Forensic DNA Analysis: Protein SynthesisOverview: The Flow of Genetic Information

The information content of DNA is in the form of specific _________________________________________________________

The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the ______________________________________________________________

Proteins are the links between ______________ and _____________________ _____________________________, the process by which DNA directs protein

synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translationThe central dogma…

____________ ___________ __________________ RNA is the intermediate between genes and the proteins for which they code _________________________ is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

o Happens in the _____________________o Transcription produces ______________________________ (mRNA), carries DNA message to ribosome

_____________________ is the synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA

o ______________________________ are the sites of translationCodons

There are ______________, but there are only four nucleotide bases in DNA The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a

___________________: a series of non-overlapping, three-nucleotide words _______________=_________________=_________________________

Overview During transcription, one of the two DNA strands called the ______________

_____________________ provides a template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

During translation, the mRNA base triplets, called codons, are read in the _________________________________________________

Each codon specifies the order of amino acids to make a protein

RNA bases: A, G, C, and____________ instead of ___________Practice

What amino acid is AGU? ________________ GAU? _________________ AUG? _________________ UAA? _________________

What are the codons for Gly (glycine)? _______________________TranscriptionThe three stages of transcription:

Initiation ______________signal the initiation of RNA synthesis and

____________________________ mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcriptionElongation __________________________ unwinds helix and adds RNA nucleotides to the 3’ end. DNA helix reforms after

RNA Polymerase moves awayTermination The _________________________________ after

the mRNA is formedmRNA processing

mRNA is ‘processed’ after transcription to prepare it for leaving the nucleus to travel to the ribosome.

o It receives a _____________ and _________________ to the 3’ endo Parts of the mRNA transcript are removed (___________)

Translation The three stages of translation:

Initiation _______________________________________________ and

moves along it until it reaches a start codon (________)Elongation _______________________ (transfer) brings

_____________________________________and adds them 1 by 1 based on the mRNA sequence

Termination Codons (3-bases) are read and amino acids are added until the

ribosome reaches a ______________________ (UGA, UAA, UAG)http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ Mutations

________________________________________ are changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus _____________________________________ are chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

Types of Point Mutation A ______________________________ replaces one nucleotide with another pair __________________________ have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon (codes for the same

amino acid) ___________________________________ still code for an amino acid, but not the right amino acid ____________________________________________ change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly

always leading to a nonfunctional protein ____________________________ and __________________________ are additions or losses of nucleotide

pairs in a gene (changes the reading frame)