food and nutrition security: trends and proven approaches

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Food and Nutrition Security: Trends and Proven

Approaches

Bildquelle: National Geographic (http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/evolution-of-diet/images/grid_2048.jpg)

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Contents

Part 1: Trends

• Scaling up Nutrition Movement

• Global Nutrition Report 2015

• Sustainable Development Goals

Part 2: Proven Approaches

• The UNICEF model

• Key questions from the perspective of various sectors

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TRENDS


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Scaling up Nutrition Movement

• Aim: coordinated action (between all relevant sectors) for better nutrition; Achieving the World Health Assembly targets by 2025

• Focus on the 1.000 day window (from conception to second birthday) adequate nutrition of mother and child in that time is most effective

• Approach: nutrition-specific measures, nutrition-sensitive measures

• Networks: Countries (55), UN, civil society, donors, the private sector

• Detailed country-specific information on the country homepages

Global Nutrition Report 2015

39Stunting children under 5

Wastingchildren under 5

Overweightchildren under 5

Anemiawomen aged 15-49 yearsExclusive Breastfeeding, 0-6 monthsAdult Overweight + Obesity (BMI≥ 25)

Adult Obesity (BMI≥ 30)

Adult Diabeteshigh blood sugar

601579

63

84

8

115

67

39

5

32

63

242224

180

1036

190

193

185 53

Global Target

Missing data Off course, little/no progress Off course, some progress On courseOn course, at risk

Number of countries at various stages of progress against global targets on nutrition

3

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Sustainable Development Goals

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

Relevant objectives:•By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round

•By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/

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Sustainable Development Goals• "Goals" and "targets" were adopted in New York in late September.

Indicators will be available in February / March 2016

• Suggested indicators for target 2.1: (a) prevalence of undernourishment(b) Prevalence of population with moderate or severe food insecurity, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

• Suggested indicators for target 2.2: (a) prevalence of stunting;

• various actors advocate the inclusion of • wasting • Dietary Diversity Indikatoren (u.a. MDD-W) • Overweight and obesity

Need to limit the number of "global indicators".

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SDGs - Reflections

• Hunger and nutrition are not the same thing!

• Some governments (Bangladesh, Nepal, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania) put considerably less emphasis on nutrition than the fight against hunger

• The collection of quality data is urgently needed to combat malnutrition

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PROVEN APPROACHESThe UNICEF model


SUB-NATIONALCOMMUNITY /HOUSEHOLDUnderlying

Determinants

FOOD SECURITYadequate nutritional status

FOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD USE

Political and economic conditions, governanceSectoral policies (agriculture, health, gender)

Social securityPeace and Security

FOOD AVAILABILITYe.g. Production, trade

ACCESS TO FOODe.g. Income, infrastructure

HEALTH SERVICES / WASHe.g. Environment, hygiene,

drinking water

CHILD CAREe.g. Breastfeeding

HEALTH STATUSFOOD USE

STAB

ILIT

Y co

ntinu

ous s

uppl

y, re

silie

nce,

pea

ce a

nd

secu

rity

Education

INDIVIDUALImmediate

Determinants

GLOBAL / NATIONAL

Basic Determinants

Source: UNICEF (1991)

Determinants of food security

SUB-NATIONALGEMEINDE /HAUSHALT

Underlying Determinants

FOOD SECURITYadequate nutritional status

FOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD USE

Political and economic conditions, governanceSectoral policies (agriculture, health, gender)

Social security, Peace and Security

FOOD AVAILABILITY HEALTH SERVICES / WASHCHILD CARE/ CARE

HEALTH STATUSFOOD USE

STAB

ILIT

Y

EDUCATION

INDIVIDUALImmediate

Determinants

GLOBAL / NATIONAL

Basic Determinants

ACCESS TO FOOD

• Crop diversification, home gardens• Reduction of post-harvest losses

• Dietary advice (preparation, composition)

• Supplementation / fortification

• Therapeutic food supplements for severely malnourished children

• Vaccinations, deworming

• Better income opportunities (esp. For women)

• Expanding rural infrastructure• Transfers, school feeding

• Counseling for breastfeeding behavior and complementary feeding

• Advice for doctor visits in case of illness

• especially for women and girls• Integration of nutrition in curricula

• Nutrition-sensitive aspect of political, programs and strategies• Multisectoral Coordination• National Nutrition Plans and Resource Allocation

conti

nuou

s sup

ply,

resil

ienc

e, p

eace

and

secu

rity

Examples of food security measures

Quelle: nach UNICEF (1991)

• Access to health insurance• Sexual and reproductive health

• Food Hygiene• Secured water supply• Access to sanitary facilities

EDUCATIONHygiene &

Trinkwasser

Health

Health

Hygiene & potable water

Agriculture

Social Security

Gender

KEY QUESTIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF VARIOUS SECTORS


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Starting point: Problem Analysis Or: For each solution there is a problem ...• Food security problems are highly

context-specific.

• Starting point of any planning should therefore be a participatory problem analysis, which simultaneously creates ownership around the envisaged solutions.

Source: FAO 2014. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3516e.pdf

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Key questions from the agricultural perspective

• Which diet problem exists in the target region at the outset (malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, overweight & obesity)?

• Which populations are most affected (e.g. smallholder families, indigenous groups, women, children)? Can the project reach one or more of these groups?

• How can the project accommodate gender-specific time requirements? Is it likely that time requirements for women reduce the time for child care? Can this be compensated with labor-saving technologies for women?

• Which member of the household makes decisions about how additional income is spent? How can women’s disposable income be increased?

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Key questions from the agricultural perspective

• How can access to diverse food, especially for women and infants, be increased (e.g. diversified production, improved infrastructure, market access)?

• Do farmers have access to markets where they can sell perishable foods? Can any food preservation measures be integrated?

• Can nutritional education / behavior change strategies be integrated into the project’s objectives (e.g. generating demand for nutrient-rich crops)?

• Can relevant information about nutrition be integrated into existing training courses and activities by agricultural staff?

• Does the project affect the quantity or quality of the available (drinking) water?

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Key questions from the healthcare perspective

• What opportunities exist to improve the diet of the target group? Can improved knowledge be expected to overcome existing barriers?

• What infant feeding practices exist in the target region? What existing positive practices could be promoted, and what practices could be changed for the better?

• What are the main limiting factors for exclusive breastfeeding (cultural norms, marketing of breast milk substitutes, health workers, stigma, women's work, etc.)? How can these be overcome, and which group should be consulted in addition to mothers (husbands, mothers, health workers, etc.)?

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Key questions from the healthcare perspective

• What kind of training is necessary so that personnel are able to provide advice appropriately?

• What kind of training is necessary to build capacity around nutrition in the country (incl. Curricula for nutritionists, sensitization of policy makers)?

• How is the quality of advice being monitored?

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Key questions from the social security perspective

Transfers

• How high would the transfer be to make a difference?

• Would it make a difference to have the income to get women?

• Can campaigns promoting improved nutrition practices be integrated?

• Does it make sense to integrate "conditions"?

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Key questions from the social security perspective

In-Kind

• How are food markets functioning (availability, procurement, sales, etc.)? Are food prices very volatile?

• Can the transferred food (type) alleviate the existing food problem?

Public Works Programme

• What role does the frequency of payments play?

• Would the offer of child care help attract women?

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food and nutrition security: trends and proven approaches

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