fold and its types geology fffff
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fold and its types GEOLOGY FFFFFTRANSCRIPT
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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICIENT THE MOST BENEFICIENT
ANDAND THE MOST MERCIFUL.THE MOST MERCIFUL.
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Presented By:Presented By:FAZAL ELAHI
Roll # 179
BS. Applied Geology
5th Semester
Evening “B”
2008-2012
Presnted To:Prof. Dr. Mirza Shahid BaigProf. Dr. Mirza Shahid Baig
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Presentation Presentation topictopic
• Folds
• Types of Fold
• Geometry of Fold
• Anatomy of Fold
• Tightness of Fold
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Fold Description
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FoldFolds are bending of rocks due to different forces.
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Classification of folds on the Classification of folds on the basis of geometrybasis of geometry
1 Anticline2 Syncline3 Monocline4 Symmetrical folds5 Asymmetrical folds6 Overturned folds7 Recumbent folds8 Isoclinal folds
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ANTICLINEANTICLINE• 1 Convex upward.
• 2 The limbs dip away from each other.
• 3 the older rocks in the core and younger rocks along the limbs.
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ANTICLINE FOLDANTICLINE FOLD
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SYNCLINESYNCLINE• 1 Convex downward
• 2 The limbs dip toward each other.
• 3 Younger rocks in the core and older rocks along the limbs.
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MONOCLINEMONOCLINE• The fold in which one limb is dipping and
other limb is horizontal.
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SYMMETRICAL FOLDSSYMMETRICAL FOLDS• The folds in which the axial plane is
vertical and which divide the fold into two equal halves.
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ASYMMETRICAL FOLDSASYMMETRICAL FOLDS
• The folds in which the axial plane is inclined, and one limb is steeper than other.
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OVERTURNED FOLDSOVERTURNED FOLDS
• 1 Axial plane is inclined.• 2 Both limbs dip in same direction.• 3 The limb which has been rotated more than
90 degrees is called overturned limb and other limb is called normal limb.
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RECUMBENT FOLDSRECUMBENT FOLDS
• 1 The axial plane is horizontal to sub- horizontal.
• 2 Both limbs are horizontal.
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ISOCLINAL FOLDSISOCLINAL FOLDS
• 1 Both limbs dip in same direction and at same angle.
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• Profile Plane– The surface perpendicular to the hinge line.
• Inflection Point– The position in a limb where the sense of curvature changes.
• Fold Axis– A cylindrical surface consist of an infinite number of line that are parallel to a generator line.
Anatomy of Folds
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Axial PlaneAxial Plane
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• Limb– The less curved portion of a fold.
• Plunge– When the fold hinge is inclined to the horizontal.
Anatomy of Folds
Limb
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Anatomy of Folds
•Wavelength – The distance between subsequent crests or troughs
•Amplitude – Half the distance from a crest to the subsequent trough
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•Crest – The highest point on
the cross section of a fold
•Trough – The lowest point on
the cross section of a fold
Anatomy of Folds
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Dome & BasinDome & Basin
• Dome – An antiform where bedding dips away from the central point.
• Basin- A synclinal depression.
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Cylindrical Folds- Cylindrical Folds-
• Straight hinge line, Contains fold axes.
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Non-Cylindrical Folds- Non-Cylindrical Folds-
• Curved hinge lines
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Tightness of foldTightness of fold
• Gentle: Interlimb angle 180-170• Open: Interlimb angle 170-90• Tight: Interlimb angle 90-10• Isoclinal: <10
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