foKku xYi foe'kZ

19foKku izxfr • Qjojh 2010

g vius vki esa ;qfDr&;qfDr gSfd esjh MCY;w- 'ksyh ¼1797&1851½d`r ^ÝS ad s a LVkbu* ¼1818½

vkèkqfud dky dk izFke foKku xYi gSAdFkkuk;d ÝSSadsaLVkbu vius lathouh ea=kds lgkjs fu"izk.k nsg esa izk.k lapkj djus

esa lQyhHkwr gks tkrk gS ysfdu bl miØeds ckn tks tho/kkjh izdV gksrk gS] mlsns[kdj ÝSSadsaLVkbu ds gks'k Qk[rk gks tkrs

gSaA okLro esa mldh ltZuk dh ifj.kfr,d uj fi'kkp ds :i esa gksrh gSA

;|fi 'ksyh foKku esa nhf{kr rks

ugha Fkh] fQj Hkh gesa mldh dYiuk'khyrk]Hkkoizo.krk dh ljkguk djuh gh gksxhAmlus vius xYi esa fu"ifÙk nh fd uSlfxZdfu;eksa ds fo#) dksbZ Hkh ekuoh; iz;kl

foQy gh gksxkA mlds xYi esa vk/kqfudfo'okfe=kksa ds foQy iz;klksa dh Li"Vbafxfr gSA ekuo Dyksu cukus ds nq"iz;klksa

esa rYyhu vk/kqfud euqiq=kksa ds fy, 'ksyhus vkt ls izk;% nks 'kfr;ksa iwoZ gh Li"Vlans'k ns fn;k FkkA vkt ge 'ksyh dh

ppkZ fd, fcuk foKku dFkkvksa ij foe'kZvkjaHk gh ugha dj ldrsA 'ksyh uslkekftd ljksdkjksa ds nf"Vxr ,d dFkk

fy[kh ftlls lekt esa fonzwirk u iuis]foKku ds nq#i;ksxksa ls mith folaxfrdh Hkh mlus bafxfr dh Fkh] foKkfu;ksa ds

fy, mlus viuh dfr ds ek/;e ls ,dy{e.k js[kk Hkh [khaph ftldk vfrjsdvgeU;rk gSA 'ksyh viuh LFkkiukvksa esa

iw.kZr% lQy jgh gSA'ksyh ds ckn lqnh?kZ vof/k rd

foKku xYi ds {ks=k esa 'kwU; gh 'kwU; O;kIr

gSA Qkbo ohDl bu , cSywu* ¼1863½ ds

lkFk Ýsap ys[kd twYl ouZ dk inkZi.kgksrk gS ftUgsa bl fo/kk ds dq'ky f'kYihgksus vkSj foKku dFkkvksa ds laLFkkid gksus

dk Js; gSA ;|fi bl {ks=k esa vpkud

ukVdh; <ax ls mudk izos'k gqvk FkkA

mUgksaus oSKkfud rF;ksa esa FkksM+h vfrjatuk

djds dS'kks;Z o; ds ikBdksa ds fy, ntZuksa

miU;kl fy[ks ftUgsa vkcky&o) lHkh

ikBdksa us ljkgkA muds miU;klksa ij fQYesa

Hkh cuhaA

foKku dFkkvksa ds vf/k"Bkrk ouZ

tc volku dh vksj vxzlj Fks] rHkh

foKku dFkkdk'k esa ,d fczrkuh u{k=k

,p- th- osYl mHkjk ftlus bl fo/kk dks

Rojk rks nh gh] ouZ dh ijaijk dk uSjar;Z

Hkh Hkax u gksus fn;kA oLrqr% vk/kqfud

dky esa ouZ vkSj osYl us foKku dFkkvksa

dh vk/kkjHkwfe ds fy, tks fopkj ljf.k;ka

fufeZr dha] os gh vkxs pydj foKku

dFkkvksa dh fufeÙk cuha] QyLo:i nqfu;k

dh reke Hkk"kkvksa esa foKku dFkk,a fy[kh

tkus yxhaA

^dky;a=k* dh lSj vkSj ^vn`'; ekuo*%

ijaijk,a vkSj folaxfr;ka

ouZ vkSj osYl us ftu HkkoHkwfe;ksa

ij vius xYi lalkj dk rkuk&ckuk cquk]

mUgha Fkheksa ij gh Hkkoh jpukdkjksa us xYi

fy[ksA ;g ijaijk foxr esa rks Fkh gh]

vkt Hkh cuh gqbZ gS tcfd bl vof/k esa

ukuk ,sls oSKkfud rF;ksa dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu

gks pqdk gS ftUgsa foKku xYiksa dk vk/kkj

cukuk gkL;kLin rks gS gh] foKku lEer

Hkh ugha gSA ysfdu foKku dFkkdkj bl

O;keksg ls fojr ugha gks lds gSaA

osYl us vius izFke foKku xYi

^Vkbe e'khu* ¼1895½ esa ,d ,sls ;a=k dh

ifjdYiuk dh ftl ij lokj gksdj Hkwr

'kqdnso izlkn

esjh MCY;w- 'ksyh d`r ÝSadsaLVkbu*vk/kqfud dky dk izFke

foKku xYi gS

;

foKku xYi foe'kZ

20foKku izxfr • Qjojh 2010

vkSj Hkfo"; esa >kadk tk ldrk gSA ;gifjdYiuk uohu vkSj jksekapd Fkh] vr%

mls ikBdksa us gkFkksa&gkFk fy;k vkSj jkrksa&jkr osYl iz[;kr gks x,A fQj rks ^dky;a=k* vk/kr <sjksa xYi fy[ks x, vkSj vkt

rd Hkh fy[ks tk jgs gSaA Hkwr vkSj Hkfo";ds yksdksa dh lSj djkus okyh ,slh e'khuvkt rd rks ugha cu ldh gS vkSj Hkfo";

esa cu ik;sxh] bldh Hkh laHkkouk ugha gSD;ksafd ;g ifjdYiuk oSKkfud fu;eksads fdlh Hkh [kkaps esa fQV ugha gksrhA

ysfdu vHkh rd xYidkj ^dky ;k=kk*jr gSaA

oLrqr% bl euksjatd dFkk ds eeZ

ys[kd vkt rd le> ugha lds ;k fdbls Lohdkjuk ugha pkgrs] dguk dfBugSA osYl us viuh izKk ls vkus okyh

nqfu;k esa ekuo ewY;ksa esa tks ifjorZu gksaxs]mldh ,d >yd izLrqr dh FkhA ;ghbl dFkk dk eeZ vkSj izfrik| gSA

^n Vkbe e'khu* dk dky;k=khdky;a=k ij lokj gksdj vkB yk[k nks

gtkj lkr lkS ,d o"kZ bZLoh esa tc igqaprkgS rks mls izR;k'kk ds foijhr Hk;kudifjn'; ls :c: gksuk iM+rk gS tgka ekuo

leqnk; nks oxksZa esa foHkDr gks pqdk gS &'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"krA ^gtkjksa ;k 'kk;nyk[kksa o"kZ igys euq"; esa Li"V :i ls nks

oxZ gq, gksaxsA lEiUu vkSj loZgkjkA lqfo/kkHkksxh vkSj JfedA lqfo/kkHkksfx;ksa usJfedksa dks viuh lsok esa cka/kus dh

O;oLFkk,a cuk;h gksaxh vkSj dkykarj esaiwjh ekuo tkfr nks mitkfr;ksa esa caV x;hgksaxhA ,d lqanj] dksey] 'kkar] fuf'par

tks iFoh ds Åij jgrs gSa vkSj nwljhesgurd'k] vHkkoxzLr vkSj v'kkar] tkstehu ds va/ksjksa ds vknh gks pqds gSaA*

ekuo&ekuo ds chp f[kaprh tkjgh Hk;adj vkSj fo"ke [kkbZ dk Hkfo";n'kZu djkus dh ps"Vk osYl us dky;a=k* esa

dh FkhA oLrqr% ;g dgkuh gS 'kks"kd vkSj'kksf"krksa dh] 'kkldksa vkSj ihfM+rksa dh vkSj

ml xgjs neu pØ dh ftlds uhps nferekuork dh ph[k&iqdkj vkSj d#.kkbZ dkslquus okyk dksbZ ugha gSA vukfndky ls

bl O;oLFkk dk uSjar;Z gS ftls rduhdhlaLdfr us vkSj lacy iznku fd;k gSA

gekjs dky;k=kh dks vk'kk Fkh fd

ftl Hkkoh nqfu;k esa og inkiZ.k dj jgkgS] og dkQh leqUur gksxh & ^eSa rks ;glkspdj Hkfo"; dh vksj fudyk Fkk fd

yk[kksa o"kZ ckn gekjs oa'kt Kku&foKkuesa gels cgqr vkxs gksaxsA eSa muds lkeusdkQh fiNM+k vkSj QwgM+ fn[kkbZ nwaxk] exj

;gka rks gky gh nwljk FkkA* okLro esadky;k=kh la?k"kZghu lqfo/kkHkksxh ;qx esaigqap x;k Fkk] tgka ^lqfo/kk,a vk;ha rks

la?k"kZ djus dh izofÙk Hkh de gksus yxhA,slk Hkh le; vk;k gksxk tcfd euq";esa la?k"kZ djus dh fcYdqy bPNk u jgh gks

vkSj ;g ,d oSKkfud rF; gS fd la?k"kZjfgr ekuo lekt esa /khjs&/khjs ckSf)d

{kerk Hkh {kh.k gks tk;sxhA thou ;kiuds fy, cqf) dk bLrseky gh u fd;ktk; rks cqf) dk detksj gksuk LokHkkfod

gSA eSa blh la?k"kZghu lqfo/kkHkksxh ;qx esaigqap x;k FkkA*

oLrqr% dky;a=k* rduhdh laLdfr

dh fonzwirkvksa dk niZ.k gS ftlesa Hkfo";dh ijNkbZa ns[kh Fkh osYl us] tks vkt lplkfcr gks pqdk gS ysfdu nqHkkZX; ;g fd

xYidkjksa us osYl ds eeZ dks le>k ughaAdFkkud ds :i esa mlus ,d e'khu dhifjdYiuk dh Fkh ysfdu mlds lgkjs mlus

foKku dh fonzwirkvksa dh bafxfr n'kkZ;hFkh viuh dFkk esaA ;g lp gS fd rduhdhlaLdfr euq"; dh laosnuk gj ysrh gS] mls

dqan tgu cukrh gS vkSj mls lkekftdljksdkjksa ls foyx djrh gSA vkt ds^oSf'od xkao* esa Hkh gj dksbZ vdsyk gSA

vkbt+d vkflekso

,- lh DykdZ

foKku xYi foe'kZ

21foKku izxfr • Qjojh 2010

igpku dk Hkh ladV vklUu gSA osYl us

;gh lc dqN vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgk Fkk]ftlesa og lQy jgk] le; dh /kkjk usfl) dj fn;k gSA

^lqUnjh euksjek dh d#.k dFkk*¼1925½ d#.k rks gS ysfdu ^,sUnztkfyd,sud* dk gh deky Fkk fd mls Mkdqvksa

ds paxqy ls NqM+k fy;k x;kA^ikoZrh nsoh us ,sud viuh vka[k

ij p<+k yhA nhokj ds ikl rd /khjs&/khjs

tkdj nhokj ds ml ikj ?kj ds Hkhrjns[kus yxhaA dksbZ nl&ckjg vkneh 'kjkcihrs] rk'k [ksyrs fn[kkbZ iM+sA nwljs dejs esa

,d lqanjh pkjikbZ ij i<+rh fn[kykbZ iM+hA;gh euksjek nsoh FkhaaA ,d vkSj dejs esa,d ;qod can fn[kykbZ iM+kA dejs dk

njoktk ckgj ls can FkkA ;qod Hkhrj lsHkkx fudyus dh rjdhc <aw< jgk FkkAikoZrh us ijcrs dks igpku fy;kA jke

ukjk;.k dh vka[kksa ij ,sud yxkdj mlsHkh lc gky fn[kyk;kA

bu ,sUVªtkfyd ,sudksa ls dksbZ Hkh

xqIr LFkku lqjf{kr u FkkA nhokjksa ds mlikj] Q'kZ ds uhps] tehu esa xM+ss gq, [ktkustsM js dh lgk;rk ls fn[kykbZ iM+ jgs FksA

ewY;oku phtksa dks ns[k ysuk fcYdqy dfBuu Fkk] ij mudks fudkyuk vf/kd dfBuFkkA ywV dh lc lkexzh] eksVj dkj esa Hkj

nh xbZA lkFk&gh&lkFk lc Mkdw ,d dsÅij ,d ykndj Bwal fn, x,A yxHkxvk/kh jkr dks lc ykssx MkDVj gDlj ds

?kj igqap x,AMkdqvksa dks yEch ltk,a feyha ij

MkDVj gDlj us laqnjh euksjek dks vfHk;ksx

ls vyx j[kkA og rks cspkjh Mkdqvksa dsgkFk esa dBiqryh FkhA mls bUgksaus viuhiz;ksx'kkyk esa ukSdj j[k fy;kA*

bl euksjatd dFkk esa fryLe rks gS

ysfdu foKku ughaA foKku dFkkvksa esafoKku ds ekU; fl)karksa ds fopyu dhotZuk gSA ,sslk gh dqN&dqN gky ts- ch-

,l- gkYMsu ds tknqbZ dkWyu cVu*¼1937½dk Hkh gS ftlesa cVu ds tknqbZ peRdkjksads lkFk&lkFk twrksa ds tknqbZ rLeksa dh Hkh

ppkZ gSA^fuf'pr gh eSa twrksa ds tknqbZ rLeksa

dks ugha pkgrk Fkk] D;ksafd eSa ,d feLVj

esdQjysu uke ds vkneh dks tkurk gww¡ftlus ,d tksM+h ,sls rLes [kjhns FksA oscgqr gh mi;ksxh FksA ij ,d fnu og mUgsa

<hys djus dk ea=k Hkwy x;k rks mls rhuekg rd twrs igus gh lksuk iM+k tc rdfd mls og tknwxj ugha fey x;k ftls

lgh ea=k ekywe FkkA mlds ckn mlus ogea=k fdrkc esa fy[k fy;k vkSj fQj mlsbl rjg dh dksbZ rdyhQ ugha gqbZA*

vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd vfHkeaf=krrLeksa dh dFkk lqizfl) vkuqoaf'kdhfon~ts- ch- ,l- gkYMsu us

fy[kh gSApkgs ^,sUnztkfyd

,sud* gks ;k fd ^tknqbZ

dkWyj cVu*] ,slh dFkk,avyknhu dk fpjkx gSaftlesa fryLe gh fryLe

gSA oLrqr% bl rjg dhdFk k, a o s Yl d s

^ b u f o ftcy e S u *^ b u f o ftcy e S u *^ b u f o ftcy e S u *^ b u f o ftcy e S u *^ b u f o ftcy e S u *

¼1897½ ls izsfjr gksdju, jax&:iksa esa <kyh xbZgSaA osYl dk ^vn`';

ekuo* ,d jlk;u ihdjvn'; gksus dh {kerkvftZr dj ysrk gSA

gkykafd mldh ifj.kfr vR;ar nq%[kn gS

ysfdu xYidkjksa us vjls rd blh HkkoHkwfe ij vusd xYi fy[ks vkSj vkt Hkh^bufoftcy eSu* dk lQj tkjh gSA vkt

rd u rks ,slh dksbZ ,sud cu ldh ftlsigu dj vn'; n';* gks tk; vkSj u gh,slk dksbZ jlk;u bZtkn gqvk ftls ihdj

n'; vn';* gks tk; ysfdu n';&vn';dk iwjk ifjn'; vkt rd foKku xYiksa esaifjO;kIr gSA ;gh vk'p;Ztud gSA foKku

vlEer phtsa foKku xYiksa dh ifjf/k lsckgj dh phtsa gSa vkSj foKku xYiksa dklheksYya?ku Hkh ftldk fu"ks/k fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A

i`Fosrj yksdksa esa thououZ vkSj osYl ls 'kfr;ksa iwoZ Hkh

panz ;k=kkvksa ij foKku xYiksa dh ltZukdh xbZ gS ysfdu foxr 'krh esa Ýkalhlh

ys[kd twYl ouZ ¼1828&1905½ us varfj{k*dks viuk izfrik| pquk vkSj fczrkuh ys[kd

,p-th- osYl ¼1866&1946½ us bls vkSj

le) fd;kA ysfdu nksuksa dh Hkfo";rdh ifjdYiukvksa esa ,d varj gSA ;g BhdgS fd nksuksa us panz vfHk;kuksa ij xYi fy[ks

ysfdu nksuksa ds nf"Vdks.kksa esa i;kZIr varjgS! ouZ us ^ÝkWe vFkZ Vq ewu* ¼1870½ esapanz voyksdu dh >kadh izLrqr dhA 30

o"kZ ckn osYl us ^panzek ij izFke ekuo*¼QLVZ eSu vkWu n ewu] 1901½ dk vorj.kHkh djk fn;kA ysfdu nksuksa ds nf"Vdks.kksa

esa fdruh fHkUurk gSA ouZ dh izKk us rkspanzek dks er fiaM ?kksf"kr fd;k vkSj osYlus mls thrk&tkxrk ltho yk sd

ifjdfYir fd;k tcfd osYl dh dfr ouZdh dfr ds 30 o"kZ ckn dh izLrqfr gSA

nqfu;k Hkj dh yksd dFkkvksa dk

pank ekek vkSj mlesa rdyh dkrrh cqf<+;kyksd&yqHkkou dFkk,a gSa vkSj lalkj dhlkjh Hkk"kkvksa esa ,slh yksd dFkk,a 'kfr;ksa

ls tu&ekul esa O;kIr gSa ysfdu ouZ@osYlls izk;% rhu 'kfr;ksa iwoZ xSyhfy;ks us bl

tktZ vksjosy dh jpuk,atktZ vksjosy

twYl ouZ

dkjsy pkWisd ,p th osYl

foKku xYi foe'kZ

22foKku izxfr • Qjojh 2010

O;keksg dks Hkax dj fn;k Fkk tc mlusLofufeZr nwjn'khZ ls 1609 esa cgLifr ds

pkj pkan ¼mixzg½ ns[ks vkSj panzek dhÅcM+&[kkcM+ lrg dks ns[kk vkSj panzek dksek=k dadM+&iRFkjksa dk <sj ?kksf"kr djrs gq,

mls e`r fiaM dk ntkZ fn;kA ysfduxYidkjksa us panz gh ugha 'kqØ] eaxy vkSjvU;kU; xzg u{k=kksa dh ;k=kk vkSj muesa

mUur lH;rkvksa dh [kkst laca/kh xYify[ks vkSj vkt Hkh ;g izfØ;k tkjh gSA

tc ouZ vkSj osYl panz vfHk;kuksa

vkSj panz yksd ij xYiksa dh jpuk dj jgsFks] rc tu&ekul us bls ljkgk gh ysfdupanz vorj.k ¼1969½ ds ckn rks ,slh dFkk,a

vrhr xkFkk,a cu tkuh pkfg,A 21tqykbZ] 1969 dks tc vesfjdh varfj{k;k=kh uhy vkeZLVªkax us ^ekuo dk NksVkdne vkSj ekuork dh fo'kky Nykax* ds

mn~?kks"k ds lkFk panz ry dk Li'kZ fd;krks xSyhfy;ks thoar gks x;kA panzek ijthou rks nwj] ok;qeaMy rd dk yksi FkkA

fQj vkckn pkan dh dYiuk fu"iz;ksT; gSA

^pyks pank ds ns'k*^pyks pank ds ns'k*^pyks pank ds ns'k*^pyks pank ds ns'k*^pyks pank ds ns'k* ¼1988½ esa'kadj cke dks nsf[k, %

^;g varfj{k D;k gS\* iou us VksdkA^/kjrh ds /kjkry ls ,d lkS chl

ehy dh ÅapkbZ ls varfj{k vkjaHk gks tkrkgSA mlesa euq"; thfor jg ldrk gS ;kugha] fdlh dks ekywe u FkkA vkf[kj ,d,slk jkWdsV rS;kj fd;k x;k] ftllsvarfj{k dh mM+ku dh tk ldsA 12 vizSy]1961 dks :l ds estj ;wjh xkxfju ukeds ,d mM+kds us mlesa cSB dj viuhvarfj{k ;k=kk dhA varfj{k ;k=kk dsbfrgkl esa estj ;wjh xkxfju gh igykO;fDr Fkk ftlus lcls igys fot; izkIrdh A ml le; og 27 o"kZ dk FkkA ogvius oksLrksd uked ;ku esa 17]000 ehy

izfr ?kaVk dh pky ls mM+kA mlus iFoh dk

,d ls vf/kd pDdj yxk;k vkSj 108

feuV rd mM+dj vius fuf'pr LFkku ijmrj vk;kA blds ckn oSKkfud cjkcjiz;Ru djrs jgsA vkt mUgha ds iz;Ruksa dk

Qy gS fd yksx panzek rd igqap x, gSa]ogka jgrs gSa] jkstxkj djrs gSaA rqEgkjs pkpkHkh rks ogha jgrs gSaA*

rHkh fdlh us }kj [kV[kVk;kA iouus nkSM+dj njoktk [kksykA iksLVeSu rkjysdj vk;k FkkA MkWDVj HkVukxj us rkj

[kksydj i<+k vkSj cksys & yks] vHkh geusrqEgkjs pkpk dks ;kn fd;k Fkk fd mudkrkj vk igqapkA*

^D;k fy[kk gS\* fdj.k us iwNkA^yks] rqEgha i<+ksA* firk us rkj nsdj

dgkA

iou us rkj i<+k rks [kq'kh ls ukpmBkA cksyk & ^26 tuojh dks ujs'k dho"kZxkaB gSA ge t:j tk,axs firkth!*

pkan ij cLrh clk;s tkus dhifjdYiuk,a rks Bhd gSa] blds miØe HkhdbZ varfj{k laxBu dj jgs gSa ysfdu panzek

ds jgL;ksa ds vukoj.k ds ckn ogka vkcknekuo lH;rk dh ifjdYiuk csekuh gSA

eaxy ij eaxy\,p- th- osYl us ^eaxy okfl;ksa

dk iFoh ij /kkok* ¼n okj vkWQ n oYMZ~l]1898½ D;k fy[kk fd foKku xYidkjksa useaxy dh thrh&tkxrh lH;rkvksa ij vusddFkkud fy[k MkysA

MkW- vkse izdk'k 'kekZ ^eaxy yksdds thou dh ,d >kadh* ¼1959½ esaifjdfYir djrs gSa %

^xxu&xkM+h vkdk'k esa Åij mBhvkSj mM+us yxhA gesa pkjksa vksj yky jaxds gh n'kZu gq,A rUrq dkap ds cus HkouksavkSj ohfFkdkvksa lHkh LFkkuksa ij jDrkHkvkHkk NkbZ gqbZ FkhA eaxy vkdk'k dk jaxHkh yky utj vk;kA

v'kksd dks ;g n'; ns[kdj vpkud

iFoh ij lk;adky ds n'; dk Lej.k gksvk;k] ij ;gka ds vkdk'kh; n'; esa mlsmrus lkSan;Z dh vuqHkwfr ugha gqbZA

vpkud xxu&xkM+h ,d rhleaftyh bekjr dh Nr ij vkdj [kM+h gksxbZA tksu dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ge fudV

dh fy¶V rd vk,A mlesa cSBdj ikapohaeafty ij mrj iM+sA ,d xSyjh dks ikjdjds ge T;ksagh nhokj ds lkeus igqaps] R;ksa

gh nhokj ij yxs foLrkjd ls gesa lqukbZiM+k & vfrfFk;ksa dks ysdj tksu vanj pystkvks!^

lq'khy diwj ds ^eaxy dh lSj*¼1977½ esa ,d cPpk nhiw eaxy ij igqaptkrk gS vkSj eaxyokfl;ksa ls HksaV&eqykdkr

ls jksekafpr nhiw dk ,d mM+ur'rjh iFohij vorj.k djk nsrh gSA

^nhiw djoV ls ysV x;k vkSj lkspus

yxk] ,slk ekywe iM+rk gS fd bl xzg ijnks rjg ds tho gSa! ,d cspkjs dkap tSlstks xqykeh djrs gSa vkSj nwljs ;s ckSusA*

mlus vHkh rd dkap ds vkneh dks dHkhcksyrs ugha ns[kk FkkA nhiw us lkspk] ^;krks ;s cspkjs cstqcku gSa ;k fQj budh

tqcku dkV nh xbZ gSA*^vxj ;s ,sls gh csjge vkSj tqYe

djus okys yksx gSa rks esjs lkFk Hkh u

ekywe D;k lywd djsaxs]* nhiw us lkspk!

^gks ldrk gS ,d vutku xzg dk fuoklhns[kdj ;s eq>s phjuk&QkM+uk pkgsa rkfdbudh fpfdRlkfoKku dh tkudkjh c<+s];k fQj tqcku rjk'k dj eq>s Hkh xqykecukuk pkgsa\ dqN gks eSa budk xqykegjfxt ugha cuwaxkA* mlus lkspk fd D;kog iFoh ls bruh nwj flQZ dSnh ;k xqykecuus ds fy, vk;k Fkk\ D;k mldh ckdhmez bu ckSuksa dh xqykeh esa chrsxh\

mls eaxy okyksa ls dqN uQjr&lhgks vkbZA ;s yksx brus lH; gSa ij fQj Hkhbrus csjge gSaA og nsj rd xqykeh ds ckjsesa lksprk jgkA fQj vpkud mls uhan

vk xbZ vkSj og bu lc ckrksa ls cs[kcj

gks x;kA*

D;k gS fu"ifÙk\tc ,p- th- osYl us eaxyokfl;ksa

dk iFoh ij /kkok* ¼1898½ fy[kk rks rc;g dFkkud xzkg~; gks ldrk Fkk ysfdu

vkt ughaA vkt rd eaxy dh vksj 30ls vf/kd vfHk;ku lEiUu gks pqds gSaA;wjksih; varfj{k ,tsalh vkSj uklk ds dbZ

vUos"kh;ku mldk pDdj yxk jgs gSa vkSj^fLifjV* rFkk vikP;qZfuVh* tSls jkscksfVdfe'ku eaxy ij pgy dne dj jgs gSa

ysfdu ogka ij thou rks D;k thou dsfy, cqfu;knh rRo ikuh dk Hkh dksbZ lk{;ugha feyk gSA vr% vc eaxy ;k 'kqØ ij

vkckn ekuo lH;rkvksa dh [kkst djusokyh foKku dFkkvksa dks foLefr ds xHkZesa Mky nsuk pkfg,A

foKku xYi ys[ku ,d dfBu vkSjnq%lk/; izfØ;k gSA blesa ys[kd dks eu lsfdLlkxks rks gksuk gh pkfg,] mls foKku

esa Hkh fu".kkr gksuk pkfg,A foKku xYiys[ku foKku flf) vkSj jl flf) nksuksadh ekax djrk gS tksfd ,d fojy la;ksx

gSA foKku dh ekewyh f'k{kk izkIr ;k fd,dne vufHkK xYidkjks a ls ,slhfolaxfr;ka rks mitsaxh ghA

tkx:d foKku xYidkj iwjh rS;kjhds lkFk vius xYi dh ltZuk djrk gSAjes'k oekZ Hkkjrh; foKku ys[kdksa esa viuk

fof'k"V LFkku j[krs gSaA mUgksaus eaxy ijikuh vkSj ouLifr dh ifjdYiuk rks dhysfdu ogka ij euq";ksa dh leqifLFkfr dks

vius foosd ls R;kT; le>kA ^flanwjhxzg dh ;k=kk*¼1961½ esa mUgsa eaxy ijdksbZ tho ugha feyk%

^vc ge yksx eaxy ij gSa vkSj mulkjh phtksa dks izR;{k ns[k jgs gSa ftudsckjs esa 'krkfCn;ksa rd geus flQZ vuqekuyxk, gSaA 'kk;kikjsyh vkSj ykWosy dh ;s

foKku xYi foe'kZ

23foKku izxfr • Qjojh 2010

^ugjsa* okLro esa izkdfrd 'kfDr;ksa }kjk

cukbZ xbZ gSaA fdlh Hkh mUur lH;rk}kjk ikuh dh deh dks iwjk djus okyhugjsa ughaA ml ij Hkh ;s] tSlh iFoh ls

fn[krh gSa] gtkjksa ehy yEch ugha gSa cfYdyxHkx lh/kh js[kk esa vyx&vyx njkjsagSa] tks iFoh ls bruh vf/kd nwjh ds dkj.k

tqM+h fn[krh gSaAtgka ikuh gksxk] xehZ gksxh] feV~Vh

gksxh] tkfgj gS fd ouLifr ogha mx ldrh

gSA njkjksa ds fdukjs vkSj vklikl ,dizdkj dh gjh ?kkl mxh gS tks iFoh ls gesagjs jax ds {ks=kksa ds :i esa fn[kykbZ iM+rh

gSA ,d vkSj ckrA gekjh iFoh ij lclsvf/kd ikuh Hkwe/;js[kk ds vkliklfeyrk gS vkSj lcls de /kzqoksa ds vkliklA

ifj.kker% ouLifr Hkwe/;js[kk ds ikllcls vf/kd gS vkSj T;ksa&T;ksa ge mllsnwj igqaprs tkrs gSa] de gksrh tkrh gSA ;gka

ij bldk fcYdqy mYVk gSA ouLifr dhvf/kdrk /kzqoksa ds ikl gS vkSj T;ksa&T;ksaHkwe/;js[kk ds ikl igqaprs tkrs gSa] de

gksrh tkrh gSAbl Hkze.k ds nkSjku eq>s thou ¼!½

dgha ugha fn[kykbZ iM+k ftldh mifLFkfr

dk vkHkkl izksQslj okjkfUudkso dks gqvkFkkA

vc ge yksx nf{k.kh xksyk)Z dh

vksj pysaxsA mldk fooj.k Hkh ;Fkkle;vkids lkeus is'k d:axkA*

okLro esa gqvk ;g fd ouZ vkSj

osYl ds dFkkudksa dk eeZ Hkkoh xYidkjksaus le>k ughaA osYl dr ^n Vkbee'khu*]^okj vkWQ n oYMZ~l]* bufoftcy

eSu* ;k fd tktZ vkjosy dh 1984* vkSjvkYMqvl gDlys dh ^czso U;w oYMZ* esaQarklh ds lkFk&lkFk oSKkfud izxfr dslkekftd ifj.kkeksa dh ijNkb;ka Hkh

fo|eku gSa ftlds eeZ dks xYidkjksa usle>k gh ugha vkSj bUgha cSlkf[k;ksa dslgkjs mUgksaus vlaHkkO;] vk'p;Z yksdksasa dh

ltZuk,a dh tks cky ikBdksa dks fnXHkzferdjrh jgh gSaA vc bldk foyksiu ghlehphu gSA

mM+ur'rfj;ka vkSj ijxzgh; izk.khD;k mM+ur'rfj;ka ¼¶ykbax lkWllZ½

/kjrh ij vkrh gaS\ ;dhuu ughaA de lsde foKkuh rks ,slk gh ekurs gSaA dkj.k;g fd vkt rd izR;{kr% mM+ur'rfj;ksa

ds n'kZu ugha gq, vkSj u gh muds Nk;kfp=kdHkh mrkjs tk ldsA mM+ur'rfj;ksa esa lokj,fy;al ¼ijxzgh; izk.kh½ D;ksa dj /kjrh

ij vkrs gSa] foKkfu;ksa dks rks ugha ekyweij foKku dFkkdkj bls c[kwch tkurs gSa]rHkh rks mM+ur'rfj;ksa ij <sjkas xYi fy[ks

x, gSaAokLro esa bl Hkzkar /kkj.kk dks

foKku xYidkjksa us gh gok nhA lcls

igyh ckj ,slh ifjdYiuk osYl us viusxYi ^eaxyokfl;ksa dk iFoh ij /kkok*¼okj vkWQ n oYM~Zl] 1898½ esa dh Fkh

ysfdu ikBdksa dks bl ij ;dhu ugha vk;kAbruk gh ugha] tc 'kh?kz gh twYl ouZ dsmiU;kl ij vk/kkfjr fVªi Vw ewu* ¼1902½fQYe cukbZ xbZ rks n'kZdksa us vfo'oluh;ekudj bls Hkh udkj fn;kA ysfdu blizdj.k esa vkxs pydj ,d ,slk eksM+ vk;k

ftlus mM+ur'rfj;ksa

ds vfLrRo dks yksdfo'okl esa ifjofrZrdj fn;kA gqvk ;g

fd 1938 dh ,d'kke dks izfl)vfHkusrk vkWlZu

osyht us osYl dsblh miU;kl dsukV~; :ikarj dk

jsfM;ks ij izlkj.kfd;k A mldkizlkj.k bruk

izHkko'kkyh vkSjthoar Fkk fd mlustu&ekul esa Hk;

vkSj ng'kr dk ekgkSy mRiUu dj fn;kvkSj yksxksa dks yxus yxk fd okdbZeaxyokfl;ksa us iFoh ij vkØe.k dj fn;k

gksA ml izlkj.k esa ftu&ftu lM+dksa]xfy;ksa vkfn ds uke fy, x, Fks] tcogka ds yksxksa ls iwaN&iNksj dh xbZ rks db;ksa

us rks ;g Hkh dg Mkyk fd mUgksaus eaxyds varfj{k ;kuksa dks iFoh ij mrjrs ns[kkgSA rHkh ls ;g Hkzkar /kkj.kk ijoku p<+us

yxhAjgh&lgh dlj vkxs pydj ,fjd

QkWu Mkfudsu us nsork /kjrh ij vk, Fks*

¼pSfj,V~l vkWQ n xkWM~l½ fy[kdj iwjhdj nh ftlesa mUgksaus ukuk rdksZa] uD'kksa]/kqa/kyh vkSj vLi"V rLohjksa ds tfj, ;g

fl) djus dh ps"Vk dh Fkh fd foxr esa,fy;al /kjrh ij vkokxeu djrs jgs gSaA;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt Hkh mM+ur'rfj;ka

foKku xYiksa dh izfrik| gSa] ;|fi foKkubUgsa iwjh rjg [kkfjt djrk gSA

jkt djsaxs jkscks\psd ys[kd dkjsy pkWisd ds ,d

ukVd vkj- ;w- vkj-* ¼jkstqEl ;wfuolZyjksckst*] 1921½ ls foKku dks jkscksV 'kCn

feykA jkscksrk] jkscksV dk vFkZ ;a=k lsod*¼eSdsfudy Lyso½ gSA oLrqr% ;g ukVde'khuksa ij gekjh vfrfuHkZjrk ij ,d

O;aX; gSA ysfdu FkksM+h&lh vfrjatuk ;ggS fd ukVd dh lekfIr euq"; fufeZrjkscksVksa }kjk vius gh ltudÙkkZvksa ds lewps

fouk'k esa gksrh gSA;gh og fcanq gS ftlus foKku

xYidkjksa dks ckSf)d e'khusa cukus dh izsj.kk

nh vkSj izsj.kk ,slh ohHkRl vkSj fonzwi fd,d fnu lkjh nqfu;k esa jkscks gh jkscks gksaxsvkSj rc dk lekt jkscks 'kkflr gksxkA

lc dqN jkscks gh djsaxs] ;gka rd fd euq";Hkh mUgha ls vuq'kkflr gksxkA ;|fi ,slh

izKk'khy e'khusa dHkh cu ugha ldrha ysfdu

ifjdYiukvksa ds yksd dk foLrkj rks vuargSA euq"; fu%lxZ dh ltZuk gS vkSj jkscksVeuq"; dhA vr% jkscksV gekjs nklkuqnkl

rks gks ldrs gSa vkSj gekjs funsZ'kksa dkvuqikyu ,d lhfer nk;js rd gh djldrs gSa] muesa foosd] izKk ds fuos'k dh

ifjdYiuk furk ar voSKkfud gSAmÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ xYi ys[ku djus okys :lhxYidkj foDVj dksekjkso us vjlk iwoZ gh

^,d iz;ksx* esa bls [kkfjt dj fn;k FkkvkSj rF;&dF; ls xYidkjksa dks lpsr Hkhdj fn;k FkkA fdrus lqanj <ax ls mUgksaus

bl rF; dh lQy LFkkiuk dh gS] nsf[k, %^rqe D;k lksprs gks\* v/;{k us

'kq"drk ls iwNkA

^geus gSjkuh esa Mkyus okyh ,dckr [kksth gSA* og jkscksV cksyk] yxrk gSfd vkneh yksx vius vuqla/kku esa dsoy

'kq) rdZ ds vykok Hkh fdlh ckr dkbLrseky djrs gSaA muds ikl vkfo"dkjksadk dksbZ vkSj l'kDr rjhdk Hkh gSA mldk

dksbZ rdZ ughaA mls os izKk* dgrs gSaA^esjk [;ky gS fd gesa iFoh ij vius

iz;ksx dks [kRe dj nsuk pkfg,A* ,d

O;fDr us dgk] ^O;FkZ esa gekjk vknfe;ksadks iSnk djus dk iz;ksx gekjs fy, ghleL;k cusA*

^rks ml [kpZ dk D;k gksxk tks gedj pqds gSa\* fdlh us fp<+dj dgkA

^Hkwy tkvks mlsA*

^vkSj] gekjs [kksth ;ku] varfj{k esaclk;s u{k=k + + + + mudk D;k gksxk\

^mUgsa okil ys vkvksA*

^rks gesa D;k feysxk fQj\* v/;{kus iwNkA

^gekjs fcuk ;g cdokl&lh lH;rk

[kRe gks tk,xhA*^ugha vc cgqr nsj gks xbZ gSA* mlh

jkscksV us chp esa gLr{ksi djrs gq, dgkA^eSa rks vkidks dqN vkSj gh ckr crk jgk

FkkA geus mUgsa cuk;k ij mUgksaus Hkh rksvius jkscksV cuk fy;s gSaA*

,d xgjk lUukVk tSls lHkkd{k esa

dkai x;k gksA

varfj{k ;k=kk ds bfrgkl esa estj ;wjhxkxfju gh igyk O;fDr Fkk ftlus

lcls igys fot; izkIr dh

ts ch ,l gkYMsu

foKku xYi foe'kZ

24foKku izxfr • Qjojh 2010

^ukeqefdu + + + + + + ukeqefdu + + + + ++ +*^ij ;gh lp gS!* jkscksV cksykA FkksM+h

nsj pqIih jgh] rHkh lglk dksbZ ph[kk] fQj

gesa fdlus cuk;k gS\* mÙkstuk dh nwljhygj ogka dkai x;hA

ysfdu gekjh foKku dFkkvksa esa

izKk'khy jkscksVksa dk inkiZ.k gks pqdk gSAejkBh xYidkj fujatu ?kkVs dk ;a=k lsod*¼1990½ vR;ar laosnu'khy gS %

^'kke dks tc t;ar vkSj jkfxuhokil ykSV jgs Fks rks mUgsa jkek us vkoktnsdj jksd fy;k]* lkgc! ?kj esa er tkuk]

ogka ,d Hkwr gSA eSaus mldks ekjk rks eq>sgh pksV yx x;hA* ;g lqudj t;ar galdjcksyk] ^jkek] pyks esjs lkFk! eSa ml Hkwr

dk jkt [kksyrk gwwaA* rhuksa ?kj ykSVs! jkekvkSj vej dh igpku djk nsus ds cknt;ar us dgk] ^vej ;a=k ekuo* gS] Hkwr

ughaA* ;g lqurs gh jkek cksyk] ^ihB ijekjks] lkgc isV ij er ekjksA lc dke;a=k djsxk rks eSa Hkw[kk ej tkÅaxkA* ,slkdg dj jkek pyk x;kA blh chp jkfxuhpk; cuk ykbZA pk; ihdj t;ar us

vkokt yxkbZ] vej] ;g crZu ys tkdjlkQ dj nksA*

^lkWjh ljA eSa ,slk ugha dj ldrkA

;fn eSaus ;g dke fd;k rks jkek Hkw[kk ejtk;sxkA vkSj ;g rks igys fu;e dsf[kykQ gksxkA* ;g lqudj t;ar vkSjjkfxuh viuk ekFkk ihVrs gq, lksQs ijcSB x;sA ysfdu vius ekfyd dks vpkudD;k gqvk] ;g ckr vej ds fnekx dsckgj FkhA*

MkW- iznhi eq[kksik?;k; vkyksd* ds

^lcd* ¼2000½ esa df=ke cqf) ls ySljkscksV brus laosnu'khy gSa fd euq";ksa dhfgr fparuk Hkh djrs gSa %

^dqN fnu vkSj xqtj x,A lDlsukifjokj jkscksfuy dks ikdj Qwyk ugha lek

jgk FkkA ij jkscksfuy lk/kksjke ds dkj.kcgqr fpafrr FkkA mlds dkj.k lk/kksjkedh ukSdjh dks vkap vk,] ;g mls fdlh

Hkh lwjr esa Hkh eatwj ugha FkkA jkscksfuylksprk fd balku vius LokFkZ vkSj ykypds rgr fu;e vkSj dkuwuksa dks vxwaBk

fn[kk nsrk gS ij yxrk gS jkscksVksa esa Hkhvc ogh deh iSnk gks xbZ gSA*

mlh jkr jkscksfuy dks /khjt

lDlsuk us ,d foKku dFkk oMZ izkslsljij Vkbi djus ds fy, fn;kA dFkk la{ksiesa bl izdkj Fkh & ,d ?kj esa ukSdj dks] tks

fdlh tkuysok chekjh ls ihfM+r Fkk]fudky dj mldh txg ij ,d jkscksV dksj[k fn;k tkrk gSA fdlh rjg jkscksV dks

bl ckr dh tkudkjh fey tkrh gS rksog jkscksfVd la?k* ls lEidZ lk/k dj la?kdks lkjh ckrksa ls voxr djkrk gSA la?k

jkscksVksa dh gM+rky dh ?kks"k.kk dj nsrk gSAvarr% le>kSrk bl ckr ij gksrk gS fdml ukSdj dks ?kj esa fQj ls j[k fy;k

tk;Adgkuh Vkbi djds jkscksfuy dh

èkkfRod vkSj rkjksa Hkjs ifjiFk okyh [kksiM+hesa ;dk;d ekuks uhyh jks'kuh gks xbZA

vxys jkst gh jkscksnhi ds lkFk ogla?k ds dk;kZy; tk igqapkA lc ckrsa lqudjv/;{k us la?k dh dk;Zdkfj.kh dh

vkikrdkyhu cSBd cqykbZA cSBd esa r;gqvk fd lHkh jkscksfVd dEifu;ksa ds dkedjus okys jkscksVksa dh gM+rky dk vkg~oku

dj fn;k tk,AjkscksfVd daifu;ksa ds ekfydksa ds chp

bl vkg~oku ls gypy ep xbZA mUgksaus

jkscksthr ij lDlsuk ifjokj ds lkFk gq,vuqca/k dks rqjar jn~n dj nsus dk nckoMkykA jkscksthr vdsyk iM+ x;kA etcwju

mls /khjt lDlsuk ds lkFk vius vuqcaèkdks rqjar jn~n djds jkscksfuy dks okil

cqykus dh ckr ekuuh iM+hA/khjt lDlsuk dks tc ;g lc irk

pyk rks muds gkFkksa ds rksrs mM+ x,A ;g

lp Fkk fd mUgksaus lk/kksjke dks ukSdjh lsfudkyus dk QSlyk dj fy;k FkkA ijcnys gq, gkykrksa esa mUgsa etcwj gksdj

^jkscksfVd la?k* ds v/;{k ds ikl tkdjxqtkfj'k djuh iM+h fd tc rd lk/kksjkeiwjh rjg ls Bhd ugha gks tkrk gS] rc rd

jkscksfuy mlds ikl dke djrk jgsxkAlk/kksjke ds Bhd gksrs gh og mls nqckjkdke ij j[k ysaxsA la?k dks ;g ckr ekuus

esa dksbZ vkifÙk ugha FkhA'kke dks jkscksfuy vkSj jkscksnhi feysA

jkscksnhi cksyk] eq>s [kq'kh gS gekjs dkj.k

fdlh balku dks uqdlku ugha >syukgksxkA*

njvly pkykd jk sck sVk s a dh

ifjdYiuk ds ihNs ,d dkj.k gSA oLrqr%vkbtd vkflekso us jkscksfVDl ds rhufu;eksa dk izfriknu fd;k Fkk ftlesa ls

,d fu;e ;g gS fd jkscksV dHkh euq";ksadks {kfr ugha igqpk,axsA blh dk izfrQygS ,slh dFkkvksa dh ltZuk ftlesa jkscksVbruh le>nkjh cjrrsa gSaA ;g dqN&dqN

,slk gS ekuks jkscksVksa dk fuekZ.k djrs le;rhuksa fu;eksa dk ikyu djus okys dwfVrvkns'kksa dks muesa QhM* dj fn;k tkrk gS

vkSj muesa bu funsZ'kksaZ dk japek=k Hkh fo{ksiugha izrhr gksrkA

cky&foKku dFkkvksa ds lpoSKkfud rF;k s a dh vfr'k;

vfrjatuk djus okyh dFkk,a ;k fd

vfoKku dks LFkkfir djrh izrhr gksusokyh dFkk,a cPpksa ds Kku dks laof/kZrrks ugha djrha vfirq mUgsa fnXHkzfer vo';

djrh gSaApank ekek fo"k;d yksfj;ka vkSj

ijhdFkkvksa] vkneh dh cksyh&ckuh esacfr;krs tkuojksa vkfn dh dFkk,a lqudjvkSj vkxs pydj mUgsa i<+dj cPpk cM+k

gksrk gSA lkjh nqfu;k dh Hkk"kkvksa esayksddFkkvksa dh Hkjekj gS rks D;k mudFkkvksa ds oSfp=; dk lalkj foKku gS\

iqjkdFkkvksa ;k fd yksd dFkkvksa esa uSfrdthou ewY;ksa dh ryk'k rks dh tk ldrhgS ij foKku dh ughaA

^nkLrkus gtkj jkr* ¼vjsfc;uukbV~l½ esa tknqbZ vaxwBh vkSj tknqbZ fpjkxrks gSa gh] jgL; jksekapksa ls Hkjiwj fofHkUu

}hiksa vkSj fofLer foew<+ dj nsus okyhekuo lekt dh dFkk,a Hkh gSaA tknw HkhgS] dkB dk mM+us okyk ?kksM+k Hkh gS rks D;k

ge bUgha voSKkfud dkYifud dFkkudksadh uwru LFkkiuk,a bl izxr oSKkfud;qx esa Hkh iqLrdksa vkSj if=kdkvksa] ehfM;k

ds vU; lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls djrs jgsa\dnkfi ughaA

fu%Llansg foKku xYi ys[ku ,d

,slh ljl vkSj jkspd fo/kk gS tks cPpksadh ftKklkvksa dk lek/kku djus dslkFk&lkFk Kku ds u,&u, xok{k [kksyusesa l{ke gS c'kÙksZ oSKkfud rF;ksa dk vfrjsd

u gksA cgqr ls ys[kdksa us ,slk ys[kufd;k Hkh gS ftldk vuqlj.k djukpkfg,A foKku xYidkjksa dk nkf;Ro

jatu&euksjatu ds lkFk va/kdkj dh dkjkdk fuokj.k Hkh gSA vLrq!

¼foKku xYi foe'kZ ds varxZr

izLrqr bl lkexzh esa ofj"B ,oa vuqHkohys[kd ds Lora=k fopkjksa dk gh lekos'k gS½

• laiknd

laidZ lw=k %

Jh 'kqdnso izlkn] 135@27&lh] NksVkc?kkM+k ¼,uh cslsaV Ldwy ds ihNs½]bykgkckn & 211 002 ¼m-iz-½