food fraud: why? what? and now what?...– potential hazards from economically motivated...
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©Copyright AIB InternationalMay not be reproduced without
written permission.
©Copyright AIB InternationalMay not be reproduced without written permission.
©Copyright AIB InternationalMay not be reproduced without written permission.
Food Fraud:Why? What?
and Now What?November 2018
Food Fraud
Why is it an issue now?
What exactly is food fraud?
What are my next steps?
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Food Fraud – Why?
Melamine in milk powder*
Melamine in pet food*
Sudan dye in spices*
Horsemeat in burgers
Corn syrup in honey
Non‐organic foods labeled as organic
Fish species misrepresented
*Caused death/ illness
Food Fraud – Why?
Increases in Food Fraud
• Easier to hide
– Complex food supply chains
– Global food supply
• Hard financial times
– Crops impacted by weather or disease
– Tariffs or other regulations
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Food Fraud – Easy to Hide!
Food Fraud – Why?
Perpetrators
• Do not want to be caught
• Do not intentionally cause harm
– But lack of knowledge may result in harm
• Criminals
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Food Fraud – Why?
• 72% of consumers believe food fraud is widespread
• 27% believe they have been exposed to food fraud
• 35% of consumers are least trusting of processed foods
• 18% of consumers are least trusting of red meat
• 15% of consumers are least trusting of supplements
Food Fraud – What?
Source Intended Outcome
Food Fraud Prevention
Intentional Adulteration
Economic Gain
Food Defense Intentional Adulteration
Do Harm
Food Safety Unintentional Adulteration
Naturally Occurring Hazards
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Food Fraud – What?
Substitution
• Ground peanut shells in cumin
• Melamine in milk powder
• Corn syrup in honey
Dilution
• Increased levels of water in a juice product
Misbranding
• Haddock sold as tilapia
• Non‐organic sold as organic
Food Fraud – What?
Related terms:
• Economically motivated adulteration (EMA)
• Food crimes
• Vulnerability
• Horizon‐scanning
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Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Factors that increase ingredient susceptibility/ vulnerability
• Buying it below market price
• Value added claims (organic, free range, etc.)
• Powdered forms
• Long supply chain
• History: spices, olive oil, honey, fish
Food Fraud – Next Steps?
FDA Requirements
• Preventive Controls Plan (HARPC)
– Potential hazards from economically motivated adulteration
AIB International GMP Audit Requirements
• Suppliers assessed based on food fraud risk
GFSI (BRC, FSSC 22000, IFS, SQF) Requirements
• Food Fraud Vulnerability Assessment
• Mitigation Plan
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Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Vulnerability Assessment and Critical Control Points
Food Fraud – Next Steps?
1. Establish a food fraud team
2. Conduct a vulnerability assessment for all ingredients
– Supply chain mapping
– Communication with suppliers
3. Establish mitigation measures for vulnerable ingredients
4. Ongoing monitoring
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Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Establish a Food Fraud Team
• Food fraud team coordinator
• Plant or facility manager
• Procurement
• Production manager
• Qualified auditor or external consultant
• Quality/technical/compliance manager
• Logistics representative
• Legal advisor or corporate counsel
• CEO/COO
Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Ingredients List Country of Origin
Vulnerability and / or
Opportunity for Crime
Mitigation to ensure Integrity Risk
Level
Whole or Flaked Almond
Syria
Dried Banana India
Sunflower Seeds
Italy
Conduct a Vulnerability Assessment
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Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Oregano originates in Greece
Oregano cleaned in England
Oregano milled and blended in Canada
Oregano added to tomato paste in California
Pizza sauce added to pizza in Ohio
Pizza sold in Oregon
Supply Chain Mapping
Do this for all ingredients and all
suppliers
Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Supply Chain Mapping
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Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Olive oilMilkHoneySaffronOrange juiceApple juiceGrape wineMaple syrup
Vanilla extractRiceCheeseTurmericVegetable oilChili powderSesame oilCocoa powder
Strawberry pureeBeeswaxStar anise Durum wheat pastaGuar gumPalm OilPaprika
Most Common Fraudulent Foods
www.foodfraud.org
Food Fraud – Next Steps?
CountryPolitical Risk
ScorePolitical Risk
Category
World RankingPolitical
Risk
Somalia 1.15 extreme 1Syria 1.18 extreme 2Central African Republic 1.4 extreme 3South Sudan 1.76 extreme 4Iraq 1.86 extreme 5Libya 1.87 extreme 6Afghanistan 1.99 extreme 7DR Congo 2.05 extreme 8Sudan 2.07 extreme 9Yemen 2.35 extreme 10
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Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Establish Mitigation Measures
• Fraud specific audits
• Ingredient testing
• Approved supplier program
• Communication with suppliers
Food Fraud – Next Steps?
Resources
www.foodfraud.org
www.foodshield.org
www.horizonscan.fera.co.uk
www.ssafe‐food.org
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Questions