-suffered-rs-1-710-crore-losses-to-crops-in-cyclone-nilam- 295332?h_related_also_see
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iv. Additional investment by some farmers on deepening of wells and/or installing submersible pumps replacing centrifugal pumps due to lowering of ground water table.
v. Decreased surface water availability as well as ground water recharge due to deficient rainfall.
vi. Social and economic distress as a result of reduced domestic water supply, higher food prices, power cuts in domestic and industrial sectors because of diversion of electricity to agriculture sector and other hardships.
vii. Less area sown results in low production
viii. Industrial losses due to diversion of power to agriculture
10. Area Coverage Under Kharif Crops:Asaresultofdroughtandfloodstheareacoverageundervariouskharifcropsduring2012was100.92millionhectarescomparedto106.59millionhaduringthecorrespondingperiod of 2011 as reported by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture. Details of crop wise area coverage are given in Table 8.
Table 8. Area coverage under kharif crops during 2012
(Million Hectares)
S. No.
Crop Normal Area(DES)
Area Sown Increase/Decrease over last year
2012-13 2011-12
1 Rice 39.10 37.32 38.80 -1.48
2 Total Coarse Cereals (Final) 21.56 17.59 20.11 -2.52
3 Total Pulses (Final) 10.65 10.34 11.41 -1.07
4 Total Oilseeds (Final) 17.59 17.77 18.12 -0.35
5 Sugarcane (Final) 4.71 5.29 5.10 0.19
6 Cotton (Final) 11.18 11.73 12.14 -0.41
7 Jute+Mesta (Raw Jute) Final 0.92 0.88 0.92 -0.04
Total Kharif area 105.70 100.92 106.59 -.5.68
Source: Ministry of Agriculture
Rice: The area planted under Rice during 2012-13 was 37.32 million ha against 38.80 millionhaduring2011-12whichwasabout1.48millionhectare less.HigherAreawasmainlyreportedintheStateofAssam(0.44lakhha),Bihar(2.13lakhha),Chhattisgarh(1.10 lakh ha), J&K (0.29 lakh ha), Madhya Pradesh (2.07 lakh ha),Punjab (1.20 lakhha), Uttar Pradesh (3.63 lakh ha) and Jharkhand (1.08 lakh ha) . Less area was mainly
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reported in the State of Andhra Pradesh (0.81 lakh ha), Tamil Nadu (1.33 lakh ha) Orissa (0.14 lakhha),Haryana (0.34 lakhha),Gujarat (0.94 lakhha),Karnataka (0.81 lakhha),Uttrakhand (0.18 lakh ha), and West Bengal (0.16 lakh ha )
Total Coarse Cereals: The area under Total Coarse Cereal during 2012-13 was 17.59lakhhaagainst20.11millionhaduring2011-12whichwas2.52millionhaless.Higherarea was mainly reported in the State of Bihar (0.81 lakh ha),Chhattisgarh (0.22 lakh ha), Jharkhand (0.35 lakh ha),Orissa (0.32 lakh ha),Himachal Pradesh (0.06 lakh ha).Less area was mainly reported in the State of Gujarat (3.06 lakh ha), Haryana (2.96lakhha),Karnataka (3.44 lakhha.),Maharashtra (5.96 lakhha),TamilNadu(1.07 lakhha),MadhyaPradesh (0.74 lakhha),Rajasthan (15.33 lakhha) andUttar Pradesh (1.19lakh ha).
Pulses: The total coverage under kharif pulses during 2012-13 was 10.34 million haagainst 11.41millionhaduring2011-12whichwas1.07millionha less.Less areawasmainly reported in the State of Chhattisgarh (0.52 lakh ha), Gujarat (2.15 lakh ha.)Haryana(0.30lakhha),Maharashtra(3.19lakhha),Rajasthan(4.58lakhha),TamilNadu(1.10 lakh ha) , Andhra Pradesh (1.61 lakh ha), and Karnataka (3.08 lakh ha). Higher areawasmainly reported in the States ofHimachal Pradesh (0.14 lakhha),Jharkhand(1.22 lakh ha), J&K (0.12 lakh ha), Assam (0.20 lakh ha), Bihar (0.21 lakh ha),Madhya Pradesh (1.17 lakh ha), Uttar Pradesh (2.22 lakh ha), West Bengal (0.31 lakh ha) and punjab (0.003 lakh ha).
Total Oilseed:The totalareaunderOilseedwas17.78millionhaagainst17.85millionhaduring2011-12whichwaslessby0.35millionha.Higherareawasmainlyreportedin the State of J&K (0.013 lakh ha), Jharkhand (0.21 lakh ha ) Rajasthan (1.66 lakh ha), MadhyaPradesh(6.0 lakhha),Maharashtra(1.78lakhha) ,UttarPradesh(1.42lakhha)and Uttarakhand (0.17 lakh ha). Less area was mainly reported in the State of Andhra Pradesh(2.56lakhha),Gujarat(3.43lakhha.),Karnataka(4.10lakhha),TamilNadu(1.24lakhha),Punjab (0.036 lakhha),Orissa (0.59 lakhha) ,Bihar (0.007 lakhha) andWestBengal (0.012 lakh ha).
Cotton: In Cotton the total coveragewas 11.73million ha as against 12.14million haduring2011-12whichwaslessby4.07millionha.HigherareawasreportedintheStateofAndhraPradesh (6.45Lakhha),Haryana (0.80 lakhha),Maharashtra (2.79 lakhha.)Rajasthan (0.29 lakh ha) andOrissa (0.42 lakh ha). Less areawasmainly reported inthe State of Gujarat (2.67 lakh ha), Punjab (0.26 lakh ha.) andMadhya Pradesh (0.56lakh ha).
Sugarcane: In sugarcane the total coveragewas 5.29millionha against5.10millionhaduring 2011-12.
Jute and Mesta: In Jute and Mesta the total area covered during2012-13 was 0.88 million haasagainst 0.92millionhaduring2011-12whichwas0.04millionha less.
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11. Drought and Flood Management Strategies Adopted in 2012Rainfall and snowfall are the ultimate sources of water for meeting needs of drinking, irrigation,groundwaterrecharging,rainfedagriculture,andenvironmentalflows,floodand farm income securities. Analysis of long period rainfall records reveals that probability of drought occurrence in India vary from once in two years in Rajasthan to 15 yearsinAssamand inbetween2-15yearselsewhere.Majordeficienciesoranomalies in theamount of rainfall as well as variation in time and space require proper management. In most of the drought situations normal cropping systems and cultivation practices are not possible especially under rainfed conditions. In irrigated areas also, additional effortsarerequiredforefficientutilizationofresourceswithsuitablewatermanagementstrategy and agronomic manipulations in view of higher water demand and reduced supplies. The implications of abnormal monsoon were more devastating in dryland agriculture without ground water utilities. Under such a situation, unique steps were needed for growing alternative crops, their varieties, special cultural practices, plant protectionmeasuresandefficientnutrient,soilandwatermanagementsoastocontainreduction in production to the minimum possible. In addition to crop planning, other areas of concern under drought like situation are the provision of drinking/domestic and industrial water, livestock sector, forestry sector, horticulture, plantation and agro-forestry, calamity relief, supplementing non-agriculture income and providing employment for generating productive/durable assets under MGNREGA. Reducing social vulnerability by adaptive, mitigative and robust measures were also called upon as a long term measure.
A few facts about drought, evolution of policies, weather codes, experience and international efforts are summarized in Annexure-I In flood affected areas followingmeasuresare requiredduring thepostfloodperiod:
Ø Waterandsoilconservationmeasuresinfloodcatchmentsarenecessarytomoderatepeak flows, water suspended sediments, siltation of water ways and cultivatedfields.
Ø Land slips and landslides were noticed especially in cloud burst events in hilly area. These need to be properly dressed and stabilized to prevent high soil erosion, suspended matter, siltation, raise in channels bed levels, breaches in embankments, meandering of streams and related damages to wild life and human beings.
Ø Breaches in the embankments may be plugged.
Ø De-sanding or de-siltation and land shaping may be required.
Ø Rivers/ tributary trainings and streams course stabilization structures in some drainand farmersfieldmaybe required.
Ø Repair of communication infrastructure of roads, bridges, electric poles etc.
Ø Aquaculture: Mild floods are essential to flush out aquatic habitats and spread
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the fingerlings. Severe flood damage breeding grounds, brooders and bring inpredators. It may also enrich broods stocks in some downstream areas where floodwater velocity is lost. High suspended sedimentsmay reduce oxygen (o2) concentration and restrict fish growth. Damaged man made private fish pondsmay also need repairs, reseeding and appropriate feeding.
11.1 Advisory notes and contingency plans
In 2012 late arrival, slow progress towards North-west, frequent breaks, and persistent deficiency till 31.07.2012, threeweek latewithdrawal, cloud bursts and floods in lateSeptember were the main characteristics of the 2012 South-west monsoon. In anticipation of drought like situation in some parts of the country a technical advisory note for drinking/domestic water supply, livestock sector, forestry sector, crop planning for rainfed and irrigated areas, compensatory production strategies, protected cultivation and othermeasures, tomanage the rainfall deficitwas issued byNRAAon 30.6.2012(Annexure-II). Although rainfall deficiency was made up during the early parts ofJuly but the rainfall in the country as awholewas still -23% as on 12.7.2012.OverallNorth-west India was most deficient (-36%) followed by South India (-29%), CentralIndia(-23%)andEastandNorth-eastIndia(-13%).Dailymeanrainfalloverthecountryas a whole up to 13th of July indicated that for only two days the rainfall was normal while for six days it was above normal and rest of the 35 days was below normal.As a result of deficient rains, less area covered under various crops as on 12th July2012was 8.23million hectareswhichwas 19% less than the area covered during thecorresponding period of previous year. In order to combat the ill effects of abnormal rainfall various advisory note issued on 30.6.2012 was revised and a contingency plan detailingactivitiestobeundertakenfrom15-31,July2012wasissuedon16th July 2012. In addition to the sectors mentioned in the advisory note horticulture, plantation and agro forestry sectors were also included.
Some of the important features of this contingency plan with respect to crops were the information about the suitable varieties and agronomic practices to be followed in different agro-eco regions under the prevailing climatic vagaries due to shortfall and eraticities in rains at that time. A brief description of activities proposed to be followed for the crops to be sown and agronomic practices such as moisture conservation, method of sowing, intercropping, weed management and other agronomic practices for the already sown crops suggested in this contingency plan is given in Annexure-III
There was not much improvement in the rainfall during the second half of July. Daily mean rainfall over the country as a whole up to 30.7.2012 indicated that the rainfall was normal only for five days, while for nine days it was above normal and for 46 daysrainfall was below normal. It was reported that the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra were facing a severe shortage of livestock feed and fodder. For managing the shortage of feed and fodder in the coming months and to tackle drought like situation effectively a statespecificlivestockfeedandfodderadvisoryfortheStatesofKarnataka,Maharashtra,Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab andHaryanawas issued on 25th of July 2012. The detailsof this advisory are placed at Annexure-IV
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As a result of deficit rains, the shortfall in area coverage compared to correspondingperiod of previous year as on 27th of July 2012 increased to -9.94% from -7.8%on 12th of July 2012. The other major issue as on 27.7.2012 was to accord highest priority of surviving the already sown crops where the farmers had invested in the preparation of fields, seeds/transplanting, fertilizers etc.At the same time they had to plan somecontingency measures for the unsown/unplanted and re-sowing of area. The farmers and the service providers were also required to put in place some plans for compensatory production to make up for the losses, if any. Accordingly another contingency plan for the period from 1-31st August was issued on 2.8.2012. Summary of advisory on suitable varieties of the crops to be sown and agronomic practices such as moisture conservation, method of sowing, gap filling to improve the plant population , weed managementand other agronomic practices for the already sown crops as well as land preparation for rabi crops like toria required for the period from 1-31st August 2012 in different regions of the country suggested in this contingency under the prevailing vagaries of rainfall is given in Annexure-V. These contingency plans and advisory notes issued by NRAA are available on the web site www.nraa.gov.in The measures suggested to combat the ill effects of deficit rains on various sectors including crop planning arediscussed below:
11.1.1 Contingency crop plan released to States
Ø There are four broad scenario of the rainfall inadequacies consisting of (i) delayed onset, (ii) early/right onset but sudden breaks in between, (iii) early withdrawal of monsoon, (iv) delayed withdrawal of monsoon and (v) other permutation and combinations of (i) to (iv). A separate contingency plan for various scenario of rainfall deficiency is calledupon.Themajor consideration consists of alternativecrops/varieties of different duration, availability of the seeds of alternative choices as elaborated in the Position Paper 2 of National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) published in 2009 may be ensured. However, some additional information isavailable and is given in annexure-III to annexure-V which can also be used.
Ø Around1.74millionhaforestlandhasbeenallottedundertheaegisofFRA2006which ismainly rainfed and therefore is likely to be afflicted themost. Soil andmoisture conservation practices, rainwater harvesting, availability of seeds of drought resistant varieties and extension services may be ensured. Non-timber forest product based livelihood options may also be encouraged so as to ensure alternate income avenues as one of the safety net against crop failure.
11.1.2 Contingency plan for plantation and horticultural crops
Ø In plantations and perennial crops, in situ soil moisture conservation by trenching, contour or field bunding, gully plugging, etc. may be taken up for minimizingthe impactofdeficient rainfall
Ø In horticulture and tree based crops, in-situ moisture conservation, creating micro water harvesting catchments, strengthening of basins around tree trunks, trenching and JALKUNDA may be ensured to tide over moisture stress and micro-irrigation maybeadopted for efficientuseof available/harvested rainwater.
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There are many horticultural crops (fruits and vegetables) which are grown in various agro climatic conditions in different parts of the country. The same crop grown in differentagroclimaticconditionsfacesdifferentclimaticvagariesandneedareaspecificrecommendation. Major climatic vagaries faced by these crops are:
Ø Drought
Ø unseasonal Rains
Ø Floods
Ø Heat wave/Cold wave/Frost/ Hailstorm /Cyclone
Ø High intense storms
Most of these fruits like Mango, Banana, Lemon, Orange, Papaya and vegetables like Potato, Chillies, Bhindi, Gourds & Cucumber are grown in different States and experience different climatic vagaries. Further, most of the fruit plants are perennial in nature and may be at different growth stages when a climatic vagary arises i.e there may be newly planted orchads, it may be at vegetative stage or fruit bearing condition. Need based cropand location specific contingencyplansare required for thesehorticultural crops
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) has prepared district level contingency plans (covering all farming situations within the district), for most of the districts in major states. These plans are placed at the website of the Ministry of Agriculture (www.agricoop.nic.in) and CRIDA (www.crida.in). The details of all contingent measures to be adopted for all crops, including horticultural crops (fruits and vegetables) in the event of different climatic vagaries are available in these district wise contingentplans.Thesedistrict andcrop specificplansmaybe followedasandwhena climatic vagary arises and calls for a contingent planning. An Illustration of Some of the contingentmeasures for some fruits andvegetables is summarized inTable9.
11.1.3 Contingency plan for drinking/domestic water supply
Ø Drinking water is always a major casualty of the rainfall deficiency. Therefore,maintenance and servicing of water storage structures, hand pumps, borewells, tubewells, conveyance system and water tankers, setting up of new water storage structures at strategic locations and linkages with the road/railway transport was proposed. It was proposed to plan the supply logistics at house level. In desert area camel driven tankers are most effective in last point deliveries and should be promoted.
Ø It was also proposed that States may identify and requisition sources of water supply exclusivelyfordrinkingordomesticincludinglivestockpurposesforlifting/fillingtankers from irrigation projects and tapping of ground water resources wherever feasible.
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Ø Deepening of dried up wells, digging new wells and drilling of new hand pumps/tubewells were proposed to be taken up on priority for domestic water supply wherever technically feasible.
11.1.4. Contingency plan for livestock sector
Ø Livestock sector is a traditional safety net against risks and uncertainties of rainfall and its deficits.De-worming, vaccination against expecteddiseases like bacterialHaemorragic septicaemia and fodder distribution be given high priority.
Table 9 An illustration of some contingent measures to be adopted for fruits and vegetable crops to combat the climatic vagaries
Crop Climatic Condition
Suggested contingency measure
Vegetables Drought at different stages
Light ploughing to conserve soil moisture followed by yweedingApplicationof sufficient amountoforganicmanures yThinning to maintain optimum plant population yResow the crop if themortality ismore than50%. yGapfilling ifnecessary yProvide protective irrigation through harvested rain ywaterMulching with waste materials y
Banana, Lemon, Orange, Papaya, Mango
unseasonal Rains
Drain the excess water yas soon as possible yNeed based plant protection measures to be done yimmediatelyMarket the produce as soon as possible if at maturity y
Chillies, Bhendi, Cucurbitaceous and other vegetables
unseasonal Rains
Seedling in raised beds, provide drainage yVines of Cucurbitaceous vegetables should be staked along yelevated framesNeed based plant protection measures to be done yimmediately
Turmeric unseasonal Rains
Gapfilling to replace rotten seedlings. yNeed based plant protection measures to be done yimmediately.Drain the excess water as soon as possible. y
Banana, Lemon, Orange &Batavian, Papaya, Mango
Floods Drain the excess water as soon as possible. yDrain the excess water as soon as possible y Spray1%KNO3orUrea2%solution2-3 times yPlant protectionmeasures may be take for control of yinsectvectors and diseases.Market the produce as soon as possible. y
Vegetable crops: Chillies, Bhendi. Onoin, Tomato, , Gourds & Cucumbur and Brinjal
Floods Drain the excess water as soon as possible ySprayUrea2%solution2-3 times. yMarket the produce as soon as possible. y
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Crop Climatic Condition
Suggested contingency measure
Mango, Orange & Batavia,Lemon, Papaya, Banana
Heat wave / Cold wave/Frost/ Hailstorm /Cyclone
Covering the nursery /seedlings with poly tunnel and adopt yflood irrigationat evening inextremecoldwaveCover the newly planted plants with dry leaves yIncrease the frequency of irrigation. yIf the damage is severe, go for resowing. yTress fallen on ground may be lifted and earthed up yBroken and damaged branches may be pruned and applied ywith Bordeaux paste in MangoIf crop is at maturity Harvest the mature fruits as soon yas possible.Wind damaged plants should be pruned using disinfected ysecaetures and cut ends must be smeared with Bordeaux paste
Vegetable crops Heat wave / Cold wave/Frost/ Hailstorm /Cyclone
Uprooted plants may be lifted and earthed up yGapfillingmustbedone immediately yProvide shade to the newly planted /seedlings yIrrespective of the crop stage increase the frequency of yirrigation. Use mulches yApply light irrigation or use sprinkler irrigation mid night yto protect potato from frost
Source: CRIDA, ICAR
Ø Fodder and feed supply is possibly next to drinking water for supporting livestock based livelihood. Karbi (dried stalks) of sorghum, maize and bajra, wheat bhusa, paddy straw, chafs of groundnut, soybean, chana (chick peas) and masoor (lentil etc. are traditionally known fodder sources. However, pearl millet (Bajra) and sorghum (Jowar) are being replaced by cotton, Soybean etc in Maharashtra and is going to create fodder crisis. Most of the fodder, feed and grasses get contaminated, uprootedorevenkilledduringfloods.Alkaloidpoisoningafter eating/grazingwild plants during or after floods were also reported. To respond any kind ofcontingency it was proposed to review the setting up of fodder and feed depots at strategic locations.
Ø Highmoundsorembankmentsshouldbemadeforescapingfloodsinfloodproneareas.
Ø It was proposed to develop suitable strategies for procurement of the bailing and blockmakingmachines (Photo 9) for efficient transport of densified foddersupply, repairing and servicing of the already existing machines, maintenance and servicing of feed mills, procurement of raw material for feed mills, etc.
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Photo 9 Fodder block making machine with fodder blocks
Ø Mineral supplement through Urea Mineral Molasses Block (UMMB) needs to be offered to animals for preventing loss of fertility in case of prolonged drought. These blocks (Photo 10) can be easily transported over long distances.
Photo 10 Urea Mineral Molasses Blocks (UMMB)
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Ø For utilizing residues of crops which are normally not fed to livestock, the practice of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) should be propagated. Such non-conventional feed material canbe incorporated inTMRat 10–15% level.
Ø Alternate sources of fodder like sugarcane tops/ dry sugarcane leaves especially insugarcanegrowingandfodderdeficitStateslikeMaharashtraweresuggestedtobe used for feeding livestock. Similarly residues of crops which are normally not fed to livestockwerealso suggested tobeusedat 10-15%ofTotalMixedRation(TMR).
Ø Availability of drinking water for animals was proposed to be ensured. In places of acute water scarcity, providing drinking water on alternate days was also suggested.
Ø If deficit is very serious, sugarcane baggase and pressmudmay be treated andtransportedtodeficitareasforsupplementaryfodderandfeed.Similarlymineralsupplement through Urea Mineral Molasses Block as shown in Photo 10 was proposed to be offered to animals for preventing loss of fertility in case of prolonged drought. These blocks can be easily transported over long distances.
Ø It was also suggested that rapeseed and mustard, Chinese cabbage, gobhi sarson and maize may be sown in September for fodder purpose wherever feasible. These crops will be harvested by November to facilitate the sowing of rabi cereals.
Ø As the sowing of main rabi fodder crops was to start in October-November, it was suggested that each crop of maize, bajra, sorghum, cowpea, bajra + cowpea, maize + cowpea and toria may be taken up after light showers during August-September.
Ø The nearby canal command areas could be utilized for growing fodder crops, like oats, barley, kasni and lucern etc. and farmers compensated for his income losses, if any,due todiversification.
Ø Dualpurposecropslikebarley(varietiesRD2715,RD2035,RD2522andBH75)maybesowninOctober.Onecuttingmaybetakenforfodderat50-60daysaftersowing and subsequent regenerated crop left for grain production.
Ø Migration of animals out of the fodder/feed/water scarce areas is normally resisted or discouraged by the neighbouring States to avoid spread of diseases and infections. However, to ensure health and unrestricted movement of livestock from one region to another as scarcity avoiding or survival mechanism It was suggested to identify the traditional and alternative entry points for migration of animals so that vaccination of animals could be organised.
Ø List of Gaushalas and their capacities could be updated and financial assistanceassured for setting up fodder/feed banks and livestock camps. Sites for additional temporarycattlecampsorhomedeliveryoffodder/feedmaybeidentified.Scientific
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disposal of carcases may also be designed.
Ø Non-milching and scrub animals should be preferably maintained at cattle camps/gaushalas.
Ø Suggestions were also made to follow early mornings and late evenings feeding the animals.
11.1.5. Contingency plan for forestry sector:
Following interventions/activities were suggested to be undertaken in forestry sector:
Ø The local institutions involved in forest and wildlife management such as Joint Forest management Committees (JFMC), Eco-Development Committees (EDC), Van Panchayats etc should be encouraged to dealwith floods anddroughts throughcontext-specificapproaches.Theseinstitutionsshouldbeinstitutionallystrengthenedthrough capacity building, infrastructure, equipments and resources to effectively interveneduringfloodsanddroughts.
Ø Around 1.74million ha forest land has been allotted to 4.66million tribals andother forest dwellers under the aegis of Forest Right Act (FRA) 2006. The allotted land as well as the land allottees were likely to be affected the most. Soil and moisture conservation practices, rain water harvesting and availability of seeds of drought resistant varieties of crops were proposed to be ensured. Additionally, farmers were proposed to be encouraged to plant non timber forest products (NTFP) oriented species along field bunds in order to ensure regular income toland allottees.
Ø In drought prone areas plantation of fodder trees, shrubs and grasses as rehabilitation option on degraded forest lands in drought prone areas should be invested as a long term strategy. Re-seeding of indigenous grasses and inclusion of leguminous components such as Stylosanthes sp, Sirato sp, etc. and plantation of top fodder drought tolerant trees and shrubs (e.g. Prosopis cineraria, Hardwickia binnata, Albizia sp., Zizyphus numularia, Azadirachta indica, Ailanthus excels, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia catechu, Colospermum mopane, etc.) can improve productivity of grasslands, grazing lands and pasture lands in the drought prone areas. The less productive grasses may be replaced with recently developed more productive and drought tolerant varieties of Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus, Lasirius sindicus, etc.
Ø In drought prone areas, the farmers may be encouraged to plant fast growing light canopy drought tolerant fodder trees and shrubs (e.g. spineless Opuntia sp., Acacia sp) and perennial napier grass along agriculture bunds in an agro-forestry system.. This form of agro-forestry will not only yield surplus fodder during prolonged dry spell but will also protect crop from wild animal predation. The States forest departments may assume the role of supplying quality of planting material via a network of high tech fodder species nurseries and seed centres.
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Ø Livelihoods options based on NTFP may be encouraged in the fringe forest villages of drought prone areas as safety net against crop failure. The States may establish NTFP storage facilities and develop processing and value addition centres linked with domestic and commercial markets in these areas. The land allottees of FRA may be encouraged to plant NTFP and medicinal species on field bunds forsustainable income during the lean period.
Ø In drought prone areas, In situ conservation of rainfall through soil and moisture conservation (SMC) works in fringe forests may be undertaken to improve the productivity of the forests. Drought tolerant species of perennial grasses and bushes having ability to revive quickly and yield reasonable fodder biomass may be encouraged to regenerate and/ or plant along contour trenches/ bunds/ blanks to act as vegetative barrier to conserve soil & moisture
Ø In drought prone fringe forest areas, State Forest Departments may accord priority on soil and moisture conservation works and plantation of deep rooted drought tolerant herbs/ shrubs and grasses along trenches/ contours/ bunds/ blanks. The concept of forest farming on pilot basis may be introduced which is in conformity with the National Forest Policy 1988. In this form, the forests are developed insuch a way that they have multiple layers of annual and/or perennial herbaceous vegetation in the lower storey and perennial woody plants in the middle and upper storey. Generally, the upper canopy consists of tall timber oriented trees whereas the middle canopy comprises of fruit and nut trees and soft medicinal bushes and herbaceous medicinal plants are grown in the lower canopy. Like cropping or farming, it diversify and lowers vulnerability.
Ø In flood prone areas, permanent camping stations and watch towers may beestablished at strategic locations both within and outside PAs for monitoring movements of animals and preventing poaching State Forest Departments may also be equipped with motor boats, life saving jackets, night vision devices, etc. to beusedwhilepatrollingduringfloods.Other infrastructure facilities like animalrescue centre may be established or increased in such areas.
Ø Patrolling squads may be deployed along highways passing through or in the vicinity of PAs during flood period for intensive patrolling and for providingwarnings to truck/bus/car drivers.
Ø The uplands in the flood prone areas may be developed under silvi-pasture asalternate grazing grounds for ungulates and other herbivores to offset fodder shortageduringfloods.Indigenousgrassesandbrowsefoddertreemaybeplantedand/ or encouraged to be regenerated in such areas.
Ø Chancesoffiresinforestsandelsewhereincreasewithrainfalldeficit. Itdestroysbio-diversity and burns protective cover of litter on the ground leading to high run-off and soil erosion during subsequent rainfall events. Fire lines should be maintained or created wherever lacking. Similar precautions were suggested to be taken forotherfirehazards.
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11.1.6 Other measures:
11.1.6.1 Regulating market sentiments:
Trade in the food grains is very sensitive to the rainfall anomalies. Ideally there are sufficient and dedicated stocks of rice and wheat and their consumer prices shouldnot increase. However the psychology of trade is generally to take undue advantage of weather anomalies. Most of the recent analysis show that inflation in the food isprimarily due to fresh vegetable, fruits and milk. It is therefore necessary that protected cultivation of vegetable and logistics of their transport from normal or excessive rainfall areas to the deficient areas should be arranged tominimize inflation. Investment foraggregationgrading,packaging,processingandefficientmarketingforperishablefoodcommoditieshavebeenneglectedinthepast.Sameistrueforcreatingsafeandscientificstorage of relatively less perishable cereals. Large scale public and private investment are called upon. Anti horder measures and release of food stock through public distribution system (PDS) and open market may be operationalised.
11.1.6.2 Pre-positioning of food stock:
Sufficient food grain stocks of rice andwheat are available due to record productionof 257million tons (MT) of food grains in the year 2011-12. However irrigated areasofNorthWest are themajor contributorswhereas flood anddrought like situation isappearingelsewhere.Inordertomeetthecontingency,sufficientstockshouldbemoved.This will reduce pressure on the railways and road transport which might have to be utilized for moving out fodder and drinking water.
11.1.6.3 Employment guarantee:
Hon’ble Minister of Rural Development had sent a letter to the States and assured sufficient funds for providing employment under Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to cope with the drought. The Act also envisages that while providing employment, durable and productive assets have to be created. It is therefore necessary that a shelf of required number of projects focused on rainwater management, maintenance of canal irrigation and rain harvesting in forest/waste land should be preplanned
11.1.6.4 Protected cultivations:
Inflationinfoodismainlyduetofreshfoodshortageespeciallyvegetables.Cultivationofvegetablesandflowersinpoly/net/shadedhousesgives5-10timeshigherproductivityof high quality that too during off season when market prices are very high. It also savesscarceandcostlyinputslikewater,fertilizer,pesticidesetc.totheextentof30-60%.It provides best safety net against pests and diseases and minimizes use of pesticides, fungicides, weather abnormalities etc. It is best way of compensatory production and should be encouraged.
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11.1.6.5 Micro enterprises
In addition to an on farm activities, efforts are needed to create micro enterprises at village level i.e. back yard poultry, small scale processing of agri-produce and capacity building programme for the farmers. Self help groups (SHGs) may be encouraged to take up small enterprises related to marketing and storage of agri-produce, animal healthprogrammesandnutritionalprogrammes.Forwomenandchildmicrofinancingof SHGs will empower them to take up micro enterprises at village level
12 Anticipated Production Losses in Kharif 2012:Ministry of Agriculture has anticipated a loss of kharif foodgrains production compared tolastyeartothetuneof12.76milliontons(Table10)whichis9.82percentofthetotalproduction of foodgrains achieved in 2011-12. However, it is noticed that production of foodgrainsduring2012-13wasbetter than thepreviousdroughtyearof2009-10 tothe tune of 13.23 million tons which is 12.73 percent more.
Table 10. Estimated loss/gain in production of food grains during Kharif 2012-13
(Million Tons)
Crop Previous Drought
Year 2009-10
4th Advance Estimates 2011-12
First Advance Estimates
2012-13
Loss in Production in 2012-13 over
2011-12
Gain/Loss in Production in 2012-13 over previous
drought year 2009-10
Actual Percent Actual Percent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rice 75.92 91.53 85.59 -5.94 -6.49 9.67 12.74
Jowar 2.76 3.24 2.63 -0.61 -18.83 -0.13 -4.71
Bajra 6.51 10.05 6.6 -3.45 -34.33 0.09 1.38
Maize 12.29 16.22 14.89 -1.33 -8.2 2.6 21.16
Ragi 1.89 2.01 1.65 -0.36 -17.91 -0.24 -12.7
Small Millets 0.38 0.74 0.57 -0.17 -22.97 0.19 50
Coarse Cereals 23.83 32.26 26.33 -5.93 -18.38 2.5 10.49
Cereals 99.75 123.79 111.92 -11.87 -9.59 12.17 12.2
Tur 2.46 2.65 2.78 0.13 4.91 0.32 13.01
Urad 0.81 1.28 1.14 -0.14 -10.94 0.33 40.74
Moong 0.44 1.29 0.73 -0.56 -43.41 0.29 65.91
Other Kharif Pulses
0.51 0.93 0.61 -0.32 -34.41 0.1 19.61
Total Pulses 4.2 6.16 5.26 -0.9 -14.61 1.06 25.24
Total Foodgrains
103.95 129.94 117.18 -12.76 -9.82 13.23 12.73
Source:DepartmentofAgricultureandCooperation.Min.ofAgric. (Ason24.09.2012)
Similarly production losses have also been anticipated in oilseeds (-9.64 %), Cotton(-5.11%),Sugarcane(-6.25%).Amongtheoilseedcropshighestreductioninproduction
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has been anticipated in castor seed (-40.27) followed by Groundnut (-25.01%) andSunflower (-32.56%). (Table11)
Table 11. Estimated loss/gain in production of oilseeds and other commercial crops during Kharif 2012-13
(Million Tons)
Crop Drought Year
2009-10
4th Advance Estimates
2011-12
First Advance Estimates
2012-13
Loss in Production in 2012-13 over 2011-12
Gain/Loss in Production in 2012-13 over 2009-10
Actual Percent Actual Percent
Groundnut 3.852 5.097 3.822 -1.275 -25.01 -0.03 -0.78
Castor seed 1.009 2.339 1.397 -0.942 -40.27 0.388 38.45
Sesamum 0.588 0.821 0.758 -0.063 -7.67 0.17 28.91
Niger seed 0.1 0.1 0.087 -0.013 -13 -0.013 -13
Sunflower 0.214 0.147 0.099 -0.048 -32.65 -0.115 -53.74
Soybean 9.965 12.282 12.619 0.337 2.74 2.654 26.63
Total Kharif Oilseeds
15.729 20.787 18.783 -2.004 -9.64 3.054 19.42
Cotton # 240.22 352 334 -18 -5.11 93.78 39.04
Sugarcane (Cane)
292.302 357.667 335.328 -22.339 -6.25 43.026 14.72
Jute ## 112.3 108.91 106.23 -2.68 -2.46 -6.07 -5.41
Mesta ## 5.87 6.78 6.81 0.03 0.44 0.94 16.01
#Lakh bales of 170 kg each ## Lakh bales of 180 Kg eachSource:DepartmentofAgricultureandCooperation.Min.ofAgric. (Ason24.09.2012)
13 Compensatory Production Strategies 13.1.1 Deficiency in theproductionofone seasonora region canbe compensatedby
focussing on the next season or other region of normal or high rainfall to make up for the shortfall. This would require deployment of necessary inputs i.e. seed, fertilizers, extension services and credits on intensive basis.
13.1.2 Alternative off season crops like boro rice, rabi maize, summer or spring crops, inter or relay cropping etc. have tremendous possibilities to compensate loss of production due to deficient rainfall in themain season.Appropriate inputsfor these crops may be organized. Removal of weeds will bring down water competition and mulching will conserve soil moisture.
13.1.3 Oil seeds, pulses and short duration cereals being more tolerant to the rainfall scarcityandhavingshortdurationforalternativeseasonscouldplayasignificantrole for preventing loss in production and reduce their imports.
13.1.4 Availabilityof fodder in raindeficient regions is a serious consequence.Undersevere conditions, sugarcane and grain crops could be used as fodder. Cultivation of fodder under irrigated conditions and its transport to scarcity zones can also
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be planned. Requirement of seeds of fodder crops may be assessed and made available to farmers.
13.1.5 In strategic areas, community nursery of crops like rice may be helpful in case of delayed or re-transplanting.
13.1.6 Between 22 and 78% of replenishable ground water is unutilized in differentStates of India. These areas especially Eastern and NEH regions are best bet of investments for compensatory production on long term basis.
13.1.7 Promotion of alternative micro-enterprising, income and employment generation activities can also be strategized to compensate livelihood losses
In order to compensate for the losses of production during kharif 2012, advance and meticulous planning for remaining kharif area having normal rainfall or irrigated land and subsequent rabi, boro and summer crops especially in floodprone areas becamecrucial to cover up kharif deficit.Extraeffortsforintensificationofagriculturalactivitiesin normal and surplus monsoon areas/ States during ongoing kharif and ensuing rabi season for enhancing productivity assumed greater importance to capitalize on good resource base to compensate for the kharif productionshortfall indeficitmonsoonhitareas of the country. Cultivation of aquatic crops, potential use of Chaurs/Mauns for fisheries, fish based farming system for productive utilization of water logged areasandothermeasuresinpostfloodperiodaretheotheractivitieswhichcanincreasetheproduction/compensate the loss of production during kharif 2012.
13.1 Compensatory production plan for normal rainfall and irrigated areas during Kharif 2012
The loss of production in drought affected Kharif areas had to be made up by intensive management of remaining area having normal rainfall and irrigation During 2012. some of the worst affected States like Punjab and Haryana where cumulative rainfall had been deficittotheextentof-46%and-39%respectivelybutthecropcoveragehadbeeneithernormal or suffered less compared to previous year. This is mainly due to the fact that theseStateshavemoreirrigatedareaeitherbytubewelsorcanals.Rainfalldeficienciesin the irrigated area require different kind of response. In future also if such a drought like situation arises following measures should be taken:
Ø Availability of the water in the reservoirs may be assessed, conveyance and distribution system should be repaired, efficient methods of irrigation may beemployed and appropriate roasters for the canal irrigation should be designed.
Ø Ground water irrigation would require un-interrupted supply of electricity and diesel and recharging ground water subsequently.
Ø Efficiencyofwaterliftingdevicesanddistributionsystemshouldbeoptimized.Itconsists of maintenance, greasing, repairs and servicing of electric motors, engines, pumping sets, tractors and other machinery.
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Ø Ground water irrigation is still more amenable for adopting efficient system ofsprinklers, drippers, piped conveyance, ridge and furrow planting systems, etc.
Ø Ground water re-charging helps in maintaining and augmenting water repositories to meet futuristic demands and contingencies and should be given the highest priority. Fringe forest area should be targeted for treatment to augment water availability in down-stream agricultural lands.
Ø Conjunctive use of poor quality, good quality and treated sewage water can also augment water supply.
Ø Practices of in situ rain water conservation and re-charging should be geared up in arable, non-arable and forest land.
Ø Desilting of farm ponds, tanks and check dams may be accorded priority to restore and improve their storage capacity.
Ø Digging of new ponds and dugwells especially under MGNREGA may provide one or two critical irrigations and minimize productivity loss if there is early withdrawal of terminal rainfall.
13.2 Compensatory production plan during rabi to offset Kharifdeficit of 2012
Preparations for pre-rabi/rabi andsummercropsrequiredregionspecificcroppingplansincludingidentificationofsuitablecropsandvarieties,supplyofseedsandinputsandpromotion of improved agronomic, soil and water management practices. Improved technology for rabi including resource conservation technology for enhancing production and profitability of wheat and other rabi crops. Promotion of winter maize and rabi / summer rice, particularly boro-rice areas will need more focused attention. A post monsoon/flood compensatory agriculture production plan 2012 was developed byNational Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA). A copy of this plan was sent to Ministry of Agriculture who in turn had forwarded the recommendation to its nine Crop Development Directorates for follow up actions with the states. A copy of this letter is placed at Annexure-VI
13.2.1 Strategy for Increasing production of rabi crops:
At the end of extended monsoon season, rainfall has been normal and most areas received good rains during the extended last phase of rainfall which has brightened the prospects of rabi crops. Water storage in the monitored reservoirs and millions of other storage structures is very comfortable for providing irrigation. The loss of production in Kharif has to be made up by intensive management of remaining area having normal rainfall and irrigation during subsequent rabi season, highly productive boro and summer seasons. Required strategy for rabi Crops is given as follows:
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i.Efficientuseofwater:
Ø Waterconveyanceandfieldchannelsnetworkshouldberepaired,renovatedandproperly maintained to minimize losses/leakage for optimized irrigation.
Ø Mostenergyefficientmotors,enginesandpumpsshouldbeinstalledandoldonesserviced to economize conventional energy consumption.
Ø As far as possible piped conveyance should be used.
Ø Proper land shaping/levelingoffields shouldbedone
Ø Plantingand irrigation in furrowandbed systemcan save20-30%ofwater.
Ø Useof sprinkler/drip systemof irrigation can realizemore than80%efficiency.
Ø Proper weed control, intercultural operations and mulching for water saving and moisture conservation techniques should be adopted.
ii. Wheat and other rabi crops:
Wheat is generally grown as irrigated crop and water availability in reservoirs is quite comfortable. Deployment of most efficient irrigation methods is necessary to covermaximum area under irrigation. But substantial area of wheat lies in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh where wheat is grown on limited supply of water. In all these states, timely sowing of wheat is essential to harness the potential of residual moisture due to extended withdrawal of rainfall. As a matter of strategy, the following points merit consideration:
a. Treat the seedwith fungicidesbefore sowing;
b. Sow wheat behind desi plough or use seed-cum-fertilizer drills for placement of seedatoptimumdepth;
c. Adopt improvedvarieties recommended for cultivation;
d. Increase the seed rateby20% if soilmoisture is less than sufficient;
e. Apply 50% of recommendedNitrogen and full dose of Phosphorus and Potashin soilsbefore sowing;
Timely sowing of wheat and expansion of zero tillage technique to cover more and more areas in the Indo-Gangetic plains of UP and Bihar is required for enhanced productivity, water and cost saving. In UP and Bihar, zero tillage machines should be promoted at massive scale through providing liberal subsidy for adopting zero tillage. This will advance the sowing of wheat in otherwise traditionally late sown conditions and help achieve higher productivity. The sowing of wheat in States like Haryana and Punjabshouldpreferablybedoneduring25thOctoberto25thNovemberundertimelysown condition. The old varieties like PBW 343 and PBW 502, which have becomesusceptible to rust diseases, should be replaced in these States with resistant varieties
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likeDBW17 andPBW550possessinghighpotential. The situationswhereharvest ofpaddy is delayed, the early maturing wheat varieties like PBW 373, WH 1021, PBW 509,DBW16,UP 2425, Raj 3765, PBW590 etc. should be sownpreferably using zerotillage drill.
iii. Bring additional area under rabi pulses and oilseeds:
Pulses production in kharif has been anticipated to decline by about one million tonnes. This needs to be compensated by bringing more area under rabi pulses. Concerted efforts may be made in enhancing productivity of pulses in Tal areas of Bihar through better water and fertilizer management. Nearly 12 million ha of rice fallow areas in Eastern and Central India may be targeted for pulses like chickpea, lentil etc. together with moisture conservation measures. In acid soils of Eastern region, cultivation of pulses should be promoted with application of lime plus recommended dose of fertilizer for enhancing production and productivity of pulses. Rainfed rice have also shown significant response to liming inhigh rainfall regions. Since themoisture levelinrainfedareasaresufficient,wemayencouragefarmerstoplanpulsesinmoreareas.The States where pulses area can be increased are as follows:
Gram Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Odisha.
Lentil Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Bihar.
Peas Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
Area of pulses can be increased as sole crop and inter crop with mustard, sugarcane and rabi oilseed crops.
Thereisananticipatedlossofabout2.004milliontonesoftotaloilseedsandmajorlossisfromGroundnuttothetuneof1.275milliontones. Inordertocompensatethis loss,it is suggested that farmers should be encouraged to sow rabi groundnut especially in States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Similarly farmers may be advised also to increase the area under toria and rapeseed & mustard especially in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat so that anticipated loss of kharif oilseeds is minimized.
13.2.2 Enhance area under summer/spring pulses:
Therehasbeenaboutmore than40%reduction inproductionofmoongbean inkharif season. Fortunately, a prospect of moong bean area expansion is very high in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab & Haryana and parts of Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh. Concerted efforts are needed to provide quality seed for spring/summer Moong bean on higher subsidized rates than usual years as the cost of seed of moong bean is prohibitive for small and marginal farmers. Summer/spring moong can also be grown with sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar as inter-crop.
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13.2.3 Intensification of boro Rice :
Intensification of boro/summer rice with improved technology and inputs (water and fertilizer management) in Eastern India will help in obtaining additional rice production. Boro is a mild winter season for photo-insensitive, transplanted rice cultivation with high production potential on supplemental irrigation. This gives the farmers a chance to grow a transition season crop which normally they could not grow. Boro rice is cultivated in waterlogged, low-lying or medium lands with irrigation during November to May. This type of rice has been cultivated traditionally in river basin deltas of Bangladesh and Eastern India including Eastern U.P., Bihar, West Bengal and Assam. In these regions, water accumulates during monsoon months and cannot be drained out in winter months. This practice is spreading even to those non-traditional areas where irrigation is available. Boro rice system takes advantage of residual moisture after the harvest of kharif rice. Such areas with high moisture retention capacity are low-lying ditches where water is stored or gets accumulated, areas adjoining canals and roads, Chaur-lands/Tal-lands, etc. With the increase in irrigation facilities, boro crop is now being taken in areas outside its traditional boundaries and a new cropping system is emerging.
Boro rice is relatively long duration (six month) crop as compared to kharif season (4-5 months). It therefore, requires more number of irrigations and also being nonrainy season period. Fortunately boro rice cultivated areas have reliable ground water resources. Nursery especially under poly houses should be raised in November and transplanted in January. Rapid expansion of boro rice has taken place in recent years in West Bengal and Bihar and is fast expanding to more areas in Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, parts of Eastern U.P., Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. Boro rice in India expanded from1.35 million ha (1991) to 2.95 million ha (2000), and is spreading further. Boro rice has 2-3 times higher productivity (5-6 t/ha) in deepwater areas of Eastern Indiaagainstproductivityoftraditionalkharifrice(1.3-2.5t/ha).Itsyieldismoreonaccountof betterwatermanagement, longerduration (165-180days),more sunshine and leastinfestation of pests and diseases during boro season.
Major boro rice growing areas: Boro rice is grown in Bihar, Eastern UP, West Bengal. Odisha and Assam. Important districts growing boro rice in these states is given in Table 12. In addition some boro rice is also grown in states of Tripura and Meghalaya.
Table 12. Major boro rice growing districts in various States.
State Districts
Bihar Purnia, Katihar, Madhepura, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Supaul, Kishan Ganj, Saharsa (Low- lying chaurs and chauri)
Eastern U.P. Ballia, Basti, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Gazippur(Lake, river, nalaha, etc,)
West Bengal Bardwan,24-Pargana,Nadia,Midnapur,Bankura
Odisha Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara (Low-lying areas of coastal belt)
Assam Nawgaon, Karimganj (Lake areas)
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Popular varieties: Gautam,Prabhat,IR64,KrishnaHensa,IR-36,Joyamati,VishnuPrasad,Jyoti Prasad,ChinsuraHybrid-3 , Sujata, Pusa 2-21, Saket-4, and some other varietiesthat do well under irrigated conditions.
Cultural Practices:
Nursery management
Ø Nursery for boro crop is sown in the last week of October to mid-November before onset of the winter season preferably under polyhouse to protect against coldness.
Ø Prepare the seed bed in low-lying areas near the source of irrigation or in poly houses to get healthy seedlings.
Ø Irrigate seed beds frequently.
Ø Dust the seedlings periodically with fuel wood ash, straw ash, cattle dung ash, etc.
Ø Cover the seedlings with a plastic sheet at night to avoid yellowing of seedlings.
Transplanting
Ø The seedlings are transplanted in mid-January to February.
Ø Keep seedlings18-20 cmhigh (75-85days).
Ø Keep seedlings5-6 cm in standingwater.
Ø Place the seedlings4-5perhill at a spacingof 20x10-15 cm.
Ø Dense planting and/or higher number of seedlings are required to maintain the plant population.
Ø Dependinguponthesoilcondition,apply120-150kgN,60-75kgP2O5and50-80kg K2O or as recommended by the research institutes
Ø Need-based irrigations are given from groundwater sources/canals/low-lying catchments.
Boro rice has to be incentivized by supporting low cost polyhouses and/or low plastic tunnels for raising nursery to avoid cold injury to seedlings where temperatures are low. Besides boro/summer rice in Eastern India, intensive cultivation of rice with better management and inputs should be emphasized during North East (NE) monsoon period in States like TamilNadu to cover up deficit production of kharif rice in north India. Appropriate provisions for supply of energy (electrical/diesel) will need to be put in place for lifting water, wherever needed.
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13.2.4 Promotion of rabi maize:
Maize is predominately a Kharif season crop but in past few years Rabi maize or winter maize has gained a significant place in totalmaize production in India.Rabi maize is grownonanareaof1.2millionhawiththegrainproductionof5.08milliontonnesandanaverageproductivityof4.00tha/ha.Cultivationofmaizeinwinterseasonstartedinmid 60s in some pockets of Bihar and South India and subsequently spread to entire plain region of the country where temperature during the growth periods does not go below 100C. The sensitivity of a crop species to low temperature and chilling frequently restricts the environment in which it can be cultivated. Hence, rabi maize cultivation is possible in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, South and East Rajasthan, lower elevations of Sikkim, West Bengal, Punjab and Haryana. Rabi maize can be taken in lower foothills which usually do not receive frost. Under the changing climate scenario maize being a photo-insensitive crop has better options for adaptation and mitigation of these climatic changes.Thelimitationofrisingtemperatureduringgrainfillingofwheatparticularlyin Eastern India, and declining yield of boro rice in West Bengal and Odisha and water scarce areas in Peninsular India (AP and Tamil Nadu) affecting yield of rabi rice has shown a path to maize as better option. Area under Rabi maize in different States is given inFigure9.
Figure 9 Area under Rabi maize in different States (Source: Directorate of Maize Research, ICAR)
Peninsular India is considered to be a neutral environment for maize wherein maize can be cultivated in either of the seasons. Therefore, it is emerging as a potential driving force fordiversification i.e.diversificationof rice-ricewith rice-maizeandothermaizebased high value cropping systems in water scarcity/lowering of water table is a major concern in rice growing belt of India and making rice cultivation non-remunerative. Hence, maize has emerged as a potential as well as profitable crop in these areas.The rabi rice in Peninsular India and upland rice in Odisha and NEH region has low productivity. Therefore maize is the only suitable alternative crop and more area is
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likely to shift towards maize cultivation in near future in these non-traditional areas. Wheat crop adversely affected with terminal heat due to sudden rise in temperature during crop growth and maturity but this favours maize crop positively.
Andhra Pradesh is the non-traditional maize growing state but, the climate of the State is very favourable for the maize crop and hence maize can be grown in any season in the state. The trends in area, production and productivity of maize in rabi season in Andhra Pradesh has shown a remarkable increase with the passing years (Figure 10). Smilalr trend is observed in some other States like Bihar.
Figure 10 Area and production of rabi maize in Andhra Pradesh, 2001 to 2011 (Source: Directorate of Maize Research, ICAR)
Maize is considered to be a better alternative to wheat or Boro or Rabi rice due to several reasons: (a) wheat encounters several biotic stresses, and most importantly, abiotic stresses due to terminal heat stress in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), wheat is often vulnerable to temperature fluctuation resulting in shrivelled grains and pooryield, (b) evidences of declining yield of Boro rice in West Bengal and Orissa, and (c) water scarcity in Peninsular India affecting yield of rabi rice in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Peninsular India is considered to be neutral environments where maize can be cultivated in all seasons. In particular, maize has fewer pest and disease problems than Boro rice andwheat. There is a vast opportunity for intensification of rabi maize in flood prone areas as to compensate for the loss duringKharif season with proper planningforseeds,inputsandimprovedmanagementpracticesandcropdiversification.The medium and uplands, where subsistence yield of wheat, rabi rice and other winter crops is obtained, could be substituted by rabi maize in Bihar, West Bengal, Eastern UP, Odisha, parts of Jharkhand etc. Rabi maize (170-180 days duration) has the clear cut comparative advantages of low incidence of diseases and insect pests and is not affected by temperature rise during winter (as the wheat) and do not suffer on account of heavy rainfall.
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Yield obtained during this season is invariably higher (>6 t/ha) than the Kharif season yield (2-2.5 t/ha.) due to long duration of growth and least infestation of pests anddiseases. Increase in production and productivity of Rabi Maize from 2001-02 to 2010-11 is given in Figure 11.
Figure 11 Increasing trend of rabi maize production and productivity from 2001 to 2011 (Source: Directorate of Maize Research, ICAR)
Package of practices for rabi Maize:
Extensive work on Rabi maize has been done by Directorate of Maize Research IARI, New Delhi and other State Agricultural Universities. The package of practices as recommended by Directorate of Maize Research is given below:
Ø Choice of cultivars: The success and the level of profit from rabi crop depend to a great extent on the choice of maize hybrid/composite to be grown. Farmers should therefore, be encouraged to sow only high yielding hybrids suitable for rabi season. State wise maize hybrids and composites recommended for cultivation are listed in Table 13.
Ø Date of sowing: The optimum date of sowing is important for rabi maize so that the genotype grown can complete its life cycle under optimum environmental conditions. Generally, sowing should be completed before the end of October, preferably by mid-October.
Ø Plant density and seed rate: A population of 90,000 plants/ha at harvest isdesirable for realizing high grain yield in rabi. A spacing of 60cm between rows and 18cm- 20cm between plants would provide the desired plant population density. For this purpose, 20- 22 kg of seed would be needed to sow one hectare of land. Before sowing, seed should be soaked overnight in warm (45oC at the time of seed soaking). This treatment helps in obtaining better plant stand and healthy crop.Seeds shouldbe sown4-5 cmdeep.
Ø Method of sowing: Winter maize can be sown by a number of methods like raised bed planting, zero-till planting or transplanting which are discussed below:
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o Raised bed planting: It is the best method for maize during monsoon and winter season both under excess moisture as well as limited irrigation availability conditions. Sowing should be done on the Southern side of the East/West ridges/beds , which helps in good germination. Using raised bed planting technology, 20-30% irrigationwater canbe savedwithhigherproductivity.
o Zero-till planting: Maize can be successfully grown without any preparatory tillageunderno-till situationwith less costof cultivation,higherprofitabilityand better resource use efficiency. Under such condition one should ensuregood soil moisture at sowing and seed and fertilizers should be placed in band using zero-till seed-cum-fertilizer planter with furrow opener as per the soil textureandfield condition.
Table 13 List of Hybrids (H) and Composite (C) varieties of maize for different States for rabi season.
State Hybrids and Varieties
Punjab H: PMH3,PMH-1,Buland,Sheetal,Pro311,Bio9681,NK61,Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324,HM11,HM8
Haryana H: PMH 3, Buland, ,HM 5, NK 61, Pro 311, Bio 9681, Seed Tech 2324, HM11,HM2, HM1, HM8
Uttar Pradesh H: PMH 3, Buland, Pro Agro 4212, Pro 311, Bio 9681, NK 61, Seed Tech2324,HM8
Rajasthan H: Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324,HM8
M.P H: Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324
Gujarat H:Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324C: G M 3, Ganga safed 2
Andhra Pradesh H: ThelatematuringhybridsofKharife.g.Kargil900M,SeedTech2324,Pro311,Bio9681,Pioneer30v92,Prabal, 30V92, 900M
Tamil Nadu H: COHM5,Prabal ,Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324, 30V92, 900M
Maharashtra H: Prabal,Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324, 30V92, 900M
Karnataka H: Nithya Shree, DMH 1, DMH 2, 900 M, Bio 9681, Prabal, Pro 311, Bio 9681,SeedTech2324C: NAC6004, 30V92
Bihar H: RajendraHybrid 2,RajendraHybrid 1, Pro 311, Bio 9681, SeedTech 2324, 30V92, 900MC: Hemant, Suwan & Lakshmi
Jharkhand H: Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324C: Suwan
Odisha H: Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324 ,PAC705
West Bengal H: Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324
Himachal Pradesh H: Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324
NEH Region H: Pro311,Bio9681,SeedTech2324C: NLD white
Chhattisgarh H: PEHM1,Pioneer30V92&30R26,Bio9681,Pro4640&4643, 900M
Assam C: NLD white
*H:Hybrids; *C:Composites (Source:DirectorateofMaizeResearch, ICAR)
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o Transplanting: Maize can be successfully cultivated by transplanting seedlings especially in North-west and Eastern plain regions of the country. This practice is particularly suitable after the harvest of late paddy, early harvest of crops like sugarcane or as a companion crop with autumn sugarcane. In multiple cropping system, transplanting of maize may be practical in north-west and eastern plain to avoid delay. This is also suitable for the Diara and Tal areas wherefloodwaterrecedeslate.FortransplantinginsecondfortnightofJanuary,the nursery should be sown from November 21 to 30 to obtain higher yields than thedirect late sown crop. For transplating one hectare area, 25 kg seedis to be sown in nursery of 1/10 ha aswell as 7.5 kgN, 2.5 kg P205, 3.0 Kg K2O and 1.0 kg Zinc sulphate may be applied to seed beds before sowing. The seedlingmaybetransplantedonSouthernslopeofEastWestridgesorinflatfields.Transplantingon ridgesgives relativelyhigheryield than inflatbeds.First irrigation should be given immediately and second irrigation after 8-10 days of planting
Ø Intercropping: Maize is a most versatile crop for growing inter crops, because of the wide row it needs, providing higher income to the farmers. Short duration varieties of pulses (pea, rajmash and other beans), most vegetables, can be successfully intercropped with maize. The yield of pure maize and under intercropping is in no way lower but the inter-crop is a bonus. It is also possible to intercrop wheat with maize. Short statured varieties of maize perform better under intercropping. The practice is particularly desirable under delayed sowing after late harvest of rice (Table14).
Table 14. Recommended crops for intercropping with maize
S.No State Recommended Crops
1 North-western Region (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi & Western U.P)
Pea, Rajmash, Lentil
2 North-eastern Region (Bihar, Eastern U.P, Odisha, West Bengal & NE Region
Pea, Rajmash, Potato, Lentil) Bakla & Onion
3 Southern Region (Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu)
Fenugreek (Methi), Corriander, Sunflower &Cluster beans
4 Central Region (Rajasthan, M.P & Gujarat) Pea, Lentil, Onion, Garlic & Methi
(Source: Directorate of Maize Research, ICAR)
Ø Irrigation: Rabi maize can be planted to all those places where good irrigation facilities exist as rabi maize requires frequent irrigation during the entire crop season. Raised bed planting system economizes the water use and more area can be covered by adopting this system. Fortunately unutilized good quality ground waterisavailableinfloodfrequentedandotherareasinEasternandNorthEasternregion.Shallowtube-wellsinfloodproneareasshouldbedesignedinsuchawaythat motor / engine and pumps can be removed before the rainy season and bore capped securely at least 2-3 meter above the ground. Engines etc can be deployed
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wherethereisnoelectrification.RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojana(RKVY)andotheruntied funds should be utilized to compensate loss in kharif production due to faulty rainfall distribution in 2012
13.3 Cultivation of aquatic crops:
The floodplains,wetlands and seasonallywater logged areas of the Eastern region inNorth Bihar, West Bengal and Assam have promising potential for cultivation of aquatic crops like Makhana (Euryale furixSalisb.) also called fox nut & gorgon fruit, Singhara (water chestnut and buffalonut) and some special vegetables. These are widely cultivated in fresh water lakes/bodies. Makhana could be cultivated in such water logged areas in floodplainswithshallowwaterdepth(greaterthan0.60m).Makhana can be transplanted in second week of April and harvested by the second week of August. Makhana-cum-fishinpondsalongwithhorticulturalcomponents(fruitsandvegetablesontheBunds)helpsinmaximisingtheprofitofthefarmersthantheconventionalmethodsofgrowingMakhana alone. The fish can be integratedwithMakhana by forming central or lateral space system in Makhana growing ponds. The Singhara seeds are sown in shallow water and their cuttings are then transplanted in another parts of the ponds which is clear of weeds. Singhara can be cultivated by natural seeding from previous crops and/or by preparation and transplanting of seedlings. Fish could also be integrated with Singhara (Photo 11.)
13.4 Potential use of Chaurs/Mauns forfisheries:AsubstantialareainthefloodplainsofEasternregionremainswatercongestedorwaterlogged where water stagnates for a long period. Chaurs (saucer shaped lakes with water depressionsof0.5mto4.0mdepth)andox-bowlakes,popularlyknownasMauns are pre-dominant infloodplainsofBihar,WestBengal,EasternUPandAssam.
Photo 11 Makhana cultivation with fish in the vacant space in Darbhanga, Bihar
In Bihar alone, about 2 lakh ha is under Chaurs and nearly 7,300 ha under Mauns. Such areas usually remain under-utilised or unutilised. These flood plains have thepotential to yield upto about 2.0 – 2.5 t/ha/yr in semi intensive culture systemwith
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suitable technological interventions. Chaurs can be suitably stocked with fingerlingsof India major carps. Similarly the potential ofMauns could also be exploited through capture fisheries and adopting cage and pen culture. Therefore, the floodplain lakeslocally known as Chaurs, Mauns, Beals, Tals in Ganga-Brahmputra basin not only offer tremendous potential in development of fisheries but also play an important role insocio-economics of the region as a whole.
13.5 Fish based farming system for productive utilization of waterlogged areas
Fishbasedfarmingsystemof integratingfisherywithcrops,horticultureandlivestockhas shown rich dividends and promising opportunity for harnessing water use potential of flood affected areas in the eastern India in the several studies conducted by ICAR(Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Institutes and State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) (Photo 12 and 13 ). It has been demonstrated in Patna that under seasonally waterlogged areas up to 1m depth, a system of fish trenches-cum-raised beds basedhorticulture (banana) +fish systemgenerated a net incomeofRs.80,951/ha/year, 189per cent higher over traditional rice-wheat system. Under canal seepage-fed secondary reservoirsupplementedwithgroundwater,asystemofhorticultureonbunds+fish+duckeryyieldednetreturnsofRs.1,32,590/ha/year,374percenthigherovertraditionalrice-wheat system. The results indicate about six fold increase in water productivity byintegratingfish+horticulture+duckery inpermanentlyorseasonallywaterloggedareas.
Photo 12 Fish pond in water logged area with vegetables + fruits on bunds
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Photo 13 Fish trenches-cum raised bed with banana in water logged area
Multiple water use based farming system approach with on dyke horticulture and poultryandfish-prawninpondssysteminfarmers’fieldinOdishaprovidedanexcellentopportunity to productively usewater logged area.Net return ofRs 1,46,767/hawasobtained. These technologies hold great promise for utilization of vast waterlogged areasinfloodplainsofEasternregionandprovideopportunityforcompensatingkharif production losses. This would require coordinated efforts of research institutes, SAUs and state development agencies. Convergence of resources and activities of on-going government schemes could provide a better opportunity to accomplish this task.
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Annexure-I
Past Policies and Initiatives to Combat Drought
I. Facts about Drought
i) Sincedrought isdefinedbydeviation from thenormal rainfall, it canhappen inall rainfall regions. It also occurs in high rainfall area but severity or frequency may vary.
ii) Assessment and management of drought is complex due to its gradual appearance and long lasting impact or recoveries.
iii) Characteristics and impact of drought vary from region to region and year to year.
iv) Drought affects human, livestock, wildlife, bio-diversity and degrades the quality of natural resource base.
v) Drought management strategies in the past were adopted generally during or after the onset of drought and lacked pro-active preventive interventions during normal or excessive rainfall years.
II. Drought Policy
Desirable features of drought weather codes of a sustainable framework are:
(i) Reliability of early warning systems for drought is a complex phenomenon and requires upgradation.
(ii) Creation of data bank for scenario of human, livestock, water resources, fee/food/fodder supplies, natural resources etc. for major droughts in the past. Analysis of this information and experience should provide sound basis for future planning.
(iii) Billions of rupees are spent for drought mitigation in most of the years. This expenditure should lead significantly towards drought adaptations, mitigation/moderation and reduce vulnerability (poverty) in the future. This may require paradigm shift in the planning and implementation process.
(iv) Perennial component of vegetation and livestock rearing may be expanded to improve resilience or robustness.
(v) Concept of farming system approach involving social capital of humans, livestock and other subsidiary income generating activities.
(vi) Utilizing potential of niche industrial and cash crops such as medicinal, oil yielding
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adapted to drought conditions to expand income and employment generating options.
III. Past Initiatives to Combat Drought
The governmental strategy generally focussed on empirical measures of employment generation through relief or food for works, cattle camps, fodder depots, animal healthcare, subsidized cattle feed for the milch cattle, drinking water arrangements, augmenting existing or creation of new sources, medical and health arrangements. At the same time, the state governments ensured effective implementation of centrally sponsored schemes like the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Public Distribution System of food grains and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act etc.
The central government has permanent budgetary provisions of Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) and National Calamity Contingency Funds (NCCF), for reducing the impact and severity of droughts. Some of the other sponsored programmes included: Rural Works Programme, Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP), Food for Work Programme, Integrated Watershed Management Programmes etc.
IV. Establishment of Crop-Weather Watch Group
During 1979 drought, theMinistry ofAgriculture set up awatch group consisting ofrepresentatives from the Department of Agriculture, India Meteorological Department (IMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and others. A two pronged strategy was adopted which focussed on curative and preventive measures. This group considers weekly reports of rainfall, agricultural operations, market prices, employment and other activities during drought period. The twelve point program was created to avert Trikal (Akal, Jalkal, Tinka), which means to take care of food, water and fodder to avoid starvation deaths. Various components of the twelve-point program that provided relief were: (i) full-time relief officers; (ii)propermonitoring; (iii)availabilityof foodgrains; (iv)openingof fairprice shops; (v)curtailing activities of anti-social elements; (vi) food forwork program; (vii) food fornutrition;(viii)contingencyplanning;(ix)publichealthsafetymeasures;(x)boringwellsfor drinking water, and (xi) cattle camps and relief measures.
V. International Efforts
UNConvention toCombatDesertification (UNCCD) incountriesexperiencingseriousdrought and/or desertification has been established as a nodal agency to coordinatedrought/desertificationandmitigationstrategiesindifferentcountriesoftheworld.Themainobjectiveofthisconventionistocombatdesertificationandpovertyalleviationincountriesfacingseriousdroughtand/ordesertificationthroughaneffectiveInternationalCooperation and Partnership Arrangements in the frame work of an integrated approach consistent with Agenda 21 of the Rio Conference. Achieving this objective will involve long-term integrated strategies that focus simultaneously on improved productivity of
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land and water resources leading to enhanced living conditions, in particular at the community level. The convention as is the case with the Agenda 21, emphasizes general principles, institutions, policies and processes covering following:
(i) Integrating environmental and developmental goals for cross-sectoral planning.
(ii) Cross-sectoral planning at national level called the National Action Plan of the country.
(iii) Participatory and decentralized approaches to planning and implementation.
(iv) Building institutional and human capacity.
(v) Information exchange and networking.
VI. Feed Back from Past Drought Mitigation Efforts
There was hardly any sustained medium and long range policy or strategy prior to 2002. Temporary measures in the form of relief were adopted during the calamity whereas mitigation or moderation has to be designed during normal or excessive rainfall years.
(i) Lack of integrated planning was considered a major constraint in achieving the objectives. Most activities were planned and executed on a sectoral basis e.g. animal husbandry, agriculture, soil and water conservation etc. independent of eachother.This lacked synergy inachieving theexpectedbenefits.
(ii) Non-participation of local communities from beginning either in preparation of plans or in their execution. As a result, the program did not have backing of vast indigenous knowledge possessed by the communities in terms of adaptations.
(iii) Non-integration of works with developmental planning. The drought prone areas relief works were rarely integrated with area development plans designed to conserve soil and rain water and to generate other income earning opportunities on a sustained basis which could mitigate the adverse effects of droughts on a lasting basis.
(iv) Non-availability of accurate and reliable spatial and temporal data was a fundamental bottleneck. For example, provision of free/subsidized electricity lowered ground water in excess of its annual replenishment in many parts of India.
VII. Early Warning and Forecasting of Drought
Drought in the Indian region can be monitored from the progress of onset and withdrawal ofsouthwestmonsoon.Weatherforecastsbroadlycanbeclassifiedintothreecategoriesviz., (i) short range forecast (validity for less than 3 days), (ii) medium range forecast (validity from 3-10 days period), and (iii) long range forecast (validity for more than 10 days). These forecasts are issued by the India Meteorological Department through
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All India Radio, Doordarshan, private TV. channels and various Newspapers. The National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting in the Department of Earth Sciences disseminates weather related information through its network of 82 Agro-met Advisory Service (AAS) units located mainly in State Agricultural Universities and ICAR institutes. The ICAR funded All India Coordinated Research Project on Agro-meteorology is operative at 22 centres in the country. The main objectives of this project are: characterization of climate, crop-weather relations, crop weather modelling, weather related forewarning of incidence of diseases and pests and agro advisory service to the farmers. Some private companies are also collecting and trading weather information to bankers, insurance and forward trading agencies.
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Annexure-II
ManagingRainfallDeficits:ATechnicalAdvisoryNote Issued by NRAA on 30.06.2012
Rainfall and snowfall are the ultimate sources of water for meeting needs of drinking, irrigation,rainfedagriculture,andenvironmentalflows,floodandfarmincomesecurities.Analysis of long period rainfall records reveals that probability of drought occurrence inIndiavaryfromonceintwoyearsinRajasthanto15yearsinAssamandinbetween2-15yearselsewhere.Majordeficienciesoranomalies in theamountofrainfallaswellas variation in time and space require proper management. Some of the suggestions in this regard are summarized below:-
Drinking/domestic water supply
Ø Drinking water is always a major casualty of the rainfall deficiency. Thereforemaintenance and servicing of water storage structures, hand pumps, borewells, tubewells, conveyance system and water tankers, setting up of new water storage structures at strategic locations and linkages with the road/railway transport is called upon. Supply logistics at house level may be planned.
Ø States may identify and requisition sources of water supply exclusively for drinking ordomesticpurposesforlifting/fillingtankersfromirrigationprojectsandtappingof ground water resources wherever feasible.
Ø Deepening of dried up wells, digging new wells and drilling of new hand pumps/tubewells may be taken up on priority for domestic water supply wherever technically feasible.
Livestock sector
Ø Livestock sector is a traditional safety net against risks and uncertainties of rainfallanditsdeficits.Fodderandfeedsupplyispossiblynexttodrinkingwaterfor supporting livestock based livelihood. Setting up of fodder and feed depots at strategic locations, availability/sources of fodder, collection arrangements, densifying, bailing and transport logistics both by the roads and railways may be reviewed to respond to any kind of contingency.
Ø Procurement of the bailing andblockmakingmachines for efficient transport ofdensifiedfoddersupply,repairingandservicingofthealreadyexistingmachines,maintenance and servicing of feed mills, procurement of raw material for feed mills, etc. may be strategized.
Ø Migration of animals out of the fodder/feed/water scarce areas is normally resisted or discouraged by the neighbouring States to avoid spread of diseases
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and infections. Entry points of the traditional and alternative migration routes could be identified and vaccination of animals organised so as to ensure healthand unrestricted movement of livestock from one region to another as scarcity. avoiding or survival mechanism.
Ø List of Gaushalas and their capacities could be updated and financial assistanceassured for setting up fodder/feed banks and livestock camps. Sites for additional temporarycattlecampsorhomedeliveryoffodder/feedmaybeidentified.Scientificdisposal of carcases may be designed.
Forestry sector
8 In situ conservation of rainfall in fringe forest land to improve productivity of grasses, shrubs, fodder trees, non-timber forest produce (source of livelihood of forest dwellers) may be undertaken.
9. Chancesoffiresinforestsandelsewhereincreasewithrainfalldeficit. Itdestroysbio-diversity and burns protective cover of litter on the ground leading to high run-off and soil erosion during subsequent rainfall events. Fire lines should be maintained or created wherever lacking. Similar precautions are required to be taken forotherfirehazards.
Other measures
10. Food grain stocks could also be built up at strategic places so as to avoid over burdening of the roads and transport system if some contingency appears in future.
11. A shelf of the projects may be prepared by the drought frequented states/regions for providing employment and generating productive and durable assets of land and water and making best possible use of MGNREGA. There should be appropriate technical and intellectual inputs in designing the projects.
Contingency Crop Planning
12. There are four broad scenario of the rainfall inadequacies consisting of (i) delayed onset, (ii) early/right onset but sudden breaks in between, (iii) early/delayed withdrawal of monsoon, and (iv) other permutation and combinations of (i) to (iii). A separate contingency plan for various scenario of rainfall deficiency iscalled upon. The major consideration consists of alternative crops/varieties of different duration, availability of the seeds of alternative choices as elaborated in thePositionPaper2ofNRAApublishedin2009maybeensured(NRAAwebsite:www.nraa.org.). Of course some additional information after that is also available and could be included.
13. Around1.74millionha forestlandhasbeenallottedunder theaegisofFRA2006which ismainly rainfed and therefore is likely to be afflicted themost. Soil and
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moisture conservation practices, rainwater harvesting, availability of seeds of drought resistant varieties and extension services may be ensured. Non-timber forest product based livelihood options may also be encouraged so as to ensure alternate income avenues as one of the safety net against crop failure.
14. Inhorticultureandtreebasedcrops, in-situ moisture conservation, creating micro water harvesting catchments, strengthening of basins around tree trunks, trenching and JALKUNDA may be ensured to tide over moisture stress and micro-irrigation maybeadopted for efficientuseof available/harvested rainwater.
15. Inplantationsandperennialcrops,in situ soil moisture conservation by trenching, contour or field bunding, gully plugging, etc. may be taken up for minimizingthe impactofdeficient rainfall.
Rainfalldeficiencies in the irrigatedarea requiredifferentkindof response
16. Availability of the water in the reservoirs may be assessed, conveyance and distribution system should be repaired, efficient methods of irrigation may beemployed and appropriate roasters for the canal irrigation should be designed.
17. Ground water irrigation would require un-interrupted supply of electricity and diesel and recharging ground water subsequently.
18. Efficiencyofwaterliftingdevicesanddistributionsystemshouldbeoptimized.Itconsists of maintenance, greasing, repairs and servicing of electric motors, engines, pumping sets, tractors and other machinery.
19. Ground water irrigation is still more amenable for adopting efficient system ofsprinklers, drippers, piped conveyance, ridge and furrow irrigation systems, etc.
20. Ground water re-charging helps in maintaining and augmenting water repositories to meet futuristic demands and contingencies and should be given the highest priority.Fringe forest area should be targeted for treatment to augment water availability in down-stream agricultural lands.
21. Conjunctive use of poor quality, good quality and treated sewage water can also augment water supply.
22. Practices of in situ rain water conservation and re-charging should be geared up in arable, non-arable and forest land.
23. Desilting of farm ponds, tanks and check dams may be accorded priority to restore and improve their storage capacity.
24. Digging of new ponds and dugwells especially underMGNREGAmay provideone or two critical irrigations and minimize productivity loss if there is early
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withdrawal of terminal rainfall.
Compensatory production strategies
25. Deficiency in the production of one season or a region can be compensated byfocussing on the next season or other region of normal or high rainfall to make up for the shortfall. This would require deployment of necessary inputs i.e. seed, fertilizers, extension services and credits on intensive basis.
26. Alternative off season crops like boro rice, winter maize, summer or spring crops, inter or relay cropping, etc. have tremendous possibilities to compensate loss of productiondue todeficient rainfall in themain season.Appropriate inputsmaybe organized. Removal of weeds will bring down water competition and mulching will conserve soil moisture.
27. Oil seeds, pulses and short duration cereals being more tolerant to the rainfall scarcityandhavingshortdurationforalternativeseasonscouldplayasignificantrole for preventing loss in production and reduce their imports.
28. Availability of fodder in rain deficient regions is a serious consequence. Undersevere conditions sugarcane and grain crops could be used as fodder. Cultivation of fodder under irrigated conditions and its transport to scarcity zones can also be planned. Requirement of seeds of fodder crops may be assessed and made available to farmers.
29. Instrategicareas,communitynurseryofcropslikericemaybehelpful incaseofdelayed or re-transplanting.
30. Between 22 and 78% of replenish-able ground water is unutilized in differentStates of India. These areas especially Eastern and NEH regions are best bet of investments for compensatory production on long term basis.
31. Promotion of alternative micro-enterprising, income and employment generation activities can also be strategized to compensate livelihood losses.
32. States should be geared up for using information from modern tools like remote sensing, GPS and GIS together with weather station data to settle timely insurance claimsandprovide immediate relief against riskof rainfalldeficiencies.
Protected Cultivation
33. Cultivationinnet/shaded/polyhousesprovideprotectionagainstrainfalldeficits,insects,pests,diseasesand5-10 foldhigherproductivity,highquality,offseasonproduction and very high prices. It also saves water and fertilizers in the range of30-60%.
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Annexure-III
Contingency Plan for the Period 15th - 31st July 2012 for Different Eco Regions of the Country Issued by NRAA on 16.07.2012
S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
1 IMD Sub-Division: Plains of Western UPAgro-EcologicalRegion: 4.1Major Production Systems: Rice/Bajra/Sugarcane/Rapeseed and MustardDistricts: Agra, Mathura,Aligarh, Bulandshahar,Meerut Etah, Mainpuriand western part ofMuzaffarnagar.
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids: MediumtoshortdurationveritiesofricelikePant4,Pusa- y44,ND97,Sarju-52etc.Medium duration maize like Tarun, Naveen & Prakash. yPearlmillet, (Pusa-23,Pusa-322,WCC-75), yMoong and Urd yVegetable type cowpea and clusterbean y
Agronomic Practices :Adopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yPlant short duration varieties of Bajra, oilseeds and yPulsesUse drum seeder for direct sowing of rice yPlanr Bajra, Jowar and maize for fodder y
2 IMD Sub-Division: Plains of Western U.P.Agro-EcologicalRegion: 4.4Major Production Systems: Bajra/Sorghum/Pulses/Oilseeds Districts :Jhansi, Banda,Hamirpur, Lalitpur, Morena, Gwalior
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Mediumduration rice like surju-52,NDR-359 yBajra, guar, cowpea, lablab bean, early Arhar and Urd as ygrain crops
Agronomic PracticesUse ridge furrow method for sowing of pulses yAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yFor Fodder plant Jowar/maize/Bajra crops yAdopt intercropping with short duration pulses y
3 IMD Sub-Division : Eastern U.P.Agro-EcologicalRegion : 9.2Major Production Systems : Rice/PearlmilletDistricts : Varanasi,Mirzapur, Jaunpur,Ghazipur, Sitapur,parts ofShahjahanpur,Lucknow, Barabanki,Rai Baraeli, Sultanpur
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Medium to short duration varieties of rice, maize, Bajra y& SorghumRicevarietiesSita,Sarju-52,NDR-97,359&Pant-4.Variety yCSR-10 & 13 for salt affected soilsMaizevarietiesPrakash,Sartaj,Naveen&Tarun; yBajra: Pusa-23, 322 & WCC-75; Jowar-CSB-13&15; CSH- y16Moong:T44,Pantmoong1 yUrd:T9,PantUrd19,Urd35,NarendraUrd1 yArhar ( early maturing ) Bahar and Narendra Arhar 1), ysesame (T-4,T-12,T-13). y
Agronomic Practices: Intercropping and/or mixed cropping in long duration yArhar with maize, urd, moong etc.Vegetable type cowpea, lablab bean and guar yAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds. yAdopt “ System of rice Intensification” practices to save ywater requirement
4 IMD Sub-Division : BiharAgro-EcologicalRegion : 9.2Major Production Systems:Rice- heat/MaizeRice –SugercansRice –Potato+mungDistricts : all districts
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Direct seeding of early duration (110-120 days) rice varieties ylikePrabhat, Saket 4,DhanLaxmi,Saroj inmidland.Sesame & Castor in uplands in districts like Gaya, Nawada yetc.Sowing of Maize composite varieties, Urd, Mung, Cowpea, yArhar, Kulthi and Mishrikand in upland.
65
S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
Agronomic Practices:Transplanting of rice seedlings of medium to long duration yHYV varieties with higher plant population.Nursery sowing of early duration and photosensitive rice yvarieties for transplanting in midlands and lowlands, respectively.Transplanting of photosensitive rice varieties in rainfed ylowlands @ 30 hill/m2 with recommended dose of NPK (50:20:10)Adopt System of Rice Intensification method of rice yproductionAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds y
5 IMD Sub-Division: JharkhandAgro-Ecological Region : 11 & 12.3Major Production Systems : Rice, Millets, Maize,PulsesDistricts : All districts
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Rice: Birsa Vikas Dhan.Arhar:LRG-30,LRG-41JowarCSH-5,ASH-1:;Field beanTFB-5 ;Maize 30V92Moong: LGG-407,420Urd:LBG-20,T-9,PBG-1Agronomic Practices:usemachinery to conservemoisture; yRemoveweeds to conservemoisture; yAdopt interculturing; yAdoptmixedcropping to ensurebetter returns; yGove life saving irrigation, ifpossible; yUsedrip/sprinkler irrigation; yUse drum seeder for direct sowing of rice yPlant vegetables like Bhindi, tomato, French bean, cowpea yetcTransplanting of medium to short duration rice in low ylands on receipt of rains.
6 IMD Sub-Division: ChattisgarhAgro-Ecological Region 11, 12.1Major Production Systems: Rice, Maize/|Sorghum, Moong, |Soybean,SweetPotato,Sunflower,Kulthi, Niger, Til, Guar,Districts: Ambikapur, Bilaspur, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Durg, Baster
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids :RICE: Upland Rice: Poornima, Danteshwari, Samleshwari, Annada, Tulshi Aditya, AnjaliMidland Rice: MTU 1010, IR 64, IR 36, Chandrahasini,samleshwari, Mahamaya, Karma Mahsuri, Indira Sunghadhit Dhan-1
Low land Rice: Mahamaya, Karma Mahsuri, Chandrahasini, Indira Sona
Maize: Chandan, JM- 216, chandan makka-3, Safed Makka yUpland Moong: Hum-1, Hum-2, Pusa Vishal yUplandUrid:TU94-2,KU96-3,PantU30 ySoybean: JS335, JS93-05, JS97-52 ySesame: JT-21,TC-25 yArhar: Upas-120, Pragati, type 21, Prabhat yDolichos Bean- Local yMaize Fodder (African tall) ySorghum Fodder: MP Chari yGuar: Local yNiger (IGP-76, GA-10) y
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S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
Agronomic Practices:Usedrumseeder fordirect seedingof rice; yRemove weeds and adopt interculture to conserve ymoisture;Adopt “ System of rice Intensification” practices to save ywater requirement;Usebunding to savewater; y
Use ridge/furrowsystem for sowingofpulsesandcereals;
7 IMD Sub-Division: Haryana,Chandigarh & DelhiAgro-Ecological Region: 2.3Major Production Systems: Pearlmillet-Rapeseed/ MustardDistricts : Hisar, Bhiwani, Sirsa,Mhaendergarh,Gurgaon &
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Bajra:HHB-94,HHB-197,HHB-67 (Improved)Sesame: HT-1Castor: CH-1Clusterbean:HG-563,HG-365Rice: CSR 30 & PR 1121Moong:T-9Cowpea: charodi, Guar :HG365Agronomic Practices :
Adopt direct seeding of rice yUsedrumseeder fordirect sowingof rice ; yRemoveweedsandadopt interculturalpractices; ySowBajra for fodder ; yDo not plant short duration Arhar after 31 y st July;Raise nursery for gap filling in Bajra on arrival of rains yif required On receipt of good rains, direct seeding of Basmati y
8 IMD Sub-Division: PunjabAgro-EcologicalRegion: 9.1Major Production Systems: rice-MaizeDistricts: Submontaneousdistricts of Punjab, J&KHP and Western UP
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Maize as fodder J1006Bajra: FCB164,FBC16Maize: PMH2, JH3459Moong: SML818andPAU911
Agronomic Practices:Complete transplanting of rice quickly using translators if yappropriatenurseryhasbeen raised/available;Donotplant shortdurationArharafter July31; yAdopt interculture/Hoeing to removeweeds; yPearl millet instead of maize in Kandi area. ySow urd , moong gram and sesame in kandi area of yPunjab.Complete transplanting of Basmati rice or direct seeding yof rice.Short duration maize, moong, mash as catch crops. yBajra, guar sorghum and maize as fodder crops. yGrow vegetable cowpea and clusterbean. y
9 IMD Sub-Division : HimachalPradesh and Uttarakhand AER : 14.1&14.2Major Production Systems : Rice, Miaze, Pulses and vegetablesDistricts: All districts
Suitable Varieties/HybridsShort duration varities of maize, rice moong and Urd
Agronomic Practices:Conserve moisture through mulching, intercultural yoperation/weeding;
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S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
Use drum seeder for direct sowing of rice yGrow vegetables yRe-sowing of maize. ySowing of rajmah, urd, beans etc in low & mid hills. yGrowing of vegetables like Bhindi, tomato, khira, bitter ygourd
10 IMD Sub-Division: Assam &Meghalaya including Nagaland, Manipur, Mezoram , Taripura and Arunanchal Pradesh Agro-Ecological Region : 15.2.&15.4Major Production Systems : Rice, Maize and cash crops like JuteDistricts : All districts
Suitable Varieties/HybridsSemi dwarf rice varieties-IR 36, Pankaj, Lakhimi, Swarnaprova, Jaya, , IR-50,Tall rice varieties- Manohar Sali Andrewsali,Prafulla, Gitesh (as transplanted) ,Luit , Kapilee&Disang(as direct seeded)
Medium rice varieties : Basundhara,Satyaranjanlocal cultivars like Salpona
Sesame: Gouri, Vinayak, Punjab tall No.1, RT-1, ST 1683, AST-1, Madhavi, (farmer’s variety)Pulses:Rajmah (Local,Uday,PDR-14),UrdT-9,T-27,KU-309,PU31, .Cow pea: Pusa Barsati, local.
Agronomic PracticesRe-sow the cropafterfloodwater recedes; yUsedrumseeder fordirect sowingof rice; yGrowshortdurationpulses, i.e.moong,urd inuplands; yGrow fodder crops like jower, maize for quick fodder yavailability;
11 IMD Sub-Division : Western MPAgro-EcologicalRegion : 5.2Major Production Systems : Soybean,SorghumDistricts : Indore, Ratlam,Ujjain, Dewas, Dhar,Khandwa, parts ofSehore
Suitable Varieties/HybridsSoybean: JS – 335, JS-93-05, JS-95-60Maize: Guava -2,Guava Safed-2, DHy-1, Composite JM-12JM-8, NLD White, CSH 13,CSH-14,JVM-421 Jm-216, CSH-18HPQM 1, Chandan makka safed-2, chandan 3,Jowar:Hy-CSH13,CSH–14, JJ-1041, JJ-1022, JJ938, JJ1041Cotton: JKHy1 ,4, 11,Bt cottonvarietiesArhar:ICPL-87,Pusa-33,Ja-4,Jkm-7,Asha,Jkm-189,ICPL-87-119,TJT501,RVICPH2671, ICPL151, ICPL88039Sunflower,Sesame,Cowpea,Castor. y
Agronomic Practices:Adopt interculturaloperations to removeweeds; yGrowurd/moongcrops if sowingof soybean isdelayed; yAdopt intercropping of short duration pulses with ycereals;Sowing of Soybean, Short duration maize, Arhar in deep ysoils. Grow Sorghum, Dinanath grass and bajra as fodder ycrops.Adopt ridge and furrow system of sowing of soybean y
68
S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
12 IMD Sub-Division : East M.P.Agro-Ecological Region: 10.1. & 10.3Major Production Systems : Rice &SoybeanDistricts :Balaghat, Chatarpur, Damoh,Jabalpur,Rewa, Sagar,Satna,Tikamgarh,Shahdol, Panna
Suitable Varieties/HybridsEarly maturing varieity of soybean (JS 9560, 9305), maize,Arhar etc.Transplanting of rice- Vegetables like Bhindi, gourd , onion.Agronomic Practices:Adopt interculturaloperations to removeweeds; yAdoptdrumseeder fordirect sowingof rice; yGrow short duration oil seeds and pulses if soybean sowing yisdelayed;Grow Jowar/Maize/Bajra for fodder; y
13 IMD Sub-Division : MadhyaMaharashtra, Konkan & GoaAgro-Ecological Region : 6.1Major Production Systems : Rice, Rabi sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses Districts : Sholapur, Bider,Osmanabad,Ahmednagar, parts ofSatara, Latur andSangli
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Arhar :BSMR736, 853BDN708,BDN711Vipula,Bajra: Shradha,Saburi,AIMP-92901,ShantiSunflower: Morden, SS-56, LSFH-35, BSH-1, Bhanu, PhuleRavirajSoybean JS 335,MAUS-71,JS-9305,DS-228, JS-335SorghumCSH-9, 11,14, 16, 17,PBK-401, 809Sorghum fodder: (Phule Amruta / MP Chari / CSV-21F )Maize: African tall, Karveer, RajarsheeRice: Indrayani,PavanaGroundnut:L-24,JL-501,JL-286
Agronomic PracticesGrowmaize/Jowar/Bajra for fodder; yAdopt interculture/weeding to savemoisture; yAdopt intercropping to ensurebetter returns; yUsebunding toholdwater; yUse life saving irrigation to protect crop if water is yavailable;Adopt drip/sprinkler irrigation to economize use of yavailablewater;Conserve in situmoisture ifno crop is sown inKharif; y
14 IMD Sub-Division : VidarbhaAgro-Ecological Region : 6.3Major Production Systems :Cotton/sorghumDistricts : Akola, Warda,parts of Amravati, Yeotmal, Parbhani, Buldana and Khandesh and parts of Adilabad of A.P.
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Soybean: JS-335, JS-93 -05,MAUS71,81)Arhar:AKT-8811,Vipula,PKV-Tara,BSMR-736,853,BDN708, 711, ICPL-87119,85063,LRG-38andMRG-88Sorghum :CSH-9, 11, 14, 16PVK-401, 809Bajra: Shradha,Saburi, Shanti,AIMP-92901Sesame :AKT64;Castor:AKC-1,GCH-4, 5, 6&DCH-117,Bajra: PKV Raj Shradha, SaburiAgronomic Practices :
Remove weeds to conserve soil moisture and reduce ycompetition tomain crop ;Use intercropping of pigeonpea, castor, sorghum to ensure ybetter returns;Usebunding toholdwater infields forbettermoisture; ySow Jowar,Bajra,Maize for fodder; ySowingofsoybean,bajra,Arharsunflower,castor,kulthi yas singleand intercropping likeArhar+ sunflower,Bajra+ Arhar
69
S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
15 IMD Sub-Division : Rayalaseema, Telangana and Coastal Andhra Agro-Ecological Region : 3.0Major Production Systems :Rice, Groundnut and PulsesDistricts : Anantapur,Kurnool, Chittoordistricts of A.P.
Suitable Varieties/HybridsArhar:LRG-30.LRG41 ; JowarCSH-5,ASH-1Maize : 30V92; Mung: LGG-407,420;Urd: (LBG-20,T-9,PBG-1)Groundnut: Narayan
Agronomic Practices :Adopt intercropping of Arhar with Jowar, moong/urd ycropsandArharwithGroundnut;For fodder crops,grow JowarandMaize; yAdopt interculturaloperation to removeweeds; yPlant short duration groundnut varieties in place of long yduration varieties
16 IMD Sub-Division : Gujarat, Daman, Dadra and NagarAgro-EcologicalRegion : 4.2Major Production Systems : Pearlmillet
Districts : Khera, Gandhinagar, Mehsana, Sabarkanta, parts of Ahmedabad Panchmahal, Banaskantha and Vadodara districts.
Suitable Varieties/HybridsCotton:Bt.Cotton;Arhar: BDN-2, GT – 100Maize:GM-4and6,NarmadaMotiBajra:GHB-558,GHB-577,GHB-235,MH-169,MH-179Paddy TP) : GR-3, GR-4, GR- 5, GR-11, Gurjari,, Jaya,ADR-1CastorGCH-2,GCH-4,GCH-7Clusterbean (Guj clusterbean-1), Sesame:GT-1;Fodder sorghum :S-1049
Agronomic Practices:Adopt cultural practices to remove weeds yUse intercropping in place of sole cropping yGrow Bajra, Jowar as a fodder crop yGive protective irrigation to castor and cotton in case of ylong break in rains.
17 IMD Sub-Division : Saurashtra,Kutch and DiuAgro-EcologicalRegion : 2.4
Suitable Varieties/HybridsGroundnut:Bunch typevarietyGG-2,GG-5,GG-7Semi spreading type variety G-20
Major Production Systems :Pearlmillet/GroundnutDistricts : Rajkot,Sundergarh,Jamnagar, Parts ofJunagarh, Bhavnagarand Amreli
Castor : GAUCH-1, GCH-6SorghumGFS-4&5,Gundhari, S-1049Moong :Guj.Mug-4,K-851Urd:Guj.Udad-1,T-9;CottonG-Cot13,15,21Bajra: ShortdurationvarietyGHB-538&719Arhar :GT-100, BDN-2
Agronomic Practices:Adopt intercroppingofgroundnutwithearlypigeonpea; yAdopt interculturaloperations tomakefieldsweed free; yGrowmaize/Jowar/Bajra for fodder; yUse seed drill/Dibling to ensure better germination yAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds y
18 IMD Sub-Division : Jammu andKashmirAgro-Ecological Region : 14.2/14.3Major Production Systems : MaizeDistricts : Jammu, Punch,Reasi, Udhampur, Kathua, Rajouri, Doda & Samba
Suitable Varieties/HybridsBajra :WCC-75, ICMS-7703,MHB-110,MH-179Urd: cowpea CULTURE-1, E-152, PS-42 moong: ML-131,PDM-54,MML-818Rice: IET-1410, Jaya,RR-8585
Agronomic Practices:Adopt interculturingoperations to removeweeds; yGrowmaize/Bajra for fodder; yGrowshortdurationpulses in intercropping; yTransplantingof rice@4-5 seedings/hill y
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S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
19 IMD Sub-Division : EasternRajasthanAgro-EcologicalRegion : 4.2/2.1Major Production Systems :Maize/Pearlmillet/ MungbeanDistricts : Bhilwara, Tonk,Dungarpur, Ajmer,Chittaurgarh,Rajasamand, Jalore,Sikar, Jodhpur, Churu, Alwar, Bhartpur, Sawai, Madhopur, Karauli, Dholapur, Dausa
Suitable Varieties/HybridsMaize: Pratap Makka-3, Aravali Makka-1,Bajra: Hybrids: RHB-121, GHB-538, GHB- 719, RHB-30,HHB-67, ICMH-356,MH-169,Raj 171Bajra: Composites: Raj-171, JBV-2, CZP-9802, Him – 129,PratapHybrid;Maize-1,PratapMakka-3,PratapMakka-5,Mahi KanchanGroundnut: JL-24,TG-37A,PratapMoongphali-2Soybean: MACS–58, PS – 16,JS-335, JS – 71 – 05, Pratap,Soya-1Sorghum: CSH – 6, CSH –14, Pratap jowar-1430, CSV-17,CSV-15,CSH-13,CSV-13,RJ - 96Urd:T–9,RBU-38,Barkha,PU-19,PU-31Mung:K-851,RMG-62,RMG-268,RMG-344Sesame:TC–25,RT-346,RT-46.RT-127Guarseed: RGC–936Guar: RGC-936 , RGC-1002, RGC- 1017, RGC- 1038, RGC-1055,RGC-1066 ,RGM-112
Cowpea :RC-19,RC-10clusterbeanRGC-936,RGC-1003,RGC-1017Snapmelon and mateera as vegetable crops
Agronomic Practices:Adopt interculturaloperations to removeweeds; yUsemulching to conservemoisture; yGrow early maturing hybrids of Bajra maize and moth ybeanAccord high priority to sowing of guar using deep ydrilling.
20 IMD Sub-Division : WesternRajasthanAgro-Ecological Region : 2.1 & 2.3Major Production Systems: PearlMillet/Mothbean/Mungbean/Clusterbean/SesameDistricts: Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Nagaur, Part of Pali and Jalore
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids:Bajra:Hybrids:RHB-30,RHB-121,GHB-538,GHB-719,HHB-67,HHB-67 Imp., ICMH-356Composite:CZP9802Bajra Fodder RCB 2, Raj 171Sesame:T-46,RT-125,RT-127,RT-346Clusterbean:RGC-936,RGC-1003,RGC-1017Cowpea:RC-101,RC-19Mung: SML-668,G-4,RMG-62,RMG-268,RMG-344,RMG-492Mothbeans:RMO-40,RMO-257,RMO-435,RMO225Guar:RGC-936,RGC-1002,RGC-1017,RGC-1038,RGC-1055,RGC-1066, RGM-112Sorghum Fodder: Raj chari-1, Raj Chari-2, M P Chari
Agronomic Practices:Adopt short duration hybrids/varieties of Bajra, maize, ymothandother crops for sowing;Adopt interculturaloperations to removeweeds; yUse mulching to conserve moisture y
21 IMD Sub-Divis ion : South interiorK a r n a t a k a , T a m i l N a d u , Pondichury and KeralaAgro-Ecological Region : 8.2Major Production Systems : Rice, Pulses & Oilseeds and Coarse Cereals
Suitable Varieties/HybridsFinger milletGGPU-28,HR-911,PR-202,MR-1Maize :NAC-6002, Deccan-103 & ganga-11Little millet:CO-2,PRC-3,OLM-201;Foxtail millet: RS-118, K-221-1Sunflower:BSH-1&morden;Groundnut: S-230,DSG-1GPBD-4,TMV-2Ragi:GPU-45,GPU-46,GPU-48, Indaf-5,PR-202,GPU-26
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S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
Districts : Bangalore, Kolar and Tumkur
Rice: Mangala, CTH-1, CTH-3, TanuHorsegram:PHG-9Arhar: HYD-3C, TTB-7castor, soybean, chillies
Agronomic Practices :Adopt short duration varieties of oilseed, pulses and millet ycrops in case of delayed rains in place of long duration varieties Adopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yAdoptSystemof rice intensification technique for rice y
22 IMD Sub-Division : North interiorKarnatakaAgro-Ecological Region : 3,6.1Major Production Systems: Pulses/Maize/JowarDistricts: Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur, Bijapur, Davangere, Gadag
Suitable Varieties/HybridsArhar ; ICPL-87,Maruti, TS 3 R, BRG-2, WRP-1, ICPL-87119Sunflower:KBSH-53,KBSH-1;Horse gram (GPM-6, BGM-1, Local,MothbeanBMB-40;Finger millet : GPU-28Little millet :CO-2,PRC-3;Foxtail millet:RS-118,K-221Soybean :KB-79,LSB-1;CastorDCS-9
Agronomic Practices: Use20-30%higher seed rate inArhar yAdopt short duration varieties of pulses , oilseeds and ymillet cropsAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds y
23 IMD Sub-Division : OrissaAgro-EcologicalRegion : 18.4Major Production Systems : RiceDistricts : Uplands andmedium lands ofBalasore, Cuttack,Puri and Ganjam
Suitable Varieties/HybridsRice: Lalat, Masuri, Lunisee, Savitri, Gayatri, Padmini, Moti, Mahalaxmi, Rajashree (140-145 days duration) , KalingaIII,Hira, Jaldidhan, Pooja, Ranidhan, Padmini, Khandagiri, Naveen, MTU-1010, Surendra, Pratikshya, Mrunalini, JHU, Sneha, Bandana, Luna suvarna, LunisreeSwarna Sub-1,Barsha, Kanchan, Ramachandi, Durga,Uphar, Sarala, arshadhan for semi-deep low lands are suggested for flash flood situations.Maize:Kiran,VL16,Pratap;Ragi :DivyasinhaGroundnut :Devi, Smruti, TAG-2Mung:PDM-139,K-851,PDM-54, PDM-11,TARM-1 Sujata,Durga, Dhauli, KamdevUrd: PU-30,PU-19,T-9, Ujala, Sarala, Prasad; Arhar : T-21,ICPL 87Sesame:Uma,Prachi;Horsegram:Urmi ;cowpea : SGL-1
Agronomic Practices:Use drum seeder for direct sowing of rice yAdopt interculturaloperations to removeweeds; yUse short duration varieties of rice and maize for ysowing;Adopt the “system of rice Intensificatione” method for rice ytransplanting to minimise use of waterAdopt direct seeding of rice in low and medium lands yGrow short duration radish, okra, cowpea and clusterbean yas vegetables
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S.No IMD/Agro Eco Region Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
24 IMD Sub-Division : Gangetic WB and rest of Bengal and Sikkim Agro-EcologicalRegion : 15.1Major Production Systems: Rice- Maize, wheat
Suitable Varieties/HybridsRice: Krishna Hamsa (Irrigated medium early) , Jamini and Jalnidhi15(Rainfedupland|);Mahanada(Semideepwater);Bhudev and Giri (Shallow deep water): Sunil (Deep water)Hybrids: Sahydri-4;DRRH-2;CORH-3Arhar:Pusa9;WB20Moong:TMB37,Pantmoong4andPantmoong6Urd: Utra, Azad Urd-1Shor duration varieties and hybrids of maize.
Agronomic Practices:Transplanting of aman rice & direct seeded early rice yGrow Pulses such as urd, moong in uplands yAdopt sytemof rice intensification forgrowing rice yAdopt intercultural practices for removing weeds y
Source: Earlier NRAA Publication, ICAR websites.
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Annexure-IV
Livestock Feed and Fodder Advisory for the States of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana
Issued by NRAA on 25.07.2012
The Rainfall anomaly in the last fortnight has further deteriorated in many parts of thecountry.Even though, theoverall rainfalldeficit in theCountryhasbeenreportedtocontinueat -22%, thedeficit instatesofPunjab,Haryana,Karnataka,Maharashtra,Gujarat and Rajasthan has increased. Further, it has also been reported that the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra are facing a severe shortage of livestock feed and fodder. For managing the shortage of feed and fodder in the coming months and to tackle drought like situationeffectively, the following state specificadvisory isbeing recommended
Karnataka:
I. It has been reported that the state government has proposed for procurement of dry fodder from Punjab to tide over the shortage. Considering the time frame required for actual arrival of the dry fodder in deficit districts, it is advisablethat a short term contingency plan be formulated on priority. Surplus dry fodder available in other districts within the state or from neighbouring states may be procured on priority.
II. Fodder Banks may be established in all the affected districts for storage and distribution of dry fodder. Establishing a Hub and Spokes arrangement would facilitate efficient and timely transportof fodderat all levels.
III. List of Gaushalas and their capacities could be updated, their managers informed and financial assistance assured for setting up fodder/feed banks and livestockcamps at short notice.
IV. Simple storage facilities with raised platform and covering dry fodder/ fodder blocks with polythene sheets at Tehsil level may be created.
V. Fodder Block making machines be installed at the fodder banks for densifying the dry fodder in form of Fodder Blocks. This would facilitate storage and transport of large quantities of material at cheaper cost.
VI. Maize cobs after removal of grains available in large quantity in Davangere districtcanbeeffectivelyutilizedby incorporating them(upto40%) in theTotalMixed Ration (TMR). The milch animals could be given TMR for sustaining the production.
VII. Similarlyde-seededSunflowerheadsavailablefromRaichurandotherneighbouringdistricts couldbeefficientlyutilized.
VIII. Distribution of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks (UMMB) in the affected districts forfeedingtoallanimalswouldhelpinovercomingmineraldeficiencyandmaintain
74
fertility even if the drought like situation prolongs.
IX. Short duration Pearl millet (AVKB-19,Giant Bajra, CO 8 varieties) cropwhich ishardy and requires less moisture may be cultivated if there are small rains. Cowpea (Bundel Lobia -2, KBC 2, COFC 8) as fodder crop may also be cultivated and fed to cattle and buffaloes as protein source. If adequate moisture level is available, farmers may be advised for cultivating maize crop (African Tall & Pratap Makka varieties).
X. Perennial sorghum cultivation may be taken in canal command areas. Farmers growing this crop may be adequately compensated and green fodder after harvest maybe transported toareasofdeficit.
XI. Wherever feasible, cultivation of fodder grasses like Bothriochloa intermedia, Cenchrus setigerus, Dichanthium annulatum, Pennisetum pedicellatum, Panicum maximum and fodder legumes like Arachis hagenbackii, Stylosanthes hamata, S.Scabra may be promoted.
XII. Cattle camps may be set up at strategic places with adequate provisioning of dry fodder, water and veterinary care. Cattle owners may prefer to send only the dry and scrub animals to these camps and retain the milking animals in their houses. As such, a mechanism for ensuring supply of feed and fodder at their door steps may be put in place. “Cattle cards” similar to ‘Kisan cards’ may be distributed to such farmers so that they can draw their quota of feed and fodder from the nearby fodder depots established by the State government.
Maharashtra
I. The State Government has already initiated contingent plan for ensuring supply of fodder for livestock feeding in the affected districts. Provision has been made for procurement of sugarcane crops from sugarcane growers, transporting of the same and distribution to livestock owners in deficit areas at subsidised rates. Itis a winwin situation for all stakeholders.
II. Theavailabilityofsugarcanecropforfeedinganimalsmaylastforthenext1.5tomonths. If the drought like situation continues, alternate contingency plans need to be drawn and operationalised.
III. Advance action for procurement of dry fodder, their storage and distribution may be initiated as a contingent plan in case of prolonged drought like situation. The‘HubandSpokes”modelmaybeadoptedforefficientimplementationofthewhole process.
IV. Sugarcane baggase and press mud available from sugar factories may be treated and transported todeficit areas for survival feeding.
V. Fodder Block making machines be installed at fodder banks for densifying the
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dry fodder in form of Fodder Blocks. This would facilitate storage and transport of large quantities of material at cheaper cost.
VI. Distribution of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks (UMMB) in the affected districts for feeding to all the animalswould help in overcomingmineral deficiency andmaintain fertility even if the drought like situation prolongs.
VII. Setting up of cattle camps and fodder banks at the District and Thesil level may be prioritized.
VIII. Short duration crops of Pearl millet, cowpea, and maize may be taken up in case of some rains in the coming weeks.
Rajasthan
Ø Out of 10 Districts in Western Rajasthan, four districts i.e. Barmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur andNagaurhavescantyrainfall(60to99%departurefromnormal);fiveDistrictshave deficient rainfall (20% to 59% departure from normal) and the remainingdistrict of Hanumangarh has normal rainfall up to 18.7.2012.
Ø The Districts with scanty rainfall are predominantly the ones which are prone to frequent drought like situations.
Ø From livestock perspective, farmers of these districts in such situations are well versed with the coping mechanism for sustaining their livestock wealth and maintaining production levels.
Ø In case of prolonged drought like situation necessary steps have to be initiated for ensuring adequate fodder supply for livestock. Some of the general strategies which can be adopted are:
i. Establishment of Fodder Banks for storing and distribution of dry fodder need to be strategized.
ii. A large number of Gaushalas exist in the State. The list of Gaushalas and their capacities could be updated, their managers informed and financialassistanceassured for setting up fodder/feed banks and livestock camps at short notice.
iii. Sheep herders migrate with their flock for long distances in search of fodder. Provision for supply of mineral mixture and for de-worming of the animals during migration would ensure maintaining body weight and lower mortality.
iv. Along the traditional migratory routes, water feeding troughs may be erected and supply of drinking water ensured.
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v. Fodder Bajra varieties of RBC-2, Giant Bajra, Raj-171, JBV-2 may be promoted.
vi. Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris);GuineaGrass (Panicum maximum var. Macuni) may be propagated in gochar lands and other common grazing areas.
vii. Dualpurposecropslikebarley(varietiesRD2715,RD2035,RD2522andBH75)maybesowninOctober.Onecuttingmaybetakenforfodderat50-60daysafter sowing and subsequent regenerated crop left for grain production.
Punjab and Haryana
Ø During the current year, both the states have deficit rainfall andmajority of thedistrictshad scanty rainfall (60 to99%departure fromnormal)up to18.7.2012.
Ø Both Punjab and Haryana are traditionally considered as surplus states for livestock fodder. However, continued drought like situation may alter this situation in the current year.
Ø Iftherainfalldeficitpersists,thestatehastoinitiateadvanceactiontoensurethatlivestock production is maintained. The following recommendations are being made
i. Traditionally paddy straw is not fed to cattle and buffaloes. In case of feed shortage in the coming months, paddy straw may have to be utilized for feeding. With the technology of feeding Total Mixed Ration, paddy straw couldbe incorporatedup to25-30%andutilizedeffectively.
ii. Progressive dairy farmers in both the states have adopted in a big way the practice of conserving green maize crop as silage for feeding animals during lean months when green fodder is not available. The farmers adopting this technology need to be suitably incentivised.
iii. Many of the operations in hi-tech dairy farms are power dependent. Adequate power supply to these farms needs to be ensured.
iv. Feed Block making machines may be provided for densifying wheat bhusa and other bulky dry fodders and storing the feed blocks at strategic locations.
v. Growing of fodder maize and Pearl millet varieties of green fodder may be encouraged and incentivised.
Gujarat
Ø The arid regions Saurashtra and Kutch have been experiencing drought like situation.
Ø Livestock rearing, especially small ruminants are predominant in these regions.
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For sustenance of livestock production and livelihood of resource poor farmers, it is essential to ensure proper supply of feed and fodder during the scarcity period. The following actionable points are suggested.
i. Establishment of Fodder Banks for storing and distribution of dry fodder need to be strategized.
ii. The existing Gaushalas in the region should be made use of for storing and distribution of dry fodder/ feed blocks. More Gaushalas may be setup immediately to offer support to small/ marginal farmers.
iii. Urea Mineral Molasses Block (UMMB) can be effectively utilized as a combined source of protein, energy and minerals during drought situations. They also help in preventing loss of fertility in case of prolonged drought. These blocks can be easily transported over long distances.
iv. Fodder varieties of maize and Pearl millet may be planted where water is available.
v. Fodder grasses and legumes of Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Dichanthium Stylosanthes, Clitori needs to be propagated especially in the common grazing lands.
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Annexture-V
Detailed Crop Contingency Plan for the Period 1st -31st, August 2012for Different Regions of the Country Issued by NRAA
on 02.08.2012
S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
1 Andman and Nicobar Island
Actual Rainfall is close to normal and there is hardly any need of contingency plan
2. Arunanchal Pradesh Suitable Varieties/HybridsRice: Luit, Kapilee, Kalong & Disang, Pankaj, Kushal, Lakhimi, yAndrewsali Monoharsali, Prafulla, Gitsh and available local cultivars like Salpona, Mala and Baas, Luit & Disang (as direct seeded)
Agronomic Practices: Direct seeding of Sali rice on puddled soil with sprouted seeds. yTransplanting with 60 days old seedling upto the end of August ywith Monoharsali, Prafulla, Gitsh In upland and medium land where rice could not be taken, grow yUrad and moong upto August.Grow vegetable crops on upland, yGrow maize, sorghum for fodder yDirect seeding with Luit, Kapilee etc. yAdopt Weed management through hoeing and intercultural yoperationsFollow light ploughing for moisture conservation. yProviding partial shade to Ginger and turmeric by planting Arahar/ yDhaincha as intercrop.
3 Assam and Meghalaya SuitableVarieties/Hybrids (Severefloods)Adopt varieties of rice like Gitesh and Prafulla for staggered yplantingwith40-60daysold seedlings.Adopt short duration varieties like Luit, Kapilee for direct yseedingAdopt submergence resistant rice varieties like Jalashree and yjalkunwariGrow pre y rabi arhar varieties like 20(B), sharadSoybean varieties BNS-5 can be planted post flood period in yuplands.
Agronomic Practices:Remove weeds and adopt intercultural operations yGrow tall varieties of maize (African tall) for fodder yPrepare land for sowing of toria y
4 Nagaland, Manipur, Mezoram , Taripura
Suitable Varieties/HybridsRice: Luit, Kapilee, Kalong & Disang, Pankaj, Kushal, Lakhimi, yAndrewsali Monoharsali, Prafulla, Gitsh and available local cultivars like Salpona, Mala and Baas, Luit & Disang (as direct seeded)
Agronomic Practices: Direct seeding of Sali rice on puddled soil with sprouted seeds. yTranplanting with 60 days old seedling upto the end of August ywith Monoharsali, Prafulla, Gitsh
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S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
In upland and medium land where rice could not be taken, grow yUrd and moong upto August eGrow vegetable crops on upland, yGrow maize, sorghum for fodder yDirect seeding of rice varieties i.e. Luit, Kapilee . yAdopt Weed management yFollow light ploughing for moisture conservation. yProviding partial shade to Ginger and turmeric by planting Arahar/ yDhaincha as intercrop.
5. SHWB and Sikkim Agronomic Practices: (Excessive to normal rainfall)Continue transplanting of rice up to middle of August yDirect seeding of short duration varieties of rice yPlant til on uplands yRemove weeds and adopt intercultural practices yPrepare land for toria y
6 Gangetic WB Agronomical Practices :Dogapfilling in rice through transplanting yAdopt weeding and hoeing for removing weeds yAdopt trenching to avoid water logging ySowing and transplanting of vegetable crops yPrepare land for toria yGrow fodder sorghum (MP-Chari and Pusa Chari-1) & maize y(African tall)
7 Orissa Suitable Varieties/Hybrids/Agronomic Practices: In medium land adopt Lalat, Surendra, Konark varieties of rice yand in In low lands Swarna, Pratikshya,Paddy (Jogesh , Khandagiri, Naveen, Surendra, Pooja) - yLow Lying flood prone areas: (Pooja, Tulasi,Indrabati, Upahar, yVarsadhan, Swarna Sub-1) Grow f crops likeMoong:PDM-54,OBGG-52,TARM-2) yUrd:Usevarieties likePU-30,PU-19,PU-35 ySesame: Grow varieties like Uma ,Prachi, Nirmala y
Agronomic Practices:Complete hoeing and weeding of non-paddy crops to provide mulch. yWithhold N fertilizer application till receipt of rainfall. yTransplant seedlingsof riceup to45daysold. yGrow African tall variety of maize for fodder y
8 Jharkhand Suitable Varieties/HybridsTransplanting of rice seedlings in low lands with higher plant ypopulation.GrowrabiArharwithvarietiespusa-9,andBaharinuplandplain yareas Grow short duration varieties of niger, kulthi, Urd, maize in up y& mid lands.Grow vegetables like Cowpea and radish y .
Agronomic PracticesAdopt intercultural practices and remove weeds yDo gap filling in rice to improve plant population through ytransplantation .Intercropping of Urd and Moong with Arhar and Rice y
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S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
9 Bihar Suitable Varieties/HybridsRiceseedlingupto40daysageofmediumand50daysoldforlong ydurationHYVricevarietiesmaybe transplanted@40hills/m2
In rainfed low lands transplanting of photosensitive rice yvarieties.Early to extra early duration rice varieties through direct seeding. yFor this drum seeders can be used for direct sowing of sprouted seedsInuplandsgrowurd (NavinandT9)as catch crop yPlantMoong (T44,PDM44),onuplandas catch crop yPlant Arhar (Bahar, Pusa 9 and Narendra Arhar 1), as pre rabi ycropafter 15th AugustKulthi (DV 7, BR 5, BR 10, S67/26, 14, 31) and Mishrikund y(Local) Transplant vegetables like brinjal, tomato, chillies etc in upland y
Agronomic PracticesGrow maize (African tall) & sorghum (MP-Chari and Pusa Chari-1) yfor fodder intercrop with Urd.Remove weeds and adopt hoeing practices. yMake suitable trenches for avoiding water logging yDogapfilling in rice to improveplantpopulation. yPrepare land for toria for sowing by end of August y
10 Eastern U.P. Suitable Varieties/HybridsAdopt short duration rice varieties with old seedling and/or direct yseeding (NDR-80,NDR97,NDR-118).Plant Moong, Urd (T-9,Naveen), Arhar (Sharad, Pusa-9, Bahar), ysesame, invacantfieldsGrow Short duration varieties of maize & Jowar yGrow maize (African tall) & sorghum (MP-Chari and Pusa Chari-1) yfar fodder where rice transplanting not possible.In the last week of August plant rabi Arhar varieties like Bahar, yPusa-9etc.Transplant sweet potato in mid August and adopt intercropping ywith arhar
Agronomic PracticesAdopt intercultural practices/hoeing/weeding to avoid loss of ymoisture and nutrients due to competition. Practicegapfillingincropstoimproveplantpopulationwherever ypossible.Grow short duration bajra, jowar, chari crops for fodder yPreparefields for toria sowing y
11 Western UP Suitable Varieties/HybridsEarly duration rice like Saket-4, Govind, Ashwani, , ND-118 & yND-97maybe transplantedPlant Bajra, guar and cowpea as grain and fodder crop. yPlantmoong(Pant-1,Samrat),Urd(PantU-35,U-19,T-9)ascatch ycropsWhere pear lmillet, fails, take clusterbean, moong and cowpea. yInthevacantfieldsToriavarietiessuchasPT-30,Bhawanietcmay ybe planted in the last week of August
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S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
Agronomic PracticesAdopt direct seeding of rice and complete transplanting of rice yAdopt cultural practices / hoeing to remove weeds to avoid losses yof moisture.Use ridge and furrow system of sowing in case of heavy rains yDo transplanting forgapfillingwhereeverpossible yGrow maize & pearl millet for fodder y
12 Uttarakhand Agronomical Practices: Increase area under basmati varieties as the rain is delayed yGrow short duration verities of Urd, moong, ramdana, rajmash yGrow vegetable seeds for preparation of seedlings yAdopt weeding and hoeing for removal of weeds yGrow jowar and maize intercropped with urd as a fodder crop yPlant moong as catch crop y
13 Haryana,Chandigarh & Delhi
Suitable Varieties/ Agronomic PracticesIncrease area under basmati since the rains are delayed. yGrowbajravarietiesHSB-67&HSB-64 yComplete sowingofGwar in thefirstweekofAugust yGrow short duration varieties of toria yAdopt intercropping of Bajra + Moong / Mothbean (Intercropping y8:4/6:3)Adopt intercultural operations and hoeing for removal of weeds yGrow short duration varieties of Bajra (Pro Agro-1)=, Avika Bajra), ychari for fooder
14 Punjab Agronomic Practices: Avoid excessive irrigation in rice to save water yGrow Bajra, guar and maize as fodders. yGrow Vegetable type clusterbean and cowpea. yRemove weeds to avoid completion with the main crop yGrow seedlings of vegetables yPrepare land for toria sowing y
15 Himachal Pradesh Agronomic Practices:Sowing of urd, mandua, rajmah, kulthi, peas in unsown area yunder maize & paddy.Grow vegetables yGrow maize & sorghum for fodder yAdopt weeding and hoeing to remove weeds. y
16 Jammu andKashmir
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids/ Agronomic Practices :Avoid excessive irrigation in rice to save water yGrowBajravarietyS-503 yGrowCowpeavarietiesEC4216,HG-642-1,TYPE- yGuar :FS-227, Ageta-III yJowar:UJJAIN,TYPE-4,MPChari yMaize (Fodder) : African Tall, Local cowpea/ guar (fodder y )Adopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yGrow maize and Jowar intercrop with moong and urd as a yfodder
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S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
17 Western Rajasthan Suitable Varieties/HybridsAlthough it is quite late for sowing of Bajra but varieties like : yRHB-121,GHB-538,GHB-719,HHB-67,HHB-67 Imp., ICMH-356,Composite:CZP9802maybe sownup tofirstweekofAugustGrow Bajra for Fodder :RCB 2, Raj 171 yIncreaseareaunderMothbean:RMO40,RMO257,RMO-435 yMungbean :RMG 62, SML-668, G-4, RMG-268, RMG-344, RMG- y492Guar: RGC-936 , RGC- 1002, RGC- 1017, RGC-1038, RGC-1055, yRGC-1066, RGM-112SesameRT46,RT-125,RT-127,RT-346 y
Agronomic Practices :Adopt thinning and weeding to avoid loss of moisture yUse mulching to save moisture yGrow short duration varieties of bajra for fodder y
18 EasternRajasthan
Suitable Varieties/HybridsClusterbean: clusterbeanRGC-936 yBajra:HHB-67,HHB-67 Imp.,GHB-538 yMaize (fodder): African Tall, Pratap Makka yJowar (Fodder):: Raj Chari-1, Raj Chari-2, Pratap Char-1080, SSG- y59-3Moong: K-851, RMG-62, RMG-268,MUM-2,SML-668, G-4, RMC- y2688&344,RMO-40,RMO-435Sesame:RT–46,RT–125,RT-127 yHorsegram: AK-21, Pratap Kulthi-1 yCowpeaRC-19,RC-101 yGuar:RGC-936 ,RGC-1002,RGC-1017,RGM-112 y
Agronomic PracticesIncrease in seed rateby10-15%of sesame ,MoongandUrd. yIncrease seed rateby20-25%ofHorsegram yUprooting of weeds & using them as mulch yOne hoeing may be done for conserve soil moisture yGrow Sorghum and cowpea as fodder. yPrepare land for toria y
19 Western MP Suitable Varieties/HybridsArhar: JKM 189, TJT 501, RVICPH 2671 (Hy.), ICPL-87, Pusa-33, yJA-4, Jkm-7,AshaSafflower JSF7, JSF73 y
Agronomic Practices:SowingofdualpurposeSorghumvarietyJJ-1022,JJ1041,forgrain yand fodderSowing of short duration varieties of moong and Urd as catch ycropwith20% increase seed rateGrow Bajra and maize as fodder crop yWeed control practises to be applied to remove weeds y
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S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
20 East M.P. Agronomic Practices:
Adopt the practices of thinning and weeding yGrow maize and Jowar as Fodder yAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yAdopt intercropping of Urd, moong with MP Chari for fodder yPrepare land for sowing of toria y
21 Gujarat, Suitable Varieties/Hybrids and Agronomic Practices
Grow short duration legume crops like Moong, Urd and Gwar yAdopt intercropping of cotton and Groundnut with Arhar. yPractice Thinning of already planted crops. yPlant Castor crop in mid August y
22 Saurashtra,And Kutch
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids
CottonGcot 13,Gcot 15,Gcot 21,V-797, ySesame: Purva-1 yGroundnut:BunchvarietyofGroundnutGG-2,GG-5,GG-7and y Castor: GAUCH-1, GCH-6 yUrd:T-9,Guj.Udad-1,T-9 yMoong:Guj.Mung-4,K-85 yArhar: BDN-2 y
Agronomic Practices :Keep45cmand60cmrowspacingforbunchandsemispreading ygroundnut, respectively.Grow Bajra as fodder crop. y
23 Konkan & Goa Agronomical Practices : Grow short duration urd, moong and cowpea yAdopt intercultural practices for removing weeds yDo transplanting forgapfilling yGrow short duration vegetables y
24 MadhyaMaharashtra,
Suitable Varieties/Hybrids
Arhar:BDN-708,BDN711,BSMR853 ySunflower :Morden,SS-56,LSH-36,Mahyco-17,BSH-1 y
Agronomic Practices:
IntercropBajraandArhar in3:3or4:2 row yOpen conservation furrow after every 6-8 rows. yAdopt closer spacing of 60 X 30 cm for Arhar. yAdopt cultural practices to remove weeds. yConserve moisture through intercultural operations y
25 Marathwada Agronomic Practices/Varieties:
Adopt intercropping of Arhar with cotton and other crops yAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yAdopt closer spacing(60x30 cm)for Arhar. yFollow insitu moisture conservation measures y
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S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
26 Vidarbha.
Suitable Varieties/HybridsSunflower (hybrids) , Morden, EC-68414, SS-56, LSH-35 sesame yAKT64Castor:AKC-1,GCH-4,GCH -5,GCH-6&DCH-117,DCH-32 y
Agronomic Practices: Adopt closer spacing (60x30 cm)for Arhar. yFollow insitu moisture conservation measures yAdopt intercroppingofBajrawithArhar (2:1, 4:2) y
27 Chattisgarh
Suitable Varieties/HybridsComplete transplanting of rice varieties yNiger (IGP-76, GA-10), Kulthi (B.K. 1, A.K. 21 JND-21, VZM -1 yVZM -9), Til (JT-21, TC-25), Sunflower (Modern, Jawamukhi,MFSH-8, MFSH-17)Plant Maize Fodder variety African tall yPlant Sorghum Fodder variety MP Chari y
Agronomic PracticesRemove weeds and adopt hoeing for good crop standAdopt yintercultural practices and remove weeds Do gap filling in rice to improve plant population through ytransplantationSow the seeds of vegetables for preparation of seedlings. y
28 Coastal Andhra Pradesh Agronomic PracticesAdopt direct seeding of paddy with short duration varieties by yfollowing proper weed management practiceRemove weeds and adopt hoeing for good crop stand yUse trenches for avoiding water logging yGrow short duration maize and jowar for fodder y
29 Telangana (AP) Suitable Varieties/HybridsSunflower:
Hybrids:MSFH 8, MSFH 17, APSH 11, BSH 1 and popular private yhybridsVarieties:Modern:EC68414 ySesame: Chandana, Swetha Til,Rajeshwari) y
Agronomical Practices: Replace moong with Horsegram and Cowpea yArhar can be sown as a sole crop yAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yGive life saving irrigation is water is available y
30 Rayalaseema (AP) Suitable Varieties/HybridsPlantearlymaturingcastorvarieties/hybridsDCH519,Jwala(48-1), yKiran, Kranti , rhar: LRG-30Grow Urd varieties LBG-17, LBG-20 yGrowmoongvarietiesLGG-407,LGG-460 yPlantSunflower (APSH11,KBSH1,SB275,Sunbred-275 y
Agronomic Practices:Protect againstShootfly in Jowar yUsehigher seed rate (30%more) indelayed sowing y
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S.No IMD Sub-Division Suitable Varieties and Agronomic Practices
31 Tamil Nadu and Pondichury
Suitable Varieties/HybridsGroundnut: VRI 2,TMV 7, ALR 3, TMV 10 yArhar: Co(RG) 7), VBN 3, yUrd:Co5,VBN1,VBN2,VBN3, yJowar: Co 26, Co (S)28, K-7 yMaize:CoRH1,Co1,Hybrids :COMH5,Kargil, SPIC yRice: Shortdurationvarieties.ADT36, 37, 43,ADT (R)48) y
Agronomic Practices: Grow Jowar, Bajra and cowpea as fodder. yAdopt thicker sowing of Jowar as fodder or green manure for yinsitu cultivationAdopt thinningandgapfilling theexisting crop yPlant wherever possible such as in Vellore district yIntercrop moong and Urad in Jowar fodder (Erode dist.) yGrow Horse gram (Erode dist.) yIntercrop Ground nut with Arhar in 12 :1 ratio (Karur) yAdopt SRI method of planting rice y
32 Coastal Karnataka Suitable Varieties/Agronomic Practices Adopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yGrow short duration varieties of Jowar and maize as fodder y
33 North interiorKarnataka
Suitable Varieties/HybridsSunflower:KBSH-1,HybridVarieties, yCastor:JCH-4,DCS-9,DCH-32) y
Agronomic Practices:Adoptwider spacing ( 90x20 cm) for sunflower yAdopt cultural practices to remove weeds. y
34 South interiorKarnataka,
Suitable Varieties/HybridsFingerMillet: JPU-28,PR -202,GPU-28GPU-26GPU-48 yArhar:BRG-2 yFieldbeanHA-3&HA-4 yCowpea:TVX-944, IT-38956-1, y
Agronomic Practices:In Finger millet : yDrysowing8-10daysbefore rainswith15-20%higher seed rate yNursery-(Medium and short duration ) transplanting ySeed hardening-(18 hrs. soaking in water followed by 24 hrs. yshade drying Thinning to retain one seedling at 30 cm y
35 Kerala Agronomic Practices:Complete transplanting of rice yAdopt intercultural practices to remove weeds yAdopt short duration varieties of cowpea for green pods and yfodderGrow vegetables in uplands y
36 Lakshadweep Agronomic Practices:Normal Rainfall, Adopt recommended practices. y
Source: Earlier NRAA Publication, ICAR websites.
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Annexure-VI
Letter from Ministry of Agriculture to its Crop Development Directorates to follow up the suggestion of NRAA
No.13-2/2012-CU-IGovernment of India
Ministry of AgricultureDepartment of Agriculture & Cooperation
Krishi Bhawan, New DelhiDated the 12th November, 2012
Subject:- Post Monsoon Flood/compensatory Agriculture Production Plan 2012 from NRAA – Planning Commission.
Please find enclosed herewith a copy of the suggested measures in view of droughtcondition in Kharif Season received from National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) Planning Commission.
It is, therefore, requested that follow up action suggested by National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA), Planning Commission to compensate the losses of Kharif crops due to deficient rainfall/flood/cloudburst etc.during the current season indifferentStates.
Encl- As stated above.
Sd-(Dr. P.K. Saha)
Deputy Commissioner (Crops)
1. Director, Directorate of Millets Development, 2nd Floor, Kendriya Sadan Prisad, Block-A, Sector-10, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302023 (Rajasthan).
2. Director, Directorate of Rice Development, 250-A, Patliputra Colony, Patna-800013(Bihar).
3. Director, Directorate of Wheat Development, CGO Complex, 1-3rd Floor, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002 (Uttar Pradesh).
4. Director,DirectorateofCottonDevelopment, 14,RamjiBhaiKamaniMarg,Mumbai.
5. Director,Directorateof JuteDevelopment,NizamPalaceCampus,Kolkata-700020.
6. Director, Directorate of Tobacco Development, Chennai-600006.
7. Director,DirectorateofPulsesDevelopment,VindhyachalBhawan,Bhopal-462004.
8. Director,DirectorateofSugarcaneDevelopment,Aliganj,Lucknow-226024.
9. Director,DirectorateofOilseedsDevelopment,Hyderabad-500025.
Copy to:- PPS to CEO (NRAA), NASC Complex, 2nd Floor, Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Opp. Todapur Village, Pusa, New Delhi-12.
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Suggestions/measurestocompensatethelossesofKharifcropsduetodeficientrainfall /flood / cloudburst areas follows:
Ø As the monsoon season rainfall has been normal even received good rains during the extended last phase of season which has brighten the prospects of Rabi crops.
Ø Irrigation to Rabi crops will be comfortable as the substantial area of wheat lies in the States of MP, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Bundelkhand region of UP due to late rains.
Ø Timely sowing of recommended improved varieties of wheat is essential to harness the potential of residual moisture due to extended withdrawal of rainfall.
Ø Seed ratemaybe increasedby20% if soilmoisture is less than sufficient.
Ø Zero tillage technique needs to be provided on liberal subsidy to cover more and more areas in the Gangetic plains of UP and Bihar for enhanced productivity.
Ø The sowingofwheat inStates likeHaryanaandPunjab shouldbedoneduring25th Oct. to25th Nov.
Ø Thevarieties likePBW343andPBW502needs tobe replacedby the resistancevarietieslikeDWB17andPBW550possessinghighpotential.
Ø The area where paddy harvest is delayed, the early maturing varieties of wheat like PBW373,WH1021,PBW509,DBW16,UP2425,Raj3765,PBW590etc.shouldbesownpreferably through zero tillage drill.
Ø Bringing additional area under rabi, pulses and oil seeds:- Additional area needs to be taken under rabi, pulses and oil seeds through concerted efforts in enhancing productivity in pulses in Tal areas of Bihar though better water and fertilizers managements.
Ø Nearly 12 million ha of rice fellow areas in eastern and central India may be targeted for pulses like chickpea, lentil, etc. together with mustard conservation measures.
Ø In acid soils of eastern region, cultivation of pulses should be promoted with application of lime plus recommended dose of fertilizers for maintaining optimum yield of pulses.
Ø The area can be increased under pulses in Gram, Lentil and Peas in the States of MP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, AP, UP, Bihar, WB and Odisha and also area of pulses can be increased as sole crop and intercrop with mustard, sugarcane and rabi oilseed crops. Moong bean area expansion is possible under summer / spring pulses in the State of UP, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and parts of Jharkhand and MP through distribution of quality seeds of spring / summer moong bean at higher subsidized rates for small and marginal farmers. Summer / spring moong can also be grown with sugarcane in UP and Bihar as intercrop.
