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ऄखखल भारतीय बार परीकषा
तयारी सबधी सामगरी
खिषय 12: परशासखनक खिखध
पररचय
अधखनक कलयाणकारी राजय क
अगमन न परशासखनक और नौकरशाही ततर,
आसकी पहच, कायो और शखियो को खिसतार
परदान ककया ह। परशासखनक खिखध का महति
और खिकास परशासखनक शखियो और कायो म
आस िखि का परतयकष पररणाम ह। ऄगर राजय
को नागररको क परखत सामाखजक-अरथथक
कततवयो का पालन करन क खलए ऄसखय काम
पर करन ह तो ईस आन नीखतयो को लाग करन
क खलए एक बड परशासखनक ततर या
नौकरशाही की जररत पडगी।
वयिहाररक रप म, किल ससद क ऄखधखनयमो
को पाररत करना, सामानय खसिातो और कदशा
खनदशो को सामन रखना और किर खिशष
खसथखतयो म ईनह लाग करन क खलए ऄदालतो
पर छोड दना ही पयातपत नही ह। कयोकक
खिखभनन खसथखतयो म ऄनक समसयाए और मदद
शाखमल होत ह खजन सभी का पिातनमान नही
लगाया जा सकता और ऄखगरम रप म योजना
नही बनाइ जा सकती, काननो और
ऄखधखनयखमखत को वयािहाररक रप स लाग
करन क खलए खिशषजञ या सथानीय खनकायो को
शखियो क परतयायोजन (डलीगशन ऑि
पािर) की अिशयकता हो सकती ह या किर
वयखिगत मामलो म राजय की ओर स खनणतय
लन क खलए ककसी पराखधकारी को परापत ऄपन
खििक स खनणतय लन की शखि को ऄखनिायत
बनाना पड सकता ह। िलसिरप, जब
नागररको क जीिन, सिततरता, और सपखि को
परभाखित करन िाली आस तरह की वयापक
शखिया परशासन को दी जाती ह तो यह
अिशयक हो जाता ह कक शखियो स सभाखित
दरपयोग स नागररको की रकषा क खलए
परशासखनक खिखध क खनयम तयार ककए जाए।
आस पररपरकषय म दख जान पर,
परशासखनक खिखध की सबस ईपयि पररभाषा
परो. िड दवारा दी गइ ह जब ि जोर दकर
आसका िणतन "सरकार की शखियो क खनयतरण
स सबखधत कानन" क रप म करत ह। (Wade
and Forsyth, Administrative Law 8िा
ससकरण, प04)। जसा कक परो. साठ न कहा ह,
परशासखनक खिखध खनमनखलखखत परशनो स सबध
रखती ह (S.P.Sathe, Administrative
Law 6िा ससकरण, प04) :
राजय ककस तरह की शखियो का परयोग
करता ह?
ऐसी शखि की सीमाए कया ह?
ऄपनी शखियो का परयोग करत हए
यह ककन परकियाओ का पालन करता
ह?
ि कौन स तरीक ह खजनक दवारा राजय
को ईन सीमाओ क भीतर रखा जा
सकता ह?
राजय दवारा शखि क दरपयोग क
खखलाि वयखि को कया समाधान
ईपलबध ह ?
परशासखनक खिखध क सरोत
परशासखनक खिखध ऄखनिायत रप स नयायाधीश-
खनरथमत (जज-मड) कानन ह और ककसी एक
खिधायी ऄखधखनयखमखत म खनखहत नही ह। एक
सखिधान अधाररत परशासखनक खिखध को
मौखलक ऄखधकार ऄधयाय (भाग III म Aa.12
- 35), राजय क दाखयति (A.299) और
परशासखनक कारतिाइ (Aa. 32, 226, और 227)
की सिोपरर नयाखयक समीकषा की वयिसथा को
एक साथ पढन पर पाया जा सकता ह।
सखिधान न नयायाखधकरणो की ऄिधारणा को
भी ऄित नयाखयक परशासखनक नयायखनणतयन
(Aa.323-ए और 323 बी), साितजखनक कषतर
(A.19 (6) क साथ परठत A.298) और कानन
बनान िाल सिोचच खनकाय क रप म
खिधाखयका (A.74) क परखत कायतपाखलका की
जिाबदही क खसिात क रप म भी मानयता
दी ह।
जबकक आगलड म परशासखनक खिखध क खिखभनन
पहलओ पर परकाश डालन िाल कइ परमख
ऄखधखनयखमखतयाा और ऄधययन रह ह जस कक
मतरी की शखियो, 1932 पर Donoughmoure
सखमखत की ररपोरत, साखिखधक आसमर
ऄखधखनयम, 1946, नयायाखधकरण और
पछताछ ऄखधखनयम, 1958 और िाईन
परोसीडडगस ऄखधखनयम, 1947, िही भारत म
परशासखनक खिखध क सखहताबि खसिातो क
मामल म तलनातमक खिधायी जडता रही ह।
नतीजतन, भारत म परचखलत परशासखनक खिखध
क खनयमो को नयाखयक िसलो, खिखध अयोग
की ररपोरो, ससदीय और ऄनय सखमखतयो की
ररपोरो, वयखिगत सखिखध तथा ईनक ऄतगतत
बनाए गए खनयमो, खिखनयमो और अदशो का
ईपयोग करत हए एकतर ककया जाना ह। आसस
भारत म परशासखनक खिखध क खिकास म कछ
ऄशो तक तदथतता अ गइ ह। अदश आस अधार
पर तय ककए. आस क खलए नतति ककया गया ह
परशासखनक कारतिाइ का िगीकरण:
पारपररक और ईभरत दखिकोण
हालाकक परशासखनक कारतिाइ क खिखभनन रपो
को िगीकत कर पाना करठन ह किर भी
परशासखनक खिखध क परपरागत सिाखतक ढााच
का खनमनखलखखत तीन सतरीय िगीकरण ककया
गया ह:
परतयायोखजत खिधान क रप म खिधायी
कायत, खिधायी शखियो का ईप-
परतयायोजन, खनदश और परशासखनक
खनदश एि ईपयति का खनयतरण और
नयाखयक समीकषा। खिधायी कायो की मखय
खिशषताओ ह कक ईनम समगर खनयम तयार
करना शाखमल ह, सामानय परकखत क ह
और ि ऄगरदशी क रप म कायत करत ह।
ऄधत नयाखयक कायत ककसी पराखधकारी दवारा
तब ककए जात ह जब (क) यह ककसी भी
कायत को करन क खलए ककसी सखिखध क
ऄतगतत ऄखधकारपरापत हो, (ख) ऄखधखनयम
एक नागररक क नागररक ऄखधकारो को
परभाखित कर, (ग) कया कायत दो नागररको
क बीच ककसी खििाद को हल करन क
सदभत म ककया गया ह, या कक खििाद एक
नागररक और सिय पराखधकारी बीच ह और
(घ) पराखधकारी स ऄपकषा की जाती ह कक
िह पराकखतक नयाय (Indian National
Congress (I) v. Institure of social
Welfare, (2002) 5 SCC 685) क
खनयमो क ऄनसार और नयाखयक ढग स
कायत कर। Donoughmoure सखमखत की
ररपोरत म कहा गया ह कक एक नयाखयक
खनणतय पकषो क बीच खििाद को मानकर
चलता ह और किर 4 अिशयक शत
शाखमल करता ह: (i) पकषो दवारा ऄपन
मामल की (मौखखक जररी नही) परसतखत,
(ii) यकद खििाद म तथय सबधी परशन
शाखमल ह तो पकषो दवारा दलीलो की
सहायता स परायः साकषयो का ईललख करत
हए तथयो को सखनखित करना, (iii) यकद
खििाद म कानन का परशन ह तो पकषो दवारा
काननी दलील पश करना और (iv) एक
ऐसा खनणतय जो मामल क तथयो का
खनषकषत खनकाल कर ईसका समाधान
करता ह और ऐस पाए गए तथयो पर ईस
दश का कानन लाग करना। एक ऄित-
नयाखयक खनणतय म चरण (i) और (ii)
शाखमल ह लककन अिशयक रप स चरण
(iii) को शाखमल नही करता और चरण (iv)
को कभी भी सखममखलत नही करता। (iv)
का सथान परशासखनक कारतिाइ दवारा खलया
जाता ह (मखतरयो की शखियो पर सखमखत
की ररपोरत, 1932, पीपी 73-74)।
ईदाहरणः जहाा एक बाल कलयाण एजसी का
पजीकरण खबना सनिाइ क रदद कर कदया गया,
िहाा कारतिाइ को खराब माना गया कयोकक
सरकार एक ऄित-नयाखयक कायत कर रही थी।
(लकषमीकात पाड िी. भारत सघ, 50 AIR
1992 SC 118)।
परशासखनक कायत खजसम खिधान दवारा या
ऄपन खिधायी कायो का परयोग करत हए
परशासखनक खनकायो दवारा परतयकष रप स
बनाइ गइ नीखतयो का या ऄपन ऄित-
नयाखयक कायत को करत हए खलए गए
खनणतय का कायातनियन शाखमल ह। "एक
खिधायी कायत खिशष मामलो का सदभत
कदए खबना अचरण क सामानय खनयम का
खनमातण करना ह, एक परशासखनक कायत को
एकदम सही परकार स पाररभाखषत नही
ककया जा सकता लककन आसम नीखत को
ऄपनाना, ककसी खिशष कदशाखनदश को
बनाना और जारी करना और नीखतगत
औखचतय या परशासखनक रीखत की ऄपकषाओ
क ऄनसार ककसी खास मामल म सामानय
खनयम को लाग करना शाखमल ह। (Woolf
Jowell और Le Sueur, De Smith's
Judicial Review, (2009) 6ठा
ससकरण, प. 980)
ईदाहरण: जहाा मोरर िाहन ऄखधखनयम की
धारा 47 (3) म कषतरीय पररिहन ऄखधकारी
को सरज कररज को सीखमत करन क ऄखधकार
कदए गए ह, यह ऄित-नयाखयक कायत न होकर
परशासखनक कायत था कयोकक पराखधकारी का
खनणतय ककसी सरकारी नीखत पर अधाररत था।
(मौहममद आबराखहम बनाम एस.री.ए.
नयायाखधकरण, मदरास, AIR1970 SC
1542)
लककन वयिहार म, परशासखनक कारतिाआयाा
खिधायी, ऄित-नयाखयक और परशासखनक कायो
का खमशरण होती ह और खनरथििाद शरखणयो म
ईनकी पहचान करना या ईनह िगीकत करना
करठन हो सकता ह।
ईदाहरण: ककसी साखिखधक मजदरी बोडत दवारा
मजदरी क खनधातरण को खिधायी कायत क रप
म िगीकत ककया जा सकता ह कयोकक यह एक
बडी सखया म खनयोिाओ और कमतचाररयो
को परभाखित करता ह और ऄगरगामी क रप म
काम करता ह लककन आस ऄित-नयाखयक कायत
क रप म भी माना जा सकता ह कयोकक यह
ककसी शरम नयायाखधकरण स सबि खनयोिाओ
और कमतचाररयो दवारा रख गए परखतसपधी दािो
क बीच स चनता ह। आस सिाल पर खिसतार
स खिचार करन क बाद, ईचचतम नयायालय न
ऄत म एकसपरस नयजपपसत बनाम भारत सघ,
AIR 1958 SC 578 म आस ऄखनणीत ही
छोड कदया। आसक ऄलािा, ककसी एक खनकाय
को दी गइ एक जसी शखि को एक खसथखत म
परशासखनक और दसरी खसथखत म खिधायी या
ऄित-नयाखयक क
रप म िगीकत ककया जा सकता ह।
ईदाहरण: 50 अिशयक डजस ऄखधखनयम की
S.3 कनदर सरकार को खिखभनन चीजो को
खिखनयखमत करन क खलए 'अदश' जारी करन
की शखि परदान करती ह। आस तरह का कोइ
अदश यकद सामानय तरह का ह या वयखियो
क ईस िगत को परभाखित कर रहा ह खजस
मामल म आस राजपतर म परकाखशत ककया
जाना चाखहए तो यह खिधायी परकार का हो
सकता ह लककन यकद यह ककसी वयखि खिशष
को खनदखशत करता ह और ऐस मामल म
सामानय परकाशन अिशयक नही ह तो यह
परशासखनक भी हो सकता ह। यह आस
औपचाररक िगीकरण का पररतयाग करन की
ईभरती अधखनक परिखि को ईस दखिकोण की
ओर ल गया ह जो परतयक वयखि क मामल की
खखबयो पर अधाररत ह। परशासखनक खिखध क
परखत आस अधखनक दखिकोण को कस लॉ क
माधयम स खबररन म मजबती स सथाखपत ककया
गया ह (R v. Gaming Board Ex p.
Benaim and Khaida [1970] 2 QB 430
पर 417 म लॉडत डडनग क ऄनसार, यह
धारणा कक खनषपकष सनिाइ ऄित-नयाखयक कायत
क खलए अरखकषत होती ह, Leech बनाम
Parkhurst जल खडपरी गिनतर [1988] एसी
566, 579 पर 533) म और परमख
पराखधकाररयो जस डी खसमथ की नयाखयक
समीकषा (De Smith’s Judicial Review),
6ठ ससकरण म ऄपखसिात क रप म कषत-
खिकषत (Scotched as heresy) ,
परशासखनक और ऄित-नयाखयक कायत क बीच
"कलपना ककए गए ऄतर" को खाररज कर कदया
गया जहाा "कायत का िगीकरण" खिषय पर
ऄधयाय को मखय पाठ स हरा कदया गया ह
और आस ऐखतहाखसक रखच क एक पररखशि क
रप म ही शाखमल ककया गया ह।
तथाखप भारत म, कछ िगीकरण सबधी
दखिकोण को दरककनार करन िाल कछ खनणतयो
क बािजद (ऄनसखचत जाखत एि कमजोर िगत
कलयाण पररसघ बनाम कनातरक राजय (1999)
2 एस सी सी604: एक पित ऄखधसचना क रदद
करन को चनौती दन क मामल म, ईचचतम
नयायालय न परशासखनक कारतिाइ की खिधायी
परकखत पर धयान नही कदया और ऄित-नयाखयक
परकखत की कारतिाइ क खलए सामानय रप स
अरखकषत खनषपकष सनिाइ और पराकखतक नयाय
की कसौरी को लाग ककया और परमख दखिकोण
िगीकरण िाली ही रहा।
चकक आनम स परतयक कायत म ईनक ऄपन
परभाि और खिशषताए शाखमल होत ह,
िगीकरण खनमनखलखखत कारणो स वयािहाररक
महति रखता ह जो खनदशी तो ह लककन सपणत
नही:
परकाशन: खिधायी अदशो को सरकारी
राजपतर म परकाखशत करन की अिशयकता
होती ह कयोकक ि सामानय ऄनपरयोग क
खलए होत ह जबकक ऄित-नयाखयक और
परशासखनक अदश खिखशि होत ह और ईनह
परभाखित लोगो को किल ऄिगत करान
की अिशयकता होती ह।
परकिया: ऄित-नयाखयक कायो क खलए
सनिाइ जस पराकखतक नयाय क खनयमो क
पालन की अिशयकता होती ह जबकक
खिधायी या परशासखनक कायत खनितहन का
करन िाल ऄखधकाररयो को पराकखतक नयाय
का पालन करन की जररत नही होती
बखलक ईनह किल ईनक परर सखिखध या
कानन दवारा ऄपखकषत परकिया का पालन
करना जररी होता ह।
नयाखयक समीकषा का दायराः सामानय रप
स, नयायखनणातयक कायो (adjudicatory
functions) की खिसतत समीकषा की जाती
ह जबकक परशासखनक कायो की सखकषपत
समीकषा और खिधायी कायो की और भी
सखकषपत समीकषा सभि ह।
परतयायोखजत खिधान
ऄखधकाश परशासखनक कारतिाइ जो हमार
दखनक जीिन को परभाखित करती ह,
परतयायोखजत खिधान क माधयम स सपनन होती
ह। Salmond न परतयायोखजत खिधान को ऐस
खिधान क रप म िरथणत ककया ह "जो ककसी
सपरभ सिा की बजाय ककसी पराखधकारी स अग
बढता ह और आसखलए ऄपन खनरतर ऄखसतति
और िधता क खलए ककसी बहतर या सिोचच
पराखधकारी पर खनभतर होता ह। (Salmond,
नयायशासतर (Jurisprudence, 12िा
ससकरण, प0 6)।
खिधायी शखि को परतयायोखजत करन क
औखचतय को ईचचतम नयायालय दवारा समझाया
गया ह:
खिषय िसत की तकनीकी जररलता जो
खिधाखयका क खलए हर सभाखित खसथखत क
खलए योजना बनाना ऄसभि कर सकतीह.
परीकषण क खलए कायतपाखलका को समय की
अिशयकता हो सकती ह और किर मल
खिधान दवारा छोड गए ऄतराल को भर
सकती ह.
रपरखा परसतत करन िाला खिधान पाररत
करक समय की बचत करना और ईस
अधार पर खिसतत खििरण तयार करना
सथानीय पराखधकाररयो पर छोड दना।
(कखष बाजार सखमखत बनाम शालीमार रसायन
िकसत खलखमरड, (1997) 5 SCC 516)
वयिहार म, 'परतयायोखजत खिधान' शबद का
परयोग दो ऄथो म ककया जाता ह:
ककसी ऄधीनसथ एजसी या आसक भी ईप
परखतखनखध दवारा खिधान क ऄतगतत आस
परतयायोखजत की गइ खिधायी शखियो दवारा
ककया गया कायत.
धारा (i) क ऄनसरण म, ऄधीनसथ एजसी
दवारा बनाए गए सहायक खनयम।
परशासखनक खिखध पहल ऄथत क सदभत म ह
ऄथातत शखि की मातरा क बजाय परतयायोखजत
की गइ शखि क परयोग करन की परकिया।
परतयायोखजत खिधान ऄनक रप ल सकता ह
जस कक खनयम, खिखनयम, ईप-खनयम और
अदश। आन ऄखभवयखियो को कभी-कभी
परसपर पररिततन क रप म परयोग ककया जाता
ह। ऄधीनसथ खिधान पर सखमखत को ईिर दत
हए, खिखध मतरालय न आन शबदो म ऄतर की
आस परकार स वयाखया कीः "अम तौर पर,
पररखनयम खनयम बनान का ऄखधकार परदान
करन क खलए होत ह जहा पररखनयम म
सामानय नीखत खिखनरददि होती ह लककन बयौरो
को खनयमो दवारा खनरददि करन क खलए छोड
कदया जाता ह। अमतौर पर, खिधान की नीखत
को परभाखित न करन िाल तकनीकी या ऄनय
मामल खिखनयमो म शाखमल ककए जात ह। ईप
खनयम अमतौर पर सथानीय महति क मामल
होत ह और ईप-खनयम बनान की शखि अम
तौर पर सथानीय पराखधकाररयो को दी जाती
ह।" (7िी ररपोरत छठी लोक सभा प03)> यह
राय वयि की गइ ह कक 'खनयम' सरकारी
खिभागो दवारा बनाए गए परतयायोखजत खिधान
को खनरखपत करत ह जबकक 'खिखनयम' और
'ईपखनयम' साखिखधक खनगमो दवारा बनाए गए
परतयायोखजत खिधान को खनरखपत करत ह।
(एम. पी. जन और एस एन जन, Principles
of Administrative Law खड1, 6ठा
ससकरण प0.53)
परतयायोखजत खिधान: ईतपखि और खसिात
सिततरता क पहल, भारत म परतयायोखजत
खिधान एक ऄखनखित काननी सतर पर था।
हालाकक खपरिी काईखसल (महारानी बनाम
Burah, (1878) 5 IA 178) दवारा िध
ठहराया गया था, भारत की सघीय ऄदालत न
परतयायोखजत खिधान का दायरा सकखचत कर
कदया। (जखतनदरनाथ बना खबहार परात, AIR
1949 FC 175, समरार बनाम बनोरीलाल
शमात, AIR 1943 FC 36) । आस सकीणत
वयाखया स परशाकन म ऄनक वयािहाररक
समसयाए पदा हो गई और सिततरता पराखपत
तथा सखिधान क ऄखसतति म अन क बाद
ईनम सधार की जररत पडी।
A143 क ऄतगतत सदभत दवारा भारत क
राषटरपखत न आस मदद पर ईचचतम नयायालय की
राय मागी। ईचचतम नयायालय न In Re
Delhi Laws (1912), AIR 1951 SC 332
म दढता स परतयायोखजत खिधान की िधता पर
बल कदया। परतयायोखजत खिधान को कायम
रखत हए, ईचचतम नयायालय न "अिशयक
खिधान कायत 'की ऄिधारणा शर की खजस
परतयायोखजत नही ककया जा सकता था जबकक
बयौरो या ऄनपरक खिधान को भरन की शखि
िध रप स परतयायोखजत की जा सकती थी।
अिशयक खिधायी कायत और ऄतयखधक
परतयायोजन
"अिशयक खिधायी कायत" का ऄथत खिधायी
नीखत और काननी खसिातो का सकलप ह खजनह
कदए गए मामलो को खनयखतरत करना ह और
खजनह कानन लाग करन िाल ऄखधकाररयो को
कदशाखनदश दन क खलए मानक परदान करना
चाखहए। (हररशकर बागला बनाम मधय परदश
राजय, AIR 1954 SC 465, 468)।
ऄखधकार सौप गए पराखधकारी को किल
घोखषत नीखत को ही लाग करना चाखहए
लककन ऄगर परखतखनखध को नीखत खनमातण
भखमका का हसतातरण करक खिधायी शखि
का तयाग ककया जाता ह तो किर िहा
ऄतयखधक परतयायोजन होता ह खजस ऄदालत
दवारा ऄमानय घोखषत कर कदया जाएगा। (माह
बीच टरडडग कॉपोरशन बनाम पाखडचरी सघ
राजय कषतर, (1996) 3 SSC 741)
साधारण रप स कहा जाए तो परीकषण यह
दखन क खलए ह कक कया नीखत खिधाखयका
दवारा खनधातररत की गइ ह और कया ऄखधकार
सौप गए पराखधकारी को परतयायोखजत खिधान
की शखि का परयोग करन क खलए पयातपत
मागतदशतन और कदशाखनदश कदया गया ह।
(ईपभोिा कायत समह बनाम तखमलनाड राजय
(2002) 7 SC 425)। आस मागतदशतन को
शखि परदान करन िाल परािधान म पाया जा
सकता ह जो परसतािना सखहत ईस परतयायोजन,
खिषयिसत, योजना और पररखनयम क ऄनय
परािधानो, तथयो और पररखसथखतयो की
ऄनमखत दता ह खजनक अधार पर पररखनयम
ऄखधखनयखमत ककया जाता ह।
ईदाहरण: S.5 (2) (b), सिणत खनयतरण
ऄखधखनयम, 1968 को जो परशासक को सोन स
सबखधत खिखभनन गखतखिखधयो को ईस सीमा
तक खनयखतरत करन क खलए ऄखधकत करता था
जहाा तक ऄखधखनयम क परािधानो का पालन
करन क खलए यह ईस अिशयक और समीचीन
कदखाइ दता था", ऄतयखधक परतयायोजन क
कारण ऄमानय ठहराया गया कयोकक सौपी गइ
शखि 'खिधायी' परकखत की थी और आस
ऄखधखनयम क ककसी खनयम, पररपरकषय या ऄनय
धाराओ क मागतदशतन या कदशाखनदशन दवारा
खनयखतरत नही ककया गया था। (हरकचद बनाम
भारत सघ, AIR 1970 SC 1453)
ऄतयखधक परतयायोजन की ऄिधारणा की जाच
ऄब परतयायोखजत खिधान क कछ खिखशि
ईदाहरणो क सदभत म की जाएगीः
ककसी ऄखधखनयम को सशोखधत करन की
शखिः ऄखधखनयम को सशोखधत करन की
शखि परतयायोखजत की जा सकती ह बशत
आस बात की सरकषा रह कक मल ऄखधखनयम
ऐसी नीखत बनाए खजसक ऄनसार शखि का
परयोग ककया जाए। परखतखनखध सिय
पररखनयम दवारा परदि नीखत को बदलन क
खलए शखि का परयोग नही कर सकता।
ईदाहरणः एक सथानीय सरकार क ऄखधखनयम
म ईललख ह कक खनिाखसयो को सनिाइ का
मौका कदए खबना कोइ खनगम कर नही लगाया
जा सकता। आस ऄखधखनयम क ऄतगतत
ऄखधसचना दवारा, राजयपाल खनिाखसयो को
नगर कर क ऄधीन लाए लककन सनिाइ का
मौका परदान करन िाल परािधानो का परचालन
हरा कदया। ऄखधसचना को ऄमानय घोखषत
ककया गया कयोकक आसन ऄखधखनयम की
ऄखनिायत खिशषता को ही सशोखधत कर कदया
ऄथातत खनणतय लन स पहल सनिाइ का
ऄखधकार। (राजनारायण डसह बनाम परना
परशासन सखमखत, AIR 1954 SC 569)
खनरसन का शखिः In Re Delhi Laws
Act म ईचचतम नयायालय न यह वयिसथा
की कक ककसी ऄखधखनयम क खनरसन की
शखि को परतयायोखजत नही ककया जा
सकता कयोकक यह एक ऄखनिायत खिधायी
कायत ह। तथाखप, परतयायोखजत खिधान दवारा
ऄपन परचालन कषतर म ऄनय ऄखधखनयमो क
खनरसन क बािजद, जीिन बीमा खनगम
ऄखधखनयम क लगभग एक समान परािधान
को जो ऄखधखनयम क परयोजनो को लाग
करन क खलए खनयम बनान हत क दर
सरकार को ऄखधकत करता ह।
(ए.िी.नचान बनान भारत सघ (1982) 1
SSC 205)
परशाखनयाा हरान की शखिः ऐसी धाराओ
को „हनरी VIII धाराए‟ भी कहा जाता ह
जो खिशष रप स ऄखधकार सौप गए
पराखधकारी को ककसी मल ऄखधखनयम को
लाग करन म हो रही परशाखनयो को दर
करन क खलए अदश दन की वयापक
शखियाा परदान करती ह। लककन वयिहार
म किल तभी बरकरार रखी जाती ह जब
नीखत को परभाखित न करन िाल मामली
बदलाि लान क खलए परयि की जाती ह।
ईदाहरणः S.34, सखिदा शरम (खिखनयम और
ईनमलन) ऄखधखनयम, 1970 म एक ऐसी धारा
शाखमल ह जो कायातनियन म परशाखनयो को
समापत करन क खलए परािधान बनान का
ऄखधकार दती ह। आस धारा को कायम रखा
गया बशत यह सरकषा बनी रह कक ऄखधखनयम
को सशोखधत करन की कोइ शखि परयोग म
नही लाइ जाएगी और यह नयाखयक समीकषा क
ऄधीन होगा कक आसकी सगखत मल नीखत क
साथ बनी रह। (गममन आखडया खलखमरड बनाम
भारत सघ, AIR 1974 SC 960)
छर दन और शाखमल करन की शखिः आस
परकार क परतयायोजन म, मल ऄखधखनयम
नीखत तय करता ह और आसक परचालन क
कषतरो को खनरददि करता ह लककन परशासक
को बाद म आसक परचालन स लोगो हरान
या शाखमल करन की शखि दता ह।
बदलती पररखसथखतयो क ऄनकल होन क
खलए लचीलापन परदान करन िाली ऐसी
धाराए तब तक नयायसगत ह जब तक कक
शाखमल करना या हराना मल ऄखधखनयम
क परयोजनो क परोतसाहन क खलए ककया
जाता ह।
ईदाहरणः S.27, नयनतम मजदरी ऄखधखनयम
ईदयोगो की ईन ऄखतररि शरखणयो को ऄखधकत
करता ह खजनक खलए ऄखधखनयम क परािधान
लाग होग। ऄतयखधक परतयायोजन क अधार पर
आस धारा को दी गइ चनौती को खनरसत कर
कदया गया कयोकक यह ऄखधखनयम को
लचीलापन और ईननत सामाखजक परयोजन
परदान करता ह। (एडिरडसत खमल को. बनाम
ऄजमर, AIR 1955 SC 25)। तथाखप,
S.16(2)(9), डरगस एड मखजक ररमडीज
(अपखिजनक खिजञापन) ऄखधखनयम, 1954
जोकक क दर सरकार को ईन रोगो और खसथखतयो
की सची को बढान की शखि परदान करता ह
खजनपर ऄखधखनयम लाग होगा, को ऄतयखधक
परतयायोजन माना गया कयोकक मल ऄखधखनयम
न ऐसा कोइ मानदड या मागतखनदश खनधातररत
नही ककया खजसक अधार पर नए रोगो को
जोडा जा सक। (हमददत दिाखाना बनाम
भारत सघ, AIR 1960 SC 554)
राजकोषीय शखि का परतयायोजनः जबकक
कर लगान की शखि ऄखनिायत खिधायी
कायत ह (A 265, सखिधान), कराधान क
सभी पहलओ पर कानन बनाना ऄसभि ह
और कछ हद तक परतयायोजन ऄिशयभािी
ह। कछ ऐस लोगो को या ऐसी िसतओ और
सौदो को चनन क खलए शखि का
परतयायोजन सिीकायत माना गया खजन पर
कर लगाया जाना ह या कराधान की दर
लगाइ जानी ह बशत मल ऄखधखनयम ऐसी
शखि क परयोग क खलए बखिमिापणत
मागतखनदश द । तथाखप, जब परतयायोखजत
खिधान म कराधान या राजकोषीय तति
शाखमल होता ह तो ऄदालत कडी जााच
करती ह।
सखकषपत खिधानः „सखकषपत‟ खिधान ईस
पररखनयम को आखगत करता ह जो
परखतखनखध क मागतदशतन क खलए पयातपत
नीखत बनाए खबना खिधायी शखि
परतयायोखजत करता ह। ऐसा खिधान
ऄमानय होना चाखहए कयोकक यह
परतयायोजन क खसिातो का ईललघन करता
ह, अधखनक वयिहार म, ऄनक ऐस
पररखनयम ह जो सभाखित नीखत
कदशाखनदश खनधातररत करत ह और न
किल बयौरो क मामल म बखलक नीखतगत
चयन क मामल म बडा खहससा परखतखनखध
क खििक पर छोड दत ह। ऄदालत कभी
कभी सखकषपत खिधान को कायम रखती ह
जो किल औखचतय क अधार पर
नयायसगत हो सकत ह।
ईदाहरणः S,3(1) (a) अयात और खनयातत
खनयतरण ऄखधखनयम, 1947 क दर सरकार को
ककसी भी खिखशि खििरण िाली िसतओ क
अयात और खनयातत पर परखतबध लगान का
ऄखधकार दता ह, आसक बािजद, ऄखधखनयम
सपि तौर पर ककसी नीखत का ईललख नही
करता। ईचचतम नयायालय न ईस पितिती
ऄखधखनयम का सदभत दत हए शखि का
परतयायोजन कायम रखा खजसम नीखतगत
सररमर खनखहत था। (भरनागसत एड को. बनाम
भारत सघ, AIR 1957 SC 478)
परतयायोखजत खिधान का नयाखयक खनयतरणः
ऄलटरा खिरस
परतयायोखजत खिधान पर नयाखयक ढग स दो
तरह स हमला ककया जा सकता हः
ऄसिधाखनक होन क रप म और ऄपन मल
ऄखधखनयम म ऄलटरा खिरस होन क रप म।
सिधाखनकता क अधार पर चनौती ऄखधक
समखचत रप स सिधाखनक खिखध का खिषय ह
और ईसका खजि यहाा नही ककया जाएगा।
ऄलटरा खिरस क खसिात क दो रप हः
िासतखिक और परकियागत।
िासतखिक ऄलटरा खिरस
यह खसिात मल पररखनयम दवारा दी गइ
शखियो क दायर और सीमा स सबखधत ह और
पररकलपना करता ह कक परतयायोखजत खिधान
दवारा सौपी गइ शखि जो मल ऄखधखनयम दवारा
कदए गए ऄखधकार कषतर स बाहर जाती ह, को
ऄमानय घोखषत ककया जा सकता ह।
परतयायोखजत खिधान को खनमनखलखखत
कसौररयो को परा करना चाखहएः (i) आस ईस
पररखनयम क परािधानो क ऄनरप होना
चाखहए खजसक ऄतगतत आस बनाया गया ह और
(ii) यह मल ऄखधखनयम दवारा पराखधकारी को
सौपी गइ खनयम बनान की शखि क दायर और
सीमा-कषतर क भीतर अना चाखहए। (जनरल-
ऑकिसर, कमाडडग-आन-चीि बनाम सभाष
चदरा यादि (1988) 2 SCC 351)
आस खसिात को लाग करन म, ऄदालत तीन
चरणो िाला खिशलषण ऄपनाती हः पहल ि
ऄखधखनयम दवारा सौपी गइ खनयम बनान की
शखि क दायर और सीमा को खनधातररत करती
ह। ऐसा करन म, ि परािधानो, परसतािना,
ईददशयो, कारणो और खिधान की पषठभखम का
सदभत दती ह। दसरी बात, ि परतयायोखजत
खिधान का ऄथत और दायरा तय करती ह। ऄत
म, ि यह जााचन क खलए मल ऄखधखनयम क
मकाबल परतयायोखजत खिधान का परीकषण
करती ह कक कया समीकषाधीन खनयम का
ऄखधखनयम क ऄतगतत अन िाली नीखत स
कोइ ऄतसबध ह। यह नोर करना महतिपणत ह
कक परतयायोखजत खिधान क खिरस का खनणतय
लत समय ऄदालत ऄखधखनयम क ऄतगतत अन
िाली नीखत का िसतगत मलयाकन नही करती
और ईस खिधानमडल की नीखत क खलए ऄपनी
राय परखतसथाखपत नही करती। ऄदालतो का
किल आतना सरोकार ह कक कया परखतिाकदत
(impugned) परतयायोखजत खिधान पररखनयम
दवारा परखतखनखध को सौपी गइ खनयम बनान की
शखि क भीतर अता ह या नही। (शरी
सीताराम शगर को. खलखम. बनाम भारत सघ
(1990) 3 SCC 230, 254-57)
यकद ककसी खनयम को ककसी पररखनयम क
खिशष परािधान क तहत बनाए जान का गलत
ईललख ककया गया ह लककन ऄनयथा यह
खनयम बनान िाल पराखधकारी की सकषमता क
भीतर अता ह तो गलत लबडलग स खनयम
ऄलटरा खिरस क ऄतगतत नही अएगा। (आखडयन
एलयमीखनयम को. बनाम करल S,E,B, AIR
1975 SC 1967)
यह नोर करना महतिपणत ह कक वयिहार म,
परतयायोखजत खिधान की िधता की पररकलपना
होती ह और ऄदालत मल पररखनयम क
वयाखया करन िाल परतयायोजन परािधानो की
ओर वयापक रप स आसखलए झकाि रखती ह
ताकक ईनक ऄतगतत बनाए गए खनयमो को
कायम रखा जा सक। (Hoffman La Roche
बनाम ईदयोग राजय सखचि, (1975) AC
295, 366)
आसक ऄखतररि, ऄखधखनयम क परतयायोजन
परािधान सिय वयापक और सामानय ऄथो म
बनाए जात ह जो परतयायोखजत पराखधकारी को
पयातपत दायरा और सिखििक दत ह।
परतयायोजन का एक सामानय तरीका सबस
पहल ककसी ऄखधखनयम क परयोजन स सामानय
खनयम बनान की शखि परदान करना होता ह
और किर पित धाराओ और खिखशि शीषो
खजनक खलए परखतखनखध खनयम बना सकता ह,
को सामानयता को खबना ककसी पकषपात क
रखना होता ह। यह वयिसथा की गइ ह कक
दसरी धारा म खिखशिता किल ईदाहरण दन
क खलए ह और खनयम बनान की सामानय शखि
को परखतबखधत नही करती। आसखलए यकद कोइ
खनयम ककसी खिखशि शीषत क ऄतगतत नही
अता लककन खनयम बनान की सामानय शखि
क ऄतगतत ईस नयायोखचत ठहराया जा सकता
ह तो आस कायम रखा जाएगा। (समरार बनाम
खशिनाथ बनजी, AIR 1945 PC 156,
160) तथाखप, आसका ईलरा सतय नही ह,
आसखलए यकद खिशष शीषत सिय ऄखधखनयम
दवारा दी गइ सामानय शखि स सबखधत नही ह
तो ऐसा परतयायोजन ऄलटरा खिरस होगा।
(रजीना बनाम St, Aloysius Higher
Elementary School, AIR 1971 SC
1920)
आन खसिातो को धयान म रखत हए, आस
खसिात क परचालन क कछ खनयम खनमनखलखखत
हः
ि मामल जहाा परतयायोजन खिधान को ऄलटरा
खिरस माना गया
खसनमरोगराि ऄखधखनयम क तहत लाआसस
दन की शखि खजला मखजसटररो को दी गइ
थी जो “सरकार क खनयतरण क ऄधयधीन”
लाआसस परदान कर सकत थ। सरकार न
लाआसस दन की शखि सिय को दन क खलए
खनयम बनाए और मखजसटरर को लगभग
ऄनािशयक बना कदया। ऐसा खनयम ऄलटरा
खिरस था कयोकक ऄखधखनयम न सरकार स
ऄलग एक लाआसडसग पराखधकारी की
पररकलपना की थी। (गजरात राजय बनाम
कषण खसनमा, AIR 1971 SC 1650)
भखम पररसीमन ऄखधखनयम (Land
Ceiling Act) क तहत, एक राजय सरकार
न खनयम बनाए जो चाय बागानो की ककसी
भी ईपयोगी जमीन को हसतातरण पर
परखतबध लगाता ह। आस खनयम को ऄलटरा
खिरस माना गया कयोकक ऄखधखनयम न
भखम क हसतातरण पर परखतबध को लाग
करन की कोइ शखि परतयायोखजत नही की
थी, न ही ऐस परखतबध स ऄखधखनयम का
कोइ परयोजन खसि हअ। (कज खबहारी
लाल बरल बनाम खहमाचल परदश,
(2000) 3 SCC 40)
ि मामल जहाा परतयायोजन खिधान को आटरा
खिरस माना गया
तखमलनाड खदान और खखनज खनयमािली
क खनयम 8-सी न खनजी वयखियो क पकष म
खदान पटटो पर परखतबध लगाया और
सरकारी खनगमो को एकाखधकार परदान
ककया। यह दलील दी गइ कक ऄखधखनयम
किल खनयखतरत करन की शखि दता ह,
परखतबध लगान और खिधायी कायत होन स
एकाखधकार दन की शखि नही, आस
ऄधीनसथ खिधान दवारा हाखसल नही ककया
जा सकता। ऄदालत न आस अधार पर
खनयम को कायम रखा कक आसन
ऄखधखनयम क नीखतगत परयोजनो को
बढािा कदया। (तखमलनाड राजय बनाम
डहद सरोन (1981) 2 SCC 205)
कनातरक खसनमा (खिखनयमन) खनयमािली
क खनयम 41-ए न कदन म किल चार शो
कदखान िाल खसनमाओ पर परखतबध
लगाया। मल ऄखधखनयम की धारा 19 न
ऄखधखनयम क परयोजनो को लाग करन क
खलए खनयम बनान की शखि परदान की ह।
धारा 19 क ऄतगतत अन िाल खनयम को
कायम रखा गया कयोकक यह शखि किलम
कदखान क घरो की सखया समत किलम
कदखान स सबखधत सभी पहलओ को किर
करन क खलए कािी वयापक थी। (खमनिात
रॉकीज बनाम कनातरक सरकार, (1988)
Supp SCC 176)
परकियागत ऄलटरा खिरस
खनयम बनान की परकिया क दौरान ऄनक
परकियाओ का पालन ककया जाना होता ह
खजनम स कछ ऄखनिायत होती ह और कछ
किल कदशाखनदश क खलए होती ह।
कदशाखनदश िाल परकियागत मापदडो का मल
बातो म ऄनपालन ककया जा सकता ह लककन
ऄखनिायत मापदडो को कडाइ स पालन ककया
जाना चाखहए और ऐसा न करन पर
परतयायोखजत खिधान को परकियागत ऄलटरा
खिरस क खलए खराब माना जाएगा। जबकक
परकियागत ऄलटरा खिरस क सपणत ईदाहरण
नही कदए जा सकत और परतयक मामल को यह
तय करन क खलए आसकी ऄपनी योगयताओ क
अधार पर खिचार ककया जाना चाखहए कक
कया सबखधत खिखशि परकिया ऄखनिायत ह या
कदशाखनदशक ह, कछ लगातार सामन अन
िाल ईदाहरणो की जााच की जा सकती हः
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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vyx&vyx gSa rFkk X dh 5 ls vyx igpku
gS] tks fd dEiuh dk ekfyd gSA bl dkj.k ls
5] mu _.kksa ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxk 5 tks
X }kjk fy;s x,s gSaA
(Saloman Vs Salomon 1897 AC22)
ijUrq dqN vioknkRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa U;k;ky;
dEiuh ds fof/kd O;fDrRo dks njfdukj dj
dEiuh eSustjksa rFkk lnL;ksa ij nkf;Ro dk
fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA] tks dEiuh ds dk;ksZa ds izfr
ftEesnkj gSaA bls ge fof/kd O;fDrRo dk
vukoj.k dgrs gSaA
dqN mnkgj.k tgk¡ U;k;ky; fof/kd O;fDrRo
ds vukoj.k dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA
tgk¡ ij yksd fgr [krjs esa gks%
n`"Vkar%
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
,d dEiuh X] teZuh esa 'ks;j cspus ds fy,
teZu dEiuh }kjk baXySaM esa fuxfer dh tkrh
gSA X ds leLr 'ks;j teZu dEiuh ds Fks rFkk
blds funs'kd Hkh teZuh ewy ds teZuh esa jgus
okyk ukxjhd FksA izFke fo'o ;q) ds nkSjku X
,d vxzst xzkgd ls iSlk olwyus ds fy, okn
ykrh gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd gkykafd X dk fuxeu
baxySaM esa gqvk gS] ijUrq bldk fu;a=.k ,d
'k=q jk"Vª ds ukxfjdksa ds ikl gS rFkk X dks
iSlk Hkstuk tks fd yksd thfo ds fo#) gSA
(Daimler Co Ltd Vs Continental Type &
Rubber Co Ltd (1916) AC307)
dj viosnu ds vkJ; ls
n`"Vkar%
D ,d /kukn~; O;fDr gS] og dj cpkus ds
mís'; esa viuk iSlk dbZ lkjh dEiuh;ksa esa
yxkrk gSA dEiuh;ksa dk D dk iSlk fuos'k
djokus ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ dk;Z ugha gSA
U;k;ky; dEiuh;ksa ds vLohdk;Z djrk gS rFkk
D ij dj ds nkf;Ro fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
(Dinshaw Haneckjee Petit Re AIR
1927.Bam 371)
diV rFkk vuqfpr dk;Z ds fy,
n`"Vkar%
L, J dks Hkwfe cspus ij jkth gksrk gS] ijUrq lkFk
gh lkFk mldk eu cny tkrk gS] J dks Hkwfe
cspus ls cpus ds fy, L ,d dEiuh cukrk gS
rFkk lkjh Hkwfe mldks gLrkarfjr dj nsrk gS]
fofuZfo"V vuqrks"k ds okn esa U;k;ky; us bl
dEiuh ds vfLrRo dks vLohdk;Z fd;k rFkk ;g
funsZ'k fn;s fd Hkwfe J dks nh tk,sA
;fn dksbZ fo/kku Loa; gh fof/kd O;fDrRo ds
vukoj.k dk izk/kku djs
n`"Vkar%
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973
(FERA) ds vuqlkj vfuoklh Hkkjrh; dEiuh;ksa
esa 1 izfr'kr 'ks;j j[k ldrs gSa] S] tks fd ,d
vfuoklh Hkkjrh; gS 13 dEiuh;k cukrk gS rFkk
;s dEiuh;k Hkkjrh; dEiuh;ksa esa 1 izfr'kr ls
vf/kd ds 'ks;j [kfjnrh FkhA U;k;ky; us bu
dEiuh;ksa ds vfLrRo dks udkjrs gq,s bls
FERA ds izko/kkuksa dk mYya?ku ekuk (Life
Insurance Corporation Vs Escorts Ltd
(1986) 1 SCC 264)
dEiuh;ksa ds izdkj
izkbosV dEiuh rFkk ifCyd dEiuh
dEiuh vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3¼1½41 ds vuqlkj
izkbosV dEiuh og dEiuh gksrh gS ftldh
U;wure lenkÙk iw¡th ,d yk[k ;k ,slh vf/kd
leknÙk iw¡th gS tSlk fd fofgr fd;k tk, vkSj
tks vius vuqPNsnksa }kjk fuEufyf[kr fucZU/ku
yxkrh gSA
vius va'kksa ds vUrj.k ds vf/kdkj dks
fucZfU/kr djrh gSA
vius lnL;ksa dh la[;k 50 rd
ifjlhfer j[krh gS] ftuesa os O;fDr
'kkfey ughaa gS tks dEiuh ds fu;kstu
esa Fks ;k gSA
vius va'kksa ;k fMosIpjksa dks [kjhnus ds
fy, turk dks vkea=.k nsus dk izfr"ks/k
djrh gSA tgk¡ nks ;k nks ls avf/kd
O;fDr la;qDrr% ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd
'ks;j dEiuh ls /kkj.k djrs gSa mDr
ifjHkk"kk ds iz;kstu ds fy, ,d O;fDr
ekuk tk;sxkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vius lnL;ksa] funs'kdksa ;k muds
lEcfU/k;ksa ds vykok vZU; O;fDr;ksa ls
fuos'k ds fy, vkea=.k ;k Lohd`fr dk
fu"ks/k djrh gS ijUrq tgk¡ ,d ls
vf/kd O;fDr ,d dEiuh ls la;qDr #i
ls va'k /kkj.k fd;s gSa mUgsa bl ifjHkk"kk
ds iz;kstu ds fy, ,d O;fDr ekuk
tk;sxkA
,d izkbosV dEiuh esa de ls de nks lnL;
gksus pkfg,A
,d ifCyd dEiuh esa de ls de 07 lnL;ksa
dk gksuk vfr vko';d gS] vf/kfu;e la[;k ij
dksbZ fu"ks/k ugha gSA ifCyd dEiuh;ksa dh
U;wure leknr iwath 5 yk[k gS ;k mlls
vf/kd gS tks fof/kr fd;k tk,sA ifCyd
dEiuh;ksa esa og izkbosV dEiuh;k 'kkfey gS tks
,d dEiuh dh vuq"kxh dEiuh gS] tks izkbosV
dEiuh;k gSA
ifjlhfer rFkk vfjlhfer dEiuh;k¡
ifjlhfer dEiuh nks izdkj dh gks ldrh gSA
(a) va'kksa }kjk ifjlhfer dEiuh (b) izR;kHkwfe
}kjk ifjlhfer dEiuhA
va'k }kjk ifjlhfer dEiuh esa lnL;ksa dk
nkf;Ro muds }kjk dEiuh ls Ø; fd;s x;s
va'k ds vleknÙk jde rd lhfer gksrk gSA
;fn fdlh lnL; us vius va'k ds iw.kZ ewY; dks
izkjEHk esa gh ns fn;k gS rks mldk dksbZ Hkh
nkf;Ro ugha gksrk gSA
izR;kHkwfr }kjk ifjlhfer dEiuh;ksa esa lnL;ksa
dk nkf;Ro dEiuh ds Kkiu esa mYYksf[kr ml
fuf'pr /kujkf'k rd lhfer gksrk gS ftruk
mUgksus dEiuh ds ifjlekiu ij nsus dk opu
fn;k gSA bl izdkj lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro dEiuh
ds ifjlekiu ij gh mRiUu gksrk gS] dEiuh ds
pkyw jgus ij ugha vifjlhfer dEiuh;ksa esa
lnL;ksa ds nkf;Ro Hkh vifjlhfer gksrs gSA
ljdkjh dEiuh
ljdkjh dEiuh;k¡ og dEiuh;k¡ gksrh gS ftlesa
de ls de 51 izfr'kr leknÙk va'k iw¡th
dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj }kjk ;k Hkkxr%
dsUnzh; ljdkj vkSj Hkkxr% ,d ;k ,d ls
vf/kd jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk /k`r gSA
n`"Vkar%
Hkkjr gSoh bySfDVªdy fyfeVsM
dksy bafM;k fyfeVsM
QwM dkWiksZjs'ku vkWQ bafM;k
us'kuy ,sfo;s'ku dEiuh vkWQ bafM;k
fyfeVsM
vkW;y rFkk uspqjy xSl dkWiksZjs'ku vkWQ
bafM;k
fiNys dqN fnuksa esa ljdkj }kjk ljdkjh
dEiuh;ksa esa va'k de djus dks ysdj ljdkjh
dEiuh;ka [kcjksa esa jghA
vf/kfu;e esa ljdkjh dEiuh;ksa ds 'kklu dks
ysdj dbZ izko/kku gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ljdkjh dEiuh;ksa ds vkWfMVj
dh fu;qfDr Comptroller and Auditor General
of India djrk gSA ¼5619½
fu;U=h dEiuh rFkk leuq"kaxh dEiuh
,d dEiuh nwljh dEiuh dh leuq"kaxh
dgyk,sxk ;fn fu;U=h dEiuh ml dEiuh ds
funs'kd cksMZ ds xBu ij fu;U=.k djrh gS] ;k
og ml dEiuh dh dqy er 'kfDr dk 50
izfr'kr ls vf/kd er dks iz;qDr ;k fu;fU=r
djrh gS ;k ;fn dEiuh fdlh ,slh dEiuh dh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
leuq"kaxh gS tks Lo;a fdlh nwljh dEiuh dh
leuq"kaxh gSA
n`"Vkar%
;fn dEiuh A] dEiuh B ds 51 izfr'kr 'ks;j
j[krh gS rks dEiuh B] dEiuh A dh leuq"kaxh
dEiuh gksxhA
;fn dEiuh A dks dEiuh B ds vk/ks ls vf/kd
lnL;ksa esa Mk;jsDVj dh fu;qfDr dk vf/kdkj
gks rks mldh vuq"kaxh gksrh gSA
;fn dEiuh B, dEiuh A dh vuq"kaxh gS rFkk
dEiuh C dEiuh A dh vuq"kaxh gS rc dEiuh
C dEiuh A dh vuq"kaxh gksxhA
fyLVsM dEiuh
fyLVsM dEiuh ,slh lkoZtfud dEiuh gS]
ftldh izfrHkwfr;ksa Hkkjr esa LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij
lwphc) vkSj Lora= #i ls 'ks;j ckj ij
lwphc) gSA
n`"Vkar%
fuEufyf[kr dEiuh;k¡ fyLVsM dEiuh ds
mnkgj.k gSA
fjyk;Ul baMLVªht fyfeVsM ftlds 'ks;j cksEcs
LVkWd ,Dlpsat fyfeVsM (BSE) rFkk us'kuy
LVWkd ,Dlpsat (NSE) esa fyLVsM gS] ,d LVsV
cSad vkWQ bafM;k ftlds 'ks;j BSE rFkk NSE
esa fyLVsM gSA
,d dEiuh tks fdlh LVWkd ,Dlpsat esa
lwphc) gksrh pkgrh gS] mls dqN fu/kkZfjr
ekudksa dh iwfrZ djuk vko';d gSA blds lkFk
gh dEiuh dks dbZ nkf;Ro iwjs djus gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, BSE rFkk NSE dh 'krZ nj
gS fd dEiuh dks viuh cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVj
rFkk 'ks;j gksYMj dh cSBd ds ckn gqbZ lwpuk
dks vke djuk gksxkA
fons'kh dEiuh
/kkjk 591 ds vuqlkj ,slh dEifu;k¡ tks Hkkjr
ds ckgj fuxfer gSa fdUrq viuk dkjckj Hkkjr
esa fdlh LFkku ij djrh gSa mUgsa ^fons'kh
dEiuh* dgk tkrk gSA
fons'kh dEiuh;ksa dks dqN fuf'pr nLrkost tek
djus gksaxs tSls pkVZj nLrkost] funsZ'kdksa dh
lwpuk] dkjckj LFkkfir djus dh frfFk ls 30
fnu ds vUnj jftLVªs'ku dk;kZy; esa tek
djkus gksaxsA ¼/kkjk 592½
v/;k; 3 fuxeu rFkk dEiuh dk laxe Kklu
dEiuh dk jftLVªs'ku izkIr djus ds fy,
dEiuh ds LFkkfir lnL;ksa dks vko';d
nLrkostksa ds lkFk] lq>k;s x;s izk#i esa] ROC
lfgr nLrkost tek djkus pkfg,A fuxeu ds
izek.k i= esa ROC ;g izekf.kr djrk gS rFkk
fyfeVsM dEiuh ds ekeys esa ;g ?kksf"kr djrk
gS fd dEiuh fyfeVsM gSA ¼/kkjk 34¼1½½
fuxeu i= ;g lk{; gS fd leLr
vko';drkvksa dks iwjh dj yh xbZ gSA ¼/kkjk 35½
izkbosV dEiuh vius fuxeu dh fof/k ls
dkjckj dj ldrh gS ¼/kkjk 149 ¼7½½
,d ifCyd dEiuh ROC ls Certificate of
Commencement of Business ds okn ls
dkjckj 'kq# dj ldrh gSA ¼149 ¼4½½
dEiuh dk laxe Kkiu ¼MOU½
MOU og ewy nLrkost gS ftlds vk/kkj ij
dEiuh dk fuxeu gksrk gSA ;g dEiuh ds
mís'; fy;s gq,s gksrh gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr MOU ds v/khu
fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZd gksus pkfg,A
dEiuh dk uke%
MOU ds izFke 'kh"kZd esa dEiuh dk uke gksuk
vfr vko';d gSA ;fn dEiuh fyfeVsM dEiuh
gS] rks mlds uke ds var esa fyfeVsM gksuk
pkfg, rFkk ;fn dEiuh izkbosV gS rks uke ds
var esa izkbosV fyfeVsM fy[kk gksuk t#jh gSA
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh ds uke xyz b.MLVªht fyfeVsM ls ;g
vFkZ fudyrk gS fd dEiuh fyfeVsM dEiuh gS]
mlh izdkj ABC Private Limited ds uke ls
;g vFkZ fudyrk gS fd ;g izkbosV dEiuh gSA
dEiuh dsUnz ljdkj rFkk vius 'ks;j /kkjdksa dh
vuqefr ds ckn vius uke esa ifjorZu dj
ldrh gSA ¼/kkjk 21½
jftLVªs'ku dk;kZy; [k.M%
MOC ds f}rh; 'kh"kZd esa ml jkT; dk uke
gksuk pkfg, ftlesa jftLVªs'ku dk;kZy;
vofLFkr gSA
dEiuh 'ks;j /kkjdksa rFkk dEiuh ykW cksMZ dh
vuqefr ls jkT; ds Hkhrj viuk jftLVªs'ku
dk;kZy; cny ldrh gSA ¼/kkjk 17½
mís';%
MOU ds vUrxZr dEiuh ds fuxeu ds mís';ksa
dks Li"V #i ls mYysf[kr djuk pkfg,A mís';
'kh"kZd rhu mi'kh"kZdksa esa foHkkftr gksuk pkfg,A
dEiuh ;fn vko';d gks rks dEiuh vius
mís';ksa esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA /kkjk ¼17½¼1½
dEiuh dk dkjckj dq'kyrk ls pykus gsrw
n`"Vuk%
,d dEiuh vius MOA esa eSustjksa dks HkÙks nsus
ds fy, ifjorZu djrh gS U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k A dEiuh ds dk;Z esa dq'kyrk
ykus ds fy, dEiuh ,slk dj ldrh gSA
(Scientific Poultry Breeders Association Re
1933 Ch. 227)
dEiuh ds laxe vuqPNsn
dEiuh dk laxe vuqPNsn mu fu;eksa] fu/kkZj.kksa
dk lewg gksrk gS] ftuds vk/kkj ij dEiuh ds
vUn#uh ekeys 'kkflr fd;s tkrs gSaA
vf/kfu;e dh vuqlwph fofHkUu izdkj ds vuqPNsn
fy;s gq,s gSA
dEiuh ;k rks Loa; dk viuk vuqPNsn cuk
ldrh gS ;k fQj og vuqlwph izFke esa ls dksbZ
Hkh vuqPNsn ys ldrh gSA
vuqPNsn fofHkUu {ks=ksa ij O;kid izko/kku djrs
gSaA og dksbZ Hkh izko/kku tks dEiuh rFkk mlds
lnL;ksa ;k lnL;ksa ds e/; vkil esa O;ogkj ds
fu;eksa dk izko/kku djrs gS] vuqPNsn esa 'kkfey
gks ldrs gSaA
ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc vf/kfu;e rFkk mlds
izko/kku ds e/; Vdjko gks rks lnSo vf/kfu;e
dks ojh;rk feyuh pkfg, ¼59½ /kkjk ¼36½ ds
vuqlkj vuqPNsn esa lafonkRed 'kfDr gksrh gS
rFkk ;g dEiuh o mlds lnL;ksa ij mlh
izdkj ckè;dkjh gksrs gSa tSls fd mUgksaus ml ij
gLrk{kj fd;s FksA vuqPNsn lnL;ksa ds flQZ mu
vf/kdkjksa dk fu;a=.k djrs gS tksfd vf/kfu;e
}kjk fu;af=r gksA (Khusiram Vs Hanutmal
1948, 53 CWN 505)
vuqPNsnksa esa 'ks;j /kkjdksa dh Lohdfr ds ckn
ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk 31½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
laxe Kkiu vkSj laxe vuqPNsnksa dh izyf{kr
lwpuk
MOC rFkk vuqPNsn lkoZtfud nLrkost gS tks
fd ROC ds lkFk miyC/k gksrs gSaA ;g lcdh
igq¡p esa gksrs gSaA tks Hkh O;fDr dEiuh ls fdlh
izdkj dk laO;ogkj djrk gS mlds ckjs esa ;g
mi/kkj.kk dh tkrh gS fd mlus ;s nLrkost i<+
fy;s gSaA
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh vuqPNsn ds vuqlkj leLr djkj
eSusftax Mk;jsDVj] lsØsVjh rFkk odhZax
Mk;jsDVj }kjk gLrk{kfjr gksus pkfg,A oknh
dEiuh ls djkj Lohdkj djrk gS ijUrq og
djkj eSusftax Mk;jsDVj }kjk gLrk{kfjr ugha
gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V
fd;k fd djkj voS/k gS rFkk izfroknh dks dksbZ
mipkj ugha fey ldrkA ¼Kotla
Venkataswamy Vs Rammurthy, AIR 1934
Mad 597½
vkUrfjd izca/k dk fl)kUr
vkUrfjd izca/k dk fl)kUr ,d viokn gSA
blds vuqlkj ,d ckgjh O;fDr tc dEiuh ls
laO;ogkj djrk gS rc ;s mi/kkj.kk dh tkrh gS
dEiuh dh vkarfjd xfrfof/k] ykHk nLrkostksa ds
vuq#i gS ¼Royal British Bank Vs. Turquand
[1856] 119 ER 886½
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh dk ,d vuqPNsn ;g izko/kku djrk gS
fd mlds funs'ku le;≤ ij 'ks;j /kkjdksa
dh vuqefr ugha ysrkA bl m/kkjh dks 'ks;j
/kkjd U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nsrs gSA U;k;ky; us
;g Li"V fd;k fd pw¡fd dEiuh ds vuqPNsn esa
;g Li"V gS fd Mk;jsDVj iSls ysus ls iwoZ 'ks;j
/kkjdksa ls vuqefr ysxk] vr% oknh bl izHkko esa
Fkk fd vuqefr yh xbZ gS vkSj dEiuh bl
ysunsu ds izfr tokcnsg gS (Royal British
Bank Vs Turquand (1856) liqer 886)
;g fl)kar ml ifjfLFkfr esa laj{k.k ugha nsrk
tc izHkkoh i{kdkj dks vfu;ferrk dk Kku
FkkA
v/;k; 4 va'k&iw¡th
dEiuh dh iw¡th va'kksa esa foHkkftr jgrh gSA
vf/kfu;e nks izdkj dh va'k iw¡th dks ekU;rk
nsrk gSA
1- vf/kekuh va'k iw¡th 2- lk/kkj.k va'k
iw¡th izR;sd O;fDr tks dEiuh ds va'kksa
dks /kkj.k djrk gS] mls ,d va'k izek.k
i= feyrk gSA ;g dEiuh lhy lfgr
tkjh fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk izFke n"V;k
;g lk{; gS fd O;fDr ds ikl dqy
fdrus va'k gSA
lk/kkj.k va'k iw¡th
bldk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 85¼2½ esa izko/kku
fd;k x;k gSA os lHkh va'k tks vf/kekuh va'k
iw¡th esa 'kkfey ugha gksrs lk/kkj.k va'k iw¡th gksrs
gSaA lk/kkj.k va'k&iw¡th dks vke va'k&iw¡th Hkh
dg ldrs gSaA dEiuh;ksa dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd
os fofHkUu vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk fofHkUu vf/kekuh
va'k iw¡th tkjh dj ldrh gSA
vaf/kekuh va'k iw¡th og va'k iw¡th gksrh gS tks
fuEufyf[kr vis{kk,sa iwjh djrh gSA
1- va'k/kkfj;ksa dks va'kksa ij fu;r jde
vFkkok fu;r nj dk vf/kekuh vf/kdkj
2- dEiuh ds ifjlekiu ij iw¡th ds
ykSVk;s tkus dk vf/kekuh vf/kdkj
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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Hkqxrku dh nf"V ls vf/kekuh va'k iw¡th lap;h
vFkok vlap;h vf/kuke va'k esa foHkkftr gksrh
gSA
lap;h vf/keku va'k og gksrs gS tc vf/keku
va'k ds /kkjdksa dks fdlh o"kZ ykHk u gksus ds
dkj.k ykHkak'k ugha fn;k tkrk rFkk og ,d=
gks tkrk gS vkSj mldk Hkqxrku vkxkeh o"kksZ ds
ykHkka'k ls fd;k tkrk gSA
vf/keku va'k ges'kk lap;h ekus tkrs gSa tc
rd fd dEiuh ds vuqPNsnksa esa fdlh vfHkO;fDr
mioa'k esa blds foijhr mYys[k uk gksA
vf/kfu;e ekspuh; vf/keku va'kksa rFkk mu va'kksa
dks tks vius tkjh djus dh 20 o"kZ ds ckn
ekspuh; gS ds tkjh djus ij fu"ks/k yxkrk gSA
os vf/keku va'k tks lkspuh; gS iw.kZ
rjg ls Hkqxrku ;ksX; gSA
vf/keku va'kksa dk ekspu dEiuh ds ykHk
ls gksuk pkfg,A
;fn va'kksa dk ekspu ykHkka'k ls fd;k
x;k gS rks leku iw¡th dks dEiuh es
Redemption Reserved Account esa
Mkyuk pkfg,A
os va'k gksrs gS ftudks dEiuh uxn esa
izfrQy ds fcuk tkjh djrs gSa] ;s
lsokvksa ds cnys iznku fd;s tkrs gS
rFkk budk Lo#i ikfjJfed gSA
lnL;ksa ds er lEca/kh vf/kdkj
izR;sd lk/kkj.k va'k dks ,d er dks vf/kdkj
gksrk gS rFkk lk/kkj.k va'k /kkjd dks dEiuh ds
leLr ekeyksa esa ernku dk vf/kdkj gSA ogh
vf/keku va'k iw¡th/kkjdksa dks lkekU;r% er dk
vf/kdkj gksrk gS ;fn ,d fuf'pr le; rd
ykHkka'k ugha fn;k x;k gS rksA
va'kksa dk varj.k
dEiuh ds va'k py lEifÙk dh Hkk¡fr vUrj.kh;
gS] bldk vUrj.k ml fof/k ;k izfØ;k ls fd;k
tk ldrk gS tks fd dEiuh ds vuqPNsn esa
lq>k;h x;h gSA ¼/kkjk 82½
,d izkbosV dEiuh ds vuqPNsn lnL;ksa ds va'k
varj.k ds vf/kdkj ij fucZU/k yxk ldrs gSA
va'k/kkjdkas ds e/; lnL;ksa ds varj.k vf/kdkj
ij fucZU/k LFkkfir djus okyk O;fDrxr lafonk
rc dEiuh ij ckè;dkjh gksxh tc dEiuh ds
vuqPNsnksa esa ,slk izko/kku gksA
¼VB Rangaraj Vs VB Gopalti Rishnan
(1982) 15CC 166½
n`"Vkar%
,d izkbosV dEiuh ds vuqPNsn }kjk ;g
izko/kku fd;k tkrk gS fd dEiuh ds va'kksa dks
mu O;fDr;ksa dks varfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gS tksfd dEiuh ds lnL; ugha gSA ,d
U;k;ky; 'kSyh esa dEiuh ds va'k ,d
xSj&lnL; ds ikl pys x;sA U;k;ky; us bl
varj.k dks dEiuh ds vuqPNsn dk mYya?ku
crk;k gSA (SA.Padanabha Rao Vs Union
Thetres Pvt Ltd (2002) 108 Comp Cases 108
(Kant))
/kkjk 111 ds vuqlkj fdlh ifCyd dEiuh ds
va'k rFkk vU; ykHk Lora= #i ls varfjr fd;s
tk ldrs gSA dqN U;k;ky;ksa us ;g fu/kkZfjr
fd;k fd ;fn dEiuh ds vuqPNsnksa esa dksbZ
fucZU/k gS rks ;k leLr lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjh
gksxhA gkykafd eq[; ekU;rk ;g gS fd ifCyd
dEiuh ds va'k eqDr #i ls va'kdkjh gS rFkk
mu ij dksbZ Hkh fucZU/k oS/k ugha gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
(S111A Western Maharashtra Development
Corporation Ltd. Vs Sanjay Auto Ltd. 2010
154 Comp Cases 593 (Bam))
va'kksa dk varj.k rHkh izHkkoh gksrk gS tc ;g
dEiuh dh iqLrd esa ntZ gks tkrk gS rFkk u;s
va'k/kkjd dk uke dEiuh ds lnL;ksa ds
jftLVj esa ntZ gksuk pkfg,A
pw¡fd va'k py lEifÙk gS] vr% bUgsa fxjoha j[kk
tk ldrk gSA
va'kksa dh tCrh
dEiuh dks va'kksa ij vleknr jde dk Hkqxrku
u gksus ij lnL;ksa dks vkOgku dk vf/kdkj gSA
;fn vkOgku ds ckn Hkh dksbZ lnL; jde dk
Hkkqxrku uk dj ik;s rks mlds fo#) dEiuh
dk;Zokgh dj ldrh gS] O;ogkfjd rkSj ij ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa dEiuh dk vuqPNsn va'kksa dh tCrh
dk izko/kku dj ldrk gSA va'kksa dh tCrh
dEiuh flQZ rc dj ldrh gS] tc 1- vuqPNsn
esa ,slk djus dk Li"V izko/kku gks 2- lEca/khr
leL; dks bldh iwoZ lwpuk nh xbZ gks 3-
dEiuh ds cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVjlZ us ,slk ladYi
ikfjr fd;k gks rcA
v/;k; 05 funs'kd
d`f=e O;fDr gksus ds dkj.k dEiuh viuk Loa;
dk efLr"d rFkk 'kjhj ;gh j[krhA blfy,
vko';d ;g gS fd dEiuh dk izca/k balkuksa ds
gkFk esa gksA O;ogkfjd #i ls funs'kd og
O;fDr gksrk gS tks dEiuh dk izca/ku djrk gSA
funs'kd] dEiuh dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gS rFkk dbZ
ckj bls vfHkdrkZ rFkk VªLVh Hkh eku fy;k
tkrk gSA
dEiuh vf/kfu;e Li"V #i ls ^funs'kd* dh
ifjHkk"kk dk mYys[k ugha djrk vfirq vf/kfu;e
flQZ ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd funs'kd 'kCn ds
v/khu ,sls lHkh O;fDr 'kkfey gSa tks funs'kd
ds in ij dk;Z djrs gSa fQj pkgs og fdlh Hkh
uke ls Kkr gksA ¼/kkjk 2¼13½½
dsoy O;fDr dks gh dEiuh dks funs'kd fu;qDr
fd;k tk ldrk gS] vr% fuxe fudk;] laxe
;k QeZ funs'kd ugha gks ldrh ¼5253½
og O;fDr funs'kd ugha cuk;k tk ldrk
tksfd%
ftls U;k;ky; }kjk fod`r fpÙk ?kksf"kr
dj fn;k gSA
tks vuqUeqDr fnokfy;k gSA
,slk O;fDr ftlus fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr
fd;s tksus ds fy, U;k;ky; esa vkosnu
fn;k gSA
,slk O;fDr ftls uSfrd v/kerk ds fy,
U;k;ky; }kjk fl)nhi Bgjk;k x;k gS
vkSj 6 ekal ds dkjkokl dk n.Mkns'k
fn;k x;k gS vkSj n.Mkns'k dh lekfIr
ls 5 o"kZ ughaa O;rhr gqvk gSA
,slk O;fDr ftlus vius va'kksa ij 'ks"k
jde dh ekax dh 6 eghus rd vnk;xh
ughaa dh gSA
ftls funs'kd fu;qDr fd;s tkus ds
fy, fujZg dj fn;k x;k gSA
blds vuqlkj ,slk O;fDr tks fdlh ifCyd
dEiuh dk igys ls funs'kd gS ftlus&
3 fofÙk; o"kZ ds okf"kZd ys[kk vkSj
okf"kZd fjVuZ Qkby ugha fd;k gSA
fuos'k ;k ml ij ns; C;kt ;k fMcsUpj
dks lE;d~ frfFk dks 1 o"kZ ;k mlls
vf/kd ykSVkus esa foQy ugha gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
,d izkbosV dEiuh esa de ls de nks funs'kd
gksus pkfg, rFkk ifCyd dEiuh esa de ls de
rhu funs'kd gksus pkfg,A
fu;qfDr dh vof/k
izkbosV dEiuh esa funs'kd dh inkof/k dk
fu/kkZj.k ;k rks fu;qfDr esa le; va'k/kkjdksa }kjk
fd;k tk,s ;k dEiuh ds vuqPNsnksa esa ,slk
izko/kku gksA ifCyd dEiuh ds funs'kd pkf=d
Øe }kjk laokfui`fr ds v/khu ugha gSA ¼255½
va'k/kkjd ;fn pkgs rks og dEiuh ds funs'kd
dks igys Hkh gVk ldrs gSaa ¼284½
funs'kd ds izdkj
iw.kZdkyhu funs'kd
Lora= funs'kd
izca/k funs'kd
funs'kd dh 'kfDr;k¡
vf/kfu;e cksMZ funs'kdksa dks ;g 'kfDr nsrk gS
;s og lHkh dk;Z djs tks fd dEiuh djrh ;k
dj ldrh gS ¼/kkjk 291½
funs'kdksa dks dk;ZRed rFkk izca/kdh; dkQh
'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gS rFkk bu ij fucZa/k vf/kfu;e
;k MOA ;k vuqPNsnksa ds vuq#i yxk;k tk
ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj funs'kd dh fuEufyf[kr
'kfDr;k¡ gSa%
'ks"k Hkqxrku gsrw va'k /kkjdksa dk
vkgOgku djuk
izfrHkwfr;ksa dks okil [kjhnus dh 'kfDr
fMcsUpj tkjh djus dh 'kfDr
fMcsUpj ds vfrfjDr /ku bdV~Bk djus
dh 'kfDr
dEiuh ds /ku dks bUosLV djuk
d.kZ nsuk
vf/kfu;e ifCyd ds cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVª dh
'kfDr;ksa ij fuf'pr fucZU/k yxk;k gSA
ifCyd dEiuh ds funs'kd fcuk va'k/kkjdksa ds
vkKk ds fuEu dk;Z ugha dj ldrsA
dEiuh ds iwjs miØe dk cspuk ;k
iV~Vk nsukA
funs'kdksa }kjk dEiuh dks ns; _.k dk
ifjgkj djuk ;k mlds pqdk;s tkus ds
fy, vf/kd le; nsukA
dEiuh }kjk vftZr fdlh ifjlj ;k
lEifÙk ij ns; izfrdj dh jde dh
U;kl&izfrHkwfr;ksa esa fofu/kku u dj
fdlh vU; esa fofu/kku djukA
dEiuh dh leknÙk iw¡th] ftlesa [kqyh
vkjf{kfr;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gSa] dh ladfyr
jde ls vf/kd _.k ysxkA blls
dkjckj ds vuqØe esa dEiuh dk cSad ls
m/kkj ysuk 'kkfey ugha gSA
,sls fdlh /kekZank ;k vU; fuf/k;ksa esa]
tks mlds deZpkfj;ksa ds dY;k.k ls
izR;{kr% lEcfU/kr ugha gS] bruh jde
dk nku nsuk tks ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa
50]000 ipkl gtkj #i;s ls vf/kd ;k
iwoZorhZ rh foÙkh; o"kksZa ls gq, vkSlr
'kq) ykHkksa esa 5 izfr'kr ls vf/kd gSA
funs'kd ds drZO; rFkk nkf;Ro
dEiuh vf/kfu;e funs'kdksa ds fy, fofHkUu
oS/kkfud nkf;Roksa dk izko/kku djrk gSA tSls
cksMZ dh cSBd esa mifLFkr gksus dk drZO;
¼S283¼1½¼3½½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd cqykuk ¼/kkjk 165] 166]
169½] dEiuh dk okf"kZd f}rh; fooj.k Lohdk;Z
djus dk nkf;Ro ¼/kkjk 215½] dEiuh ds vkWfMVj
dh fu;qfDr dk nkf;Ro ¼S233¼B½½ vkfnA
oS/kkfud nkf;Roksa ds vfrfjDr] funs'kd dh
fuEufyf[kr drZO; gSA
ln~HkkoukiwoZd dR; djuk
funs'kd dk ;g drZO; gS fd og ln~HkkoiwoZd
vius d`R;ksa dk djrs gq, dk Js"Bre fgr lk/ksA
ln~HkkoukiwoZd dR; ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd
funs'kd gj ifjfLFkfr esa va'k/kkjdksa rFkk dEiuh
ds fgr o ykHk dh lkspsA
;fn funs'kd dksbZ ,slk d`R; djrk gS ftlesa
dEiuh dk ykHk fufgr ugha gS] rks funs'kd ij
drZO;ksa ds izfr mnklhurk dk vkjksi yxk;k tk
ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar%
x ,d dEiuh dk funs'kd gS rFkk mls Kkr gS
fd dEiuh ds lkeku dk ewY; 650]000
ikm.M~l dk gS] ijUrq og lkeku 350]000
ikm.M esa csp nsrk gSA bl izdkj dEiuh dk
lkeku ?kkVs esa cspk x;kA rFkk x us oS'okfld
?kkr dEiuh ds lkFk fd;k gSA ¼Aviling
Barford Ltd. Vs Perion Ltd. 1989, BCLC
626 ChD½
lko/kkuh vkSj dq'kyrk ls dk;Z djus dk drZO;
funs'kd dk ;g drZO; gS fd og lko/kkuh vkSj
dq'kyrk ls vius dR;ksa dk laiknu bl izdkj
djs fd dEiuh dks ykHk gks] funs'kd dks
;qfDr;qDrk ds vk/kkj ij viuh dq'kyrk dk
iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
funs'kd ykijokgh dk nks"kh gksxk ;fn og
;qfDr;qDrk vk/kkj ij lrdrkZ dk iz;ksx ugha
djsxkA
n`"Vkar%
fcuk ;g tkus dh dEiuh fdlh dtZ esa gS ;k
ugha funs'kd }kjk dtZ pqdkus ds fy, tkjh dh
xbZ /kujk'kh] ;qfDr;qDr ds vk/kkj ij lrdrkZ
dk vHkko dk nks"kh gS ¼Selanjor United
Rubber Estates Ltd. Vs. Cradock (1968)2
A11 ER1073½
vius fgrkas dks ?kksf"kr djuk
,d funs'kd dk ;g drZO; gS fd og rVLFk
jgs rFkk dEiuh ds dk;ksZ ds ek/;e ls viuk
fgrksa ;k ykHk uk lk/ksA
funs'kdksa dk ;g drZO; gS fd os dEiuh ds
lkFk dh xbZ fdlh lafonk ;k Bgjko esa vius
fgrks dh izd`fr dks funs'kd cksMZ ds vf/kos'ku
esa izdV djsA fgr lEca/khr funs'kd esa ,sls
ekeyksa ij ernku ls nwj jguk pkfg,A ¼/kkjk
299&300½
n`"Vkar%
x] dEiuh A dk funs'kd gS rFkk og dEiuh B
dk Hkh ps;jeSu gS] dEiuh A ds funs'kd]
vkfQl QuhZplZ ds fy, ladYi ikfjr fd;kA
cSBus esa x us ;g ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k fd x dk
bl [kjhn esa fgr fufgr gSA pqafd QuhZplZ
dEiuh B ls [kjhns tkus FksA ekeys dh lquokbZ
esa U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd ;g lafonk
voS/k gS rFkk funs'kd x us vius drZO;ksa dk
ikyu Bhd ls ugha fd;kA ¼Aberdeen Railway
Ltd V Blaikie ¼1854½1 Mcy 461½
n`"Vkar%
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fu/kkZfjr le; lhek ds Hkhrj] ,d izcU/kd
funs'kd vkWfMV fjiksZV nk;j djus essa vlQy
jgrk gSA gkykafd bldk dkj.k dEiuh ds Hkhrj
Je leL;k FkhA U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k
fd izcU/kd funs'kd nsjh ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ugha
gSA
¼G.Ramesh Vs. Registrar of Computers
(2007) 112 Comp Cases 45 ¼Mad½½
funs'kd mu d`R;ksa ds fy, tks vf/kfu;e]
vuqPNsn rFkk dEiuh ds MOA ls ijs gS] ds
fy, O;fDrxr #i ls mÙkjnkf; gksrk gSA
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh x ds funs'kd] dEiuh dh vksj ls ,d
ysu&nsu djrs gSa gkykafd mUgsa ;g Kku Fkk fd
;g vf/kfu;e ds rgr ekU;rk izkIr ugha gS]
ekeys dks 'ks;j /kkjdksa us U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh
nh] U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk dh fd funs'kd
leLr /ku okil dEiuh [kkrs esa tek djk;saA
¼Jehangir R Modi Vs Shanji Lodha]
¼1866&67½ 4 Bam HCR 185½
funs'kd fØfeuy vijk/k ds fy, mÙkjknk;h
Bgjk;s tk ldrs gSa ;fn ;g fl) gks tk, fd
bl d`R; ds fy, mUgksaus lg;ksx ;k lgk;rk
nh FkhA
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh x ds funs'kd ;g tkudkjh gksus ds
ckotwn Hkh fd dEiuh [kkrs esa iSls ugha gS] pSd
tkjh djrs gSaA pSd ds vekU;hdj.k ekeys esa
funsZ'kdksa ds fo#) dk;Zokgh gksuh pkfg,A
v/;k; 06% dEiuh dk izca/k
dEiuh ds funs'kdks dks cSBd rhu ekg esa de
ls de ,d ckj gksuh pkfg, rFkk blh izdkj
dh de ls pkj cSBd izfr o"kZ gksuh pkfg,A
vuqPNsn ;g izko/kku djrs gS fd cksMZ dh cSBds
fdl izdkj cqyk;h tk,sxh rFkk 'kkflr dh
tk,sxhA
vf/kfu;e ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd tSlk
funs'kd mfpr le>s cksMZ dh cSBd dgh Hkh
vk;ksftr dh tk ldrh gS] Hkkjr ds ckgj HkhA
vf/kfu;e Vsyh dkWuÝsaflax rFkk ohMh;ksa
dkWuÝsaflax ds tfj;s cksMZ dh cSBdksa ij fu"ks/k
j[krk gSA
cksMZ dh cSBdksa esa fu.kZ; cgqer ds vk/kkj ij
fy;s tkrs gSa] c'krsZ vuqPNsn dqN vU; izko/kku
uk djasA
dEiuh vf/kfu;e ;g izko/kku gS fd cksMZ cSBd
dh leLr lhylhysokj tkudkjh dEiuh
iqfLrdk esa ntZ gSA
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd dks Hkh lkekU; cSBd dgrs
gSaA
izR;sd dEiuh dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og lky esa
de ls de ,d ckj va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd dk
vk;kstu djsA bl cSBd esa dEiuh dk okf"kZd
fofr; fooj.k va'k/kkjdksa ds lEeq[k j[kk tkrk
gSA bl cSBd dks okf"kZd lkekU; cSBd dgrs gS]
dEiuh fo/ks;d ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh cSBdksa ds
chp dh dkyko/kh 15 ekg ls T;knk ugha gksuh
okfg,A
;g cSBd okf"kZd lkekU; cSBd ds vfrfjDr
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd dks EGH dgrs gSaA
tc funs'kd mfpr le>s EGH cqyk ldrs gSaA
va'k/kkjdksa ds oS/k cSBd ds fy, vko';d rRo
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd l{ke ;k mfpr izkf/kdkj
}kjk cqykuh pkfg,
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh A dks vuqPNsn ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd cksMZ ds fu.kZ; }kjk cqyk;h
tk ldrh gSA ;g mlds vfrfjDr cqyk;h tkrh
gS rks ;g xyr gksxkA
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd dh lwpuk fyf[kr
rkSj ij cSBd ls 21 fnu iwoZ leLr
lnL;ksa dks nh tkuh pkfg,A
lwpuk ds vUnj frfFk] LFkku] le; rFkk
cSBd ds fcUnq mYysf[kr gksus pkfg,A
vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj ifCyd dEiuh ds
ekeys esa de ls de 5 lnL; rFkk
izkbosV dEiuh ds ekeys esa de ls de
2 le;] l'kjhj x.kiwfrZ ds fy,
mifLFkr gksrs pkfg,A
n`"Vkar%
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd esa flQZ ,d lnL; l'kjhj
mifLFkr Fks] U;k;ky; esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd
fof/kd x.kiwfrZ ugha dh xbZ ¼Sharp Vs Dawes
36LT188½
va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd esa ernku
va'k/kkjd izR;sd fu.kZ; ppkZ rFkk izLrkfor
la'kks/ku ernku ls iwoZ crk ldrs gSaA ernku
gkFk mBkdj fd;k tkrk gSA fu.kZ; ds i{k rFkk
foi{k esa iM+s oksVksa dks ys[kc) fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
lkekU; rFkk fo'ks"k fu.kZ;
dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; lkekU; rc dgk tkrk gS tc
fu.kZ; ds i{k esa mlds foi{k ls vf/kd oksV iM+s
gksA
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh A esa dqy 100 lnL; gSa] ftuesa ls
izR;sd dk ,d oksV ;k er gS] va'k/kkjdksa dh
cSBd esa 80 yksx mifLFkr gq,s] ftuesa ls 45
yksxksa esa fu.kZ; ds leFkZu esa rFkk 35 yksxksa us
fu.kZ; ds fojks/k esa ernku fd;k rc ;g fu.kZ;
lkekU; fu.kZ; ls ikfjr le>k tk,sxkA /;ku
nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd vuqifLFkr lnL;ksa ds
erksa dh x.kuk vko';d ugha gSA
fof'k"V lk fo'ks"k fu.kZ; og fu.kZ; gksrs gSa tc
ikl djus ds fy, 2@3 cgqer dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
n`"Vkar%
,d dEiuh esa 100 lnL; gSa] va'k/kkjdksa dh
cSBdksa esa dqy 80 yksx mifLFkr gq, vc fu.kZ;
dks fo'ks"k fu.kZ; ds rgr ikfjr gksus ds fy,
2@3 cgqer dh t#jr gksxh 80 dk 2@3] 60
gksxk vr% fu.kZ; ds i{k esa 60 er iM+us pkfg,A
vuqifLFkr lnL;ksa ds erx.kuk vko';drk ugha
gSA
vf/kfu;e ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd funs'kd
cksMZ cSBdksa dh izR;sd xfrfof/k dk dEiuh
iqLrd esa ys[kc) gksuk pkfg,A
v/;k; 07 le>kSrs] Bgjko vkSj iquxBZu
dEiuh vf/kfu;e ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd
dEiuh vius dtZnkjksa rFkk lnL;ksa ds lkFk
le>kSrs rFkk Bgjko dj lds ¼/kkjk 391&393½
rFkk vU; dEiuh;ksa ds lkFk iquxBZu dj lds
¼S 394½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf/kfu;e esa ^le>kSrs* 'kCn dks dgh ifjHkkf"kr
ugha fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq bls dEiuh ds lnL;
;k dtZnkjksa ds e/; fookn fuiVkbZ ds ifjis{;
esa le>k tk ldrk gSA
^^Bgjko 'kCn ds vUrxZr dEiuh dh va'kiw¡th
dk og iquZxBu vkrk gS tks fofHkUu izdkj ds
va'kksa ds lesadu }kjk vFkok va'kksa dk fofHkUu
izdkj ds va'kksa esa foHkktu djds ;k mu nksuksa
iz.kkfy;ksa ls fd;k x;k gSA** ¼/kkjk 390¼[k½½
/kkjk 390 Hkkjr esa iquxBZu rFkk foy; ds
ifjis{; esa fo/kkuksa dk izko/kku djrh gSA bl
Hkkx ds vUrxZr dEiuh] lnL;ksa] ysunkjksa rFkk
va'k/kkjdksa ds e/; dbZ le>kSrs LFkkfir fd;s
tk ldrs gSa rFkk bl izdkj ds le>kSrs djrs
le; ysunkj rFkk va'k/kkjd ds fgrksa rFkk
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk gksA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g
gS fd blesa tksj nsunkj rFkk va'k/kkjdksa dh
,d Js.kh ij gS u fd O;fDrxr va'k/kkjd rFkk
nsunkjksa ijA
le>kSrs rFkk Bgjko dh vthZ nsunkj }kjk]
lnL;ksa }kjk rFkk lekid }kjk l{ke U;k;ky;
ds lEeq[k nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA
,d izHkkoh le>kSrs rFkk Bgjko ds fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd ÅtkZ /kkjk 391 ds v/khu
U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k yxsA U;k;ky; ÅtkZ ds
ckn lnL;ksa ysunkj rFkk va'k/kkjdksa dh cSBd
cqyk ldrs gSaA ,sls cqyk;s x, vf/kos'ku esa ;fn
,slk le>kSrk ;k Bgjko mifLFkr O;fDr;ksa }kjk
ftudks ernku dk vf/kdkj gS 3@4 pkSFkkbZ ds
cgqer ls Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gS rks
^vf/kdj.k* mldks vuqeksfnr dj ldrk gS vkSj
tsc ^vf/kdj.k* ds vkns'k dh ,d vfr jftLVªkj
ds ;gk¡ Qkby dj nh tk,xh rc og dEiuh
izHkkoh gksxhA bl izdkj ^vf/kdj.k* }kjk
vuqeksfnr le>kSrk vkSj Bgjko mDr lHkh
ysunkjksa] lnL;ksa vkSj dEiuh ij vkc)dj
gksxkA ¼/kkjk 391¼2½½
U;k;ky; }kjk Lohdk;Z ;kstuk i{kdkjksa ds e/;
,d lafpnk ugha gS vfirq ;g ysunkjksa lnL;ksa
rFkk va'k/kkjdksa ij ckè;dkjh gS rFkk bldk
oS/kkfud izHkko gSA blesa la'kks/ku ugha fd;k tk
ldrk flok; U;k;ky; }kjk lq>k;h izfØ;k esaA
(JK-(Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. V New Kaiser-I-
Hind Spinning and Weaving Co. Ltd. 1970
(40) Comp. Case 689)
n`"Vkar%
nks dEiuh;k¡ yksxksa ls 12 izfr'kr dh nj ls /ku
tek djkrh gS] tc tek iw¡th ifjis{; gks xbZ
rc dEiuh tekdrkZvksa dks lwfpr djrh gS fd
dEiuh ?kkVs esa py jgh gSA ,d le>kSrk fd;k
x;k ftlesa nsunkjksa dks de C;kt nj ij iSlk
nsuk Lohdk;Z fd;k x;kA bls tekdRrkZvksa ds
Lohdk;Z fd;kA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky;
us ;g Li"V fd;k fd tekdrkZvksa dks v/kwjh
tkudkjh ns dj mudh ethZ yh xbZ gSA ;g
;kstuk vk;qfDr;qDr gS rFkk tekdrkZvksa ds lkFk
Nykok gSA
(Premier Motors (P) Ltd. Vs. Ashok Tandon
(1971)41 Comp Cases 636 A11)
iquZxBu og izfØ;k gS ftlesa dEiuh dk
dkjckj rFkk vU; iw¡th nwljh dEiuh dks
varfjr gks tkrh gS rFkk ,d mlh dEiuh dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gSA u;h dEiuh iqjkuh dEiuh dk
gh dkjckj djrh gS rFkk blesa ogh iqjkus
O;fDr;ksa dh #fp gksrh gSA
,d dEiuh dbZ dkj.kksa ls iquZxBu dj ldrh
gS tSls dh iqjkuh dEiuh ds mís';ksa dks ubZ
dEiuh ds lkFk iquZxfBr djds foLr`r djuk
vkfnA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
^lekesyu* og izfØ;k gS tc nks ;k nks ls
vf/kd dEiuh;k¡ ,d lkFk vkdj rhljk u;k
vfLrRo cukrh gSA ftlesa ,d dk nwljs esa
foy; gks tkrk gSA
(Samayajula Vs. Hope Prudhomme & Co.
Ltd. (1963) 2 Comp L361)
lekesyu ds ckn vfLr;ksa dk vUrj.k
lek;kstu dh 'krksZa ds vuq#i gksrk gSA
n`"Vakr%
dEiuh A us dEiuh x dks feyk fy;k rFkk
dEiuh y dk l`tu fd;k lekesyu ds ckn
dEiuh x ds leLr nkf;Ro rFkk vf/kdkj
dEiuh y dks varfjr gks x;sA lekesyu dh
'krksZuqlkj dEiuh A dEiuh y dks 10 yk[k
#i;s nsxhA
/kkjk 394 ds vUrxZr U;k;ky; dks iquZxBu
rFkk lekesyu ds lanHkZ esa O;kid vf/kdkj fn;s
x;s gSaA ;g Hkkx ,d gh izfØ;k }kjk iquZxBu
rFkk lekesyu laikfnr djrk gS] blls i{kdkjksa
dks ckj&ckj vkosnu nkf[ky ugha djuk gksrkA
/kkjk 384 i{kdkjksa dks U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k
vyx&vyx vkosnu nkf[ky djus ls Lora=rk
nsrk gSA gkykafd U;k;ky; fofHkUu igywvksa ds
ifjis{; esa iwNrkN dj ldrk gS rkfd ;kstuk
ds }kjk dksbZ yksdfgr ds fojks/k esa d`R; uk gksA
v/;k; 08 ykHkka'k] ys[kk rFkk ys[kk ijh{kk
ykHkka'k
ykHkka'k ykHk dk og Hkkx gksrk gS ftls dEiuh
us vyx fd;k gS rFkk va'k/kkjdksa ds e/;
fooj.k dh ?kks"k.kk dh gS (Bacha F Guzdar Vs
Commissioner of Income Taxes AIR 1955
SC74)
ykHkka'k flQZ dEiuh ds ykHk esa ls fn;s tk
ldrs gSA vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj ykHkka'k fuEu
L=ksrksa ls fooj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- dEiuh ds okf"kZd ykHk ls
2- fiNys okf"kZd o"kZ dh vforfjr ykHk dh
jde ls
3- /ku jkf'k ls ftuesa ls dsUnzh; ;k jkT;
ljdkj us ykHkka'k forfjr djus dh
xkjaVh nh gSA
ykHkka'k dh ?kks"k.kk ls iwoZ] ,d fuf'pr /ku
jkf'k] tksfd vf/kfu;e }kjk lq>k;h x;h gS]
ijUrq
10 izfr'kr ls vf/kd ugha gS dks ykHkka'k dks"k esa
varfjr dh tkuh pkfg,A ¼/kkjk 205 ¼2&A½½
,d ckj ?kksf"kr gksus ds ckn ykHkka'k dEiuh ds
mij oS/kkfud _.k cu tkrk gS ftldh ?kks"k.kk
ds
30 fnol ds Hkhrj va'k/kkjdksa dks nsuk pkfg,A
¼/kkjk 205 ¼2&A½½
;fn 30 fnol ds Hkhrj ugha fy;k x;k rFkk 30
fnol ds Hkhrj ugha fn;k tk,s rks ;g vlaHko
ykHkka'k [kkrk esa tek gks tkuk pkfg,A
;fn ykHkka'k ij 07 fnol ij nkok ugha fd;k
x;k rks og funs'kd f'k{kk rFkk lqj{kk dks"k esa
pyk tkrk gSA bl dks"k esa iz;qDr /ku dk iz;ksx
dsUnz ljdkj fuos'kd dh tkudkjh c<+kus vkSj
fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, fd;k tk,sxkA
n`"Vkar%
bl dks"k dh jkf'k dk iz;ksx lR;e dEI;wVlZ ds
ekeys esa uhfM+rks ds izfr fd;k x;kA
ys[kk rFkk ys[kk ijh{k.k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izR;sd dEiuh dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vius
jftLVMZ dk;kZy; esa dEiuh ys[kk ls lEca/khr
nLrkost j[ks ¼/kkjk 209½
ys[kkadu iqfLrdk ds vUnj Li"V #i ls leLr
ysunsu dh Li"V HkrhZ gksuh pkfg,A
dEiuh ds vkfMVj dk ;g drZO; gS fd og
ys[kk lEca/kh nLrkostksa dk fujh{k.k djsa rFkk
Li"V fjiksZV nkf[ky djsA dEiuh ds vkfMVj
dks mlds in ls le; iwoZ gVkus ds fy, dsUnz
ljdkj dh vuqefr vko';d gSA
v/;k; 09 vYier va'k/kkfj;ksa ds vf/kdkj
dEiuh dk izca/ku cgqer ds fu;e ds vk/kkj ij
pyrk gSA dEiuh ds iz'kklu ds fy, vke
fu;e ;g gS fd lk/kkj.kr% U;k;ky; dEiuh ds
ekeys esa rc rd gLr{ksi ugha djsxk tc rd
fd og vuqPNsnksa ds vuq#i py jgs gSaA
(Foss V Harbottle (1843) 67ER189)
n`"Vakr%
dEiuh A us ,d forh; o"kZ esa ykHk dek;kA
dEiuh ds funs'kdksa us ykHk dh jkf'k dks dEiuh
ds fgr esa yxkus dh lksph u fd va'k/kkjdksa dks
ykHkka'k nsus dh] bldk fojks/k vYier
va'k/kkfj;ksa esa U;k;ky; esa tk dj fd;k] ijUrq
U;k;ky; us ekeys esa gLr{ksi ls badkj dj
fn;kA
(Barland Vs. Earle (1902) AC83)
bl cgqer ds fl)kar ds dqN viokn gSa]
va'k/kkjd fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dEiuh ds fo#)
okn tk ldrs gSaA
vf/kdkjkrhr dk;ksZ esa
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh A ds funs'kd us dEiuh /ku dk ml
jhfr ls fuos'k fd;k tks fd MOA ds fo#)
gksA ,d va'k/kkjd us blds fo#) okn nk;j
fd;k U;k;ky; us oknh ds i{k esa fMØh iznku
dhA (Bharat Insurance Co Ltd. Vs
Kanhaiyalal AIR 1935 Lah 792)
vYila[;d va'k/kkfj;ksa ds izfr diV
djus ijA
,slk dk;Z ftuds fy, fo'ks"k ladYi
visf{kr gSA
ftu dk;ksZ ls va'k/kkfj;ksa ds O;fDrxr
vf/kdkjksa dk vfrya?ku gksrk gSA
dEiuh vf/kfu;e vYila[;d va'k/kkfj;ksa rFkk
dEiuh dks dqizca/k ls cpkus gsrw fo'ks"k izko/kku
djuk gSA
vU;k;iw.kZ vkpj.k ds fo#)
;fn dEiuh dh xfrfof/k;k¡ bl izdkj lapkfyr
gks jgh gS ftlls dh yksd fgr dks uqdlku gS
rFkk tks fd vYila[;d va'k/kkjh ds lkFk
vU;k;iw.kZ gS rc ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vYila[;d
va'k/kkjh U;k;ky; ls mfpr mipkj ekax ldrs
gSaA ¼/kkjk 397½
n`"Vkar%
thou chek dk dkjckj djus okyh dEiuh A
dh dEiuh B }kjk vf/kxzg.k fd;k tkrk gS
rFkk dEiuh A dks {kfriw.kZ izkIr gksrh gS] ijUrq
dEiuh A ds cgqer va'k/kkjd vfriwfrZ leLr
va'k/kkjdkas dks {kfriwfrZ c¡Vokjs ls badkj djrs
gSA ekeyk U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k tkus ij
U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh dh ;g ,g
vU;k;iw.kZ vkpj.k gSA (Mohan Lal Chandel
mall Vs Punjab Co Ltd. AIR 1961 Punj 485)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vizca/k ds dqN rqPN ekeys vU;k;iw.kZ vkpj.k
ugha gksrkA
n`"Vakr%
dEiuh A ds vYila[;d va'k/kkfj;ksa us
funs'kdksa rFkk cgqer va'k/kkfj;ksa ds fo#) bl
vk/kkj ij okn nk;j fd;k fd isVªksy dh [kir
dks lgh <ax ls tk¡pk ugha x;k gSA
U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd ;g vU;k;iw.kZ
vkpj.k dk vk/kkj ugha nsaA
(Lalita Rajya Laxmi Vs Indian Motors Co
AIR 1962 Cal 127)
vizca/k
dEiuh vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 398 vizca/k ds lEca/k
esa mipkjksa dk izko/kku djrk gSA vizca/k ds
ekeys esa oknh dks ;g fl) djuk gksxk fd
dEiuh ds dk;Z yksdfgr rFkk dEiuh ds fgrksa
ds fo#) gSA
n`"Vakr%
,d dEiuh ds va'k/kkjdksa us dEiuh ds funs'kdksa
ds fo#) ds nks"k ij okn nk;j fd;kA ekeys
dh Nkuchu esa ;g ik;k x;k fd dEiuh dk
mi ps;jeSu dqN ?kksVkyksa esa foyqIr gS]
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k ;g dqizca/k dk
mi;qZDr vk/kkj gSA (Rajahmundry Electric
Supply Corporation V A. Nageshwara Rao
AIT 1956 SC213)
v/;k; 10 dEiuh dk ifjlekiu
dEiuh ,d d`fre ekuo gS vr% ;g ej ugha
ldrh ijUrq bldk ifjlekiu fd;k tk ldrk
gSA dEiuh ds lekiu dh izfØ;k ifjlekiu
dgykrh gS rFkk ;g ,d fof/kd izfØ;k gSA
dEiuh dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh Hkh rjhds ls
ifjlekiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
^vf/kdj.k }kjk dEiuh dk lekiu*
tc izfØ;k tc dEiuh dk ifjlekiu
vf/kdj.k ds fu.kZ; ds }kjk fd;k tkrk rc bls
vfuok;Z ifjlekiu dgrs gSA vfuok;Z
ifjlekiu ds fy, vthZ ljdkj }kjk fuEu
vk/kkjksa ij nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA ¼/kkjk 433½
;fn dEiuh us fo'ks"k ladYi ikfjr
fd;k gS fd dEiuh dk ifjlekiu
vf/kdj.k }kjk fd;k tk,A
;fn dkuwu }kjk visf{kr vf/kos'ku
vk;ksftr djrs rFkk mldh fjiksVZ
jftLVªkj dks Hkstus esa O;fDrØe fd;k
tkrk gSA
;fn dEiuh vius fuxeu ds 1 o"kZ ds
vUnj viuk dkjckj izkjEHk ughaa djrh
gS vFkok mls
1 o"kZ ds fy, fuyfEcr j[krh gSA
;fn lnL;ksa dh la[;k vf/kfu;e esa
fofgr lhek ls ?kV tkrh gS ¼ifCyd
dEiuh dh n'kk esa
7 ls de vkSj izkbosV dEiuh dh n'kk
esa 2 ls de½A
;fn dEiuh vius _.k pqdkus esa
vleFkZ gSaA
;fn U;k;ky; dh jk; esa ;g U;k;lxar
vkSj lkE;iw.kZ gS fd dEiuh dk
ifjlekiu dj fd;k tk,sxkA
igys Hkh vU; U;kf;d vk/kkjksa ij U;k;ky; us
dEiuh ds ifjlekiu dh ?kks"k.kk dh gS tgk¡ ij
dEiuh ds lnL;ksa ds e/; u lqy>kus okyh
#dkoV vk xbZ gksA
n`"Vakr%
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
,d dEiuh ds nks funs'kd rFkk va'k/kkjdksa dks
leku izca/k rFkk ernku ds vf/kdkj izkIr FksA
nksuksa funs'kdksa ds e/; 'k=qrk mRiUu gks tkrh
gS rFkk os nksuksa mRiUu gks x;kA U;k;ky; us
lquokbZ ds ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd pqafd ;g
xfrjks/k lqy> ugha jgk gS] vr% dEiuh dk
ifjlekiu dj nsuk pkfg,A
(Yanidhe Tobacco Co Ltd. Re (1916) 2Ch
426)
ftu mís';kas ds fy, dEiuh dk l`tu gqvk gS
tc og vlQy gks rc
n`"Vakr%
,d dEiuh dk ltu [ktwj ls dkQh cukus ds
fy, gqvk rFkk blds fy,s isVsaV ljdkj }kjk
tkjh fd;k tkuk Fkk] tks ugha gqvkA U;k;ky;
us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ,sls esa mu mís';ksa dk
izkIr djuk vlEHko gS ftuds fy, dEiuh dk
l`tu gqvk Fkk] vr% dEiuh dk ifjlekiu
djuk pkfg,A
(German Dute Coffee Co. Re (1882) 20 Ch
D169)
tc ;g fl) gks tk,sa fd dEiuh dks
vkxs pykuk ?kkVs dk lkSnk gksxkA
tc dEiuh dk l`tu diV dR; ds
fy, gqvk gSA
n`"Vkar%
dEiuh X tehu [kjhn dj mlds IykWV cukdj
cspus ds dkjckj esa layXu FkhA tk¡p esa ;g
ik;k x;k fd dEiuh ml Hkwfe dks diV ls csp
jgh gS tks mldh gh ugha
dqizca/k rFkk vU;k;iw.kZ vkpj.k dEiuh
}kjk fd;k tk jgk gksA
tc ,slk djuk yksdfgr esa vko';d
gksA
vfuok;Z ifjlekiu ds ekeys esa vkSipkfjd
lekid fu;qDr djrk gS tks fd ifjlekiu dh
izfØ;k iw.kZ djrk gSA ;g Liquidator U;kf;d
vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA
LosfPNd ifjlekiu
dEiuh LoSPNk ls ifjlekiu dj ldrk gS]
blds fy, va'k/kkjdksa rFkk dEiuh lnL;ksa }kjk
ladYi ikfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;fn dEiuh vuqPNsn ;g izko/kku djs fd fu;r
vof/k ds ckn rFkk fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus
ij dEiuh dk ifjlekiu gksxk rks ;g LoSPNk
ls ifjlekiu dgyk;sxk rc flQZ lkekU;
va'k/kkfj;ksa }kjk ikfjr ladYi mfpr jgrk gS]
vU;Fkk 'ks"k ekeyksa esa fo'ks"k ladYi dh
vko';drk gSA
LoSfPNd ifjlekiu rFkk vfuok;Z ifjlekiu esa
,d eq[; varj ;g gksrk gS fd LoSfPNd
ifjlekiu esa leLr pj.kksa esa U;k;ky; ds
fuxjkuh dh vko';drk ugha gksrh vfirq
vfuok;Z ifjlekiu esa ;g vko';d gSA
LoSfPNd lekiu nks izdkj dk gksrk gS 1-
lnL;kas }kjk ifjlekiu rFkk 2- ysunkjksa }kjk
ifjlekiuA
_.kksa dk Hkqxrku
ifjlekiu dh vkSipkfjdrk iw.kZ gksus ij gksus
okys [kpksZs dks dkV dj dEiuh dks leLr dj]
Hkqxrku] _.k] dsUnz] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; 'kklu
dks ns; jkf'k] ikfjJfed] izkFkfedrk ds lkFk
pqdkus pkfg,A ¼/kkjk 530½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo’k;---14 ^^i;kZoj.k dkuwu**
v/;k; 1& laoS/kkfud mica/k rFkk i;kZoj.k
jkT; ds uhfr funs”kd rRo rFkk ekSfyd
drZO;
Hkkjr esa U;k;ky; us i;kZoj.k vf/kdkjks ds
rRoks dk fodkl bl mÌs”; ls fd;k gS fd
jkT; ds uhfr funs”kd rRo rFkk ekSfyd
drZO;ksa ds izko/kkuksa dks izHkkoh fd;k tk
ldsA lafo/kku ds vuq 21 thou dk
vf/kdkj iznr djrk gS rFkk mPpre
U;k;ky; us bldh O;k[;k iw.kZ i;kZoj.k ds
ifjis{; es dh gSA
thou ds vf/kdkj ds vUrxZr] lEeku
thou dk vf/kdkj iznr gksrk gS rFkk
bldh ifjf/k esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k lao/kZu]
larqyu vko”;d gS] ftlds fcuk thou dk
vkuan ugh fy;k tk ldrkA (Virender
Gaur Vs State of Haryana 1995 (2) SCC
577)
n`’Vkar%& dqN dEifu;ksa us pwuk iRFkj
[kqnkbZ dk iV~Vk izkIr fd;kA bu [knkuksa esa
ls vfu;af=r [kqnkbZ ds dkj.k vkl ikl ds
ty] ok;q] oU;thou] i;kZoj.k rFkk
fuokfl;ks dks [krjk iSnk gks jgk FkkA tk¡p
lfefr dh flQkfj”k ds ckn bu dEifu;ksa
dks [knku esa rqjar dke jksdus dk vkns”k
fn;k x;kA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky;
us ;g ik;k fd gkaykfd dEifu;ksa us bu
[knkuksa esa dkQh ykxr yxkbZ gSA ijUrq
yksxks dks LoLFk i;kZoj.k iznku djus ds
fy, bl izdkj dke djuk gks fd i;kZoj.k
dk U;wure {kfr gksA vr% [knkuksa dks can
djus dk vkns”k oS| gSA (Rural litigation
and Entitlement Kendra Vs State of
Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1988 SC 2187)
(Dehradun Quarrying Care)
thou ds vf/kdkj ds vUrxZr vkthfodk
dk vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gSA bl vf/kdkj dk
iz;ksx i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds dkj.k xjhcks dks
foLFkkfir gksus rFkk mudh thou ij iM+us
dk izHkkoks ds ifjis{; esa fd;k tkrk gSA
n`’Vkar%& fctyh ?kj cukus ds dkj.k dqN
oU; tutkfr ds yksxks dks oU;Hkwfe ls
foLFkkfir fd;k x;kA U;k;ky; us oU; Hkwfe
ij dCts rHkh ?kksf’kr fd;k rc foLFkkfirks
dks U;k;ky; }kjk Lohdr lqfo/kk,s iznku
dh xbZA (Banawasi Seva Ashram Vs
State of U.P, AIR 1987 SC 374)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa 42osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku
}kjk vuqPNsn 48¼A½ rFkk 51¼A½ ¼fufr
funs”kd rRo rFkk ekSfyd drZO;½ tksM+s x;s]
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
bldk mÌs”; i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk laoZ/ku
iznku djuk FkkA
vuq 48¼A½ ;g mn~?kksf’kr djrk gS
fd ^^jkT;] ns”k ds i;kZoj.k ds
laj{k.k rFkk lao/kZu dk vkSj ou
rFkk oU; thoks dh j{kk dk iz;kl
djsxkA
vuq 51¼A½ ¼g½ ds vuqlkj izR;sd
ukxfjd dk ;g drZO; gS fd og
izkd`frd i;kZoj.k dh] ftlds
vUrxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU;
tho gS] j{kk djs vkSj mldk lao/kZu
djs rFkk izkf.kek= ds izfr n;kHkko
j[ksA
n`’Vkar%& X ,d O;fDr gS tks ,d QSDVªh
pykrk gS ftldk xank ikuh lM+d ij
QSyrk gS rFkk lkoZtfud ty fudklh esa
igqaprk gSA eqUlhiy deh”ku us mls ,d
uksfVl Hkstrs gq, X dks muds ekSfyd
drZO; ds vuq:i dk;Z djus dks dgk]
D;ksafd i;kZoj.k dk lao/kZu rFkk laj{k.k X
dk ekSfyd drZO; gSA ;gk¡ X vius ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa dk gokyk ugh ns ldrk] D;ksafd
vuqPNsn 19¼1½¼g½ ;g fucZU/k yxkrk gS fd
vketu ds fgr esa O;fDr okf.kT; rFkk
O;kikj dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd O;fDr dks
vf/kdkjks ds lkFk&lkFk drZO;ksa dk [;ky
j[kuk pkfg,A (Abhilash Textile Vs
Rajkot Municipal Corporation AIR 1988
Guj 57)
lafo/kku ds 42osa la”kks/ku us oU;] ^oU; tho
rFkk i{kh laj{k.k* dk jkT; lwph ds fo’k;
ls gVk dj leorhZ lwph ds fo’k; esa Mky
fn;kA
lafo/kku ds vUrxZr ;g jkT; rFkk ukxfjdks
dk ;g drZO; gS fd oks u dsoy i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k vfirq i;kZoj.k lao/kZu] enk laj{k.k]
unh] rkykc] rFkk jk’Vª ds vU; ty L=ksrks
ds laj{k.k dk iz;kl djsaA
mPpre U;k;ky; us i;kZoj.k fof/k”kkL= esa
fuEu rRo lq>k;s gSA
¼1½ lEcaf/kr fudk;ks dks i;kZoj.k dkuwu
l[rh ls ykxw djus pkfg,A (Indian
Council for Enviro-legal Action Vs
Union of India 1996(S) SCC 281, 294,
301)
nwf’kr djus okys O;fDr dks mipkj
rFkk {kfriwfrZ dk [kpkZ nsuk pkfg,A
n`’Vkar%& A ,d jlk;u dh futh dEiuh gS]
ftlds vo;o inkFkZ ls vkl&ikl ds xk¡o
dh feV~Vh iznwf’kr gks jgh gSA ;g dEiuh
fcuk ykblsal ds py jgh gSA
B, A ds fo:) okn ykrk gSA U;k;ky;
xfrfof/k;ksa dks ?kkrd ?kksf’kr djrk gS rFkk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
U;k;ky; dks ;g vkns”k nsrk gS fd og xk¡o
esa gq, uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ds fy, dk;ZØe
pyk;sA
iznw"k.k QSykus okys m|ksxks dks izHkkfor {ks=
esa jgus okys yksxks dks {kfriwfrZ nsuk pkfg,A
m|ksx] feV~Vh] ty] Hkwfexr ty dks
iznwf’kr djrh gS] rFkk mUgs izHkkfor {ks= ls
iznw’kd gVk dj lQkbZ djuh pkfg,A
(Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action
Vs Union of India AIR 1996 SC 1446)
,sfr;kr dk fl)kUr%& bl fl)kUr ds
ifj.kkeLo:i “kkldh; fudk;ksa dks ;g
pkfg, dh os lpsr jgrs gq, i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k] lao/kZu djs rFkk iznw’k.k QSykus okys
rRoksa ij fu;a=.k j[ksA
n`’Vkar%& ,d fuf”pr {ks= ds Hkwfe
peZ”kks/kd dkj[kkus ds dkj.k df’k ;ksX;
ugh jghA dqN yksx fey dj blds fo:)
oky ykrs gS fd bu peZ”kks/kd dkj[kkuksa dks
can fd;k tk, ftuesa vof”k’V ls [ksrks dks
uqdlku gks jgk gSA Hkkjrh; mPpre
U;k;ky; us ,sfr;kr ds fl)kUr ij
vk/kkfjr okn dk leFkZu fd;kA U;k;ky;
ds vuqlkj dsUnz ljdkj esa ;g “kfDr
fufgr gS fd os iznw’k.k fu;a=.k rFkk
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr dk;Z djs] ijUrq
nqHkkZX; ls ,slk gks ugh ik jgk gS rFkk dsUnz
ljdkj vius “kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djus esa
vlQy jgh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; dsUnz
ljdkj dks funsZ”k nsrs gq, ;g dgrk gS fd
leLr peZ”kks/kd m|ksxks dks “kks/kd ;a=
LFkkfir djus pkfg, rFkk futh rkSj ij
iznw’k.k fu;a=.k ;a= yxkus pkfg,A ,slk uk
djus ij izR;sd ftyd ds Superintendent
of Police/ Collector/ District Magistrate/
Deputy Commissioner dks ml m|ksxks
dks can dj nsus dh “kfDr gksxhA lwphc)
{ks= esa dksbZ u;k m|ksx ugh yxuk pkfg,A
(Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum Vs.
Union of India AIR 1996 SC 2715 2721)
vUrjjk"Vªh; nkf;Roks dk Hkkjrh; ?kjsyw
dkuwu esa izko/kku
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 253 laln dks
;g vf/kdkj iznku djrk gS fd laln
vUrjjk"Vªh; nkf;Roks rFkk lEesyuks ds
fØ;kUo;u ds lEca/k esa izko/kku dj ldrh
gSA
Hkkjrh; laln us /kkjk 253 rFkk dsUnz lwph
ds fo’k; B esa iznr “kfDr;ks dk iz;ksx
djrs gq, ok;q ¼iznw’k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=.k½
vf/kfu;e 1981 rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k
vf/kfu;e 1986 dk l`tu fd;kA bu nksuks
dh izLrkouk esa ;g mYys[k gS fd bu
vf/kfu;eksa dk l`tu twu 1972 ds
LVkWdgkse ekuo i;kZoj.k ij la;qDr jk’Vª
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
la?k lEesyu ds izko/kkuks dks izHkkoh cukus
ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA
n`’Vkar%& lkeqfnzd rVh; izkf.kra= dh j{kk
djus esa jkT; fo/kku vi;kZIr fl) gqvkA
dsUnzh; ljdkj us vuqPNsn 253 rFkk lwph 1
fo’k; B ds v/khu “kfDr;ks dk iz;ksx djrs
gq,] jk’Vªh; Lrj ij fodkl ekun.M rS;kj
fd;sA bu ekun.Mks us rVh; lhek ls 3000
sq km rd ds fodkl dks izHkkfor fd;k]
izHkkfor jkT;ks us dsUnz dh bl “kfDr ij
iwjk iz”u fpUg yxk;s D;ksafd fo’k;
izO;k;ksftr fo/kku dk FkkA ekeys esas dsUnz
ds ekun.Mks dks tk;t ekuk x;k rFkk ;s
fu/kkZj.k gqvk fd bldh ojh;rk jkT;
l`ftr fo/kku ij gksxhA (S. Jagannath V.
Union of India AIR 1997 SC 811, 846)
(Shrimp Culture Case)
laoS/kkfud mipkj
fjV {ks=kf/kdkj
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh /kkjk 32 rFkk 226
mPpre rFkk mPp U;k;ky; dks fjV tkjh
djus] funsZ”k rFkk vkns”k nsus dh “kfDr
iznku djrh gSA ihfM+r O;fDr U;k;ky; ls
bu fjV ds ifjis{; esa mipkj ekax ldrk
gSA T;knkrj i;kZoj.k ekeyksa esa ijekns”k]
mRizs’k.k rFkk izfrca/k fjVs tkjh dh tkrh gSA
n`’Vkar%& ,d fuf”pr fjgkbZ”kh bykds ds
mfpr tyfudklh dh O;oLFkk ugh gSA ?kjks
dk xank ikuh rFkk ckfj”k dk ikuh lM+dks
ij tek gks jgk Fkk] ftlds dkj.k {ks= esa
chekjh QSyus dh lEHkkouk c<+ xbZ FkhA Y
ogk¡ dk {ksf=; fuoklh gS] uxj fuxe ds
fo:) ijekns”k izkIr djrk gS] ftlesa uxj
fuxe dks rhu ekg esa ukfy;k cukus] ty
fudklh dk lhoj cukus dk funsZ”k fn;k
x;kA (Rampal Vs State of Rajasthan
AIR 1981 Raj 121)
n`’Vkar%& mRizs’k.k fjV eqfUliy izkf/kdkjh ds
fo:) tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA ftlus
fu;eksa ds fo:) fuekZ.k dk;Z dk vkns”k
fn;k rFkk vius {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj tkdj
d`R; fd;k] cxhps ds fy, fu/kkZfjr LFkku
ij vkfQl cukus dk vkns”k ns fn;kA
tc fgrdkjh i;kZoj.k ls lEcaf/kr fdlh
ekSfyd vf/kdkj dk guu gksrk gS rc
U;k;ky; /kkjk 32 rFkk 226 ds varxZr
mfpr mipkj iznku dj ldrk gSA vuq 21
ftlds vUrxZr thou dk ewy vf/kdkj
“kkfey mlesa fgrdkjh i;kZoj.k dk
vf/kdkjh Hkh lac) gSA ;g oknh dk
vf/kdkj gS fd mls LoLFk i;kZoj.k feysA
n`’Vkar%& A ,d O;fDr gS tks dh /ofu
iznw’k.k rFkk gksVy B ds tujsVjks] Mhty
batuksa rFkk fo|qr eksVjks ls mRiUu dEiau
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ls ijs”kku gS] ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky;
us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd A dks fjV
;kfpdk nk;j djuh pkfg, rFkk U;k;ky;
us B ds bl rdZ dks Hkh [kkfjt fd;k fd
A dks flQZ ,d flfoy okn nk;j djuk
pkfg,A U;k;ky; us U;wlsa”k ds mi”kklu ds
fy, funsZ”k fn;s rFkk B ds ifjlj dks
le;≤ ij eqvk;uk djus dk vkns”k
fn;kA (R Sampath Kumar Vs.
Government of Tamil Nadu 1998 AIHC
4498)
U;k;ky; us MC Mehta Vs. Union of
India & others, 1988 SCR (2) 530 (The
Ganga Pollution Case); MC Mehta Vs
Union of India. Air 1987 SC1086 (the
Shriram Gasleak Case) rFkk Bhopal
Gasleak Case fjV {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr
FksA
i;kZoj.k ekeyks dh yxkrkj c<+ jgh
tfVyrk rFkk c<+rs gq, fooknks ds
ifj.kkeLo:i fo”ks’k U;k;f/kdj.kks dk xBu
gqvkA mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh {ks=h; vk/kkj
ij i;kZoj.k U;k;ky;ks ds xBu dk izko/kku
fd;k gSA (M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of
India AIR 1987 SC 1446)
jk’Vªh; i;kZoj.k U;k;f/kdj.k vf/kfu;e
1995 m|ksx nq?kZVukvksa ds dkj.k gksus okys
uqdlku ds izfr nkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k djrk
gSA
yksdfgr okn (P.I.L.)
yksdfgr okn ds }kjk ekuo vf/kdkj ds
xaHkhj ekeyks dks mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
blesa okn fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds }kjk nk;j
dh tk ldrk gSA ;g vko”;d ugha fd oks
ihfM+r i{k dk gksA ijUrq dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
yksdfgr ds eqÌs U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k mBk
ldrk gSA
i;kZoj.k yksdfgr okn dh eq[; fo”ks’krk
fuEufyf[kr gSA
tkx:drk QSykuk] ukxfjdks dks
f”kf{kr djuk rFkk lekt ds vanj
ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k djukA
fdlh voS/kkfud fufr dks Hkfo’; ds
fy, fuf’k/k djukA
n.Mdkjh mipkjksa ds LFkku ij
lq/kkjkRed mipkjkas dks ojh;rk
nsukA
n`’Vkar%& dbZ peZ”kks/kd m|ksx viuk
vof”k’V xaxk esa feyk nsrs gS ftlls xaxk
dk ty iznwf’kr gksrk gS] A dk fgr mu
yksxks ds thou dh lqj{kk djuk gS tks xaxk
ty dk iz;ksx djrs gSA xaxk ds iznwf’kr
ty ds U;wlsa”k ds vk/kkj ij A ,d okn
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
nk;j djrk gSA A ds ckn ykus ds vf/kdkj
dks pqukSfr ugh nh tk ldrh rFkk ;g okn
yksdfgr okn dh rjg iw.kZr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA (Ganga Pollution
(Municipalities) Case, AIR 1988 SC
1115)
n`’Vkar%& A, B dks tks fd ,d bLikr
dEiuh gS dks mldk ?kksy [kjhnus dk
izLrko djrk gS B }kjk izLrko vLohdk;Z
dj fn;k tkrk gS] A bl ?kksy dh [kjhn
ls equkQk dekuk pkgrk gS] izLrko
vLohdk;Z gksus ij A, B ds fo:) yksdfgr
okn ykrk gS fd B dk xank ?kksy cqdkjks
unh esa tkrk gS] ftlls dh i;kZoj.k dk
dkQh uqdlku gksrk gS rFkk tks LFkkuh;
yksxks ds LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd gS A
U;k;ky; ls ;g vuqjks/k djrk gS fd
mldk B dks ?kksy cgkus ls jksdk tk,s rFkk
mls og ?kksy izkIr djus fn;k tk,sA
U;k;ky; A dh okLrfod Hkkouk le>
tkrh gS rFkk iznw’k.k ds vkjksi dks fujk/kkj
ik;kA U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
A dEiuh dks ijs”kku djus ds mÌs”; ls
yksdfgrokn dk iz;ksx dj jgk Fkk tks dh
lafo/kku dh /kkjk 32 ds vUrxZr izorZu esa
ugh yk;k tk ldrk gSA (Subhas Kumar
Vs. State of Bihar, AIR 1991 SC 420)
n`’Vkar%& A, ,d i=dkj gS og mPpre
U;k;ky; esa ;g f”kdk;rdrkZ gS fd Hkkjr
dh rV js[kk vfu;ksftr fodkl tks dh
dsUnzh; ljdkj ds funsZ”kks ds fo:) gS ds
dkj.k jk’Vª gks jgh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us
i= dks ,d okn dh rjg iathdr fd;k
rFkk U;k;ky; dh fof/kd lgk;rk lfefr
dks ;g vkns”k fn;k fd nks ekeys dh iSjoh
ds fy, ,d odhy fu;qDr djs rFkk dsUnz
ljdkj o leLr rVjs[kh; jkT; dks uksfVl
tkjh djsA (Mukesh R Desai Vs. Union
of India WP 989 of 1988)
rF; dks O;kid :i ls tkuus ds fy,
U;k;/kh”k dbZ ckn lEcaf/kr yksd vf/kdkjh
dks cqyk dj O;kid] ifjfLFkfrd tkudkjh
ys ldrk gSA tgk¡ ij fu’i{k tkudkjh dh
vko”;drk gks rFkk ljdkjh ra= lqLr o
vfo”olh; gks rc bl ifjfLFkfr esa lafo/kku
dh /kkjk 32 rFkk 226 mPpre U;k;ky;
rFkk mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gS
fd oks rF;xr tkudkjh tqVkus ds fy,
lfefr dk xBu dj ldsA
n`’Vkar%& ,d okn esa yksx xksvk esa ,d
fjlksZV ds fodkl dk fojks/k dj jgs Fks]
eqaEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; us ekeys dh
oLrqfLFkfr tkuus ds fy, ,d dfe”uj
fu;qDr fd;k tks fd LFky ij tkdj
eqvk;uk djsxkA (Sergio Carvalho Vs.
State of Goa, 1989 (1) Goa Law Times
276, 302)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`’Vkar%& iznw’k.k ekeyks esa mPpre
U;k;ky; vdlj National Environment
Engineering Research Institute Nagpur
(NEERI) dh fQYM fjiksVZ ij fo”okl
djrh gSA
fuy; pkS/kjh lfefr ;g vuqjks/k fd;k x;k
Fkk fd Jh jke dSfedy IykWV dks fnYyh esa
dk;Z “kq: djus fn;k tk,s ;k ughA
yksdfgrokn ds ekeys esa vafre fu.kZ; ls
iwoZ U;k;ky; varfje fu.kZ; ikfjr djrk
gSA
U;k;ky; leLr yksd fgrokn dks c<+kok
ugh nsrk mPpre U;k;ky; us State of
Uttaranchal Vs. Balwant Singh Chaupal
(Civil Appeal No. 1132-1134 of 2000)
ds ekeys esa vius fu.kZ; esa yksdfgrokn ds
lEca/k esa fuEufyf[kr fn”kk funsZ”k tkjh
fd;s gSA
U;k;ky; dks flQZ okLrfod rFkk
ln~Hkkoukiw.kZ nk;j yksdfgroknh gh
Lohdkjus pkfg, rFkk ekewyh
fopkj.kks dks grksRlkfgr djuk
pkfg,A
U;k;ky; dks yksdfgrokn ls iwoZ
izFken`’Va;k oknh ds izR;; i= rFkk
okn ds rRoks dh lR;rk dk irk
yxk ysuk pkfg,A
U;k;ky; yksdfgrokn dh lquokbZ
djrs le; ;g lqfuf”pr djs fd
yksdfgrokn dk mÌs”; yksd gkfu
;k {kfr dks jksduk gS uk fd ;g
yksdfgroknh dk mÌs”; O;fDrxr
ykHk dekukA
v/;k; II Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k dkuwu
c<+rh tkx#drk rFkk varjjk’Vªh; lEesyuks
ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; laln us i;kZoj.k
ls lEcaf/kr eqÌks ij tSls oU;] oU;thou]
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] ty] gok rFkk Hkwfe iznw’k.k
ds lanHkZ esa O;kid fu;e cuk;s gSA
ty ¼iznw’k.k fuokj.k rFkk fu;a=.k½
vf/kfu;e] 1974
ty vf/kfu;e dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr dk
i;kZoj.k eqÌks ls fuiVus dk izFke iz;kl
FkkA ;g vf/kfu;e ikuh esa iznw’kdks ds ,d
fuf”pr Lrj ls vf/kd ds cgko ij jksd
yxkrk gS rFkk bl fu;e dk vuqlj.k uk
gksus ij n.M dk izko/kku Hkh djrk gSA
ty vf/kfu;e dks 1988 esa la”kksf/kr fd;k
x;k rkfd ;g i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e
1986 ls esy [kk ldsA ;g dsUnzh; iznw’k.k
fu;a=.k cksMZ (CPCB) ds xBu dk izko/kku
djrk gSA jkT; Lrj ij jkT; iznw’k.k
fu;a=.k cksMZ dsUnzh; iznw’k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ
rFkk jkT; ljdkj ds v/khu dke djrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ty vf/kfu;e dh izLrkouk blds mÌs”;ks
dh ?kks’k.kk djrh gS] ;g ty iznw’k.k ds
fuokj.k rFkk fu;a=.k vkSj ty dh
LoLF;iznrk cuk;s j[kus ds lEca/k esa
izko/kku djrk gSA ;g mÌs”;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrw
cksMZ ds xBu dk izko/kku djrk gSA
n`’Vkar%& ,d unh “kgj dh T;knkrj
vkcknh ds thou dk vk/kkj gS] ijUrq dqN
m|ksx lhoj ds }kjk xank vof”k’V unh ds
vanj Mkyrk gSA D;ksafd blls unh dk ty
iznwf’kr gks jgk FkkA U;k;ky; us m|ksxks
}kjk xank ikuh unh esa Mkyus ij jksd yxk
nh rFkk lEcaf/kr vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;s funsZ”k
fn;s fd og mu lhojksa ij tks unh dh vksj
tk jgs gS mu ij fuxjkuh pkSdh cuk;s rFkk
U;k;ky; us lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh funsZ”k
fn;k fd iz”kklu bu m|ksxks ds fo:)
dk;Zokgh djsA (News item; Hindustan
Times, AQFM Yamuna V C.P.C.B.
1999 (5) SCALE 418 418)
/kkjk 2(a) cksMZ dk rkRi;Z dsUnzh; cksMZ ;k
jkT; cksMZ ls vfHkizsr djrh gSA
/kkjk 2(e) ds vuqlkj iznw’k.k dk rkRi;Z
ty dk ,slk lqnw’k.k ;k ty ds HkkSfrd]
jklk;fud ;k tSfod xq.kksa dk ,slk ifjorZu
;k fdlh ey ;k O;kolkf;d cfg%L=ko ;k
fdlh vU; nzo] xSlh; ;k Bksl inkFkZ dk
ty esa ¼izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls½ ,slk
fuLlj.k vfHkizsr gS tks U;wlsal mRiUu djs
;k ftlls U;wlsal mRiUu gksuk laHkkO; gks
;k tks ,sls ty dks yksd LokLF; ;k {kse
;k ?kjsyw] okf.kfT;d] vkS|ksfxd] d`f’k ;k
vU; fof/klEer mi;ksxksa ds fy, ;k
tho&tarqvksa ;k ikS/kksa ;k tyh; thoksa ds
thou vkSj LokLFk; ds fy, vigkfudj ;k
{kfrdj cukrk gS ;k cukuk laHkkO; djrk
gSA
/kkjk 2(g) ^^ey cfg% L=ko dks ifjHkkf’kr
djrs gq, ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh
ey ogu iz.kkyh ;k ey O;;u ladeZ ls
fudyk cfg%L=ko vfHkizsr gS vkSj blds
vUrxZr [kqyh ukfy;ksa ls fudyk eSyk ikuh
Hkh gSA
/kkjk 2(k) O;kolkf;d cfg%L=ko ds vUrxZr
dksbZ ,slk nzo] xSlh; ;k Bksl inkFkZ gS tks
?kjsyw ey ls fHkUu] fdlh3 ¼m|ksx] lafØ;k
;k izfØ;k ;k vfHkfØ;k vkSj O;;u iz.kkyh½
dks pykus ds fy, iz;qDr fdlh ifjlj ls
fuLlkfjr gksrk gSA
ty vf/kfu;e ty iznw’k.k dks fu;af=r
rFkk jksdus ds fy, vuqefr ra= Lohd`fr
izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;g vf/kfu;e
vkerkSj ij dqvksa] ufn;ksa rFkk lhojksa esa
iznw’kd rRo ds jkT; cksMZ }kjk fu/kkZfjr
Lrj ls vf/kd ds cgko ij jkssd yxkrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
/kkjk 3 rFkk 4 dsfUnz; rFkk jkT; Lrj ij
iznw’k.k fu;a=.k cksMksZ ds xBu dk izko/kku
djrh gSA /kkjk 16 rFkk 17 dsUnz rFkk jkT;
cksMksZ ds dk;ksZ dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA
dsUnzh; ty cksMZ fuEufyf[kr d`R; djrh
gSA ¼/kkjk 16½
dsUnzh; cksMZ dk eq[; d`R; ;g gksxk fd
og jkT;ksa ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh lfjrkvksa vkSj
dqavksa esa lQkbZ dh vfHko`f) djsA
ty iznw’k.k ds fuokj.k rFkk
fu;a=.k ls laca) fdlh fo’k; ij
dsUnzh; ljdkj dks lykg nsukA
jkT; cksMksZ ds fØ;kdykiksa esa
leUo; djuk vkSj muds chp ds
fooknksa dks lqy>kukA
ty dh leL;kvksa ls lacf/kr
vUos’k.k vkSj vuqla/kku fØ;kfUor
vkSj izk;ksftr djukA
ty iznw’k.k ds fuokj.k] fu;a=.k ;k
mi”keu ds fy, jk’VªO;kih dk;ZØe
dh ;kstuk cukuk vkSj mls
fu’ikfnr djkukA
dsUnzh; ty cksMZ rFkk jkT; ty cksMZ ds
eq[; fookn dh fLFkfr esa dsUnzh; ty cksMZ
izcy gksrk gSA
jkT; ty cksMZ fuEufyf[kr dR; djrh gS
¼/kkjk 17½A
jkT; esa lfjrkvksa vkSj dqvksa ds
iznw’k.k ds fuokj.k] fu;a=.k ;k
mi”keu ds fy, O;kid dk;ZØe
dh ;kstuk cukuk rFkk mlds
fu’iknu dks lqfuf”pr djukA
ty iznw’k.k ds fuokj.k] fu;a=.k ;k
mi”keu ls lac) fdlh fo’k; ij
jkT; ljdkj dks lykg nsukA
ty iznw’k.k vkSj mlds fuokj.k]
fu;a=.k ;k mi”keu ls lacaf/kr
tkudkjh ,d= djuk vkSj mldk
izlkj djukA
ty iznw’k.k rFkk ty iznw’k.k ds
fuokj.k] fu;a=.k ;k mi”keu dh
leL;kvksa ls lacaf/kr vUos’k.k vkSj
vuqla/kku dks c<+kok nsuk] mudk
lapkyu djuk vkSj mlesa Hkkx
ysukA
ty iznw’k.k ds fuokj.k] fu;a=.k ;k
mi”keu ls lacaf/kr dk;ZØe esa yxs
gq, ;k yxk, tkus okys O;fDr;ksa ds
izf”k{k.k dks laxfBr djus esa dsUnzh;
cksMZ ds lkFk lg;ksx djuk vkSj
mlls lacaf/kr lkoZtfud f”k{kk ds
dk;ZØe cukukA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ey ;k O;kolkf;d cfg%L=ko dk
ey vkSj O;kolkf;d cfg%L=ko dh
vfHkfØ;k ds fy, ladeZ vkSj la;a=ks
dk fujh{k.k djukA
buds vfrfjDr os lHkh d`R; tks ty
vf/kfu;e esa lq>k;s x;s gSA
/kkjk 21 cfgL=koksa ds uewus ysus ds lEca/k esa
O;kid izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrh gSA blds
v/khu fdlh ey ;k O;kolkf;d cfg%L=ko
ds fy, x, fdlh uewus ds fdlh fo”ys’k.k
dk ifj.kke fdlh fof/kd dk;Zokgh esa lk{;
esa rc rd xzkgk ugha gksxk rc rd fd og
bl Hkkx ds mica/kksa dk ikyu u djsA
n`’Vkar%& A dEiuh ij unh esa cfg&L=ko
cgkus dh vk”kadk FkhA /kkjk 21 dh
vkSipkfjdrk iw.kZ fd;s fcuk cksMZ ds
izfrfuf/k us L=ko ds uewus ys fy;k FkkA
iz;ksx”kkyk esa Hkst fn;k Tkks fd jkT; }kjk
ekU;rk izkIr ugh gSA U;k;ky; us ;g
?kksf’kr fd;k fd ;g uewuk lk{; ds :i esa
Lohdk;Z ugh gS rFkk U;k;ky; es cksMZ ;g
fl) ugh dj ik;k fd A dEiuh ekud ls
T;knk ?kkrd L=ko unh esa Mky jgh gSA
(Delhi Bottling Co. Pvt. Ltd. Vs. CBCP
AIR 1986 Del 152)
/kkjk 24 iznw’kd inkFkZ vkfn ds O;;u ds
fy, lfjrk ;k dq,a ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k
djrh gSA bl /kkjk dk mYya?ku djus okyks
dks ty vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 43 ds varZxr
nf.Mr gksxkA
ty vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 25 dkQh egRoiw.kZ
gSA ;g u;s fudklksa rFkk u;s fuLlj.kksa ij
fuca/ku yxkrh gSA
,d O;fDr dks tks dksbZ m|ksx] lafØ;k ;k
izfØ;k ;k vfHkfØ;k vkSj O;;u iz.kkyh ;k
mlesa dksbZ foLrkj ;k ifjorZu LFkkfir
djus ls iwoZ jkT; iznw’k.k cksMZ dh vuqefr
ysuk vko”;d gSA
n`’Vkar%& P ,d dEiuh gS] ftl ij ;g
vkjksi gS fd og ikl dh ugj esa cfg L=ko
dj jgh gSA jkT; cksMZ us bl dEiuh dks
bl “krZ ij vuqefr nh Fkh fd og fu/kkZfjr
ifjlj rFkk r; le;lhek esa ,d
L=ko”kks/kd la;a= LFkkfir djsxhA gkykafd
P }kjk izkIr Lohd`fr dk rkRi;Z ;g ugh gS
fd og Lohd`fr dk iz;ksx L=ko”kks/kd la;=
dh LFkkiuk ds foi{k esa djsxk rFkk fu/kkZfjr
lhek ls vf/kd cfgL=ko djsxkA (Narula
Dyeing and Printing works Vs. Union of
India AIR 1995 Guj 185, 191)
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 126 ey ;k O;kolkf;d
cfg%L=ko ds fo|eku fuLj.k ds ckjs esa
mica/k djrh gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 25 rFkk 26 ds mYya?ku
ds lEca/k esa nks’kh dk /kkjk 144 ds vUrxZr
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
tqekZus ds lkFk de ls de Ms<+ lky dh
ltk tks fd vf/kdre 6 o’kZ rd gks ldrh
gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 27 jkT; cksMZ dks ;g
“kfDr nsrh gS dh oks lgefr nsus ls badkj
dj ldrk gS ;k lgefr okil Hkh ys
ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 28] /kkjk 25] 26] 27 ds
vUrxZr jkT; cksMZ ds vkns”k ls ihfM+r
O;fDr ds fy, mipkj dk izko/kku djrh
gSA /kkjk 28 ds v/khu tkjh vkns”k ds
fo:) vihy dh tk ldrh gSA /kkjk 58 ds
vuqlkj fdlh flfoy U;k;ky; dks fdlh
,sls ekeys dh ckcr~ dksbZ okn ;k dk;Zokgh
xzg.k djus dh vf/kdkfjrk ugha gksxh
ftldk vo/kkj.k djus ds fy, bl
vf/kfu;e ds v/khu xfBr fdlh vihy
izkf/kdkjh dks bl vf/kfu;e }kjk ;k mlds
v/khu l”kDr fd;k x;k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 33A ds vuqlkj cksMZ
fdlh iznw’k.k QSykus okyh dEiuh dks cUn
djus rFkk mldh fo|qr dkVus dk funsZ”k ns
ldrk gSA /kkjk 33A ls iwoZ jkT; cksMZ /kkjk
32 ds v/khu lh/ks iznw’k.kdrkZ dks uksfVl
Hkst ldrk FkkA
/kkjk 33 ds vUrxZr jkT;cksMZ ty iznw’k.k
jksdus ds fy, U;k;ky; ls O;kns”k izkIr dj
ldrk gSA
/kkjk 41] /kkjk 33 rFkk /kkjk 33¼A½ ds
mYya?ku ij tqekZus rFkk ltk ls nf.Mr
djrh gSA
/kkjk 33A ds izorZu ds fy, U;k;ky; dh
layXurk vko”;d gS D;ksafd cksMZ dks
tqekZuk olwyus] n.M nsus dk vf/kdkj ugh
gSA
ty vf/kfu;e /kkjk 33] 20] 32] rFkk 33A
ds mYya?ku ij vijkf/kd naM dk izko/kku
djrh gSA
Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board
Vs. Mohan Meakins Ltd. 2000(2) Scale
53L ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr
fd;k fd og yksx tks ufn;ks esa ?kkrd]
gkfudkjd cfg%L=ko djrs gS fcuk bldk
izHkko tkus ,slk djrs gSA og yksx vketu
ds LokLFk; ds fy, [krjk iSnk dj jgs gS]
tyh; thou lekIr dj jgs gS rFkk i”kqvksa
ds LokLF; ?kkrd gS] ,sls yksxks dk
vfHk;kstu djrs le; U;k;ky; dks dM+k
:[k vf[kfr;kj djuk pkfg,A
ty ds vf/kdkj ds mYya?ku ekeys esa
mipkj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] ty
vf/kfu;e] Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk 1860 rFkk
CVCP 1973 ds vUrxZr miyC/k gSA
ty iznw’k.k ls gq,s yksd U;wlsal ds fo:)
vijk/k izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 dh /kkjk 133
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ds vUrxZr O;kns”k mipkj izkIr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA c”krsZ ;g jkT; ty cksMZ }kjk
fn;s vkns”k esa gLr{ksi uk gksA (Nagarjuna
Paper Mills Ltd. Vs. Sub divisional
Magistrate AIR 1980 SC 1622)
ty ds vf/kdkj ds mYya?ku ekeys esa
lafo/kku dh lafgrk 132 rFkk 226 ds
vUrxZr fjV izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 277 yksdty
;k tyk”k; dks iznwf’kr djus ij n.M dk
izko/kku djrh gSA ogh tyk”k; ds
vfrfjDr tyL=ksr dks nwf’kr djus ij
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 290 ds
vUrxZr n.M dk izko/kku gSA ty iznw’k.k
dk vijk/k Hkkjrh; [k.M lafgrk dh /kkjk
426 ds vUrxZr fjf’V esa vkrh gSA
ty vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 47 ds vuqlkj
dEifu;ks }kjk iznw’k.k QSykus dh fLFkfr esa
mÙkjnkf;Ro ml O;fDr dk gksxk tks mlds
O;kikj ds lapkyu ds fy, tokcnsg gSA
n`’Vkar%& A ,d dEiuh dk eSustj gS] tks
dh /kkjk 25 rFkk 26 ds mYya?ku dh nks’kh
gSA dEiuh dk eSustj ;g rdZ nsrk gS fd
f”kdk;r nks’kiw.kZ gS D;ksafd og eSustj ml
IykUV dh dk;Zokgh ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ugh
gSA U;k;ky; us izFke n`’V;k ;g fu/kkZfjr
fd;k fd eSustj /kkjk 47 ds vUrxZr nks’kh
gSA
ok;q ¼iznw’k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=.k½
vf/kfu;e] 1981
bl vf/kfu;e dk mÌs”; ekuo i;kZoj.k ij
la;qDr jk’Vª la?k lEesyu ds fu.kZ;ks dk
fØ;kUo;u djuk gS] ;g LVkdgkse lEesyu
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ok;q iznw’k.k ls
mRiUu gksus okys ladV ds fuiVkjs ds fy,
Hkkjrh; laln us ok;q vf/kfu;e dk ltu
fd;kA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2(a) ok;q iznw’k.k dks
ifjHkkf’kr djrh gS] blds vuqlkj ^^ok;q
iznw’kd** ls ok;qe.My esa ,slh lkanzrk esa
fo|eku dksbZ] Bksl] nzo ;k xSlh; inkFkZ2
¼ftlds vUrxZr “kksj Hkh gS½ vfHkizsr gS tks
ekuo] vU; thfor izk.kh ;k ouLifr ;k
laifr ;k i;kZoj.k ds fy, {kfrdj gks
ldrk gS ;k ftldk {kfrdj gksuk laHkkO;
gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2(b) ds vuqlkj ok;q
iznw’k.k ls ok;qe.My esa fdlh ok;q iznw’kd
dk fo|eku gksuk vfHkizsr gSA ok;q
vf/kfu;e] ty vf/kfu;e dh ewy lajpuk
dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] blesa /kkjk 3 rFkk 4
dsUnzh; rFkk jkT; cksMZ dk izko/kku djrs
gSA
ok;q vf/kfu;e dh fuEufyf[kr fo”ks’krk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dsUnz cksMZ rFkk jkT; cksMZ viuh xfrfof/k;ksa
dk lapkyu /kkjk 16 rFkk 17 ds vuqlkj
djsaxsaA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17¼1½¼g½ jkT;
cksMZ dks ;g “kfDr iznku djrh gS fd jkT;
cksMZ Lora= mRltZu ekudks dk fu/kkZj.k dj
ldrs gSA
n`’Vkar%& X, ,d dEiuh gS tks fd gok
iznw’k.k fu;a=.k {ks= esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA
jkT; cksMZ ;g ikrk gS fd iznw’k.k fu;a=.k
;a= tks bl dEiuh esa yxs gS os vizHkkoh gS]
rFkk jkT; cksMZ /kkjk 31(A) ds rgr can
djus dk funsZ”k nsrk gSA dEiuh ;g rdZ
nsrh gS fd jkT; cksMZ }kjk dksbZ mRltZu
ekud r; ugh fd;s x;s gSA tk¡p esa mPp
U;k;ky us ;g ik;k fd cksMZ }kjk /kkjk
17¼1½¼g½ ds vUrxZr dksbZ mRltZu ekud
ugh r; fd;s x;s gSA U;k;ky; ;g
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ekudks dh vuqifLFkfr
esa X us dksbZ vijk/k ugh fd;k U;k;ky; us
;g funsZ”k fn;k fd ekudks dks r; gksuk
vko”;d gS] rkfd m|ksx mudk vuqljk
dj ldsA (Mahabir Coke Industry Vs.
Pollution Control Board AIR 1998
Gau10)
ok;q vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 19 ds vuqlkj jkT;
ljdkj] jkT; cksMZ ls ijke”kZ djus ds
i”pkr~] jkti= esa vf/klwpuk }kjk] bl
vf/kfu;e ds iz;kstuksa ds fy, jkT; ds
Hkhrj fdlh {ks= ;k {ks=ksa dks ,slh jhfr ls]
tks fofgr dh tk,¡] ok;q iznw’k.k fu;a=.k
{ks= ?kksf’kr dj ldsxhA
n`’Vkar%& ok;q vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr ,d
dEiuh dks nf.Mr ugh fd;k tk ldrk]
;fn jkT; cksMZ ;g crkus es vleFkZ jgs fd
ok;q iznw’k.k fu;a=.k {ks= ls lEcksf/kr ?kks’k.kk
jkti= esa izdkf”kr gqbZ FkhA (Dahyabhai
Solanki Vs. N.J. Industries 1996 (1)
GLH 466)
dksbZ O;fDr jkT; cksMZ dh iwoZ lEefr ds
fcuk] fdlh ok;q iznw’k.k fu;a=.k {ks= esa dksbZ
vkS|ksfxd la;a= LFkkfir ;k izpkfyr ugha
djsxk ¼/kkjk 21 ¼1½ o ¼2½½%
cksMZ dks Lohd`fr nsus rFkk uk nsus
dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk bles cksMZ vius
foosdkf/kdkj ugh fd os fdlh
m|ksx fo”ks’k dks dksbZ NwV ns nsA
jkT; ljdkj ;k cksMZ ml m|ksx
dks ok;q vf/kfu;e dh ifjf/k ls ijs
ugh j[k ldrhA tc O;kid Lrj
ij yksdfgr nkao ij gks rks
U;k;ky; cksMZ ds fu.kZ; dk
iqujh{k.k dj ldrk gSA
(Sugarcane G&SS Association
Vs. Tamil Nadu Pollution
Control Board AIR 1998 SC
2614)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Lohd`fr dk vkosnu izkIr gksus ds
pkj ekg ds Hkhrj cksMZ dks leLr
vkSipkfjdrk,s dj ysuh pkfg,A
dksbZ O;fDr tks fdlh ok;q iznw’k.k
fu;a=.k {ks= esa dksbZ vkS|ksfxd
la;a= izpkfyr djrk gSA jkT; cksMZ
}kjk vf/kdfFkr ekudksa ls vf/kd
fdlh ok;q iznw’kd dk u rks
mRltZu djsxk] u djk,xk vkSj u
djus dh vuqKk nsxk ¼/kkjk 22½A
jkT; cksMZ dh “kfDr;ka¡
jkT; cksMZ }kjk bl fufeÙk l”kDr
fdlh O;fDr dks ;g vf/kdkj gksxk
fd og lHkh ;qfDr;qDr le;ksa ij
,slh lgk;rk ls] tks og vko”;d
le>s] mls lkSais x, jkT; cksMZ ds
d`R;ksa esa ls fdlh dk ikyu djus
ds iz;kstu ds fy, izos”k djs ¼/kkjk
24½A
jkT; cksMZ ;k mlds }kjk bl
fufeÙk l”kDr fdlh vf/kdkjh dks
fo”ys’k.k ds iz;kstu ds fy, ok;q
ds ;k fdlh fpeuh] okfguh ;k
/kweuky ;k fdlh vU; fudkl ls
mRltZu ds uewus ,slh jhfr ls ysus
dh “kfDr gksxh] tks fofgr dh tk,
¼/kkjk 26½A
fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh ckr ds
gksrs gq, Hkh fdUrq bl vf/kfu;e ds
mica/kksa ds vkSj ,sls fdUgha funs”kksa
ds] tks dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk bl
fufeÙk fn, tk,s] v/khu jgrs gq,
cksMZ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu viuh
“kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx vkSj vius d`R;ksa
ds ikyu esa fdlh O;fDr] vf/kdkjh
;k izkf/kdkjh dks fyf[kr :i esa
dksbZ funs”k tkjh dj ldsxk ,slk
O;fDr] vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdkjh ,sls
funs”kksa dk vuqikyu djus ds fy,
vkc) gksxk ¼/kkjk 31¼d½½A
flfoy rFkk fØfeuy naM & tks
dksbZ /kkjk 21 ;k /kkjk 22 ds
mica/kksa dk ;k /kkjk 31d ds v/khu
tkjh fd, x, funsZ”kksa dk vuqikyu
djus esa vlQy jgsxk og ,slh
izR;sd vlQyrk dh ckcr~]
dkjkokl ls] ftldh vof/k ,d o’kZ
Ng ekl ls de dh ugha gksxh
fdUrq tks Ng o’kZ rd dh gks
ldsxh vkSj tqekZus ls] vkSj ;fn
vlQyrk tkjh jgrh gS rks ,sls
vfrfjDr tqekZus ls] tks izFke ,slh
vlQyrk ds fy, nks’k fl) fd,
tkus ds i”pkr ,sls izR;sd fnu ds
fy, ftlds nkSjku ,slh vlQyrk
tkjh jgrh gS] ik¡p gtkj :i;s rd
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dk gks ldsxk] naMuh; gksxk ¼/kkjk
37½A
fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa Hkh n.M dk izko/kku
gSA
cksMZ ds uksfVl ls NsM+NkM+ djus ij
cksMZ }kjk izkf/kdr O;fDr ds dk;Z
esa vojks/k Mkyus ij
cksMZ dh lEifr dks uqdlku igqapkus
ij
vlR; dFku dgus ij
vihy
jkT; cksMZ }kjk fufeZr vkns”k ls ihfM+r
O;fDr vkns”k izkIr djus ds 30 fnol ds
Hkhrj vihy dj ldrk gSA vihy jkT;
ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr izkf/kdkjh ds lEeq[k
dh tk ldsxhA
MC Mehta Vs. Union of India AIR 1997
SC 734 (Taj Trapezium Case) ok;q iznw’k.k
ls lEcaf/kr v/;;u fd;k x;k] bl v/;;u
esa gok dh xq.koÙkk orZeku mRiltZu
ifjis{; rFkk lEHkor% ok;q iznw’k.k rRoks dk
O;kid v/;;u fd;k x;kA ;g ekeyk dqN
ok;q iznw’k.k fu;a=.k ds fy, dqN mik; nsrk
gSA
dks;ys ds LFkku ij izkdfrd xSl
dk iz;ksx gksA
Mhty tujsVj dk iz;ksx de gks
rFkk jkT; vf/kd fo|qr iznku djsA
vkS|ksfxd la;= miuxjh; {ks=ksa esa
gLrkarfjr gksA
okguks }kjk iznw’k.k
mRltZu ds vkadM+s ;g fn[kkrs gS fd okguks
dk iznw’k.k fnYyh esa 64%, eqcbZ esa 52%,
dksydkrk esa 30% gSA bl vkadM+ks ls
fpafrr ,d tufgr ;kfpdk 1985 esa
mPpre U;k;ky; esa nk;j dh xbZA (MC
Mehta and others Vs Union of India &
other, 1991 (2) SCC (35) (Vehicular
Pollution Case) tufgr ;kfpdk dk mÌs”;
fnYyh dh iznwf’kr gok dks ysdj FkkA
ekeys dk laKku ysrs gq, U;k;ky; us ;g
Li’V fd;k fd ok;q iznw’k.k esa Hkkjh okguksa]
Vªdks] clksa rFkk j{kk okguksa dk cM+k ;ksxnku
gSA
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
bZa/ku dks fu;af=r djuk vko”;d
gS] rFkk Hkkjr ds pkj cM+s “kgj
fnYyh] eqacbZ] dksydkrk rFkk psUubZ
esa yhM+ jghr bZa/ku feyuk pkfg,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
1996 esa U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V
fd;k Fkk fd lHkh ljdkjh okgu
CNG gks tkus pkfg, rFkk ubZ
rduhd [kkstuh pkfg, ftlls nks
ifg;k rFkk Mhty okgu de
iznw’k.k djsA
1998 esa U;k;ky; us Lo laKku ysrs
gq, ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vkVks Hkh
CNG }kjk pfyr gksus pkfg,A
U;k;ky; us vkxs ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k
fd lHkh uhth okgu Bharat Stage
nks ds gksus pkfg,A
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986 (EPA)
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dk mÌs”;
la;qDr jk’Vª ekuoh; i;kZoj.k lEesyu
LVkWdgkse ds fu.kZ;ks dk fØ;kUo;u djuk
gSA ;g vf/kfu;e ekuo i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k
rFkk lao/kZu dk izko/kku djrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2(a) ds vuqlkj
^^i;kZoj.k** ds vUrxZr ty] ok;q vkSj Hkwfe
gS vkSj og varj laca/k gS tks ty] ok;q vkSj
Hkwfe rFkk ekuoksa] vU; thfor izkf.k;ksa]
ikniksa vkSj lw{etho vkSj laifÙk ds chp
fo|eku gSA
^^i;kZoj.k iznw’kd** ls ,slk Bksl] nzo ;k
xSlh; inkFkZ vfHkizsr gS tks ,slh laknzrk esa
fo|eku gS tks i;kZoj.k ds fy, {kfrdj gks
ldrk gS ;k ftldk {kfrdj gksuk laHkkO;
gSA
^^i;kZoj.k iznw’kd** ls i;kZoj.k esa i;kZoj.k
iznw’kdksa dk fo|eku gksuk vfHkizsr gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 dsUnzh; ljdkj dks
;g vf/kdkj nsrh fd mls ,sls lHkh mik;
djus dh “kfDr gksxh tks og i;kZoj.k ds
laj{k.k vkSj mldh DokfyVh esa lq/kkj djus
rFkk i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k ds fuokj.k] fu;a=.k
vkSj mi”keu ds fy, vko”;d gksA
dsUnz ljdkj i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k ds fuokj.k]
fu;a=.k vkSj mi”keu ds fy, jk’VªO;kih
dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk cukuk vkSj mldks
fu’ikfnr dj ldrh gSA
dsUnz ljdkj i;kZoj.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ds
laca/k esa mldh DokfyVh ds fy, ekud
vf/kdfFkr dj ldrh gS rFkk lkFk gh lkFk
fofHkUu L=ksrksa ls i;kZoj.k iznw’kdksa ds
mRltZu ;k fuLlkj.k ds eku dk fu/kkZj.k
dj ldrh gSA
dsUnz ljdkj mu {ks=ksa dk p;u dj ldrh
gS ftuesa dksbZ m|ksx lafØ;k,¡ ;k izlaLdj.k
;k fdlh oxZ ds m|ksx lafØ;k,¡ ;k
izlaLdj.k ugha pyk, tk,axs ;k dqN
j{kksik;ksa ds v/khu jgrs gq, pyk;s tk,axsA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dsUnz ljdkj ,slh fofuekZ.k izfØ;kvksa]
lkexzh vkSj inkFkksZa dh ijh{kk djsxh ftuls
i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k gksus dh laHkkouk gS rFkk
i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k dh leL;kvksa ds laca/k esa
vUos’k.k vkSj vuqla/kku djuk vkSj izk;ksftr
djuk dsUnz ljdkj dk dke gksxkA
n`’Vkar%& U;k;ky; ,d ekeys dk fopkj.k
djrk gS ftlesa peZ”kks/ku dkj[kkus esa ls
cfg%L=ko ds dkj.k Hkkjh {kfr gqbZ gSA blesa
dsUnz ljdkj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk S (3) (3) ds vUrj ,d izkf/kdkj
cuk;s Hkh tks dh mu yksxks dh igpku
djsxh tks iznw’k.k ls ihfM+r gS rFkk oks
mipkj rFkk eqvkots ds gdnkj gS rFkk ;g
eqvkots dh x.kuk Hkh djsaxsA (Vellore
Citizens Welfare Forum Vs. Union of
India AIR 1996 SC 2715)
dsUnzh; ljdkj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e
ds vUrxZr nh gqbZ “kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx ds
fy, izkf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr dj ldrh gSA
bu izkf/kdkjks dk “kfDr dk izR;; dsUnz
ljdkj }kjk gksxk ijUrq budk i;Zos{k.k
rFkk fu;a=.k dsUnz ljdkj }kjk gh gksxkA
n`’Vkar%& i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 3 rFkk 5 ds vUrxZr dsUnz ljdkj dks
;g vf/kdkj gS fd os i;kZoj.k lao/kZu rFkk
laj{k.k djsA ;fn ljdkj fdlh ekeys esa
viuh “kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx ij vM+h gS rks
U;k;ky; mls vko”;d funsZ”k ns ldrk gSA
(Indian Council for Environment Legal
Action Vs. Union of India 1996 (5) SCC
281, 296)
dsUnzh; ljdkj] fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh
ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] fdUrq bl vf/kfu;e ds
mica/kks ds v/khu jgrs gq,] bl vf/kfu;e
ds v/khu viuh “kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx vkSj
vius d`R;ksa ds fuoZgu esa fdlh O;fDr]
vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdj.k dks funsZ”k ns ldsxh
vkSj ,slk O;fDr] vf/kdkjh ;k izkf/kdj.k
,sls funZs”kksa dk vuqikyu djus ds fy,
vkc) gksxk ¼/kkjk 5½A
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;e] 1986 (EPR)
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa dks
fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, /kkjk 6 rFkk 25
dsUnzh; ljdkj dks fu;e cukus dh “kfDr
gS buesa iznw’k.k fu;a=.k] ?kkrd vif”k’V
rFkk izfØ;kRed lqj{kk “kkfey gSA dsUnzh;
ljdkj us jkti= esa lwpuk }kjk i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k fu;e dk ltu fd;kA budk
mÌs”; i;kZoj.k dh c<+ksrjh gSA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;e] 1986 dk mÌs”;
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 dk
fØ;kUo;u djuk gSA /kkjk 7 fdlh m|ksx]
dksbZ lafØ;k ;k izfØ;k tks ekudks ls
vf/kd i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k dk fuLlkjd djrh
gS] ij fu’ks/k dk izko/kku djrk gSA i;kZoj.k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
laj{k.k fu;e mu ekudks dk fu/kkZj.k djrk
gS ftudk vuqlj.k vko”;d gSA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;e dh vuqlwfp;k
fof”k’V m|ksxks dk mYys[k djrh gS]
ftudk ekun.M fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
n`’Vkar%& izFke vuqlwph esa 89 m|ksx gS rFkk
muds mRltZu rFkk cfg%L=ko dk ekud
fu/kkZfjr gSA vuqlwph prqFkZ eksVj okguks dh
/ofu rFkk mRltZu ekud fu/kkZfjr djrh
gS] vuqlwph III & VII Nkouh rFkk ok;q
iznw’kdksa ds lanHkZ esa O;kid ok;q xq.koÙkk
ekudks dk izko/kku djrh gSA
dsUnzh; ljdkj dks ;g “kfDr gS fd m|ksxks
ds LFkku ds lanHkZ esa fu;e cuk lds ;k
muij fu’ks/k j[kk djsaA (fu;e S (3) (d))
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;eksa esa /ofu iznw’k.k ds
Hkh fu;e gS] tks dh m|ksx] okf.kT;
fjgk;lh {ks= rFkk “kfDr {ks= ds vUrxZr
fofHkUu /ofu ekud fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA
ifjladVe; inkFkZ
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
ifjladVe; inkFkksZ dh izfØ;k laca/kh
j{kksik;ks dk izko/kku djrk gSA
ifjladVe; inkFkZ fu;e 1989 buds
HkaMkj.k] muds iz;ksx vkfn ds ifjis{; esa
ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA
rVh;{ks= fou;eu
fu;e 5¼d½ ds iznRr “kfDruqlkj dsUnz
ljdkj rVh;{ks= fou;eu 1991 ds vUrxZr
rVh;{ks= esa fodklkRed xfrfo/k;ksa ij jksd
gSA
ljdkj us rV ls 500m ds {ks= dks rVh;
fou;eu {ks= ?kkf’kr djrh gSA bl {ks= esa
m|ksxks dh LFkkiuk rFkk muds fodkl ij
jksd gSA rFkk vU; izdkj okf.kT; xfrfof/k
ij jksd gSA
EPA dh /kkjk 10 ds vuqlkj
dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk bl fufer l”kDr
fdlh O;fDr dks ;g vf/kdkj gksxk fd og
lHkh ;qfDr;qDr le;ksa ij ,slh lgk;rk ds
lkFk tks og vko”;d le>s fdlh LFkku esa
mls lkSais x, dsUnzh; ljdkj ds d`R;ksa esa ls
fdlh dk ikyu djds iz;kstu ds fy,
izos”k djsA
dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k mlds }kjk bl fufer
l”kDr fdlh vf/kdkjh dks fo”ys’k.k ds
iz;kstu ds fy, fdlh dkj[kkus] ifjlj ;k
vU; LFkku ls ok;q] ty] e`nk ;k vU;
inkFkZ ds uewus ,slh jhfr ls ysus dh “kfDr
gksxh] tks fofgr dh tk, ¼/kkjk 11½A
dsUnzh; ljdkj] jkti= esa vf/klwpuk }kjk]
,slh “krksZa vkSj fucZU/kuksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,(
tks vf/klwpuk esa fofufnZ’V fd, tk,s] bl
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf/kfu;e ds v/khu viuh ,slh “kfDr;ksa
vkSj d`R;ksa dks tks og vko”;d ;k lehphu
le>s] fdlh vf/kdkjh] jkT; ljdkj ;k
izkf/kdj.k dks izR;k;ksftr dj ldsxhA
n`’Vkar%& i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 5 ds vUrxZr jkT; ljdkj us ;g
funsZ”k fn;s dh ,d vk S|kSfxd bZdkbZ A dks
can fd;k tk,s rFkk og jkT; iznw’k.k
fu;a=.k cksMZ }kjk lq>k;s ekudks rFkk
funsZ”kks ds vuq:i LFkkfir gksA
A bl funsZ”kks dks pqukSrh nsrk gS fd funsZ”k
tkjh fd;s x;s] ijUrq A dks mldk i{k
j[kus dk ekSdk ugh feykA ekeys dh
lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k
lquokbZ ds volj dks dsUnz ljdkj gVk
ldrh gS] ;fn mls ;g yxs fd xfrfof/k
dk yxkrkj tkjh jguk yksdfgr ds fy,
[krjk gSA dsUnz ljdkj us lwpuk }kjk ;g
vf/kdkj jkT; dks iznr fd;k gS rFkk jkT;
ds dsUnz ds funsZ”kks vuqlkj gh dke fd;k
gS] vr% jkT; cksMZ funsZ”k nsrs le;
{ks=kf/kdkj ls ckgj ugh x;kA (Narulla
Dyeing & Printing Wroks Vs Union of
India AIR 1995 Guj 185)
vf/kfu;e] fu;e] vkns”kks rFkk funsZ”k ds
mYya?ku ij n.M dk izko/kku
tks dksbZ bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ;k
blds v/khu cuk, x, fu;eksa ;k fudkys
x, vkns”kks ;k fn, x, funZs”kks esa ls fdlh
dk ikyu djus esa vlQy jgsxk ;k
mYya?ku djsxk og ,slh izR;sd vlQyrk
;k mYya?ku ds laca?k esa dkjkokl ls]
ftldh vof/k ik¡p o’kZ rd dh gks ldsxh]
;k tqekZus ls] tks ,d yk[k :i, rd dk
gks ldsxk] ;k nksuksa ls nf.Mr gksxkA
tgk¡ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu dksbZ vijk/k
fdlh daiuh }kjk fd;k x;k gS ogk¡ izR;sd
O;fDr tks ml vijk/k ds fd, tkus ds
le; ml daiuh ds dkjksckj ds lapkyu ds
fy, ml daiuh dk lh/ks Hkkjlk/kd vkSj
mlds izfr mÙkjnk;h Fkk vkSj lkFk gh og
daiuh Hkh] ,sls vijk/k ds nks’kh le>s tk,axs
vkSj rnkuqlkj vius fo:) dk;Zokgh fd,
tkus vkSj nafMr fd, tkus ds Hkkxh gksaxs
¼/kkjk 16½A
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17 ds
vuqlkj tgk¡ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu dksbZ
vijk/k ljdkj ds fdlh foHkkx }kjk fd;k
x;k gS ogk¡ foHkkxk/;{k ml vijk/k dk
nks’kh le>k tk,xk vkSj rn~uqlkj vius
fo:) dk;Zokgh fd, tkus vkSj nafMr fd,
tkus dk Hkkxh gksxkA
dksbZ U;k;ky; bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu
fdlh vijk/k dk laKku fuEufyf[kr }kjk
fd, x, ifjokn ij gh djsxk vU;Fkk ugha]
dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k ml ljdkj }kjk bl
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fufeÙk izkf/kdr dksbZ izkf/kdj.k dksbZ
izkf/kdj.k ;k vf/kdkjh( ;k dksbZ ,slk O;fDr
ftlus vfHkdfFkr vijk/k dh vkSj ifjokn
djus ds vius vk”k; dh] fofgr jhfr ls]
de ls de lkB fnu dh lwpuk dsUnzh;
ljdkj ;k iwoksZä :i esa izkf/kdj.k ;k
vf/kdkjh dks ns nh gSA
jk’Vªh; i;kZoj.k vihy izkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
1927 (NEAA)
NEAA dsUnz ljdkj dks iznÙk djrk gS fd
og jk’Vªh; i;kZoj.k vihyh; izkf/kdkjh dk
l`tu djsaA budk vf/kdkj fu/kkZfjr {ks=
m|ksx yxkus ds fy, i;kZoj.k lek”kks/ku ds
fo:) vihy lqukus dk gSA
NEAA dh /kkjk 11 tgk¡ v”krZ rFkk l”krZ
i;kZoj.k lek”kks/ku iznku fd;k x;k gS]
tgk¡ bls vLohdk;Z dj fn;k x;k gS ogk¡
vihyh; {ks=kf/kdkj ugh gksxkA
/kkjk 15 flfoy U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj dks
lhfer djrs gq, ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
flfoy U;k;ky;] vihyh; izkf/kdkj dh
dksbZ vihy Lohdk;Z ugh djsaxsA
Hkkjrh; ou vf/kfu;e] 1927
Hkkjrh; ou vf/kfu;e dk l`tu Hkkjr esa
ouksa dh lqj{kk ds mÌs”; ls fd;k x;k gSA
ou vf/kfu;e pkj rjg ds ouks dh Jsf.k;ka
crkrk gSA
vkjf{kr ou
xzke ou
lajf{kr ou
xSj ljdkj ou
izFke rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa oU; “kkldh; lEifr
gS] ijUrq vafre Js.kh ds ou ljdkjh
fu;a=.k ls ijs gSaA
vkjf{kr ou
jkT; ljdkj ,slh fdlh ou Hkwfe ;k
catj&Hkwfe dks tks ljdkj dh lEifr gS ;k
ftl ij ljdkj ds lkEifÙkd vf/kdkj gS
;k ftldh iwjh ou&mit ;k ml mit ds
fdlh Hkkx dh ljdkj gdnkj gS] blesa
blds i”pkr~ micfU/kr jhfr ls vkjf{kr ou
cuk ldsxhA
vkjf{kr ou dh lwpuk /kkjk 4 ds vfrfjDr
ou vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 20¼1½ ds vuq:i
nsuk pkfg, tks ou dks vkjf{kr ?kksf’kr djs
rFkk ou dk lhekadu Hkh crk;s rFkk fof/k
dk mYys[k Hkh djs dh dc ls og vkjf{kr
ou cukA (Mansed Oraon Vs King AIR
1951 Nag 288)
vkjf{kr ouksa esa izos”k fo”ks’kkf/kdkj dk fo’k;
gS rFkk blds fy, vf/kdkjhrk dh vuqefr
vko”;d gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
xzke ou
jkT; ljdkj fdlh ,slh Hkwfe ds izfr ;k
ml ij] tks vkjf{kr ou dj nh xbZ gS]
vf/kdkj fdlh xzke leqnk; dks leuqfn’V
dj ldsxh vkSj ,slk leuqns”ku jÌ dj
ldsxhA bl izdkj leuqnsf”kr lc ou xzke
ou dgyk,axsA ftl xzke leqnk; dks ,slk
leuqns”ku fd;k x;k gS ml xzke leqnk;
ds fy;s bekjrh ydM+h ;k vU; ou&mit
;k pkjkxkg dk micU/k ftu “krksZ ds v/khu
fd;k tk ldsxk] mUgsa ,sls ou ds laj{k.k
vkSj lq/kkj ds fy;s] muds drZO;ksa dks fofgr
djus okys fu;e jkT; ljdkj xzke ouks ds
izcU/k dks fofufeZr djus ds fy;s cuk
ldsxhA
lajf{kr ou
jkT; ljdkj] jkti= esa vf/klwpuk }kjk
?kksf’kr dj ldsxh] fd bl v/;k; ds
micU/k fdlh ou Hkwfe ;k catj Hkwfe dks]
tks vkjf{kr ou esa lfEefyr ugha gS fdUrq
tks ljdkj dh lEifÙk gS] ;k ftl ij
ljdkj dk lkEifÙkd vf/kdkj gS ;k lEiw.kZ
ou&mit ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dks] ftldh
ljdkj gdnkj gS] ykxw gSA
bl izdkj dh Hkwfe esa dbZ jksdVksd gksrh gS
rFkk xzkeh.kksa dks ydM+h rFkk vU; oU;
mRikn bdV~Bs djus dk gd gSA
oU; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 31 jkT; ljdkj
dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrs gS fd og lajf{kr ou
ds vf/kdkj rFkk iz;ksx ls lEcfU/kr fu;eksa
dk izko/kku dj ldsA
xSj ljdkjh ou
oU; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 35 ds vuqlkj jkT;
ljdkj bl izdkj dh Hkwfe ds iz;ksx dks
fu;af=r rFkk fu’ks/k dj ldrh gSA tSls
[ksrh djuk] <ksj pjkuk] enk laj{k.kA
ou ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e 1980
fiNys n”kd esa ou laj{k.k vfHk;ku dh
lfØ;rk esa mPpre U;k;ky; dh egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk jgh gSA TN Godavarman Vs.
Union of India AIR 1997 SC 1228 esas
,isDl U;k;ky; oU; laj{k.k rFkk izca/ku
dk izko/kku djrk gSA bl ekeys esa ,d isM+
ds fxjus dh ?kVuk us cM+k O;kid Lo:i ys
fy;k rFkk leLr jkT;ks o dsUnz”kkflr
izns”kks dks “kkfey dj fy;kA mPpre
U;k;ky; us dbZ lkjs ekeys] funsZ”k] vkos”k]
fjV {ks=kf/kdkj }kjk ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e
dh mfpr O;k[;k dh gSA
U;k;ky; us [kfut [kuu rFkk lajpukRed
<+kpk] oU; laj{k.k rFkk yksxks dh ouks ds
mij vkfJr ds e/; larqyu cSBkus dk
iz;kl fd;k gSA ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dk
mÌs”; ouks dks laj{k.k rFkk lao/kZu nsuk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
;g vf/kfo} jkT; dks oU; Hkwfe dks voU;
dk;Z esa ysus ls jksdrk gSA
/kkjk 2 ds vuqlkj jkT; esa rRle; izo`Ùk
fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh oU; tho ds
vUrfoZ’V gksrs gq;s Hkh dksbZ jkT; ljdkj ;k
vU; vf/kdkjh dsUnzh; ljdkj dh iwoZ
vuqefr ,oa vuqeksnu ds vfrfjDr
fuEufyf[kr vkns”k ugha ns ldsxh&
fd dksbZ vkjf{kr ou ml jkT; esa
rRle; izo`r fdlh fof/k esa vkjf{kr
ou vkSj mldk dksbZ Hkkx vkjf{kr
gksuk lekIr gks tk;sxkA
fd dksbZ ou Hkwfe ;k mldk dksbZ
Hkkx fdlh xSj ou iz;kstu ds fy;s
iz;qDr fd;k tk ldsxkA
fd dksbZ ou Hkwfe ;k mldk dksbZ
izHkkx iV~Vs ij vU;Fkk fdlh
izkbosV O;fDr ;k fdlh izkf/kdj.k]
fuxe] vfHkdj.k ;k fdlh vU;
laxBu dks tks ljdkj ds LokfeRo]
izcU/k ;k fu;a=.k ds v/khu ugha gS]
leuqnsf”kr fd;k tk,(
fd fdlh ouHkwfe ;k mlds fdlh
izHkkx ls] iquZoujksi.k ds fy,
mldk mi;ksx djus ds iz;kstu ds
fy,] mu o`{kksa dks] tks ml Hkwfe ;k
izHkkx esa izkd`frd :i ls mx vk,
gSa] dkV dj lkQ fd;k tk,A
dsUnz ljdkj us oU; vf/kfu;e ds mfpr
fØ;kUo;u ds fy, /kkjk 4 ds vuq:i ou
laj{k.k fu;eksa dks cuk;kA
T.N. Godavarman ekeys es mPpre
U;k;ky; }kjk ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh
O;k[;k bl izdkj dh
^ou* “kCn dks mlds “kCndks’k ds vFkZ esa
le>uk pkfg,A U;k;ky; ;g Li’V djrk
gS fd blds vUrxZr oS/kkfud :i ls
ekU;rk izkIr leLr ou gS fQj pkgs og
vkjf{kr ou gks] lajf{kr gks ;k vU; gksA
/kkjk 2 esa iz;qDr ou Hkwfe esa flQZ ou gh
“kkfey ugh gS] vfirq og Hkwfe Hkh “kkfey gS
tks “kkldh; ys[kks esa ntZ gSA Hkys gh mlds
ekfyd gksA
bl vf/kfu;e esa mYysf[kr izko/kku lHkh
ouksa ij leku ykxw gksus pkfg, Hkys gh
mlds ekfyd gksA
Godavarman rFkk Centre for
Environmental Laws ds ekeyks dk lkj
fuEufyf[kr gSA
leLr jkT; ljdkjs oU; Hkwfe dks
xSj ou es iz;ksx ugh dj ldrh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
rFkk blds fy, mUgs dsUnz ljdkj
ls Lohd`fr ysuh gksxhA
jkT; ljdkj dsUnz ljdkj dh
Lohd`fr ls vkjf{kr ou dks
vukjf{kr ?kksf’kr dj ldrh gSA
oU; izk.kh ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1972
1972 esa Hkkjr us ,d O;kid jk’Vªh; dkuwu
Lohdk;Z fd;k ftldk mÌs”; oU; thoksa]
i{kh;ksa rFkk muds fuokl LFkku dk laj{k.k
djuk gSA blds nks mÌs”; gSA
yqIrizk; iztkrh dh j{kk djuk
fu/kkZfjr LFkkuksa tSls vH;kj.k]
jk’Vªh; m|kuksa esa leLr iztkrh;ksa
dh mifLFkfr
fof/k dk oU; thou laj{k.k djus dk
mÌs”;] oU; tho ds izfr c<+rh tkx:drk
dk ifj.kke gS rkfd i”kq o ouLifr dk
laj{k.k gks] ekuoh; gLr{ksi ds dkj.k dqN
iztkfr;k¡ vkt yqIrizk;% gks xbZ gSA (State
of Bihar Vs. Murad Ali Khan AIR 1989
SCI)
42osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku ls oU;thou rFkk ou
jkT; lwph ls fudy dj leorhZ lwph ds
fo’k; cu x;s gSaA
jkT; ljdkj] vf/klwpuk }kjk fdlh
vkjf{kr ou esa lekfo’V fdlh {ks= esa fHkUu
fdlh {ks= ;k jkT;{ks=h; lkxj[k.M dks
vHk;kj.; xfBr djus ds vius vk”k; dh
?kks’k.kk dj ldsxh] ;fn og ;g le>rh gS
fd ,slk {ks=] oU; tho ;k mlds i;kZoj.k
ds laj{k.k] lao)Zu ;k fodkl ds iz;kstu ds
fy, i;kZIr :i ls ikfjfLFkfrd]
izk.kh&tkr] ouLifr&tkr] Hkw&vkdfr]
foKku&tkr] izkd`frd ;k izk.kh
foKku&tkr egRo dk gS /kkjk 18 rFkk /kkjk
35 ds v/khu mls jk’Vªh; ikdZ ?kksf’kr dj
ldsxhA
,d O;fDr lSpwjh rFkk us”kuy ikdZ esa flQZ
vuqefr ds ckn vUos’k.k djus] QksVksxzkQh
djus] oSKkfud [kkst djus] i;ZVu ds fy,
izos”k dj ldrk gSA
n`’Vkar%& fetksje ljdkj us ,d {ks= dks
oU;thou lSapwjh ?kksf’kr dj fn;k] ijUrq
oU; tho&laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds v/;k; IV
dk vuqlj.k ugh fd;k x;k] ekeys esa ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd izkf/kdkjh ml {ks=
ls fdlh dks rc rd ugh fudky ldrs
tc rd dh v/;k; IV ds izko/kkuksa dks iw.kZ
ugh djrsA (Jalandhar Chakma Vs.
Deputy Commissioner, Aizwal AIR
1983 Gau 18)
jk’Vªh; ikdksZ es lSpwjh dh rwyuk esa vf/kd
lqj{kk gksrh gSA
oU;tho vijk/k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vuqlwph 1] vuqlwph 2]
vuqlwph 3 vkSj vuqlwph 4 esa fofufnZ’V
fdlh oU; izk.kh dk] /kkjk 11 vkSj /kkjk 12
ds v/khu ;Fkk micaf/kr ds flok;] f”kdkj
ugha djsxkA
n`’Vkar%& Y ou dks x;k ogk¡ mlus ,d
taxyh HkSlk ns[kk] mlus mldk f”kdkj
fd;k] mldk ek¡l fudky dj cktkj esa
csp fn;k rFkk “ks’k vo”ks’kksa dks Hkwfe esa nck
fn;kA lwpuk feyus ij Y ls iwNrkN gqbZ]
Y us viuk vijk/k Lohdk;Z fd;k Y /kkjk
9 ds vRrxrZ vijk/kh gSA (Forest Range
Officer Vs. Aboobaker, 1990 FLT 22
KerHC)
eq[; oU; tho laj{kd fuf”pr ifjfLFkrh esa
/kkjk 11 rFkk 12 ds vuq:i f”kdkj dh
vkKk ns ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17 fofufnZ’V ikniks dks
rksM+us] m[kkM+us vkfn ds izfr’ks/k dk izko/kku
djrh gSA
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bl vf/kfu;e ds izkjaHk ds
i'pkr~ vuqlwph 1 ;k vuqlwph 2 ds Hkkx 2
esa fofufnZ"V fdlh izk.kh dks ;k ,sls ls
O;qRiUu fdlh vlalkf/kr VªkQh ;k ekal dks
;k ,sls izk.kh dh ued yxkbZ xbZ ;k lq[kkbZ
xbZ [kkyksa dks ;k dLrqjh e`x dh dLrqjh
dks ;k xSaMs ds lhax dks] eq[; oU; th
laj{kd ;k izkf/kdr vf/kdkjh dh fyf[kr
iwoZ vuqKk ls gh vftZr djsxk] izkIr djsxk]
vius fu;a=.k] vfHkj{kk ;k dCts esa j[ksxk]
mldk foØ; ds fy, izLFkkfir djsxk ;k
mldk vU;Fkk vUrj.k djsxk ;k mls
ifjofgr djsxk vU;Fkk ughaA ¼/kkjk 40½
n`’Vkar%& oU; vf/kdkjh us W ds dCts ls
ydM+cX?kk rFkk rsanq, tCr fd;sA H us ;g
nkok fd;k fd og fpfM+;k?kj pykrk gS]
ijUrq og ;g fl} ugh dj ik;k fd mlus
;g izkf/kd`r O;fDr ls ;s [kjhns gSA vr% H
/kkjk 57 ds rgr nks’kh gSA (Jaydev Kundu
Vs. State of West Bengal 97 (WN 403))
vuqlwfpr izk.kh rFkk mlds izkIr oLrqvks ds
O;kikj ij izfrca/k&/kkjk 49A
n`’Vkar%& D lk¡i rFkk fNidyh dh [kky ls
cuk lkeku csp jgk Fkk] D bldk ykblsal
ugh ns ik;kA ;g ik;k x;k fd D
vuqlwfpr iztkrh ds thoksa dh [kky dk
O;kikj ugh dj jgk FkkA
n`’Vkar%& eqacbZ mPp U;k;ky; dks i{kh;ksa ij
Øqjrk rFkk muds voS/k O;kikj ds ckjs esa
U;k;ky; dks lwfpr fd;kA ckn esa mu
LFkkuksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k tgk¡ ;g
cktkj Qy Qwy jgk FkkA U;k;ky; us oU;
tho laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds rgr ,d desVh
cukbZ rFkk iqfyl dks ;g funsZ”k fn;k fd
i{kh o i”kqvksa ds O;kikj dks jksdus lEca/kh
rRdky dne mBk,sA (Viniyog Parivar
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Trust Vs. Union of India AIR 1998 Bam
71)
tgka bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu dksbZ vijk/k
fdlh dEiuh }kjk fd;k x;k gS] ogka izR;sd
O;fDr tks ml vijk/k ds fd, tkus ds
le; dEiuh ds dkjckj ds lapkyu ds
fy, dEiuh dk Hkkjlk/kd vkSj mlds izfr
mÙkjnk;h Fkk vkSj lkFk gh og dEiuh Hkh
ml vijk/k ds nks’kh le>s tk,axs vkSj
rn~uqlkj vius fo:) dk;Zokgh fd, tkus
vkSj nafMr fd, tkus ds Hkkxh gksaxsA
oU; izk.kh laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 39 ds
vuqlkj izR;sd oU; i”kq] mlls cuk lkeku]
VªkQh] gkaFkh nkar ftlds lEca/k ea vijk/k
gqvk gSA oks ;a= gfFk;kj tks vijk/k esa
iz;qDr gq;s gS] os lHkh ljdkj dh lEifr
gksxhA
n.M
vuwlwph 1 ;k Hkkx 1 vuqlwph ds vijk/kks
ds lanHkZ esa rhu ls lkr o’kZ dh ltk
tqekZus ds lkFk gks ldrh gSA ;s xSj
tekurh rFkk laKs; vijk/k gSA
eq[; oU; tho laj{kd ds ijke”kZ ls
vHk;kj.; dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj fdlh Hkwfe
esa ;k ml ij fdlh O;fDr ds fdlh
vf/kdkj dk tkjh jguk vuqKkr dj ldsxk
¼/kkjk 24½A
n`’Vkar%& ,d izfl) gksVy ekfyd ,d
us”kuy ikdZ esa dkWVst dk fuekZ.k ljdkj
dh vkKk ls djrk gS] ljdkj dk ekuuk gS
fd ,slk djus ls i;ZVu c<+sxk] ijUrq dqN
NGO bl ij fojks/k djrs gSaA U;k;ky;
;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ;g oU;
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 20] 35¼3½ dk mYya?ku
gSA (Nagarhole Budalkattu Hakku
Sthapana Samiti Vs. State of Karnataka
AIR 1997 Kar 288)
Hkksiky xSl =klnh
Hkksiky xSl =klnh eq[; dEiuh ds mudh
lgk;d dEiuh;ksa ds izfr nkf;Roksa ij iz”u
fpUg yxkrh gS tks fd ifjladVe; dR; esa
“kkfey gSA Hkksiky =klnh rd U;k;ky;
ihfM+rksa dks eqvkots ds fy, lkekU; nkf;Ro
ls fl)kUr dk vuqlj.k dj jgk FkkA
Hkksiky =klnh ds ckn U;k;ky; us dkWijsV
nkf;Ro dh “kq:okr dh gSA
rF;& fnlEcj 1984 csgn fo’kSyk rRo
Methyl ISO-Cyanate tks dh Hkksiky IykWV
esa curk rFkk Hk.Mkfjr gksrk FkkA okrkoj.k
esa eqDr gks x;k ftlls yxHkx 3]500 yksxks
dh e`R;q gqbZ rFkk 2 yk[k yksx ihfM+r gq;sA
Hkksiky dk.M dh xEHkhjrk dks ns[krs gq,
Hkkjrh; laln us Hkksiky vf/kfu;e ikfjr
fd;kA Hkksiky vf/kfu;e us Hkkjrh; ljdkj
dks leLr ihfM+rks dh vksj ls i{kdkj
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
cuk;k rFkk blus ljdkj dks ;g funsZ”k
fn;s dh ljdk ihfM+rksa dk iaft;u dj mUgsa
{kfriwfrZ fnyk;sA
ekeys ij US U;k;ky; us ihfM+rks dk i{k
Union Carbide ds fo:) forum non
conveniens ds vk/kkj ij [kkjht dj
fn;k] U;k;ky; us bls vius {ks=kf/kdkj es
ysus ls ;g dgrs gq, euk dj fn;k dh
Hkkjrh; U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa ds fy, mfpr
eap gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj esa ;wfu;u dkckZbM ij Hkksiky
dksVZ es eqdnek pyk;k] ekeyk mPpre
U;k;ky; igq¡pk] mPpre U;k;ky; es
dEiuh Hkkjr ljdkj dks orZeku] Hkwrdky
rFkk Hkfo’; ds lHkh nkoks ds fy, $ 410
million nsus dks jkth gks xbZA
Keshub Mahindra Vs. State of Madhya
Pradesh JT 1996 (8) SCC 136 ds ekeys esa
UCC ds deZpkfj;ksa ij vkijkf/kd ekeys
ntZ gq,s] June 7, 2010 dks dEiuh ds 8
vf/kdkjh;ksa dks 1984 dk nks’kh ekuk x;k
rFkk mUgs vkijkf/kd ykijokgh dk nks’k
yxk] izR;sd dks 2 o’kZ dh ltk gqbZ rFkk 1
yk[k :i;s dk tqekZuk gqvkA
Hkksiky xSl =klnh ds dkj.k ,d cgqr cM+k
fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk dk iz”u mRiUu gks x;k
fd D;k eq[; dEiuh dk nkf;Ro viuh
lgk;d dEiuh;ksa ds d`R; ds izfr gS ;k
ugha\
ljdkj us yksd nkf;Ro chek vf/kfu;e
ikfjr 1991 fd;k rkfd ihfM+rks dks rqjUr
eqvkotk fn;k tk ldsA
yksd nkf;Ro chek vf/kfu;e 1991
;g vf/kfu;e ifjladVe; nq?kZVukvksa ds
ifjis{; gSA ;g izHkkfor O;fDr;ks dks rqjar
lgk;rk dk izko/kku djrk gSA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ifjladVe;
inkFkZ dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, ;g dgrk gS
fd ^^ifjladVe; inkFkZ** ls ,slk inkFkZ ;k
fufeZr vfHkizsr gS tks vius jklk;fud ;k
HkkSfrd jklk;fud xq.kksa ds ;k gFkkyus ds
dkj.k ekuoksa] vU; thfor izkf.k;ksa] ikniksa
lw{etho] laifÙk ;k i;kZoj.k dks vigkfu
dkfjr dj ldrh gSA
bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr vf/kdre
{kfriwfrZ 25,000/- rd rFkk futh lEifr
dks uqdlku gksus ij 6,000 izkIr fd;s tk
ldrs gS] gkykafd ihfM+r vU; dkuwu ds
vUrxZr {kfriwfrZ Hkh olwy ldrk gSA
;g vf/kfu;e ifjladVe; rRoksa ds izR;sd
ekfyd dks nq?kZVuk ds jktuSfrd nkf;Ro ls
nwj jgus dgrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
chek /ku ds vfrfjDr ifjladVe; rRoks ds
izR;sd Lokeh dks dsUnz ljdkj }kjk lftr
i;kZoj.k jkgr dks’k esa lg;ksx nsxkA bl
vf/kfu;e esa 1992 esa la”kks/ku gqvk rFkk
dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk jkgr jkf”k iznku djus
ds fy, i;kZoj.k jkgr dks’k dks cuk;k
x;kA
U;kf;d mipkj rFkk izfØ;k,sa
ukxfjdks dks rhu flfoy mipkj miyC/k
gSA
iznw’kd ds fo:) lk/kkj.k vid`R;
dkuwu ds v/khu
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 32 rFkk 226
ds vUrxZr fjV
;fn vkS|ksfxd nq?kZVuk ifjladVe;
rRoksa ls lEcaf/kr gS rks yksd
nkf;Ro chek vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZrA
vid`R; dkuwu iznw’k.k ds fo:) lcls
iqjkuk fof/kd mipkj gSA blds vUrxZr
vkus okys T;knkrj ekeys fuEufyf[kr ds
vUrxZr Js.khc) gksrs gSA
U;wlsal& izkbosV U;wlsal ds fo:) mipkj
O;kns”k rFkk {kfriwfrZ }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk
gSA
n`’Vkar%& Z dh fpeuh ls vkus okyh rki
rFkk /kq, ds dkj.k Y dks vlqfo/kk gksrh gSA
;g izkbosV U;wlsal ds mfpr vk/kkj gSA Z
dk ;g rdZ dh ;g U;wlsal Y ds iM+ksl esa
vkus ls dkQh igys ls gS] ijUrq blls
U;k;ky; larq’V ugh gqvk rFkk Z dks ;g
vkns”k fn;k fd og fpeuh ds Nsnks dks
HkjksA (B. Venkatappa V.B. Couis AIR
1986 AP 239)
mis{kk& mis{kk iwoZd d`R;ksa ds fo:) Hkh
okn yk;k tk ldrk gSA
iw.kZ nkf;Ro& og dEiuh tks ifjladVe;
rRoksa ;k vU; rjhds ls mlds dke djus
okys yksxks ds izfr ?kkrd gS rFkk lkFk gh
lkFk vklikl jgus okys yksxks ds izfr
[krjk gS] rc ,slh dEiuh iw.kZ nkf;Ro ls
ck/; gSA blesa nkf;Ro dk izO;k;kstu ugh
fd;k tk ldrkA
dBksj nkf;Ro& bl fl)kUr dk izfrikn
Rylands Vs Fletcher LRIEx265 esa gqvkA
blesa ;fn fdlh ,slh ?kkrd oLrq dks vius
ifjlj esa ysdj vkrk gS ftlds fjlko ls
yksxks dks ?kkrd [krjk gks ldrk gS] ;g
dBksj nkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k gSA
vid`R; ds fo:) ihfM+r O;kns”k ;k
{kfriwfrZ ;k nksuks ,d lkFk izkIr dj ldrk
gSA {kfriwfrZ vkfFkZd eqvkotk gksrk gS tks
fd vid`R; ij ns; gksrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
{kfriwfrZ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
lkjoku {kfr& ;g {kfriwfrZ ns;
;ksX; gksrh gS rFkk oknh dks
eqvkotk iznku djrh gSA
vuqdj.kh; {kfr& ;g n.MkRed
Lo:i esa gksrh gS] budk mÌs”;
vid`R; drkZ dks n.M nsuk gSA
n`’Vkar%& X ,d dEiuh ls ?kkrd xSl dk
fjlko gksrk gS] tks vklikl jgus okys yksxks
dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS] izHkkfor yksxks dks
fun”kZ {kfriwfrZ iznku dh xbZ rFkk U;k;ky;
us ;g O;oLFkk fd ftruk cM+k izfr’Bku
gksxk] mruk cM+k eqvkotk muds }kjk ns;
gksuk pkfg,A (Shriram Gas Leak Care)
O;kns”k ,d U;kf;d vkns”k gS] bldk mÌs”;
ml O;fDr dks ftlds vf/kdkjks dk guu
gqvk gS ;k guu gksus okyk gSA mUgs lgk;rk
;k cpko igq¡pkuk gSA
O;kns”k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
vLFkk;h
“kk”or
& yksd U;wlsal ds fo:) fuEufyf[kr
mipkj gSA
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 268 ds v/khu
vkijkf/kd vfHk;ksx
Cr.P.C. dh /kkjk 133&144 ds rgr
ds vUrxZr U;kf/k”k ds lEeq[k
vkijkf/kd vfHk;ksx dk pykuk
ftldk mÌs”; yksd U;wlsal gVkuk
gSA
,MoksdsV tujy }kjk rFkk
U;k;ky; dh vkKk ls nks ;k vf/kd
O;fDr;ks }kjk lafgrk dh /kkjk 91
ds vUrxZr O;kns”k ds fy, oknA
& lkewfgd okn rFkk izfrfuf/k okn
lkewfgd okn esa ml oxZ ds tks ,d lkFk
rFkk ,d izdkj ls xzflr gq, gS ds ,d ;k
vf/kd lnL; fey dj lcesa lkewfgd fgr
ds fy, okn yk ldrs gSA
lkewfgd okn dk mÌs”; ,d lkFk lHkh dks
lqyHk U;k; iznku djokuk gSA blls le;]
/ku] izfØ;kvks dh cpr gksrh gSA
lkewfgd okn rFkk izfrfuf/kokn lafgrk ds
vkns”k I fu;e 8 esa mfYyf[kr gSA
izfrfuf/kokn ds ykHk
fu;e ds vuqlkj U;k;ky; fjV ds
ekeys esa /ku dh {kfriwfrZ ugh nsrs]
blds fy, okn nk;j djuk
vko”;d gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izfrfuf/kokn dh izfØ;k esa lk{;
rFkk izfrijh{kk fjVks ls T;knk lqxe
gSA
yksdfgrokn rFkk izfrfuf/kokn esa vUrj
yksdfgrokn mPpU;k;ky; rFkk
mPpre U;k;ky; esa vuq 32 rFkk
226 ds v/khu jkT; rFkk jkT;
fudk;ksa ds fo:) nk;j fd;k tk
ldrk gS] ogh izfrfuf/kokn fdlh
ds Hkh fo:) nk;j fd;k tkrk gSA
izfrfuf/kokn esa oknh dks {kfr gqbZ gks
rFkk ekeys esa mldk gh fgr gksuk
vko”;d gS] ogh yksdfgr okn esa
,slk t:jh ughA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k;% 15 ikfjokfjd dkuwu
fgUnwq fof/k%
fgUnw fof/k ,d O;SfDrd dkuwu gS tks fgUnwvks
ij ykxw gksrh gS fgUnw 'kCn dks O¸kkid rkSj ij
ykxw fd;k x;k gS rFkk blds v/khu flD[k]
tSu] ckS) 'kkfey gksrs gSA ;fn vU; fo/kku
}kjk fl) uk fd;k tk, rks os lHkh yksx tks
Hkkjr ns'k ewy fuoklh gS fgUnw gksaxs ¼eqlyeku]
bZlkbZ] ikjlh vkSj ;gqfn;ksa dks NksM+dj½
fgUnw fookg vf/fu;e%
fgUnw fookg vf/fu;e 1955 dk mís'; fgUnwvks
ds fookg ls lacaf/kr izko/kkuksa dks lfgrk c)
djuk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 366 esa
mYysf[kr vuqlwfpr tutkfr ij ;g fookg
vf/kfu;e ykxw ugh gksrkA fg-fo-v dh /kkjk 4
vf/kfu;e ds loksZijh izHkko dk mYys[k djrh
gS] bl fookg vf/kfu;e ds vkus ls iwoZ tks Hkh
fookg lEca/kh fo/kku fo/keku Fks os bl
vf/kfu;e ds vkus ls Lor% lekIr gks tk,saxsA
ijUrq ;fn iwoZ ds dkuwu dk dksbZ ,slk izko/kku
tks orZeku fg-fo- vf/kfu;e esa ugh gS] flQZ
ogh izko/kku izHkkoh gksxkA ¼jksfg.kh dqekjh c
ujsUnz flag AIR 1972SC 459½ vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 5 ls 7 fgUnw fookg ds fy, 'krksZ rFkk
laLdkjksa dk izko/kku djrh gSA
1- fookg nkuks i{kksa dh ijEijkvks rFkk
jhfr fjoktks ds vuq#i vuqLFkkfir gksrk
pkfg,A tc rd fd fookg iwjs jhfr
fjokt ls lEiUu u gks og vuqLFkkfir
ugh dgyk,xk ¼fiz;k ckyk cuke~ lqjs'k
pUnzk AIR 1971 SC 1153½
n`"Vkar%
1- A ,d fgUnw gS tks B bZlkbZ ls
'kknh djrk gS ;g fookg bZlkbZ
ijEijk ds vuqlkj Hkh vuqLFkkfir
fd;k x;k gS vr% ;g fookg fgUnw
fookg vf/kfu;e ds v/khu lekIr
ugh fd;k tk ldrkA ¼M.Vijay
Kumari vs Dev Balan AIR 2003
KER P.63½
2- f}rh; fookg ds le; ;fn fdlh
Hkh i{kdkj dh igyh iRuh ;k ifr
thfor gS ;k iwoZ fookg vHkh rd
foPNsfnr ugh gqvk gS rks f}rh;
fookg 'kwU; gksxkA
3- ;g vko';d gS fd nkuks i{kdkj
fookg ds le; fpRrfod`r u gks
rFkk Lohd`fr nsus esa l{ke gks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar%A dk B ds fookg lEiUu
gqvk ijUrq fookg ds le; A dks
fejxh dk nkSjk Fkk B ds vksj ls
;g fookg 'kwU;dj.kh; gSA
4- oj rFkk o/kq dh mez fookg ds le;
21 rFkk 18 o"kZ dh gks] og fookg
tks bl vko';drk dks iwjk ugh
djrs mUgs /kkjk 12(A) (C) ds
vUrxZr pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA
;g lafgrk dh /kkjk 18 ds vUrxZr
n.Muh; vijk/k gSA tc rd fd
muesa ls izR;sd dks 'kkflr djus
okyh #f< ;k izFkk ls mu nksuks ds
chp fookg vuqKkr u gks i{kdkj
,d&nwljs ds lfi.M ugha gSaA
;fn iq#"k vkSj L=h lkFk&lkFk jg jgs gks rks
;g vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd og ifr o
iRuh dh rjg lkFk&lkFk jg jgs gksa rks ;g
vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd og ifr&iRuh gS
rFkk ;fn L=h iq#"k ds laj{k.k esa jg jgh gks
rFkk ml L=h ds cPpksa dks ml iq#"k us ekU;rk
ns nh gks rks ;g vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd og
ifr&iRuh ds rjg jg jgs gSaA ijUrq ;fn og
L=h&iq#"k blds fo#) izek.k ns ns fd og
ifr&ifRu ughsa gSa rks ;g vuqeku rksM+k tk
ldrk gSA (Balasubramaniyam Vs.
Surutthayan AIR 1992 SC 756)
,d yEch vo/kh dk lgokl ;g fu"d"kZ ns
ldrk gS fd fookg dh vkSipkfjdrk rFkk
ijEijk iwjh dj yh xbZ gSA (Nirmala Vs.
Rukminibai, AIR 1994 Kant 247) vf/kfu;e
/kkjk 08] jftLVªs'ku ls lEcaf/kr dksbZ izko/kku
ugh djrk] ijUrq ;g jkT; dks lEcaf/kr fo"k;
ij fu;e cukus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA lafgrk dh
/kkjk 11 'kwU;dj.kh; fookg ds lEca/k esa izko/kku
djrh gSA
lafgrk ds vuqlkj fookg ds 'kwU;dj.kh; gksus ds
vk/kkj ¼/kkjk 12½
izR;FkhZ dh uiqaldrk
izR;FkhZ dh fookg ds le; fpr fod`fr
izR;FkhZ dh Lohdfr
izR;FkhZ dk fookg ds le; nwljs iq#"k
}kjk xHkZorh gksukA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 16 ds vuqlkj og cPps tks
'kwU; fookg ds dkj.k mRiUu gq, gS mUgs vius
ekrk&firk dh lEifÙk esa mRrjkf/kdkj dk
vf/kdkj gksxk /kkjk 16¼2½ ds vuqlkj og cPps
tks 'kwU; fookg ds dkj.k mRiUu gq, gS og
oS/kkfud larku dgyk,xhA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
16¼3½ ds vuqlkj og cPps viuh ekrk firk dh
lEifÙk ds vykok fdlh vkSj dh lEifÙk izkIr
ugh dj ldrsA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 U;kf;d
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izFFdj.k dk izko/kku djrh gSA vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 13 rykd ds fy, vk/kkj iznku djrh gSA
nwljs i{kdkj us fookg ds vuq"Bku ds i'pkr~
viuh iRuh ;k vius ifr ls fHkUu fdlh O;fDr
ds lkFk LosPN;k eSFkqu fd;k gS(
;k fookg ds vuq"Bku ds i'pkr~ vthZnkj ds
lkFk Øwjrk dk crkZo fd;k gS( blds vUrxZr
ekufld Øwjrk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
n`"Vkar% A vkSj B ds fookg dks 10 o"kZ gks pqds
gSA ijUrq fiNys 8 o"kksZ ls B dk O;ogkj A ds
izfr mnklhu gSA rFkk lkFk gh lkFk B A dks
ijs'kku djus dk dksbZ Hkh ekSdk ugh NksM+rk]
dbZ ckj lkoZtfud LFkyks ij Hkh B cPpks ds
lkFk Hkh xyr O;ogkj djrk gS] ;s vHkh rRo A
dks Øjrk ds vk/kkj ij rykd izkIr djus ds
fy, dkQh gSA
n`"Vkar% A rFkk B dk fookg gqvk gS] A lUrku
mRiUu djuk pkgrk gSA rFkk B tku cw> dj
A dh bl bPNk dks iwjh ugh djrkA (Forbes
Vs. Forbes (1955) 2A11) ;g ,d Øwjrk dk
vk/kkj gksxkA
n`"Vkar% A rFkk B dk fookg gqvk gS A yxkrkj
eghus ess nksLrks ds lkFk nks ckj 'kjkc ihrk gSA
;g rykd ds fy, Øwjrk dk vk/kkj ugh gksxkA
(Harjit Kaur Vs. Roop lal AIR 2004 PSH22)
ijUrq psrkouh nsus ds ckn Hkh yxkrkj 'kjkc
ihrs jguk] vkSj viuh ifr dks izrkfM+r djrs
jguk rykd ds fy, Øwjrk dk vk/kkj gSA vthZ
ds miLFkkiu ds Bhd igys de ls de nks o"kZ
dh dkykof/k rd vthZnkj dks vfHkO;Dr j[kk
gSA
n`"Vkar% ;fn nwljk i{kdkj fgUnw /keZ ls
ifjofrZr gks dj vU; /keZ xzg.k dj ysrk gS rks
;g rykd dk vk/kkj gksxkA
nwljk i{kdkj vlk/; #i ls fod`r&fpÙk jgk gS
yxkrkj ;k vkUrfjd #i ls bl fdLe ds vkSj
bl gn rd ekufld fodkj ls ihfM+r jgk gS
fd vthZnkj ls ;qfDr;qDr #i ls vk'kk ugha dh
tk ldrh gS fd og iR;FkhZ ds lkFk jgsA ijUrq
fpRr fod`fr dk Lrj bruk gksuk pkfg, fd og
fookg dks tkjh j[kus esa vleFkZ gksA (B.N.
Panduranga Shet V.S.N. Vijyalakshmi AIR
2003 kant 357)
nwljk i{kdkj ;kfpdk is'k fd;s tkus ls
vO;pfgr mxz vkSj vlk/; dq"Bjksx ls ihfM+r
jgs gS( ;k nwljk i{kdkj ;kfpdk is'k fd;s tkus
ls lg vO;ofgr ;kSu&jksx ls ihfM+r jgk gS( ;k
nwljk i{kdkj fdlh /kkfeZd vkJe esa izos'k
djds lalkj dk ifjR;kx dj pqdk gS( ;k
nwljs i{kdkj ds ckjs esa o"kZ ;k vf/kd dkykof?k
esa mu yksxksa ds }kjk ftUgksaus nwljs i{kdkj ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ckjs esa] ;fn og thfor gksrk rks LoHkkor% lquk
gksrk] ugha lquk x;k gS fd thfor gSA
fookg esa dk dksbZ Hkh i{kdkj pkgs og bl
vf/kfu;e ds izkjEHk ds igys vFkok i'pkr~
vuqf"Br gqvk gks] rykd dh vkKfIr }kjk
fookg&foPNsn ds fy,s bl vk/kkj ij fd fookg
ds i{kdkjksa ds chp esa] bl dk;Zokgh esa ftlesa
fd os i{kdkj Fks] U;kf;d i`FkDdj.k dh vkKfIr
ds ikfjr gksus ds i'pkr~ ,d o"kZ ;k mlls
vf/kd dh dkykof/k rd lgokl dk iqujkjEHk
ugha gqvk gSaA fookg ds i{kdkjksa ds chp esa] ml
dk;Zokgh esa ftlesa fd os i{kdkj Fks] nkEiR;
vf/kdkjksa ds izR;kLFkkiu dh vkKfIr ds ikfjr
gksus ds i'pkr~ ,d ;k mlls vf/kd dks
dkykof/k rd] nkEiR; vf/kdkjksa dk izR;kLFkkiu
ughsa gS(
mijksDr fyf[kr vk/kkjksa ds vfrfjDr ;fn ifr
cykRlax dk vfHk;qDr gS rc Hkh ifRu mlls
rykd ek¡x ldrh gSA ;g t#jh ugh dh ifr
ekeys esa nks"kh gks ijUrq fopkj.k ds nkSjku Hkh
rykd ekaxk tk ldrk gS] vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
13¼29½ ikjLifjd lgefr ls fookg foPNsn dk
izko/kku djrk gSA blesa i{kdkj dks ;g is'k
djuk gksrk gS fd og ,d o"kZ ;k mlls vf/kd
le; ls vyx&vyx jg jgs gSa vkSj os ,d
lkFk ugha jg lds gSa rFkk os bl ckr ds fy,
ijLij lger gks x,s gSa fd fookg fo?kfVr dj
nsuk pkfg,sA fookg ds ,d o"kZ ds ,d Hkhrj
rykd ds fy, okn ugha yk;k tk ldrk]
bldk mís'; ;g fu'fpr djuk gS fd rykd
dk fu.kZ; lksp le>dj fy;k x;k gS] ijUrq
/kkjk 14 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd ;g U;k;y;
dk foosdkf/kdkj gS fd og ,d o"kZ ls igys Hkh
;kfpdk Lohdk;Z dj ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 25 LFkk;h fuokZg&O;; vkSj
Hkj.k iks"k.k lEca/kh izko/kku djrk gSA
fgUnw mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
fgUnw mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e O;kid rkSj ij
mRrjkf/kdkj lEca/kh fu;eksa dk izko/kku djrk
gSA fgUnw mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dh ?kkjk 4 ds
vuqlkj bl vf/kfu;e ds izkjEHk ds vO;ofgr
iwoZ izo`Ùk fdlh Hkh vU; fof/k dk fgUnwvksa dks
ykxw gksuk ogka rd cUn gks tk;sxk tgka rd
fd og bl vf/kfu;e esa vUrfoZ"V micU/kksa esa
ls fdlh ls Hkh vlaxr gksA fgUnwvksa esa
mRrjkf/kdkj] fgUnw mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds
v/;k;&2 ds v/khu izko/kkuksa ds vuq#i gksrk
gSA ,d fgUnw dh e`R;q ds mijkar mlds djhch
mRrjkf/kdkjh ml lEifÙk ij vf/kdkj izkIr dj
ysrs gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
/kkjk 05 ds vuqlkj ,slh fdlh lEifÙk dks
ftlds fy;s mÙkjkf/kdkj] fo'ks"k fookg
vf/kfu;e] 1954 ¼1954 dk 43½ dh /kkjk 2 esa
vUrfoZ"V micU/kksa ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/kdkj
vf?kfu;e] 1925 ¼1925 dk 39½ }kjk fofu;fer
gksrk gS(
/kkjk 06 ds vuqlkj fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
ds izkjEHk ij vkSj ls] ferk{kjk fof/k }kjk
'kkflr la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj esa lgnkf;d dh
iq=h tUe ls vius vf/kdkj esa mlh rjg
lgnkf;dk gksxh] tSls iq= dks lgnkf;dh
lEifÙk esa ogh vf/kdkj gksxk] ftls og /kkj.k
djrh] ;fn og iq= gksrh] mDr lgnkf;dh
lEifÙk ds lEcU/k esa nkf;Roksa ds v/khu gksxh]
tSls iq= dk nkf;Ro gS vkSj fgUnw ferk{kjk
lgnkf;dk dk dksbZ funsZ'k lgnkf;dk dh iq=h
dks funsZ'k dks 'kkfey djus okyk ekuk tk;sxkA
tgka fgUnw dh e`R;q fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
ds izkjEHk ds ckn gks tkrh gS] ogka ferk{kjk
fof/k }kjk 'kkflr la;qDr fgUnw ifjokj dh
lEifÙk esa mlds fgr dk U;kxeu bl
vf/kfu;e ds v/khu olh;rh ;k fuokZlh;rh
mÙkjkf/kdkj] ;FkkfLFkfr] }kjk gksxk vkSj u fd
mÙkjthfodk }kjk vkSj lgnkf;dh lEifÙk
foHkkftr dh x;h ekuh tk;sxh] ekuks foHkktu
fd;k x;k gS] vkSj iq=h dks ogh va'k vkof.Vr
fd;k x;k tkrk gS] tks iq= dks vkof.Vr fd;k
x;k gS] iwoZ e`r iq= ;k ,sls iwoZ e`r iq=h ds
mÙkjthoh lUrku dks vkof.Vr fd;k tk;sxk]
vkSj iwoZ er iq= ;k iwoZ e`r iq=h ds iwoZ e`r
lUrku dk va'k] ftls ,slk lUrku izkIr djrk]
;fn o foHkktu ds le; thfor gksrk ;k gksrh]
iwoZ e`r iq=k ;k er iq=h dsA ;FkkfLFkfr] ,sls
iwoZ e`r lUrku ds lUrku dks vkof.Vr fd;k
tk;sxkA
lEifÙk lcls igys oxZ 1 dh lwph esa mYysf[kr
12 okfjlksa dks tk,xh muds u gksus ij oxZ 2
esa fofufnZ"V lEcfU/k;ksa dks tk,xh] muds u gksus
ij muds xks=t ds tk,xh] rFkk muds u gksus
ij mudss lEcfU/k;ksa dks tk,xhA bl Hkkx esa
mYysf[kr lEifÙk 'kCn dk rkRi;Z LovftZr
lEifÙk] ferk{kjh lgnkf;d lEifÙk] iwoZtksa dh
Hkwfe rFkk d`f"kd Hkwfe ls gSA izFke oxZ esa
fofefnZ"V lEifÙk;ksa ds e/; lEifÙk dk caVokjk
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 ds vuq#i gksxkA blesa
L=h rFkk iq#"k dks leku vf/kdkj feyrk gSA
n`"Vkar%
iwoZir iq= dh 'kk[kk esa ds okfjlksa ds chp ,sls
fd;k tk;sxk fd mldh fo/kok dks ¼;k lc
fo/kokvksa dks feykdj½ vkSj mÙkjthoh iq=ksa vkSj
iqf=;ksa dks cjkcj Hkkx izkIr gksa] vkSj mlds
iwoZe`r iq=ksa dh 'kk[kk dks ogh Hkkx izkIr gksa(
vuqlwph ds oxZ 1 esa fofxZfn"V 9 lEcfU/k;ksa dks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
tkrh gSA oxZ 2 ds lEoU/kh ,d lkFk bl
lEifÙk dks izkIr ugh dj ldrs vfirq og oxZ
2 ds Øe vuqlkj rFkk /kkjk 11 esa of.kZr
izko/kkuksa ds vuq#i lEifÙk izkIr dj ldrs gSA
tc ,d gh okfjl miyC/k gksrk gS ijUrq ,d
ls vf/kd okfjl gks rks lEifÙk dk foHkktu
cjkcj va'k ds fl)kar ij fd;k tkrk gSA
n`"Vkar%
A dh e`R;q ds ckn mlds ihNs mlds HkkbZ dk
iq=] cgu ds iq= rFkk iq=h cprs gSaA oxZ II dh
Js.kh ds vuq#i lHkh dks leku Hkkx feysxkA
n`"Vkar%
lafgrk dh /kkjk 8¼x½ ds vuqlkj ;fn oxZ ¼1½ o
¼2½ ds lEcfU/k u gks rks lEifÙk xks=tks] o
cU/kqvksa dks pyh tkrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 12 o
13 xks=tks vkSj cU/kqvksa esa mÙkjkf/kdkj dk Øe
fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 13
fMxzh;ksa dh laxBuk ds lanHkZ esa izko/kku djrh
gS gj ih<+h ,d fMxzh xfBr djrh gS pkgs
mijyh pkgs fupyhA
n`"Vkar%
izfrLi/khZ okfjl nks xks=t gksrs gSa mnkgj.k ds
fy, HkkbZ ds csVs dh csVh rFkk pkpk dk csVk]
HkkbZ ds csVs dh csVh ds ekeys ess nks mijyh
fMxzh;k xfBr gksrh gSa rFkk pkpk ds csVs ds
ekeys esa rhu mijyh fMxzh;k xfBr gksrh gSA
fgUnw ukjh ds dCts es dh dksbZ Hkh lEifÙk] pkgs
og bl vf/kfu;e ds izkjEHk ls iwoZ ;k i'pkr
vftZr dh x;h gks] mlds }kjk iwoZ Lokeh ds
rkSj ij u fd ifjlhfer Lokeh ds rkSj ij
/kkfjr dh tkrh gS ¼/kkjk 14½A fuoZlh;r ejus
okyh fgUnw ukjh dh lEifÙk /kkjk 16 esa fn;s x;s
fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr dks U;kxr
gksxh& iq=ksa vkSj iqf=;ksa ¼ftlds vUrxZr fdlh
iqoZer iq= ;k iq=h ds viR; Hkh gSa½ vkSj ifr
dks( ifr ds okfjlksa dks( ekrk vkSj firk dks(
firk ds okfjlksa dks( rFkk ekrk ds okfjlksa dksA
fuoZfl;r ejus okyh fgUnq ukjh dh lEifÙk ds
okfjl dk vk/kkj] lEifÙk ds L=ksr ds vuq#i
gksrk gSA blls mRrjkf/kdkj dk irk yxk;k tk
ldrk gSA ¼Bhagat RamVs. Teja Singh AIR
2002 SCI½
fuoZlh;r ejus okyh fgUnq ukjh dks ;fn lEifÙk
mlds ekrk&firk ls izkIr gqbZ Fkh rks ejus ds
ckn mldh lEifÙk ekrk&firk ds okfjlksa dks
mlh izdkj ls tks lEifÙk L=h ds ifr ;k llqj
us nh Fkh rFkk ;fn L=h fuoZlh;r ejrh gS rks
lEifÙk ds okfjlksa dks okil pyh tk,sxh u fd
L=h ds ekrk&firk dks tk,sxhA
n`"Vkar%
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
A vius igys ifr ls mRiUu iq= S dks rFkk
nwljs ifr B ls izkIr lEifÙk NksM+ dj ej tkrh
gS] A dh lEifÙk S dks izkIr gksxh uk fd B ds
okfjlkasa dks ¼Rama Ananda Vs. Bhina AIR
1969 Bam 205½
/kkjk 18 ds vuqlkj fuoZlh;r ls iw.kZjDr
lEcU/k j[kus okys okfjlksa ij vf/keku izkIr
gksxk ;fn ml lEoU/k dks izd`fr lc izdkj ls
ogh gksA /kkjk 19 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd ;fn
nks ;k vf/kd okfjl fuoZlh;r dh lEifÙk
ds ,d lkFk mÙkjkf/kdkjh gksrs gSa rks os lEifÙk
dks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ik;saxsA bl vf/kfu;e
esa vfHkO;Dr rkSj ij vU;Fkk micfU/kr ds
flok; O;fDrokj] u fd 'kk[kkokj vk/kkj ij
ysaxs( vkSj lkekfU;d vfHk/kkfj;ksa dh gSfl;r esa
u fd la;qDr vfHk/kkfj;ksa dh gSfl;r esa ysaxsA
fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 20 ds
vuqlkj og f'k'kq tks mldh ek¡ dh e`R;q ds ckn
iSnk gqvk gS mls ogh vf/kdkj gS tks mlds ek¡
dh e`R;q ls iwoZ mls izkIr gksrsA fgUnw
mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 1928 ds vuqlkj fdlh
Hkh O;fDr dks vHkkT; ifjokj esa mÙkjkf/kdkj ds
vf/kdkj ls 'kjhfjd {kerk rFkk ekufld
chekfj;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vyx ugha fd;k tk
ldrk] flQZ tUe ls ikxy yksxksa dks NksM+dj
dksbZ fgUnw foy }kjk ;k vU; olh;r
O;uu }kjk Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e]
1925 ¼1925 dk 39½ ;k fgUnwvksa dks ykxw vkSj
fdlh vU; rRle; izoÙk fof/k ds miyC/kksa ds
vuqlkj fdlh ,slh lEifÙk dks O;;fur dj
ldsxk ;k ldsxh] ftldk ,sls O;;fur] fd;k
tkuk 'kD; gksA
fgUnw vizkIro;rk vkSj laj{kdrk vf/kfu;e
1956
vizkIro;rk ls rkRi;Z ,sls O;fDr ls gS ftlus
18 o"kZdh vk;q iwjh uk dh gks] ^laj{kd* ls og
O;fDr vfHkizsr gS ftldh ns[kjs[k esa fdlh
vizkIro;rk dk 'kjhj ;k mldh lEifÙk ;k
mldh 'kjhj vkSj lEifÙk nkuks gksa vkSj blds
vUrxZr vkrs gSa& uSlfxZd laj{kd] vizkIro;rk
ds firk ;k ekrk dh foy }kjk fu;qDr laj{kd]
U;k;y; }kjk fu;qDr ;k ?kksf"kr laj{kd] rFkk
fdlh izfrikY; vf/kdj.k ls lEcU/k j[kus okyh
fdlh vf/kfu;fefr ds }kjk ;k v/khu laj{kd
dh gSfl;r esa dk;Z djus ds fy;s l'kDr O;fDr
gSA ;fn firk thfor gS rks og vius
vizkIro;rk iq= rFkk vfookfgr iq=h dk
uSlfxZd laj{kd gksxkA ;fn vizkIro;rk ckyd
5 o"kZ dh mez ls de dk gks rks mldh ek¡
uSlfxZd laj{kd gksrh gS ek¡ dh e`R;q ds ckn
firk fdlh v/keZT; ckyd ds ekeys esa ek¡
mldh uSlfxZd laj{kd gksrh gS rFkk mlds ckn
mldk firk /kkjk ¼6½ vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8 esa
uSlfxZd laj{kd dh 'kfDr;ka lwphc) gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vizkIro;rk cPps ds ykHk ds fy, uSlfxZd
laj{kd lEifÙk j[k ldrk gSA uSlfxZd laj{kd
vizkIro;rk ckyd dh j{kk rFkk mldh lEifÙk
ds fy, vko';d dne mBk ldrk gSA ijUrq
laj{kd fdlh Hkh n'kk esa vizkIro; dks oS;fDrd
izlafonk ds }kjk vkc) ugh dj ldrkA
fgUnw nRrd rFkk Hkj.k&iks"k.k vf/kfu;e] 1956
fgUnw n-r-Hk-iks-v- cks)] tSu rFkk fl[[kksa ij Hkh
ykxw gksrk gSA ;g nRrd izfØ;k rFkk Hkj.k
iks"k.k ls lEcfU/kr fu;eksa dk izko/kku djrk gSA
bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr fof/keku nRrd ds
fy, fuEufyf[kr izfØ;k,a gS%
1- og O;fDr tks nRrd ys jgk gS] mls
nRrd ysus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,]
og iq= rFkk iq=h dks fof/k iwoZd nRrd
ysus ds ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,A /kkjk ¼7½
vkSj ¼8½
2- nRrd nsus okyk O;fDr fof/k iwoZd ,slk
djus ds fy, vf/kdkfjr gksuk pkfg,A
/kkjk ¼9½
3- tks nRrd fy;k tk jgk gS] og fof/k
iwoZd bl ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,A
lafgrk ds /kkjk 11 fof/keku nRrd dh 'krksZ dk
izko/kku djrh gS rFkk bUgsa iwjk u djus ij
nRrd 'kwU; gksxk izR;sd fgUnw iq#"k
tks ;FkkfpRr LoLFk gks vkSj vizkIro; u gks]
xksn ysus ds fy, l{ke gksxk] og fdlh iq= o
iq=h dks xksn ys ldrk gS] c'krsZ mlds dksbZ
iq= o iq=h u gks] izikS= rFkk iziq=h u gks ;fn
ml O;fDr dh iRuh thfor gks] rks og flQZ
iRuh dh lgefr ls nRrd ys ldrk gSA dksbZ
Hkh fgUnw ukjh tks LoLFk fpÙk gS] vizkIro; ugha
gSa] vkSj fookfgrk ugha gS ;k ;fn fo?kfVr gS rks
mldk fookg fookfgr dj fn;k x;k gS ;k
ftldk ifr ej pqdk gS ;k iw.kZ vkSj vafre #i
ls lalkj dk R;kx dj pqdk gS ;k fgUnw ugha
jg x;k gS ;k l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys fdlh
U;;ky; us mlds ckjs esa ;g ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
gS fd og fod`r fpÙk dk gS] og iq= ;k iq=h
dks nRrd ysus dh lkeF;Z j[krh gSA
tSfod ekrk&firk dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og
iq= rFkk iq=h dks nRrd ns ldrh gSA bl
ifjis{; esa nksuksa ekrk&firk dh Lohdfr
vko';d gSA tc nksuksa ekrk&firk dh e`R;q gks
pwdh gS ;k mUgksaus iw.kZ #i ls nqfu;k NksM+ nh
gS] ;k ftUgksaus cPps dks NksM+ fn;k gks] rFkk
ftUgsa l{; U;k;y; esa forfodr ?kksf"kr dj
fn;k gS rFkk ftu cPps ds ekrk&firk dk irk
u gks] ;k U;k;y; }kjk fu;qDr laj{k.k] cPps
dks nRrd ns ldrk gS] ;fn ,slk nRrd
iq=&iq=h ds dY;k.k ds fy, gksA ¼/kkjk 09½
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr nRrd fy;s tkus ds ;ksX; u
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
gksxk tc rd fd og fuEufyf[kr 'krZs iwjh u
djsA
og fgUnw gS( og igys ls gh nRrd ugha fy;k
tk pqdk gS] ;k yh tk pqdh gS( mldk fookg
ugha gqvk gS] rc ds flok; tc fd i{kdkjksa dks
ykxw gksus okyh dksbZ ,slh #f<+ ;k izFkk gks tks
fookfgrk O;fDr;ksa dk nRrd fy;k tkuk
vuqKkr djrh gks( mlus iUnzg o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh
ugh dh gS rc ds flok; tc fd i{kdkjksa dks
ykxw gksus okyh dksbZ ,slh #f<+ ;k izFkk gks
tks ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk] ftUgksus iUnzg o"kZ dh
vk;q iwjh dj yh gks] nÙkd fy;k tkuk vuqKkr
djrh gSA
nRrd izfd;k dh oS/krk ds fy, ;g vko';d
gS fd 'kkfjfjd #i ds nRrd dk vknku iznku
gqvk gks (Jai Singh Vs. Shakuntala (2002) 35
CC 634)
nÙkd viR; nÙkd dh rkjh[k ls vius nÙkd
firk ;k ekrk dk viR; leLr iz;kstuksa ds
fy;s le>k tk;sxk vkSj ,slh rkjh[k ls ;g
le>k tk;sxk fd ml viR; ds vius tUe ds
dqVqEc ds lkFk leLr cU/ku VwV x;s gSa vkSj
mudk LFkku mu cU/kuksa us ys fy;k gS tks
nÙkd dqVqEc esa nÙkd ds dkj.k lftr gq;s
gksa( iwjUrq og viR; fdlh ,sls O;fDr ls fookg
ugha dj ldsxk ftlls fd ;fn og vius tUe
ds dqVqEc esa gh cuk jgk gksrk rks og fookg u
dj ldrk FkkA dksbZ Hkh lEifÙk tks nÙkd
viR; esa nÙkd ds iwoZ fufgr Fkh] ,slh lEifÙk
ds LokfHkRo es layXu ck/;rkvksa ds] ;fn dksbZ
gksa] v/;/khu] ftuds vzUrxZr mlds tUe ds
dqVqEc esa ds] ukrsnkjksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus dh
ck/;rk Hkh vkrh gS] ,sls O;fDr esa fufgr cuh
jgsxh( nÙkd viR; fdlh O;fDr dks ml lEink
ls fufuZfgr ugha djsxk tks ml O;fDr esa nÙkd
ds iwoZ fufgr gks xbZ gksA
n`"Vkar%
A ds B rFkk C nks iq= gSa] A, C dks X dks
nRrd nsrk gS] C dk A dh lEifÙk esa dksbZ
mÙkjkf/kdkj ugh gS] D tks B rFkk C dh ekrk
gSA mldh e`R;q C ds nRrd tkus ls iwoZ gks
tkrh gSA C, D dh lEifÙk esa A rFkk B ds
lkFk Hkkxh gSA
n`"Vkar%
A tks fd ,d e`rd lgnkf;d dh iRuh gS] B
dks nRrd ysrh gS] nRrd iq= la;qDr ifjokj esa
fgLlk ys ldrk gSA ;fn A lgnkf;d lEifÙk
dks nku djrh gS fdlh rhljs i{k C dks rks B
bls pqukSrh ns ldrk gSA (Mukund Singh Vs.
Wazir Singh (1972) 45CC178)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dksbZ Hkh nÙkd tks fof/kekU;r% fd;k x;k gS]
nÙkd firk ;k ekrk }kjk ;k fdlh vU;
O;fDr }kjk jí u fd;k tk ldsxk vkSj u
nÙkd viR; viuh ,slh gSfl;r dk R;kx dj
ldsxk vkSj u og vius dqVqEc esa okil tk
ldsxkA ¼/kkjk 15½
tc dHkh Hkh rRle; izo`Ùk fof/k ds v/khu
jftLVªs'ku dksbZ ,slh nLrkost ftlesa fdlh
fd;s x;s nÙkd dk vfHkfyf[kr gksuk rkRif;Zr
gks vkSj tks viR; dks nÙkd nsus vkSj ysus okys
O;fDr;ksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr gks] fdlh U;k;y; ds
le{k is'k fd;k tk;s] rc tc rd fd
vkSj ;fn mls uklkfcr u dj fn;k tk;s og
U;k;y; ;g mi/kkj.kk djsxk fd og nÙkd bl
vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds vuqikyu esa fd;k x;k
gSA ¼/kkjk 16½
fgUnw nRrd rFkk Hkj.k iks"k.k vf/kfu;e dk
v/;k;&III Hkj.k iks"k.k ls lEcaf/kr izko/kku
djrk gSA
fgUnw iRuh] pkgs og bl vf/kfu;e ds izkjEHk ds
iwoZ ;k Ik'pkr~ fookfgr gks] vius thoudky esa
vius ifr ls Hkj.k&iks"k.k ikus dk gdnkj
gksxhA ;fn mldk ifr vfHkR;tu]
vFkkZr ;qfDr;qDr dkj.k ds fcuk ;k mldh
bPNk ds fo#) mldk ifjR;kx djus dk ;k
tkucw>dj mldh mis{kk djus dk nks"kh gS( ;fn
mldk ifr mlds lkFk ,slh Øwjrk dk O;ogkj
djs ftlls mlds vius eu esa bl ckr
dh ;qfDr;qDr vk'kadk iSnk gks fd mlds ifr ds
lkFk jguk vigkfudj ;k {kfrdkjd gksxkA ;fn
mldk ifr mxz dq"B ls ihfM+r gS( ;fn mlds
ifr dh dksbZ vU; iRuh thfor gS( ;fn mldk
ifr mlh x`g esa ftlesa mldh iRuh fuokl
djrh gS dksbZ miiRuh j[krk gS ;k fdlh
miiRuh ds lkFk vU; fdlh LFkku esa vH;klr%
fuokl djrk gS( ;fn mldk ifr dksbZ vU; /keZ
esa laaifjofrZr gksus ds dkj.k fgUnw ugha jg x;k
gS( vkSj ;fn mlds i`Fkd~ gksdj jgus dk dksbZ
vU; U;k;ksfpr dkj.k gSA
Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds vUrxZr lc n'kkvksa esa Hkkstu]
oL=] vkokl] f'k{kk vkSj fpfdRlh; ifjp;kZ vkSj
bykt ds fy;s miyC/k vkrk gSA vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 19 ds vuqlkj dksbZ fgUnw iRuh vius ifr
dh e`R;q ds Ik'pkr~ vius llqj ls Hkj.k&iks"k.k
izkIr djus dh gdnkj gksxh% ijUrq ;g rc
tcfd vkSj ml foLrkj rd tgka rd fd og
Lo;a vius vtZu ;k vU; lEifÙk ls viuk
Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus esa vleFkZ gksA ijUrq ;fn
'olqj ds vius dCts esa fd ,slh lgnkf;dh
lEifÙk ls] ftlesa ls iq=o/kq dks dksbZ va'k
vfHkizkIr ugha gqvk gS 'olqj ds fy;s ,slk djuk
lk/; ugha gS] /kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fdlh ck/;rk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dk izorZu ugha djk;k tk ldsxk vkSj ,slh
ck/;rk iq=o/kq ds iqufoZokg ij vUr gks tk;sxkA
fgUnw vius thoudky ds nkSjku vius /keZt ;k
v/keZt viR;ksa vkSj o`) ;k f'kfFkykax tudks
dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus ds fy;s vkc) gSA fdlh
O;fDr dks vius o`) ;k f'kfFkykax tudksa
dk ;k fdlh iq=h dk] tks vfookfgrk gks]
Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus dh ck/;rk dk foLrkj ogka
rd gksxk tgka rd fd tud ;k vfookfgrk
iq=h] ;FkkfLFkfr] Lo;a vius miktZuksa ;k vU;
lEifÙk ls viuk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus esa vleFkZ
gksA tgka fd fdlh vkfJr us bl vf/kfu;e ds
izkjEHk ds i'pkr~ e`r fgUnw dh lEink esa dksbZ
va'k olh;rh ;k fuoZlh;rh mÙkjkf/kdkj }kjk
vfHkizkIr ugha fd;k gS ogka bl vf/kfu;e ds
micU/kksa ds v/;/khu ;g gS fd og vkfJr mu
O;fDr;ksa ls Hkj.k&iks"k.k izkIr djus dk gdnkj
gksxk tks ml lEink dks ysrs gSaA
;g U;k;y; ds foosdkf/kdkj es gksxk fd D;k
dksbZ Hkj.k&iks"k.k bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds
v/khu fnyok;k tk;s vkSj ;fn fnyok;k tk;s
rks] fdruk iRuh] viR;ksa] o`) ;k f'kfFkykax
tudksa dks ;fn dksbZ Hkj.k&iks"k.k jde bl
vf/kfu;e ds v/khu nh tkuh gks rks mldk
vo/kkj.k djus esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa
j[kk tk;sxkA ¼/kkjk 23½
i{kdkjksa dh fLFkfr vkSj izkfLFkfr dks( nkosnkj
dh ;qfDr;qDr vok'ldrkvksa dks] ;fn nkosnkj
i`Fkdr% fuokl dj jgk gS rks bl ckr dks fd
D;k nkosnkj dk ,slk djuk U;k;ksfpr
gS( nkosnkj dh lEifÙk ds ewY; dks] vkSj ,slh
lEifÙk ls ;k nkosnkj ds futh miktZuksa ls ;k
fdlh vU; L=ksr ls O;qRiUu fdlh vk;
dks( bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds
gdnkj vkfJrksa dh la[;k dksA ¼/kkjk 23¼2½½
fdlh vkfJr dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk nkok] i`rd
dh lEink ;k mlds fdlh izHkkx ij rd ds
flok; Hkkj ugha gksxk tc fd erd dh
foy }kjk] U;k;y; dh fMØh }kjk] vkfJr vkSj
lEink ;k mlds izHkkx ds Lokeh ds chp ds
djkj }kjk ;k vU;Fkk ,slk dksbZ l`"V u fd;k
x;k gksA e`rd }kjk gj izdkj ds lafonkd`r ;k
lans; _.kksa dks mlds vius vkfJrksa ds bl
vf/kfu;e ds v/khu Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds nkoksa ij
ifoZdrk nh tk;sxhA /kkjk 25 ds vuqlkj
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rCnhyh gksus ij Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh
jde esa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldsxkA
eqfLye fof/k
eqfLye oS;fDrd dkuwu ^'kjh;k* ij vk/kkfjr gS]
tks Hkkjr esa vkaf'kd #i ls ykxw gksrh gSA
gkykafd eqfLye fof/k iw.kZ #is.k lafgrkc) ugh
gS] ijUrq ;g lafgrkc) fo/kkuksa ds leku gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Muslim Law Application Act
1937(HPLAA) dh /kkjk 2 ds vuqlkj eqfLyeksa
ij ykxw gksus okys fo"k; tSls mÙkjkf/kdkj]
lEifÙk mÙkjkf/kdkj] nRrd] lafonk] nku] fookg]
fookg foPNsn] rykd] Hkrs] laj{krk] oDQ vkfn
leLr fo"k; eqfLye oS;fDrd dkuwu ;k 'kjh;
ds vuq#i 'kkflr gksaxsA vr% ;g vf/kfu;e
dqN fu'fpr eqfLye dkuwuksa dks ekU;rk iznku
djrk gS rFkk mUgs Hkkjr esa leLr eqLyekuksa ij
ykxw djrk gSA ,d O;fDr nks izdkj ls
eqLyeku gks ldrk gS igyk tUe ls nwljk
ifjorZu lsA ,d O;fDr tks tUe ls eqLyeku gS
rc rd ,d eqfLye jgrk gS] tc rd fd og
mldk ifjR;kx uk dj nsA eqfLye /keZ dk
ifjR;kx djus ds fy, fdlh fo'ks"k fjfr
fjokt ;k lekjksg dh vko';drk ugh gSA
eqfLye esa ifjorZu ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd
O;fDr viuk iqjkuk /keZ NksM+ nsA ijUrq ifjorZu
dk mís'; ln~Hkkouk iwoZd gksuk pkfg, uk fd
fdlh oS;fDrd dkuwu dk ykHk dekus ds mís';
lsA
bLyke dk ifjR;kx
eqfLye /keZ dk ifjR;kx flQZ bruk dgus ls
gks tkrk gS fd ^^vc ls eS bLyke dk ifjR;kx
djrk gw¡A** blds vfrfjDr iSxEcj eqgEen ds
fo#) vlEekuh; ckr djus ls] ;k mu yksxksa
dk lkFk nsus ij eqLyekuksa ds fo#) ;q) es gS]
O;fDr Lor% gh bLyke dks R;kx nsrk gSA
ijEijkxr eqfLye dkuwu ds vuqlkj ;fn O;fDr
us eqfLye /keZ R;kx fn;k gS rks og eqfLye
ifjtuksa ls mÙkjkf/kdkj ij fuf"k/k gS( Freedom
of Religion Act 1850 ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr
eqLyeku mÙkjkf/kdkj dk vf/kdkj ugh [kksrk gS]
ogh ,d fgUnw eqfLye lEifÙk esa vf/kdkj izkIr
ugh dj ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar%
A rFkk B nksuks fgUnw gSa] A /keZfjorZu dj C
ls tks eqLyeku gS fookg djrk gS A dh e`R;q
ds ckn C dks mldh lEifÙk esa gd gksxk uk
fd B dksA ;fn ,d eqfLye ifr bLyke dk
ifjR;kx djrk gS rks mldk eqfLye L=h ls
fookg Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gS] ijUrq ogh ;fn
eqfLye L=h viuk /keZ ifjorZu djrh gS rks
fookg Lo/keZ R;kx ls lekIr gksxk oks Hkh rc
tc dksbZ L=h vU; /keZ ls bLyke viukrh gS
rFkk iqu% bLyke NksM+ dj vU; /keZ x`g.k dj
ysrh gSA
eqfLye dkuwu dh fopkj/kkjk%
eqfLye fof/k esa ewy #i ls nks fopkj/kkjk,sa
fo/keku gS 1- lqUuh rFkk 2- f'k;k] lqUuh
fopkj/kkjk dh pkj mi fopkj/kkjk gS 1- gukQh
fopkj/kkjk 2- efydh fopkj/kkjk 3- 'kkQh
fopkj/kkjk rFkk 4- gucyh fopkj/kkjk] ;g pkjks
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muds bukeksa ds ukeksa ds mij vk/kkfjr gS]
ftUgksus budh LFkkiuk dh gSA gkykafd O;kid
Lo#i esa bu pkjksa ds e/; Hksn gS] ijUrq buds
ewy fl)kar leku gS Hkkjr esa lqUuh i{kdkj
vkerkSj ij gukQh fopkj/kkjk ds leFkZd gS
D;ksafd ;g Hkkjr ds T;knkrj eqLyekuksa ds lkFk
lkekU; ifjfLFkfr gSA (Bafatun Vs. Bilati
Khanun 1903, 30 Cal 683) f'k;k dkuwu dh
rhu mifopkj/kkjk fuEufyf[kr gS% 1- bruk
vlgkjh fopkj/kkjk 2- bLekbZyh fopkj/kkjk rFkk
3- tSnh fopkj/kkjk] Hkkjr esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS
fd T;knkrj eqLyeku bruk vlgkjh dk
vuqlj.k djrs gSA vr% T;knkrj f'k;k eqLyeku
bruk vlgkjh dkuwu dks ekurs gS (Akbarally
Vs. Mahomedally (1932) 34 BornLR655)
fofHkUu fof/kd fopkj/kkjkvksa dh Lohdk;Zrk fuEu
rRoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS%
tx ckn esa nksuksa i{kdkj leku eqfLye
fopkj/kkjk ds gks rks] mlh fopkj/kkjk dk
vuqlj.k gksuk pkfg,A
;fn nksuksa i{kdkj ,d eqfLye
fopkj/kkjk ds ugh gS rks izfroknh dh
eqfLye fopkj/kkjk dk vuqHko gksuk
pkfg,A
;fn ,d eqfLye ln~Hkko esa nwljh
eqfLye fopkj/kkjk Lohdkj ysrk gS rks
nwljh Lohdkjhr fopkj/kkjk dk vuqlj.k
gksuk pkfg,A
;fn ,d eqLyeku nwljh eqfLye
fopkj/kkjk Lohdkj ysrk gS rFkk mldh
e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks e`R;q ds le; oks
ftl fopkj/kkjk dks ekurk Fkk ogh
ekU;rk izkIr gksxhA
la{ksirk ds dkj.k bl Hkkx esa ge flQZ
lqUuh fopkj/kkjk ds gukQh vfopkj/kkjk
ij ppkZ djsaxsA
fookg%
eqfLye fof/k esa fookg ,d flfoy lafonk gksrk
gSA ftldk mís'; cPpksa dh oS/krk gksrk gSA
eqfLye fookg ds vko';d rRo
fookg dh lafonk djus dh {kerk%
og lHkh eqfLye tks l{ke fpÙk ds gks rFkk
ftUgksaus O;Ld;rk izkIr dj yh gks fookg
lafonk ds ;ksX; gksrs gSA fpÙkfodr ;k vO;Ld
vius laj{kdksa ds ek/;e ls oS/k fookg lafonk
dj ldrs gSaA eqfLye dkuwu esa fookg ifjis{;
esa ;kSoukoLFkk rFkk O;Ldrk leku gksrs gSa rFkk
bldh vk;q 15 ls ekuh tkrh gSA cky fookg
fujks/kd vf/kfu;e 1929 ds vUrxZr vk;q ls iwoZ
fookg vijk/k gS ijUrq ;g fookg 'kwU; ugh
gksrsA
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izLrko rFkk Lohdk;Zrk%
fookg dh oS/krk ds fy, og vko';d gS
fd ,d i{k }kjk fookg izLrko gks rFkk nwljk
i{k mldks Lohdk;Z djs] ;g Lohdk;Zrk nks
O;Ld LoLFk fpÙk iq#"k ;k ,d iq#"k rFkk nks
O;Ld LoLFk fpÙk L=h;ksa dh xokgh esa gSA
izLrko rFkk Lohdk;Zrk ,d gh ckj esa gksuh
pkfg,A
n`"Vkar%
A, D rFkk E dh mifLFkfr esa ;g ?kks"k.kk djrh
gS fd eSus B ls fookg djus dk izLrko djrk
gw¡] ijUrq B vuqifLFkr gS] vc D rFkk E dh
mifLFkfr esa B dgrk gS fd ^^eq>s izLrko
Lohdk;Z gS** ;g ,d fof/kiw.kZ fookg ugh gksxk
D;ksafd izLrko rFkk Lohdk;Zrk vyx&vyx
cSBd esa rFkk vyx&vyx txg gqbZ gSA
n`"Vkar%
A, B dks fookg izLrko i= esa fy[kdj Hkstrk
gS B mls nks iq#"k xokgks dh mifLFkfr esa i<+rk
gS rFkk izLrko Lohdk;Z djrk gSA ;g ,d
oS/kkfud fookg gksxkA
n`"Vkar%
F ,d eqfLye firk gS tks viuh iq=h D dk
fookg E ds lkFk gks ldrk gSA D o mldh ek¡
M bl fookg ds fojks/k esa gS] ijUrq fQj Hkh D
dk fookg E ds lkFk gksrk gSA ;g fookg voS/k
gksxkA
vojks/kksa dh vuqifLFkfr%
;g eqfLye fookg esa rhljk rFkk egRoiw.kZ rRo
gS] vojks/kksa ds dkj.k fookg ckfry rFkk
Qkflg ?kksf"kr gksrk gSA
fookg ij vkR;kafrd fu"ks/k
cgqfookg% ,d eqfLye iq#"k ,d le;
esa pkj fookg dj ldrk gS ijUrq
eqfLye efgyk flQZ ,d gh fookg dj
ldrh gSA
lejDrrk% ek¡] nknh] iq=h] ikS=h] ckbZ]
cgu] muds iq=] iq=h] pkpk] ekek] cqvk]
ek¡lh ds lkFk fookg fu"ks/kA
fookg lEca/k% ,d O;fDr viuh iRuh
dh ek¡ rFkk nknh ls fookg ugh dj
ldrk rFkk og vius firk dh iRuh
mlesa iq= dh iRuh ls fookg ugh dj
ldrkA
bl izdkj ds fookgksa ls tUes cPps voS/k
gksrs gSaA
eqfLye fookg ds lEca/khr fu"ks/k
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ik¡poh iRuh ls fookg% ,d eqfLye
iq#"k ,d le; esa pkj ifRu;k j[k
ldrk gS ;fn og ik¡poh iRuh ls fookg
djrk gS rks mls igyh fdlh iRuh dks
rykd nsuk gksxkA
xokgksa dh vuqifLFkfr
/kkfeZd fHkUurk% ,d eqfLye iq#"k fdlh
Hkh vU; fdrkch;k /keZ dh efgyk ls
fookg dj ldrk gS] tSls bZlkbZ] ;gwfn
rFkk ,slk fookg oS/k gksxk] ijUrq fgUnw
ls fookg djus ds fy, igys mldk
/keZ ifjorZu djk dj fdrkch;k djuk
gksxkA
bn~r efgyk ls% eqfLye efgyk tks bn~r
esa gS ls fookg 'kwU; ugh gS vfirq
vfujarj gSA
fookg dh ifjdYiuk
;fn nks eqfLye iq#"k L=h ,d lkFk
cgqr yEcs le; ls jg jgs gSa] tks ;g
ifjdYiuk dh tk ldrh gS fd og
ifr&iRuh gSaA
;fn L=h ls mRiUu f'k'kq dks iq#"k
viuk uke ns rks fookg dh ifjdYiuk
dh tk ldrh gSA
iq#"k }kjk ?kks"k.kk djus ij fd veqd
mldh iRuh gSA
rykd ds izdkj%
rykd% bl izdkj dk rykd iq#"k }kjk
vko';d okD; dks rhu ckj nksgjk dj
fn;k tkrk gS ¼;fn oks LoLFk fpÙk rFkk
O;Ld gks rks½( ;g vko';d ugh
dh ,slk rykd iRuh dh mifLFkfr o
mldks lEcksf/kr dj fn;k tk,sA
(Soleha Vs. Sheikh AIR 1973 MP
207)
bZyk% ;fn eqfLye iq#"k vYyk dh 'kiFk
ysrs gq, ;g ?kks"k.kk djs fd og viuh
iRuh ds lkFk vxys pkj eghus rd
ySafxd lEca/k ugh cuk,sxk] rks pkj ekg
iwjs gksrs gh rykd gks tkrk gSA
ijUrq ;fn bZyk dh vof/k esa ySafxd
lEca/k cuk;s tkrs gS rks ;g rykd ugh
gksxkA
[kqyk% ;g ijLij le>kSrs ds rykd dk
Lo#i gSA blesa iRuh dh vksj ls igy
dh tkrh gSA
eqckjkr% ;g ijLij le>kSrs ds dkj.k
ls rykd gS] blls ifr ;k iRuh dksbZ
Hkh igy dj ldrs gS] ijUrq iRuh dks
HkÙkk ugh feyrkA
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fy;ku% ;fn eqfLye iq#"k] viuh iRuh
ij pfj= ghurk dkk vkjksi yxkrk gS
rFkk vkjksi fl) gksus ij efgyk iq#"k
dks rykd ns ldrh gSA
U;kf;d rykd% ;g eqfLye fookg
foPNsn vf/kfu;e 1939 dh /kkjk 2 ds
vuqlkj gksrk gSA
rykd ds ifj.kke%
nwljk fookg djus dk vf/kdkj
Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh izkfIr% ifr dks bn~k
vof/k esa Hkj.k&iks"k.k nsuk gksuk gksA
esgj% efgyk dks esgj izkfIr dk gd gSA
rykd nh gqbZ iRuh ls iqu% fookg% ;fn
fookg foPNsnu rykd ds vfrfjDr gqvk
gS rks bn~k vof/k ds ckn iqu% fookg
lEHko gSA
,d oS/k fookg ds v/khu eqfLye efgyk ds
vf/kdkj
mfpr oSokfgd fuokl LFkku
;fn og lgiRuh gS rks leku LusgHkko
esgj% esgj og iwath ;k lEifÙk gksrh gS
tks iRuh dks vius ifr ls izkIr gksrh
gSA ;g fookg ds izfrQy ds #i esa
izkIr gksrh gSA ;fn fookg ds nkSjku
dksbZ esgj fu/kkZfjr ugh gqbZ gS rc Hkh
eqfLye dkuwu L=h dks esgj ysus dk
vf/kdkj nsrk gS (Abdul Kadir Vs.
Salima (1866) 8 ALL 149) esgj pkj
izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
mYysf[kr esgj% ;g fookg ds
i{kdkjksa }kjk fookg iwoZ] fookg
njfE;ku ;k fookg mijkUr fu'fpr
fd;k tkrk gSA
mfpr esgj% ;fn fookg ds nkSjku dksbZ
esgj fu/kkZfjr ugh gqvk Fkk rc
iRuh ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij mfpr esgj
olwy ldrh gSA
rRij esgj% ;g esgj dk og izdkj gS
tks iRuh }kjk ekaxs tkus ij fn;k tkrk
gSA
vLFkfxr esgj% ;g og esgj gS tks
e`R;q ;k rykd ds dkj.k fookg
foPNsnu ds ,sot esa izkIr gksrk gSA
Hkj.k&iks"k.k%
fuEufyf[kr ik¡p ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkj.k&iks"k.k
fn;k tkrk gSA
1- f'k'kq rFkk vfookfgrk iq=h% eqfLye firk
dk ;g drZO; gS fd og iq=ks dks
O;Ldrk rd rFkk iq=h dks mlds fookg
rd Hkj.k&iks"k.k djs vkSj ;fn og Hkh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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vleFkZ gS rks firk ds firk dks ;g
djuk gksxkA
2- O;Ld cPps% bUgs Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk
vf/kdkj ugh gS] c'krsZ os detksj o
vl{ke gksA
3- ekrk&firk% cPpksa dks vius xjhc
ekrk&firk dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus dk
vf/kdkj gSA
4- nknk&nknh% izikS= dks vius xjhc izfirk
rFkk izekrk dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djuk
gksxkA
5- iRuh% ifr dks viuh iRuh ds
Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk nkf;Ro gS rFkk bn~k dh
vof/k esa Hkh mls Hkj.k&iks"k.k nsuk gksxk]
ijUrq irh dh e`R;q ds ckn bn~k ds
nkSjku Hkj.k&iks"k.k ugh feyrkA
;gk¡ /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd Hkj.k&iks"k.k
fØfeuy izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 dh /kkjk 125 ds
vUrxZr Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bZlkbZ dkuwu
Hkkjrh; blkbZ fookg vf/kfu;e 1872
^fØlfp;u* 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ;g
dgrk gS fd os yksx tks bZlk dks ekurs rFkk
bZlkbZ /keZ dk vuqikyu djrs gS fØlfp;u
gksaxsA Hkkjrh; bZlkbZ;ksa ds vUrxZr os ewy
Hkkjrh; rFkk vU; ftUgksus /keZ ifjorZu dj
bZlkbZ /keZ Lohdk;Z dj fy;k gS] vkrs gSaA ¼/kkjk
3½
n`"Vkar%A fgUnw ekrk&firk ls tUek] rFkk tUe
ds mijkar mldk ^cifrLek* gqvk] mlus
fØlfp;u Ldwy esa f'k{kk yh] ijUrq /keZ dk
vuqikyu ugh fd;k] mlus fgUnw jhfr ls fookg
fd;k] og fØlfp;u ugh gksxk D;ksafd flQZ
cifrLek ls O;fDr dk /keZ ifjorZu ugh gksrkA
n`"Vkar% A fØlfp;u ekrk&firk dh larku gS]
ijUrq og fØlfp;UVh dk vuqikyu ugh djrk]
ijUrq mlus /keZ Hkh ifjofrZr ugh fd;k] A
fØlfp;u gh gSA
fookg%
Hkkjr esa fØlfp;u fookg Hkkjrh; fØlfp;u
fookg vf/kfu;e 1872 (CMA) ls 'kkflr gksrk
gSA fookg ds i{kdkj fØlfp;u gksus pkfg,
vkSj de ls de ,d i{kdkj fØlfp;u gksuk
pkfg, rFkk fookg CMA dh /kkjk 5 ds vuq#i
gksuk pkfg,A CMA ds vuq#i jkT; 'kklu
dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og laLdkj ds fy,
fu/kkZfjr O;fDr dks ykblsal nsA
fookg ds fy, vko';d 'krsZ
Hkkjrh; bZlkbZ;ksa ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd
iq#"k dh vk;q 18 o"kZ rFkk L=h dh vk;q 15 o"kZ
gks] fdlh Hkh izdkj dk iw.kZ irh iRuh thou
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ugh gksrk pkfg,] fookg esa i{kdkjksa dks
^vYekbZVh xkWM* ;k ^ykMZ ftll d`kbLV* dh
'kiFk ysuh gksxh (S.60 of CMA)
fookg dk le; rFkk LFkku%
,d lkekU; fu;e ds vuqlkj fookg 6-00 AM
ls 7-00 AM ds e/; ppZ esa lEiUu gksuk pkfg,
¼/kkjk 10 rFkk 11½] /kkjk 69 ml vukf/kdr
O;fDr dks tks ppZ ds ckgj rFkk fufer le;
ls ijs fookg lEiUu djkrk gS] mls rhu o"kZ dh
ltk dk izko/kku djrh gSA vf/kfu;e ds
v/;k; III ds vUrxZr og O;fDr tks fookg
djuk pkg jgk gS] mls fookg vuqikfBr djkus
ds fy, lEcaf/kr /kkfeZd vf/kdkjh dks fyf[kr esa
uksfVl nsuk pkfg, ¼/kkjk 12 CMA½
;fn fookg ,d fo'ks"k ppZ esa lEiUu gksuk gks
rFkk uksfVl nsus okys /kkfeZd vf/kdkjh dk ml
ppZ ij {ks=kf/kdkj ugh gS rks mls fyf[kr
lwpuk ;k rks i{kdkj dks ykSVk nsuk pkfg, ;k
mls lEcaf/kr ppZ ds vf/kdkjh dks izsf"kr dj
nsuk pkfg,sA ¼/kkjk 13½
fookg esa vuqifLFkr gksus ls iwoZ vko';d ;g gS
fd /kkfeZd vf/kdkjh mls izekf.kr djsaA ;g
izek.k i= fyf[kr lwpuk izkIr gksus ds pkj fnu
dh lekfIr ls iwoZ gksuk pkfg,A ;fn izek.k i=
izkIr gksus ds 2 ekg ds ckn rd fookg lEiUu
ugh gksrk rks uohu izek.k i= dh vko';drk
gksxhA
fookg dk iath;u%
CMA dk Hkkx IV fookg ds iath;u dk
izko/kku djrk gSA /kkfeZd fookg ea=h dks ;g
fookg dk iath;u vius ikl j[kuk pkfg,A
iath;u jthLVªkj esa ys[ku nksuksa i{kdkjksa ds
gLrk{kj( vuqikf"Br vf/kdkjh ds gLrk{kj i{k
nks fo'oluh; xokgksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr gksus
pkfg,A (S 33, CMA)
n`"Vkar% A rFkk B dk fookg CMA dh /kkjk 4
rFkk 5 ds vuq#i lEiUu gqvk] rFkk ckn esa ;g
Kkr gqvk fd fookg 7-30 PM ij lEiUu gqvk
Fkk tksfd /kkjk 10 dks mYya?ku gS] ;g fookg
'kwU; gksxk ¼/kkjk 77½
n`"Vkar% A rFkk B dk fookg fØlfp;u dkuuw
ds vuqlkj gksrk gS rFkk lkFk gh ;g Kkr gqvk
fd muds fookg iath;u esa =qfV gksrh gSA ijUrq
blds dkj.k] mudk fookg 'kwU; ugh gksxkA
fookg foPNsnu
Indian Divorce Act, 1869 (IDA) dh /kkjk 10
ifr ;k iRuh dks fookg ds foPNsnu ds fy,
ftyk U;k;y; esa vthZ nkf[ky djus dk
izko/kku djrh gSA fookg foPNsnu ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr vk/kkj gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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O;kfHkpkj% IDA dh /kkjk 11 O;fHkpkj ds
vk/kkj ij fookg foPNsnu ;k rykd ds
fy, vkosnu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
/kekZUrj.k
nks o"kZ dh vof/k rd vlk/;
fpÙkfof`rrk ls x`flrA
nks o"kZ rd yxkrkj xaHkhj dq"B jksx dh
xzLrrk ds dkj.kA
nks o"kZ rd yxkrkj jfrt jksx dh
x`lrrk lsA
yxkrkj lkr o"kZ ls ykirk O;fDr
LoSPNk ls fookg foPNsnu
Øwjrk
n`"Vkar% A rFkk fØlfp;u fof/k ds vuqlkj
fookg djrs gS] fookg mijkar os yxkrkj >xM+rs
jgrs gSa rFkk A }kjk B dks ,d volj ij
FkIiM+ Hkh ekjk tkrk gSA ;g Øwjrk dk vk/kkj
ugh gksxk (Agnel Valentine D' Saiza Vs.
Blanche Agnela Piedade (1999) DMC 22)
n`"Vkar% A rFkk B fØlfp;u fo/kku ds vuqlkj
fookg djrs gS] ckn esa A bLyke Lohdkjrk gS
rFkk B dks Hkh /keZ ifjorZu ds fy, ck/; djrk
gSA B rykd dh ;kfpdk nk;j dj ldrk gSA
iRuh rykd ds fy, vthZ nk;j dj
ldrh gS] ;fn mldk ifr cykR;ax dk
nks"kh gks rksA
IDA dh /kkjk 10(A) ds vuqlkj ijLij
lgefr ls rykd ds fy, vthZ nh tk
ldrh gSA
uiqaldrk
lca/k
nwljk i{kdkj fookg ds le; fpÙkfodr
FkkA
nwljh oS/kkfud iRuh ;k ifr dk fookg
ds le; thfor gksukA
bl rjg ds fookg ls mRiUu gq, cPps
mRrjkf/kdkj ds gdnkj gksrs gSaA
vU; oS;fDrd dkuwu
ikjlh tksjfL=;u
ikjlh firk rFkk xSj ikjlh ekrk ls mRiUu
larku ikjlh gksxh] c'krZs og ikjlh /keZ
Lohdk;Z dj ikjlh tksjfL=;u vkLFkk dk
vuqikyu djsaA ijUrq ikjlh ekrk rFkk xSj
ikjlh firk ls mRiUu larku ikjlh ugh gksxhA
(Sir Dinshaw Maneckji Vs. Sir Jamshedji,
33 ILR Bam 509)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Hkkjrh; ikjlh fookg rFkk rykd ekeyksa esa
ikjlh fookg rFkk rykd vf/kfu;e 1937 dk
vuqikyu djrs gSaA
,d ikjlh fookg voS/k gksxk ;fn&
;g fookg i{kdkj jDrlaca/kh gS ;k ikjlh fookg
rFkk rykd vf/kfu;e ds oxZ 4 dh lwph ds
vuqlkj laca/kh gSA
;fn fookg ikjlh laLdkj ^vk'khZokn* ds vuw:i
rFkk ikjlh iafMr rFkk nks ikjlh xokg xokg
}kjk lEiUu u gksA
;fn fookg i{kdkj dh vk;q iq#"k 21 o"kZ o L=h
18 o"kZ ds vuqlkj u gksA voS/kkfud fookg ls
mRiUu gqbZ larku oS/kkfud gksrh gSA
;g ikjlh iafM+r ftlus voS/k ikjlh fookg
vf/kikf"Br fd;k gS] rks mls 6 ekg dh ltk
rfkk 200@& dh tqekZuk gks ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar%
A, C ls fokg djrk gs tks dh mlds iq= dh
iRuh dh ek¡ gS] ;g fookg voS/k gksxk] D;ksafd
;g vuqlwph 1 esa of.kZr fu"ks/kkRed fj'rksa esa ls
gSA rFkk ftl ikjlh iafMr us ;g fookg djk;k
oks Hkh ltk dk ik= gksxkA
izR;sd fookg /kkjk ds vuqlkj izekf.kr rFkk
iathd`r gksuk pkfg,A
/kkjk 32 ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr vk/kkj ij
rykd fy;k tk ldrk gSA
O;fHkpkj
cykRdkj] f}&fookg rFkk /kkjk 377
IPC ds varxZr nks"kh
oknh dks ?kkrd pksV igqapkuk
Øwjrk
izfroknh 7 ls vf/kd o"kZ dh ltk dk
nks"kh gks
de ls de nks o"kZ ls vlk/;
fprfod`rk ls ihfM+r
nks o"kZ rd yxkrkj jfrt jksx ls
xzlRrkA
fookg ds L=h dk nwljs ifr }kjk xfHkZr
gksuk
fookg ds le; fprfod`Rrk
/kekZUrj.k
n`"Vkar%
A rFkk B us ikfjl dkuwu ds vuqlkj fookg
fd;kA fookg ds i'pkr A B dks utjvankt
djrk gS rFkk lkjk /ku ckgj Qkyrw [kpZ djrk
gSA og vkil esa cgqr yM+rs gS] bl ekeys esa
rykd dk dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gSA
;fn izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls fookg dk mRd`"V
ns[kHkky lEHko ugha gS rks mls fdlh i{kdkj ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vk/kkj ij 'kwU; ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn
ifr rFkk iRuh yxkrkj lkr o"kZ ls vuqifLFkr
gS rFkk muls dksbZ lwpuk Hkh izkIr ugha dh xbZ
bl ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh Hkh i{kdkj dh vksj ls
fookg foPNsn dk vk/kkj gks ldrk gSA ikjlh
fof/k esa nÙkd dh izfkk ugha gSA blfy, ikjlh
tksM+k Juvenile Justice Act 2000 dh
/kkjk 41 ds varxZr nrd ysrs gSA
;gwnh
fgUnw] fØflfp;u rFkk ikjlh fof/k ls fHkUu
;gwnh;ksa dk dksbZ fo/kku ugha gSa tks ;gwnh;ksa ds
e/;fookg dkuwu dks 'kkflr dj ldsa ;gwfn;ksa
esa oSokfgd ifjis{; esa ihfM+r i{k ds mipkj gsrw
dksbZ fo/kku miyC/k ugha gSA
vr% ;gwfn;ksa ds fookg izko/kku rFkk oSokfgd
mipkj flQZ muds oS;fDrd dkuwu }kjk
gh'kkflr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA (Mozelle Robin
Soloman Vs Ltd. Co. RJ Solomen (1979) 81
(Bom. LR 578)
;gwfn;ksa ds rykd okn dh lquokbZ ds fy,
U;k;ky; dk {ks=kf/kdkj gS rFkk bu ekeyksa esa
iz;qDr dkuwu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkfk vuqdwfyr
;gwnh dkuwu gSA fookn dh fLFkfr esa ;gwnh
ijEijkvksa dks fopkj.khZ; j[kk tkrk gSA
(Bachel Benjamin Vs Benjamin Soloman
Benjamin AIR 1926 Bar 169)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k; 16&ekuo vf/kdkj
vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj fof/k dk fodkl
ekuo vf/kdkj og vf/kdkj gS tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa
esa O;kIr gS ;g vf/kdkj vi`FDdj.kh; rFkk
lkoZHkkSfed gSA jkT; dk ;g drZO; gS fd fcuk
Hksn&Hkko lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ;g vf/kdkj iznku
djsA ;g vf/kdkj T;knkrj lafo/kkuksa esa ekU;rk
izkIr gSA vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj dk ,d
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu gS] ftldk mís'; O;fDr;ksa
ds vf/kdkjksa dks laj{k.k iznku djuk gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj midj.k
la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj
la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj 1945 dh izLrkouk esa la;qDr
jk"Vª us ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k fd] la;qDr jk"Vª ekuo
vf/kdkjksa esa vkLFkk j[krk gSa rFkk lHkh cM+s NksVs
jk"Vªksa ds ukxfjdks dks leku ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk
izko/kku djrk gSaA ;g pkVZj ekuo vf/kdkj
vk;ksx dk izzko/kku djrk gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; vf/kdkj i=
vUrjjk"Vªh; vf/kdkj i= ds vUrxrZ] ekuo
vf/kdkjks dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk] 1948] ukxfjd
rFkk jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa ij vUrjjk"Vªh;
lEesyu 1966] rFkk lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk
lkaLd`frd vf/kdkjksa ij vUrjjk"Vªh; lEesyu
1966] vkrs gSA
ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk
bu vf/kdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk ,d mfpr midj.k gS]
budk l`tu dbZ jk"Vªksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds lkFk
ppkZ ds ckn gqvkA bl ppkZ esa fodkl'khy jk"Vª
Hkh 'kkfey gq,] blh dkj.k ls bUgsa lkoZHkkSfed
Lo#i feysA bl ?kks"k.kk esa ukxfjd jktuSfrd]
vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd vf/kdkj
'kkfey gSA bl ?kks"k.kk dk ewy vk/kkj lekurk
rFkk Hksn&Hkko jfgr fo'o gSA ;g /kkjk 01 esa
iznÙk gSA
ukxfjd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk
lkaLd`frd vf/kdkjksa ij vUrjjk"Vªh; lEesyu
bu vf/kdkjks ij nks vyx&vyx lEesyu 1966
esa vk;ksftr gq,A bu lEesyuksa esa jkT;ksa dks
vuqikyu ds fy, ekuo vf/kdkj iznku fd;s
x;sA if'pe rFkk lksfo;r ds e/; fopkjksa esa
Hksn ds dkj.k nks vyx&vyx lfU);k¡ gqbZA bu
nksuksa lEesyuksa esa gLrk{kj djus okys jkT;ksa ls
;g vis{kk dh xbZ fd og ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk
lEeku] laj{k.k rFkk izoZru djsasxsA jkT;ksa dks
;g nkf;Ro fn;k x;k fd og O;fDr dh
Lora=rk esa gLr{ksi ugh djsaxsA ekuo vf/kdkjksa
ds laj{k.k ds ekeys esa jkT; dks rhljs i{k }kjk
ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds guu ij jksd yxkuh
pkfg,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk oxhZdj.k%
ekuo vf/kdkjksa dks izFke] f}rh; rFkk r`rh;
ih<+h esa oxhZd`r fd;k gSA izFke ih<+h ds
vf/kdkjksa esa ukxfjd] jktuSfrd] thou]
Lora=rk] /kkfeZd Lora=rk] ?kweus dh Lora=rk]
vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk] 'kks"k.k ds fo#)
vf/kdkj 'kkfey gSA
f}rh; ih<+h ds vf/kdkjksa esa vfFkZd] lkekftd
rFkk lkaLd`frd vf/kdkj tSls dh f'k{kk dk
vf/kdkj] Hkkstu dk vf/kdkj] jkstxkj dk
vf/kdkj] fuokl dk vf/kdkj] lkekftd lqj{kk
dk vf/kdkj vkfn f}rh; ih<+h ds vf/kdkj vkrs
gSA
rhljh ih<+h ds vf/kdkjksa esa fodkl djus dk
vf/kdkj] LoLF;] i;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj vkfn
'kkfey gSA
ukxfjd rFkk jktuSfrd udkjkRed vf/kdkj
gksrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s jkT; dks gLr{ksi djus ls
jksdrs gS ogh vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd
vf/kdkj ldkjkRed gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;g jkT;
dks vko';d dne mBkus dk izko/kku djrs gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds v/khu vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuo
vf/kdkj dkuwuksa dk fØ;kUo;u
twu] 2010 rd Hkkjr us fuEufyf[kr 06
vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj dkuwu lEesyuksa dk
vuqleFkZu fd;k gSA
leLr izdkj ds tkrh; HksnHkko mUewyu
ij lEesyu (CERD)
ICCPR (The International Covenant
on Civil & Political Rights, 1966)
ICESCR (The International
Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights, 1966)
efgykvksa ds fo#) leLr izdkj ds
HksnHkko mUewyu ij lEesyu 1979
(CEDAW)
f'k'kqvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij lEesyu 1989
(CRC)
vl{ke O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij
lEesyu (CPRD)
Hkkjr esa nks izdkj ds oSdfYid izksVksdkWy
(CRC) dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 51(C) jkT; ls
;g vis{kk djrk gS fd jkT; vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwu rFkk laf/k;ksa ls mRiUu nkf;Roksa dk
vuqikyu djsA lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 253 laln
dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd laln vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwuksa] laf/k;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy,
dkuwu dk l`tu djsA ;fn fdlh ?kjsyw dkuwu
rFkk Lohdk;Z vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu esa dksbZ fookn
ugh gS rks og vUrjjk"Vªh; fof/k Lor% ?kjsyw
dkuwu dk fgLlk cu tk,saxhA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds bu izko/kkuksa ls ;g rks
Li"V gS fd vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa dks lafo/kku ds
v/khu izko/kkuksa ds ek/;e ls ?kjsyw dkuwu esa
ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] mPpre U;k;ky;
ds vuqlkj ^tc laf/k ;k le>kSrs ds dkj.k
ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkj izHkkfor gks rc fo/kku dk
fuekZ.k vko';d gS] ijUrq tc laf/k ;k le>kSrs
ds dkj.k ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkj izHkkoh u gks rks
fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fo/kkbZ dk;Z dh vko';drk
ugh cprhA** U;k;ky; ds 'kCnr% "making of
law… is necessary when the treaty or
agreement operates to restrict the rights of
citizens or others or modifies the laws of the
State. If the rights of the citizen and others
which are justiciable are not affected, no
legislative measure is needed to give effect
to the agreement or treaty." (Maganbhai
Ishwarbhai Patel V. Union of India, (1970)
3SCC 400)
?kjsyw dkuwu rFkk vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds e/;
xfrjks/k mRiUu gksus dh fLFkfr esa ?kjsyw dkuwu
izcy jgrk gSA (Gramophone Company of
India Ltd v. Birendra Bahadur Pandey)
U;k;ky; dks ?kjsyw fo/kku dh O;k[;k
vUrjjk"Vªh; nkf;Ro ds ifjis{; esa djuh
pkfg,A (Jolly George Verghose V. Bank of
Cochin AIR 1980 SC 470)
Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan ds ekeys esa
U;k;ky; us ;g izko/kku fd;k fd tgk¡ Hkh
?kjsyw dkuwu esa fjDrrk gks ogk¡ mls vUrjjk"Vªh;
lEesyuksa ds vuq#i Hkjk tk ldrk gS c'krsZ og
vUrjjk"Vªh; fu;e Hkkjrh; lafo/kku rFkk vU;
fo/kku ds fojks/k esa uk gksA mPpre U;k;ky; us
efgykvksa dks muds n¶rj vkfn esa & dh
jksdFkke ds fy, lq>ko lq>k,sA
n`"Vkar & A ,d ;qod gS] mls iqfyl pksjh ds
ekeys esa iwNrkN ds fy, idM+ dj ys tkrh gS]
og dqN le; ckn jsy dh iVjh;ksa ij er
ik;k x;k] ;qod dh ek¡ U;k;y; dh 'kj.k esa
tkdj vuqPNsn 21 ds vUrxZr {kfriwfoZ dh ekax
djrh gSA ICCPR dh /kkjk 9¼5½ ds vuqlkj
xyr rjhds ls fxj¶rkj O;fDr dks {kfriwfrZ nh
tk ldrh gSA mPpre U;k;y; bl
vUrjjk"Vªh; lEesyu ds fu;e dks vk/kkj cukrs
gq, ;g fu"kd"kZ fn;k fd vuqPNsn 32 rFkk 226
ds vUrxZr ekSfnzd {kfriwfrZ iznku dh tk ldrh
gSA (Nilatati Behera Vs. State of Orissa AIR
1993 SC 1960)
ekSfyd vf/kdkj rFkk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx rhu esa iznÙk mYysf[kr
ewy vf/kdkjksa dks mPpre U;;ky; us thou ds
fy, ekSfyd vf/kdkj crk;k gSA bu vf/kdkjksa
dks fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa Js.khc) fd;k gSA
lekurk dk vf/kdkj] Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj]
'kks"k.k ds fo#) vf/kfu;e] /kkfeZd Lora=rk]
f'k{kk rFkk laLd`fr dk vf/kdkj] laoS/kkfud
mipkjksa dk vf/kdkjA ekSfyd vf/kdkj jkT; ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fo#) izoZruh; gS] ekSfyd vf/kdkj Hkkx 3 esa
mYysf[kr vf/kdkjksa ds dkQh T;knk gSA (Unni
Krishan, JP, Vs. State of Andra Pradesh
1993 AIR SC 217)
mPpre U;k;y; us jpukRed #i ds dbZ
vf/kdkjksa dh O;k[;k dh gS] f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj
tSls dh 86 os la'kks/ku ls iwoZ] LokLF; dk
vf/kdkj] lwpuk dk vf/kdkj] Hkkstu dk
vf/kdkj] ,dkarrk dk vf/kdkj] rFkk vU;
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 13 ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa ds U;kf;drk rFkk fØ;kUo;u ds
lEca/k esa izko/kku djrk gSA ;g vuqPNsn mu
lHkh fo/kkuksa dks lafo/kku ls iwoZ Fks rFkk tks
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds U;kf;drk rFkk fØ;kUo;u
ds lEca/k esa izko/kku djrk gSA ;g vuqPNsn mu
lHkh fo/kkuksa dks lafo/kku ls iwoZ Fks rFkk tks
ekSfyd vf/kdjksa ds foi{k esa gS] mUgsa 'kwU;
?kksf"kr djrk gSA 13¼2½ ;g izko/kku djrk gS
fd jkT; ,slk dksbZ fo/kku ugh cuk,xk tks
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku u djsA rFkk bl
izdkj dk dksbZ fo/kku tks lafo/kku ls Vdjko
dh fLFkfr esa gS 'kwU; ?kksf"kr gksxkA ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds ekeys esa O;fDr lafo/kku
dh /kkjk 32 rFkk 226 ds varxZr mPpre rFkk
mPp U;k;y; ls mipkj ekax ldrk gSA ;g
iznÙk mipkj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh fo'ks"krk gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa iznÙk ekSfyd vf/kdkj
vkR;kafrd ugh gS rFkk bu ij ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj
ij fucZU/k yxk;k tk ldrk gSA vkikrdky ds
izHkkoh gksus ij bu vf/kdkjks ij izfrca/k yx
tkrk gS ijUrq thou dk vf/kdkj rFkk vijk/kksa
ds fy, nks"kfl) ds laca/k esa laj{k.k dk
vf/kdkj blds viokn gSA
lekurk dk vf/kdkj
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 14] 15 rFkk 16
lekurk esa vf/kdkj dk izko/kku djrk gS ;g
foHksn ij izfrca/k dk izko/kku djrk gSA ;g
izko/kku vkil esa ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSA vuq 14
esa iznÙk vf/kdkj tks fd fof/k ds le{k lekurk
rFkk leku laj{k.k dk izko/kku djrk gS izR;sd
O;fDr dks miyC/k gS vFkkZr Hkkjr esa
xSj&ukxfjdksa dks Hkh Hkkjr esa ;g vf/kdkj izkIr
gSA lekurk dk fl)kar gkykafd ;g iznÙk
djrk gS fd bldk ;g rkRi;Z uk fy;k tk,s
fd lHkh dkuwu leku #i ls ykxw gks] D;ksafd
dqN fo'ks"k oxZ ds yksxksa dks vyx mipkj
iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; dks ;g
vf/kdkj gS fd gj ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij budk
l`tx djsA oxzhZdj.k ds fy, ;g vko';d gS
fd jkT; ds okl Bksl vk/kkj gks U;k;y; ds
'kCnr% "…based upon some real and
substantial distinction bearing a reasonable
and just relation to the object sought to be
attained, and the classification cannot be
made arbitrarily and without any substantial
basis." (State of Bombay v.F.N.Balsara, AIR
1951 SC 318)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vkSipkfjd rFkk ekSfyd lekurk
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vkSipkfjd rFkk ekSfyd
Lora=rk dks ekU;rk iznku djrk gS] vkSipkfjd
lekurk] vjLrq ds fl)kar ij v/kkfjr gS fd
lHkh leku ykskxks dks leku mipkj feysA ogh
ekSfyd lekurk] lekurk ds ifj.kke ij dsfUnzr
gksrh gSA
n`"Vkar%
iatkc ,Dlkbt vf/kfu;e 1914 ;g izko/kku
djrk gS fd ml ifjlj esa tgk¡ 'kjkc ;k vU;
eknd rRoks dks miHkksx gksrk gS ml ifjlj esa
egfyk dk;Z ugh dj ldrhA gkykafd bu
fo/kku dk mís'; efgykvksa dks lqj{kk iznku
djuk gS ijUrq ;g ySafxd foHksn ij vk/kkfjr
gSA U;k;y; us vf/kfu;e ds ml fu;e dks
lekIr djus dks izki/kku fd;k D;ksafd ;g
lafo/kku esa vuqPNsn 19¼1½(g) 14 rFkk 15 dk
mYya?ku gS] U;k;y; ds vuqlkj ;g jkT; dk
drZO; gS fd og ,slk ekgkSy cuk;s ftlls
efgykvksa esa vkRe fo'okl vk,sA ijUrq mUgs
fu;r LFkku esa dke djds jkdus ls foHksn
mRiUu gksrk gSA U;k;y; ds 'kCnr% "Instead
of prohibitng women's employment in the
bars altogether the state should focus on
factoring in ways through which unequal
consequences of sex differences can be
eliminated. It is the State's duty to ensure
circumstances of safety which inspire
confidendence in women to discharge the
duty freely in accordance to the
requirements of the profession they choose
to follow." (Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association
of India, AIR 2008 SC 663)
foHksn ij izfr"ks/k
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 15¼1½ ds vuqlkj
jkT; vius ukxfjdksa ds e/; /keZ] tkrh] fyax]
tUe LFkku] ;k buesa ls fdlh ds Hkh vk/kkj ij
foHksn ugha dj ldrkA vuqPNsn 15¼2½ ds
vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd ;k jkT; /keZ] tkfr]
ewyoa'k] fyax] tUeLFkku vkfn ds vk/kkj ij
nqdkuksa lkoZtfud Hkkstuky;ksa] gksVyks] dqvksa]
rkykcksa vkfn lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij tkus ls ugha
jksdk tk ldrkA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd
mPpre rFkk mPp U;k;y; fdlh Hkh ,sls
dkuwu dks tks lafo/kku ds fo#) gks fujLr dj
ldrk gSA bl izko/kku ds coktwn Hkh U;k;y;
fdlh Hkh dkuwu dks vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr djrs
gSaA U;k;ky; mu izko/kkuksa dks tksfd ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa ls Vdjko dh fLFkfr esa gSa] dks ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk bl izdkj O;kf[kr djrs gSa
fd Vdjko dh lekfIr gks tk,sA John
Vallamattan Vs Union of India AIR 2003
SC 2902 ds ekeys esa gkykafd U;k;ky; esa
Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 1927 dh /kkjk
118] tkfd Hkkjrh; bZlkbZ;ks dks lEifÙk dks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
/kkfeZd mís'; ds fy, olh;r djus ls jksdrh
gS] dks v;qfDr;qDr] foHksnh; ?kksf"kr djrk gS
vr% ;g /kkjk vlaoS/kkfud gS D;ksafd ;g
lafo/kku dh /kkjk 14 dk mYya?ku djrh gSA
n`"Vkar% A ,d okn nk;j djrk gS] ftlesa fd
og fgUnw vkizkIro;rk vkSj laj{kdrk vaf/kfu;e]
1956 dh /kkjk 6(a) rFkk vfHkHkkod rFkk
izfrikY; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 19(b) dks fujLr
djus dh ekax djrk gS D;ksafd ;g lafo/kku ds
vuqPNsn 14] 15 dk mYya?ku djrk gSA fgUnw
vizkIro;rk vkSj laj{kdrk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6
;g izko/kku djrh gS fd flQZ firk gh fgUnw
vO;Ld dk =lZfxZd laj{kd gks ldrk gSA iknh
;k rdZ nsrk gS fd ;g izko/kku foHksndkjh gS
efgykvksa ds izfrA (Githa Hariharan Vs.
Reserve Bank of India AIR 1999 SC 1149)
efgykvks] cPpksa] vuqlwfpr tkrh tutkrh rFkk
lkekftd rFkk 'kS{kf.kd #i ls fiNM+s yksxksa dks
loS/kkfud lqj{kk
tgk¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fyax rFkk tkfr ds vk/kkj
ij foHksn dks izfr"ks/k djuk gS] ogh vuq 15¼3½
(A) (5) jkT; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd jkT;
efgyk] cPpksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr rFkk
vU; fiNM+s yksxks ds fy, izko/kku cuk ldsA
mldk mís'; vkfFkZd lkekftd vlekurk dks
nwj djrk gSA lafo/kku dh /kkjk 16 lHkh
ukxfjdksa dks jkT; ds lEeq[k jkstxkj esa volj
dh lekurk dk izko/kku djrh gS ;fn vuqPNasn
lekt ds fiNM+s oxZ rFkk ,ss oxZ dks ftUgs
mfpr izfrfuf/kRo ugh gS] muds fy, vkj{k.k
dk izko/kku djuk gSA
Indra Sawhney Vs. Union of India AIR 1993
SC 447 ds ekeys esa U;k;y; us lkekftd rFkk
'kSf{kd #i ls fiNM+s gq,s yksxksa ds fy, flfoy
lsokvksa rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj dh lsokvksa esa 27
izfr'kr vkj{k.k dk izko/kku djrk gSA U;k;ky;
vkj{k.k ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, vo';d fu;eksa dk
izko/kku djrk gSA
vkj{k.k izko/kku fof/kiwoZd fo/kkf;d
rFkk dk;Zikfydk }kjk lftr gksA
vuq 16¼4½] vuq 16¼1½ dk viokn ughs
gS rFkk vkj{k.k dk izko/kku ;qfDr;qDr
vk/kkj ij gksuk pkfg,A
vuq 16¼4½ ds varxZr fiNM+kiu eq[;
#i ls lkekftd gS rFkk blds fy,
lkekftd rFkk 'kS{kf.kd fiNM+kiu ,d
lkFk gksuk vko';d ugh gSA
fiNM+s oxZ ds lkekftd #i ls fodflr
yksxksa dks ftUgs fØeh ys;j dgrs gS dks
vkj{k.k ds izko/kku ls vyx j[kuk
pkfg, rFkk vkj{k.k 50 izfr'kr dh
lhek ls vf/kd ugh gksuk pkfg,A
in~ksUukar o vU; ykHkksa esa flQZ ;ksX;rk
dk fu/kkZj.k gksuk pkfg,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar% Kerala State Subordinate Services
Rules 1958 dk fu;e BA ;g izko/kku dgrk
gS fd in~ksUufr ds fy, ,d vUrfodkxh;
ijh{kk ikl djuh gksxhA jkT; dh flQkfj'k ij
fu;e BAA tksM+k x;k tksfd vuqlwfpr tkfr
rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr dks fcuk ifj{kk ikl
fd;s in~ksUufr dk izko/kku djrk gSA X ;g
ijh{kk ikl djrk gS ijUrq mls in~ksUufr ugh
feyrh tcfd vU; vuqlwfpr tkkfr rFkk
tutkfr ds ykxksa dks in~ksUufr fey tkfr gSA
X fu;e 13 AA dks laoS/kkfudrk dks pqukSrh nsrs
gq, onk nk;j djrk gS fd ;g vuq 16 dk
mYya?ku gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa ,sisDl
U;k;ky; ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd vuq rFkk 14
;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij Js.khdj.k dgrs gSaA volj
dh lekurk dk mís'; vk¡ipkfjd lekurk ls
dqN T;knk dk rkRi;Z gSA vr% ;g lekurk ls
,d dne vkxs dh lksp gS ;g vleku yksxksa
ls vleku O;ogkj djrh gSA U;k;ky; es ;g
fu?kkZfjr fd;k fd fu;e BAA vuqPNsn 16¼1½
rFkk 16¼4½ ds v/khu U;k;laxr gS] U;k;ky;
okLrfod lekurk dh vko';drk ij cy nsrk
gSA U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj vuq 14 rFkk 16
'k=qor oxhZdj.k dk fojks/k djrs gSa u fd
;qfDr;qDr oxhZdj.k dkA (State of Kerala Vs.
Another v.NH Thomas AIR 1976 SC 490)
ekSfyd Lora=rkvks dk vf/kdkj%
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 19 fuEufyf[kr
Lora=rk,sa iznku djrk gS%
okd~ Lora= vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh
Lora=rk
'kkafriwoZd vkSj fujk;q/k lEesyu dh
Lora=rk
laxe ;k la?k cukus dh Lora=rk
Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa loZ= vk"k/k
lapj.k dh Lora=rk
Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh jkT; {ks= ds
fdlh Hkh Hkkx essa fuokl djus o
cl tkus dh Lora=rk
dksbZ o`fÙk] mithfodk O;kikj ;k
dkjksckj djus dh Lora=rk
;g Lora=rk,s vkR;afrd ugh gS vr% bu ij
tu'kkafr o jk"Vª fgr esa ;qfDr;qDr fucZU/k
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA laln ;k jkT; Hkkjr dh
izHkwrk vkSj v[kaMrk] jkT; dh lqj{kk] fons'kh
jkT;ksa ds lkFk eS=hiw.kZ laca/kksa] yksd O;oLFkk]
f'kLVkpkj ;k lnkpkj ds fgrksa esa vFkok
U;k;ky;&voeku] ekugkfu ;k vijk/k&míhiu
ds laca/k esa ;qfDr;qDr fucZ/ku tgka rd dksbZ
fo|eku fof/k vf/kjksfir djrh gS ogka rd
mlds izorZu ij izHkko ugh Mkysxh ;k oSls
fucZ/ku vf/kjksfir djus okyh dksbZ fof/k cukus
ls jkT; dks fuokfjr ugha djsxh ijUrq ;g
fucZU/k ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij gksus pkfg,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar & AP, fQYe fuekZrk gS] bUgksaus ,d
MksD;wesfUVªjh cukbZ tks iatkc esa fgalk] vkradokn
rFkk ,d lewg ds iatkc esa lkewnkf;d lkWgknZ
LFkkfir djus ds mij vk/kkfjr Fkh] ;g vkokMZ
fotsrk fQYe tc nwjn'kZu dks izlkj.k ds fy,
lkWih xbZ rks mUgksus bldk izlkj.k ugh fdl
D;ksafd nwjn'kZu dks yxk fd ;g ,d vuqi;qDr
gS U;k;ky; us ;g fu?kkZfjr fd;k fd blls A
ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku gqvk gS] U;k;ky; ds
vuqlkj ;g yksxksa dk vf/kdkj gS fd os iatkc
esa D;k gqvk ;g tkusA U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V
fd 19¼1½ esa ij flQZ 19¼2½ ds vk/kkj ij
izfrca/k yxk;k tk ldrk gSA (Anand
Patwardhan Vs. Union of India AIR 1997
Bom 25)
fucZU/kksa dh ;qfDr;qDrrk tkpus ds fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd dqN rRoksa dks ns[kk tk,s tSls
fucZU/k dh vof/k;ka] ifjfLFkfr] izfØ;k] fucZU/kksa
dh izd`fr vkfn dk O;kid v/;;u fd;k tk,s
(State of Madras V.VG Row AIR 1952 SC
196)
okD; rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk
vuqPNsn 19¼1½¼a½ ds vUrxZr okD; rFkk
vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk dk mYys[k gSA bl
Lora=rk ds varxZr O;fDr vius fopkjksa] Hkkoksa]
dks 'kCnksa] dr;ksa] ys[ku]Nkiu] fp=.k]
fQYekadu 'kkfey gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d dk;Zdkfj.kh funsZ'k ikfjr djrs
gq,s v[kckjh dkxtksa ds vk;kr ij izfrca/k
yxkrh gSA ogh v[kckjh dkxt uhfr i"Bksa dh
la[;k ij fu;a=.k yxkrh gSA ABC ,d
lekpkj dEiuh gS] og uhfr dh laoS/kkfudrk
dks pqukSrh nsrs gq,s bls vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk
ds foijhr crkrh gSA ekeys U;k;ky; ;g
fua/kkZfjr djrk gS fd jkT; v[kckjh dkxt
uhfr ls izsl dks fu;af=r djus dk iz;kl dj
jgh gS rFkk ,sls fo/kku dk lh/kk ifj.kke okL;
rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk ij iM+sxkA
(Bennett Coleman & CoV Union of India
AIR 1973 SC 106) vHkh gky gh ds o"kksZa esa
lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks 19¼1½¼a½ ds vUrxZr
ekU;rk feyus yxh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; ds
vuqlkj okD; rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk esa
lwpuk izkIr djus rFkk tkuus dk vf/kdkj
'kkfey gSA (The Secretary Ministry of
Information for Broadcasting Vs. Cricket
Association of Bengal & Another (1995) 25
CC 161)
dksbZ o`fÙk mithfodk rFkk dkjckj djus dk
vf/kdkj
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼1½¼g½ ds vuqlkj leLr
ukxfjdks dks dksbZ o`fÙk mithfodk] O;kikj ;k
dkjksckj djus dk vf/kdkj gSA gkykafd jkT;
bl vf/kdkj ij yksdfgr esa ;qfDr;qDr fucZU/k
yxk ldrk gSA
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n`"Vkar & egkjk"Vª jkT; ch;j ckj esa fL=;ksa ds
ukpus ij izfrca/k yxkrk gS D;ksafd blls mu
efgykvksa ds 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k rFkk yksx uSfrDrk
Hkax gksus dk [krjk gksrk gSA ijUrq ;g izfrca/k
Mªkek] flusek] fFk;sVj] vksfMVksfj;e] Dyc vkfn
ds mij ugh FkkA bl iazfrca/k dks lafo/kku ds
vuqPNsn 19¼1½¼9½ rFkk 19¼1½¼g½ ds vUrxZr
pqukSrh nh xbZ rFkk ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd lg
izfrca/k vuq 21 dk mYya?ku gSA U;k;y; us ;g
izfrca/k bl vk/kkj ij fujLo fd;k fd ;g
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds fojks/k esa gSA (Indian
Holds of Restaurants Association and others
Vs. State of Maharashtra 206(3)Bom
CR705)
vijk/kksa ds fy, nks"k fl) ds laca/k esa vf/kdkj
vuqPNsn 20 ds vuqlkj dksbZ O;fDr fdlh
vijk?k ds fy, rc rd fl)nks"k ugh Bgjk;k
tk,xk] tc rd fd mlus ,slk dksbZ dk;Z djus
ds le;] tks vijk/k ds #i esa vkjksfir gS]
fdlh izo`Ùk fof/k dk vfrØe.k ugha fd;k gS ;k
mlls 'kkfLr dk Hkkxh ugha gksxk tks ml
vijk/k ds fy, tkus ds le; izo`Ùk fof/k ds
v/khu vf/kjksfir dh tk ldrh FkhA fdlh
O;fDr dks ,d gh vijk/k ds fy, ,d ckj ls
vf/kd vfHk;ksftr vkSj nafMr ugha fd;k
tk,xkA
n`"Vkar% fdlh vijk/k ds fy, vfHk;qDr fdlh
O;fDr dks Lo;a vius fo#) lk{kh gksus ds fy,
ck/; ugha fd;k tk,sxkA fdlh O;fDr dks mlds
izk.k ;k nSfgd Lora=rk ls fof/k }kjk LFkfir
izfØ;k ds vuqlkj gh oafpr fd;k tk,xk]
vU;Fkk ughaA
+cyiwoZd vaxwBs dk fu'kku ysuk ;k vfHk;qDr ds
gLrk{kj ds gLrk{kj ysus ls og Loa; ds fo#)
nks"k fl) ugh gksxkA Lonks"k fl) dk rkRi;Z
;g gS fd ,slh nwljk iznku djuk tks
iznkudrkZ dh futh tkudkjh gks] ijUrq
U;k;ky; esa ,sls nLrkost tek djus dh izfØ;k
ftlesa vfHkq;qDr dks dksbZ dFku 'kkfey ugh gS
Lo;a nks"k fl)h dk fgLlk ugh gSA (Kathi
Kalu Oghad Vs. State of Bombay AIR 1961
SC 1808) vfuok;Z iksyhxzkQ VsLV]
ukjdkssZ,asukfyfll ;k czsu eSfiax djkuk lknks"k
fl) ds vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku gS rFkk ;g Øwjrk
gS] bu rduhdks dk vfuok;Z iz;ksx O;fDrxr
Lora=rk dk guu gSA (Selvi and others Vs.
State of Karnataka AIR 2010 SC 1974)
lafo/kku ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd fxj¶rkj fd;s
x;s O;fDr dks ml vk/kkj dk cks/k gksuk pkfg,
ftl ij og fxj¶rkj gqvk gSA rFkk mls vius
cpko es fof/kd lykg ysus dk vf/kdkj gSA
fxj¶rkj fd;s O;fDr dks 24 ?k.Vs ds Hkhrj
U;k;f/k'k ds lkeus is'k gksuk pkfg,A
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of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
DK Basu Vs. State of West Bengal ds ekeys
esa mPPre U;k;ky; us fxj¶rkjh ds lEca/k esa
O;kid fn'kk funsZ'k tkjh fd;kA mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd fxj¶rj O;fDr
dh fxj¶rkjh ls iwoZ vPNs rjg ls igpku dj
yh tk,sA fxj¶rkjh ds le; xokgksa }kjk Li"V
fnu o le; dk mYys[k djok;k tk,s] fxj¶rkj
fd;s O;fDr dks ifjtuksa dks bldh lwpuk nh
tk,s rFkk mUgs ;k crk;k tk,s fd mls dgk
j[kk x;k gSA fxj¶rkj O;fDr dks fof/kd lykg
fnyokbZ tk,s] rFkk mldk gj 48 ?k.Vs esa
fpfdRlh; tkap djokbZ tk,sA fxj¶rkjh ls
lEca/khr nLrkost mfpr rjg ls j[ks tk,sA vuq
21 eq¶r fof/kd lgk;rk dk izko/kku djrk gS]
;g ,d vko';d vf/kdkj gS] jkT; dk ;g
drZO; gS fd og nks"kh dks tksfd fof/kd
lgk;rk izkIr djus esa vleFkZ gS mls fof/kd
lgk;rk iznku dh tk,A (Hussainara
Khatoon Vs. Ham Secretary State of Bihar
AIR 1961 SC 1808)
izk.k rFkk nSfgd Lora=rk dk laj{k.k%
vuq 21 }kjk iznÙk izk.k rFkk nSfgd Lora=rk dk
vf/kdkj lcls egRoiw.kZ ekuo vf/kdkj gSA ;g
ukxfjdksa rFkk xSj ukxfjdks dks izkIr gSA blds
vuqlkj fdlh O;fDr dks mlds izk.k ;k nSfgd
Lora=rk ls fof/k ]}kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k ds
vuqlkj gh oafpr fd;k tk,xk] vU;Fkk ughA
bl vf/kdkj ij fof/k esa inÙk fu;ekuqlkj
;qfDr;qDr izfrca/k yxk ldrk gSA Maneka
Gandhi Vs. Union of India AIR 1978 SC
597 esa U;k;ky; us ;g iznÙk fd;k fd fof/k
}kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k] mfpr U;k;laxr]
;qfDr;qDr] rFkk nckoiw.kZ ugh gksuh pkfg,]
U;k;ky; us ;g vuqc) fd;k fd ;qfDr;qDr dk
ijh{k.k vuq 14 rFkk 19 ds vuq#i gksuk pkfg,A
bl izdkj U;ky; us ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd
vuqPNsn 14] 19 rFkk 21 vkil esa tqM+s gq,s gSaA
Olga Tellis Vs. Bombay Municipal
Corporation, AIR 1936 SC 180 rFkk Francis
Coralie Mullin Vs. Union Territory of Delhi
ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us Li"V fdlk fd vuq
21 flQZ i'kqrqY; thou dk izko/kku ugh djrk]
vfirq ;g vlEeku thou dk izzko/kku djrk
gSA mlh izdkj P Rathinam Vs. Union of
India (1994) 35 CC 394 ds ekeys esa U;k;ky;
us mijksDr fopkj dks nksgjk;k dh thou dk
rkRi;Z lEeku thou ls gS U;k;ky; ds
'kCnkuqlkj right to live with human dignity
and the same does not merely connole
continued drudgery. It takes within its fold
some of the finer graces of human
civilisation, which makes life worth living,
and that the expanded concept of life would
mean the tradition culture and heritage of
the person concerned.
bl izdkj vuq 21 ekSfyd drZO;ksa dk dsUnz gSA
;g vius vanj dbZ lkjs vf/kdkj tSls lEeku
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dk vf/kdkj] i;kZoj.k] LokLFk;] f'k{kk] ,dkUrrk
dk vf/kdkj lekfgr fd;s gq,s gSA Peoples's
union for Civil Liberties V. Union of India
(1997) 15 CC 301 ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us
Li"V fd;k fd ,dkarrk dh vf/kdkj lafo/kku esa
Li"V #i ls mYysf[kr ugh gSA ^^?kj esa n¶rj
esa fcuk jksdVksd Qksu ij ckr djuk fu'fpr
#i ls ,dkarrk dk vf/kdkj gSA Qksu ij ckr
djrk O;fDr dsthou esa ,d vko';d igyw gS
rFkk Qksu ij ckr djrs le; O;fDr vius
okE; Lora=rk dk iz;ksx djrk gSA lafo/kku dk
vuqPNsn 21 Li"V #i ls dSih;ksa rFkk vfHk;qDrksa
ds fgrksa dk laj{k.k djrk gSA U;k;ky; us
fopkj.k ds nkSjku mu vfHk;qDr dks tksfd xSj
tekurh vijk/k ds nks"kh gS rFkk 3 o"kZ ls
vf/kd ds dkjkokl ls n.Muh; gS] dks gFkdM+h
yxkuk vekuoh; rFkk vuq 14] 19 rFkk 21 dk
mYya?ku crk;k gSA ,d O;fDr dks gFkdM+h
flQZ rc igukuk mfpr gS tc ;g Li"V vans'kk
rFkk [krjk gks dh og O;fDr fudy Hkkx
ldrk gSA (Prem Sankar Vs. Delhi
Administration AIR 1980 SC 1535) vuq 21
'kks"k.k] vekuoh;rk] Øwjrk vkfn ds fo#)
laj{k.k nsrk gSA
LokLF; dk vf/kdkj
n`"Vkar% D dks Vªsu ls fxjus dk dkj.k xaHkhj
pksV vkbZ] D dks 06 vLirkyksa esa LFkku u gksus
;k fpfdRlk lqfo/kk miyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k
izos'k ughs fn;kA D us U;k;ky; esa ;g rdZ
fn;k fd fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko mlds
ekSfyd vf/kdkj vuq 21 dk mYya?ku gS( ekeys
dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k
fd vuq 21 jkT; dk ;g nkf;Ro fu?kkZfjr
djrk gS fd jkT; izR;sd O;fDr ds thou dh
j{kk djs rFkk le; ij fpfdRlk lqfo/kk iznku
uk djuk vuq 21 dk mYya?ku vf/kdkjksa ds
mYy?ku ds ,sot esa {kfriwfrZ iznku djsa rFkk
jkT; LokLFk; lsokvksa ds lanHkZ esa dksbZ uhfr
cukdj ml ij vey djs rkfd lHkh dks
vko';drk ds le; fpfdRlk miyC/k gksA
(Poschem Banja Khet Mazdoor Samity &
others Vs. State of West Bengal & others
AIR 19976 SC 2426)
'kks"k.k ds fo#) vf/kdkj
lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 23 ekuo ds nqO;kZikj rFkk
cykoJe~ ij izfr"ks/k yxkrk gS] rFkk vuqPNsn
24 dkj[kkuksa esa 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds ckydksa
ds fu;kstu dk izfr"ks/k djrk gSA
mijksDr mYysf[kr izfr"ks?kksa ds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh;
laln us dqN vU; fo/kku cuk;s gS tSls
Immoral Traffic Protection Act 1956 bldk
mís'; os';ko`fr ds fy, efgykvksa ds nqO;kZikj
dks jkduk gSA Bonded labour system
Abolition labour 1986 dk mís'; fo'ks"k
dkjksckj esa cky jkstxkj dks jksduk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar% M ,d etnwj gS mls fu/kkZfjr nSfud
HkÙks ls de HkÙkk Bsdsnkj }kjk fn;k tk jgk gS]
M cykr~ Je dk ihfM+r gS rFkk oks vius fgrksa
dh j{kk ds fy, vuq 23 ds vUrxZr 'kj.k ekax
ldrk gS rFkk mPp U;k;y; ;k mPpre
U;k;y; dh 'kj.k esa /kkjk 32 rFkk 226 ds
vuq#i tk ldrk gSA (People's Union for
Democratic Rights Vs. Union of India AIR
1982 SC 1473 (Asiad Case))
/kkfeZd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj
lafo/kku ds vuq 25&28 /kkfeZd Lora=rk dk
izko/kku djrsa gSA vuq 25 ds vuqlkj O;fDr dks
vius vr% dj.k dh vkSj /keZ dks vck/k #i ls
ekuus vkpj.k vkSj izpkj djus dh Lora=rk
gksxhA ;g vf/kdkj yksd O;oLFkk] lnkpkj vkSj
LokLFk }kjk fu;af=r gSA ;g vf/kdkj jkT; dks
/kfeZd vkpj.k ls lc) fdlh vkfFkZd forh;]
}jktuSfrd;k vU; ykSfdd fØ;kdykiksa dk
fofÙke; djus dk jkT; dks 'kfDr nsrh gSA
izpkj djus dh Lora=rk esa fdlh O;fDr ds /keZ
dks cykr~ ifjofrZr djkuk 'kkfey ugh gSA
(Rev.Stainislars V. State of Madhya Pradesh
AIR 1977 SC 908)
n`"Vkar & P, Q, R, ftoksgu lEiznk; ds Fks]
mUgsa Ldwy es ls blfy, fudky fn;k D;ksafd
mUgksaus jk"Vªh; xku xkus ls euk dj fn;k FkkA
ijUrq tc jk"Vhª; xku py jgk Fkk rc og
lEeku dh eqnzk esa [kM+s FksA U;k;ky; esa ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k Nk=ksa dks jk"Vªh; xku xkus ds
fy, ck/; djuk muesa /kkfeZd Lora=rk ds
vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku gS] rFkk lkFk gh lkFk
muesa okD; Lora=rk dk Hkh gj.k gSA (Bijoe
Emmanuel Vs. State of Kerala AIR 1987 SC
748)
laLd`fr rFkk f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj
alfo/kku dk vuqPNsn 29¼1½ ds vUrxZr Hkkjr ds
jkT;{ks= ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dsl fuoklh
ukxfjdksa ds fdlh vuqHkkx dks] ftldh viuh
fo'ks"k Hkk"kk] fyfi ;k laLd`fr gS] mls cuk,
j[kus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA vuqPNsn 29¼2½ ds
vUrxZr jkT; }kjk iksf"kr ;k jkT;&fuf/k ls
lgk;rk ikus okyh f'k{kk laLFkk esa izos'k ls
fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks dsoy /keZ] eqyoa'k] tkfr]
Hkk"kk 'k buesa ls fdlh ds vk/kkj ij oafpr ugha
fd;k tk,xkA ijUrq ;g jkT; dks vuqlwfpr
tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kku
cukus ls ugh jksdrkA vuqPNsn 30 f'k{kk
laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk iz'kklu djus dk
vYila[;d oxksZ ds vf/kdkj dk izko/kku djrk
gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa bu izko/kkuksa dks 'kkfey
djus dk mís'; vYila[;d leqnk; esa dk
fo'okl ftruk rFkk muesa lqj{kk dh Hkkouk
txkuk FkkA rFkk vYila[;d laLFkkuksa ds
iz'kklu ds lEfa/k esa izko/kku djus rFkk mUgs
laLFkkuksa dks lqj{kk nsus dk mís'; muds x.k esa
lekurk dk Hkko tkxr djuk FkkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
(Ahmedabad St Xavier's College Society
Vs. State of Gujarat AIR 1874 SC 1389)
jkT; ds fufr funs'kd rRo
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 36&51 esa jkT; ds
uhfr funs'kd rRoA ;g funs'kd rRo ICESCR
es iznÙk lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLd`frd
fu;eksa ls fy;s x;s gSA
vuq 37 ds vuqlkj fufr funs'kd rRo U;k;y;
esa izorZuh; ugh gS] ijUrq ;g 'kklu esa izoZruh;
gSA rFkk jkT; dk ;g drZO; gS fd og uhfr
fuekZ.k ds le; bu funs'kd rRoksa dk [;ky
j[ksA U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj ekSfyd drZO; rFkk
fufr funs'kd rRo ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, Mohini Jain Vs. State of
Karnataka AIR 1992 SC 1818 ds ekeys esa
mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ;g iznÙk fd;k x;k fd
;g jkT; dk drZO; gS fd og 14 o"kZ rd dh
mez ds cPpksa dks eqDr f'k{kk iznku djsA ogh
ckn esa vuq 21¼A½ esa 36 os lafo/kku la'kks/ku
}kjk f'k{kk dks ewy vf/kdkj cuk;k x;kA
U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj uhfr funs'kd rRoksa dh
O;k[;k ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds lanHkZ esa dh tkuh
pkfg, (Kerala Education BN AIR 1958 SC
956) uhfr funs'kd cPpksa rFkk ekSfyd drZO;ksa
ds e/; vUrZlEca/k LFkkfir djrs gq,s U;k;ky;
us ;g Li"V fd;k fd uhfr funs'kd rRo mís';
dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gS rFkk ekSfyd drZO; mUgs
izkIr djus dk tjh;k gS] vFkkZr uhfr funs'kd
rRo lk/; gS rFkk ekSfyd drZO; lk/ku
(Minerva Mills Vs. Union of India AIR
1980 SC 1789) Olga Tellis Vs.Bombay
Municipal Corporation AIR 1986, SC 180
ds ekeys es U;k;ky; esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
;fn fdlh O;fDr dks mlds fo/k ekU; O;olk;
ls oafpr fd;k tkrk gS rks og vuq- 21 ds rgr
ml fu.kZ; dks pqukSrh ns ldrk gSA
efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k vke lHkk }kjk 1979 esa
Lohdkjhr CEDAW dh nks ?kks"k.kkvksa dk Hkkjr
us 1993 esa vuqleFkZu fd;k gSA ;s vuqleFkZu
Hkkjr us lEesyu dh /kkjk 5¼a½ rFkk 16¼1½ ds
fy, fd;k gSA vuq 5¼a½ ;g /kkjk jkT;ksa ls ;g
vis{kk djrh gS fd os jkT; efgykvks ds fo#)
ySafxd Hksn&Hkko dh ijEijkxr vo/kkj.kkvks
rFkk izpyu ds mUewyu gsrw fo/kku cuk;sA
/kkjk 16¼1½ ds vuqlkj jkT; efgykvksa ds lkFk
oSokfgd rFkk ikfjikfjd lEca/kksa esa gksus okys
Hksn&Hkko ds mUewyu ds fy, izok/kku djs
CEDAW] ftlesa yxHkx 30 /kkjkvksa dks
lekos'k gS] dk mís'; lkoZtfud rFkk uhft
{ks[k esa efgykvksa ds lkFk gksus okys Hksn&Hkko
dks lekIr djk gSA jkT;ksa }kjk bldk
vuleFkZd jkT;ksa ds fy, nkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k
djrk gS fd jkT; efgykvksa ds lkFk gj dne
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ij gksus okys Hksn&Hkko ds mUewyu gsrq iz;kl
djsA UNCRPD ,d vU; lEesyu Fkk ftldk
mís'; efgykvksa esa vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuk Fkk]
bl lEesyu esa ;g ekuk x;k fd 'kkjhfjd #i
ls vl{ke efgykvksa rFkk yM+fd;ksa dks dM+s
iSekus ij Hksn&Hkko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
laoS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa rFkk CEDAW ds ifjis{; esa
Hkkjr }kjk efgykvksa rFkk yM+fd;ksa ds fgrks ds
fy, dbZ fo/kkuksa dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSA
blesa ?kjsyw fgalk ds fo#)] leku osru ds fy,]
oSokfgd ykHkksa gsrw rFkk vzU; ykHkksa gsrw dbZ
dkuwu cuk;s x;s gSA U;k;y; ySafxd HksnHkko ls
lEca/khr ekeyksa ij dkQh laosnu'kkhy
efgykvks ds fo#) fgalk%
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ekuo vf/kdkj
mYya?ku dk ,d cgqr vke igyw gSA efgykvks
ds fo#) fgalk 'kkjhfjd] ySafxd( ekufld rFkk
vkfFkZd nqjkpkj ds dkj.k gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; n.M
lafgrk dh /kkjk 375&376 efgykvksa ds
fo#) ;kSu fgalk ds lanHkZ esa izko/kku djrh gSA
IPC cykRdj rFkk lkewfgd cykRdkj ds fo#)
izko/kku djrh gSA ogh lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
114 dh laHkkx ds ekeys esa Lohd`fr ds lEca/k esa
izko/kku djrh gS rFkk Lohd`fr dks vuqifLFkfr
esa ;g cykRdkj ekuk tkrk gSA fo'ks"kdj
fgjklr esa cykRdkj ekuk tkrk gS tSls tsy]
vLirky] iqfyl fgjklr vkfn esaA ?kjsyw fgalk
vf/kfu;e 2005 ¼PWDVA½ 2006 es ikfjr
gqvkA PWDVA efgykvks ds fo#) fgalk ds
lEca/k esa izko/kku djrk gSA rFkk muds lanHkZ esa
ls eqvkotks dk izko/kku djrk gSA
n`"Vkar% A ,d fjV ;kfpdk nk;j djrs gq,s
efgyk ?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e 2005 dh
laoS/kkfudrk dk pqukSrh nsrk gS] A ds
vuqlkj ;g lafo/kku dh vf/kdkfjrk ckguk gS
D;ksafd ;g flQZ L=h;ksa dls laj{k.k nsrk gS
rFkk ;g lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 dk mYya?ku
gSA U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh dh ykxksa dk
Js.khdj.k ml mís'; ds lkFk djuk fd ftlls
mUgs ,d leku fo/kku ds v/khu yk;k tk lds
rFkk mu fo/kku dk nwljs yksxksa ij ykxw uk
gksus dk rkRi;Z ;k ugh fd os foHksnkRed gSA
(Arun Parmod Shah Vs. Union of India OI
WP (Crl) 425/2008 Hight Court of Delhi)
efgykvksa ds fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, vU;
fo/kku Hkh gS tSls ekr`Ro ykHk vf/kfu;e 1961]
leku ikfjJfed vf/kfu;e 1976] ngst fu"ks?k
vf/kfu;e 1961A
cPpksa ds vf/kdkj
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 15¼3½ ;g izko/kku
djrk gS fd jkT;] efgyk rFkk cPps ds fy,
fo'ks"k izko/kku cuk ldsaxsA
vijk/k izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 ;g izko/kku djrh
gS fd 15 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPpksa ls iwNrkN
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
muds ?kj esa gksxh u fd iqfyl LVs'ku esaA jkT;
ds uhfr funs'kd rRo ;k izko/kku djrs gS fd
jkT; cPps dks gkfudkjd dk;ksZ ls cpkus o
mudh f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa izko/kku cuk;sA
f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj
lafo/kku ds 36os la'kks/ku }kjk 6 ls 14 o"kksZ ds
cPpksa dks vfuok;Z rFkk eq¶r f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj
fn;k x;kA cPpksa ds fy, eq¶r rFkk vfuok;Z
f'k{kk vf/kfu;e 2004 ;g vf/kfu;e April 01,
2010 ls izoZru esa ck;k] ;g vf/kdkj vl{ke
cPpksa dks miyC/k gSA ;g dsUnz rFkk jkT;
ljdkjksa dk nkf;Ro gksxk fd os detksj oxZ ds
cPpksa dks eq¶r ekSfyd f'k{kk iznku djsA ;g
vf/kfu;e fo|ky;ksa }kjk izos'k ds fy, yh
tkuh okyh ijh{kk dks fu"ks/k djrk gSA
cky Je ij fu"ks/k & cky Je fuZewyu
vf/kfu;e 1986 cPpksa dks xjkt] eksVj xkM+h
ejEer] [knkuksa] tgjhys rFkk foLQksVd rRoksa
ds dkj[kkuk] chM+h cukus] dacy dkyhu cukus
lhesUV cukus okys dkj[kkuksa esa dke ls fu"ks/k
djrk gSA ;g vf/kfu;e dk;Z dh vof/k]
lkIrkfgd NqV~Vh] LokLF;] lqj{kkRed igyw dks]
vkfn ds laca/k esa izko/kku djrk gSA blh izdkj
ds leku izko/kku fofHkUu fo/kkuksa esa miyC/k gSA
tSls QSDVªh vf/kfu;e 1948] [knku vf/kfu;e
1952] chM+h rFkk lhxkj etnwj vf/kfu;e 1966]
1 Juvenile Justice Act 2000 cky Je ij
dM+k fu"ks/k yxkrh gSA
fd'kksj U;k; ra=
CRC ds vUrxZr Hkkjr ij ;g nkf;Ro Fkk
fd Hkkjr fd'kksj U;k; lacaf/kr izko/kkuksa dk
iqujh{k.k djksA fd'kksj U;k; vf/kfu;e 2000 ls
fd'kksj U;k; vf/kfu;e 1986 dk LFkku fy;k gS
rFkk fd'kksj U;k; ls lacaf/kr izko/kkuksa dks vkSj
etcwr vkSj dM+k cuk;k gSa ;g fd'kksjksa ds
laj{k.k] iquZokl vkfn ls laca/khr fu;eksa dk
izko/kku djrh gS bl vf/kfu;e dks eq[;
fl)kUr ;g gs fd^^fd cPps dk Js"Bre fgr
izkFkfed fopkj.k esa gksrk gSA
;g vf/kfu;e cky fe= izfØ;k dk leFkZu
djrk gSA ;gk¡ /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd
fd'kksj ds rRo dks fdlh Hkh pj.k esa mBk;k tk
ldrk gS ;gk¡ rd fd ekeys ds fuiVkjs ds ckn
Hkha (57A)
n`"Vkar & D tc 16 o"kZ 10 ekg rFkk 20 fnuksa
dk Fkk rc mlesa ,d O;fDr dk vigj.k rFkk
gR;k dh FkhA ;g vijk/k 1995 esa gqvk Fkk rc
fd'kksj U;k; vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj fd'kksj dk
vfkZ ml ckyd ls ftlus 16 o"kZ dh vk;q
izkIr u fd gksA o"kZ 2003 esa D dks nks"kh ?kksf"kr
fd;k rFkk mls ltk lqukbZ xbZ tks dh
vkthou dkjkokl ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A
ekeys ds fu/kkZj.k esa U;k;ky; 07 rFkk 20 dk
le:irk esa ikBu fd;k rFkk ;g fu"d"kZ
fudkyk fd ;fn vijk/k ds le; O;fDr dh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vk;q 18 o"kZ ls de dh gks rks ml ij 2000
dk vf/kfu;e ykxw gksxk (Imtiyaz Hussain Vs
State of Maharashtra (2008) 110 Bom LR
1645
fd'kksj ds Js"B fgr dk fl)kUr
fd'kksj ds Js"Bre fgr dk fl)kUr CRC dk
eq[; vk/kkj gS] ;g fl)kUr HksnHkko jfgr]
Js"Bre fgr rFkk thou ds vf/kdkj dk leFkZu
djrk gSa ;g fl)kUr Hindu Minority
andGuardianship Act1956 rFkk Guardian
and Ward Act 1890 esa Hkh mYys[k gSA
cPpksa ds laj{k.k ;k fgjklr ds ekeyksa esa
U;k;ky; bl fl)kUr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k cUnh
izR;{khdj.k dh ekax djrk gS] mldk vkjksi gS
fd mldh iRuh B mldh iq=h dk vigj.k
fd;k gS] A ;g Hkh vkjksi yxkrk gS B
ekulhd :i ls chekj gS vr% oks iq=h ds
laj{k.k ds fy, mfpr ugha gSA ekeys dh
lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
cPps ds vf/kdkj dks ysdj ekrk&firk ds eq[;
gksus okys Vdjko esa] lcls vko';d iz'u cPps
ds dY;k.k dk gS u fd i{kdkjksa ds fof/k
vf/kdkj dkA bl fl)kUr dk vuqlj.k djrs
gq, U;k;ky; us ;g izko/kku fn;k fd B cPps
dks vius ikl j[kh ldrh gSA (Rajesh K.
Gupta Vs. Ram Gopal Agarwala AIr 2005,
SC 2426)
fgalk ds fo#) laj{k.k
CRC ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd Hkkjr cPpksa ds
ekufld 'kkjhfjd vkfn leLr fgalk ls cpkus
ds fy, izko/kku djsA CRC cPpksa ij Øwjrk
rFkk vekuoh; crkZo dk fojks/k djrk gS] blls
cPps dks lEeku rFkk lqj{kk feyuh pkfg,A
n`"Vkar% S ,d 11 o"kZ dh cpph gS tks 'kCn u
;kn djus ij n.M ds #i esa nks fnu nksigj esa
>wd dj [kM+s gksus dh ltk feyh] blls ij
dksek esa pyh xbZ rFkk mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
Ldwyksa esa cppks dks feyus okyh nSfgd ltk
mudh lEeku ij ?kkrd gksrh gSA (Parent's
Forums for meaningful Education Vs. Union
Of India AIR 2001 Del 212)
Hkkjr U;k; r= cky ;kSu 'kks"k.k ds fy, vyx
ls izko/kku ugh djrk] vfirq ;g cykRdj vkfn
fo"k;ksa ds varxZr vk tkrs gSA U;k;ky; esa cky
;kSu 'kks"k.k ds ekeys esa lquokbZ ds nkSjku cPps
dh vlqfo/kk rFkk ijs'kkuh dks U;k;ky; us ;g
O;oLFkk nh fd dSejs esa gksuh pkfg, rFkk
lquokbZ ds nkSjku ,d LØhu j[kuh pkfg, rkdh
ihfM+r nks"kh dks uk ns[k ik,A rFkk iwNs tkus
okys iz'uksa dh Hkk"kk lknk gksuh pkfg,A (Sakshi
V. Union of India AIR 2004 SC 566)
ekuo vf/kdkjks dk fØ;kUo;u
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds
ekeys esa lh/ks mPpre U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k dk
izko/kku lafo/kku dh /kkjk 32 ds vUrxZr djrk
gS /kkjk 32¼3½ lafo/kku dks fjV tkjh djus dk
vkns'k nsrk gS] tSls cUnh izR;{khdj.k] mRizs"k.k]
ijekns'k] vf/kdkj i`PNk] izfr"ks/kA ewy vf/kdkjksa
ds ekeys esa mPpU;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa vuqPNsn
226 ds vuqlkj tk;k tk ldrk gSA
yksd fgrokn
mu ekeyksa esa tgk¡ ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk iz'u gks]
yksd fjr okn nk;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
/kkjk 32 ds v/khu nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA mPp
U;k;ky; esa fjV nk;j djus ds fy, /kkjk 226
dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg,] mPpU;k;ky; esa fjV
ekuo vf/kdkj ds vfrfjDr Hkh yxkbZ tk
ldrh gSA yksd fjV okn ihfM+r ;k vU; dksbZ
Hkh nk;j dj ldrk gSA
v/kZ U;kf;d fudk; rFkk mipkj
Hkkjr esa ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx dk xBu
(NHRC) 1993 esa ekuo vf/kdkj laj{k.k
vf/kfu;e ds varxZr gqvkA budk mís'; c<+rs
ekuo vf/kdkj ekeyksa ij dkcw djuk gSA
NHRC dks ekuo vf/kdkj guu ekeyksa esa
vUos"k.k dk vf/kdkj gSA NHRC dk drZO;
ekuo vf/kdkj ds laca/k esa tkx#d QSykuk gSA
xqtjkr csLV cSdjh ekeys esa ekuo vf/kdkj
vk;ksx us lfØ;rk fn[kkrs gq;s U;k;ky; ls
naxks dh lquokbZ xqtjkr ls ckgj djkus dk
vkx`g fd;k rkfd xokgksa dh lqj{kk lqfu'fpr
gksA NHRC esa f'kdk;r ;k rks ihfM+r O;fDr
Lo;a ;k mlls lEca/khr O;fDr dj ldrk gSSA
f'kdk;r nk;j djus dk dksbZ 'kqYd ughA
NHRC ds vfrfjDr jkT;ksa dks jkT; ekuo
vf/kdkj vk;ksx cukus dk izko/kku gS tks fd
NHRC ds leUo; esa dk;Z djsaxs rFkk ;g jkT;
ds ekuo vf/kdkj laj{k.k esa dk;Z djrk gSA
NHRC ds vfrfjDr jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx gS
¼NCH½ jk"Vªh; vk;ksxA jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr
vk;ksx] jkf"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx jk"Vªh; Lrj
ij dke dj jgs gSa] blh rjg ds leku fudkl
jkT; Lrj ij Hkh gSaA
xx
AiKla BaartIya baar prIxaa
AByaasa saamaga`I
ivaYaya 17 Á Eama AaOr AaOVaoigak ivaiQa
Eaimak ivaiQa tqaa AaOVaoigak saMbaMQaaoM sao saMbaMiQat maamalaaoM ka
saMivaQaana kI saatvaIM AnausaUcaI maoM samavatI- saUcaI maoM ]llaoK hOM
AtÁ [sailae saMsad AaOr ivaQaanasaBaaAaoM¸ daonaao nao [sa ivaYaya
pr MivaiQayaaM AiQainayaimat kI hOM .
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa p`mauK $p sao AaOVaoigak ivavaad
AiQainayama¸ 1947¸ Eaimak saMGa AiQainayama¸ 1926 tqaa
AaOVaoigak inayaaojana ³sqaayaI AadoSa´ AiQainayama¸ 1946
Wara Saaisat hOM .
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa Á AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama¸ 1947 ³‘‘ AaOVaoigak ivavaad
AiQainayama’’´ AaOVaoigak ivavaadaoM kI jaa Mca AaOr ]nako
inapTana ko ilae p`iËyaa maSaInarI sqaaipt krta hOM AaOr
saaQaarNa $p sao AaOVaoigak saMbaMQaaoM ko ivainayamana ka ek
p`yaasa hOM . AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama Baart maoM p%yaok
]Vaoga pr laagaU haota hOM .
]Vaoga Á ‘]Vaoga’ Sabd sao AiBapot hOM ‘‘ kao[ - BaI vyavasaaya¸
QaMQaa¸ ]pËma¸ inayaaojak¸ inamaa-Na yaa inayaaojakaoM ka Aavhana
AaOr [samaoM kao[- BaI Aavhana saovaa¸ raojagaar¸ kuTIr yaa
AaOVaoigak poYaa yaa kma-karaoM ka QaMQaa Yaaimala hOM .
esa.2³jao , AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama´ [sasao kao[-
saMbaMQa rKo ibanaa ik vahaM kao[- laaBa p`aPt krnao yaa Aaya
p`aPt krnao ka ]_oYya yaa [cCa hOM¸ kao[- BaI vyavaisqat
gaitivaiQa jaao ek inayaaojak AaOr ]%padna ko ilae kma-
caairyaaoM ko sahyaaoga sao saMcaailat kI jaatI hao AaOr À yaa
maanavaIya ja$rtaoM AaOr [cCaAaoM kI tuiYT ko ilae saovaaAaoM
AaOr maala ka ivatrNa ek ‘‘]Vaoga’’ hOM .
³baoMgalaaor jala AapUit- tqaa jala¹mala baaoD- iva$w e.
rajaPpa¸ eAayaAar 1978 esasaI 548´ .
[sa saamaanya inayama ko vahaM kuC tya Apvaad hOM . ]dahrNa
ko ilae¸ rajya ko pBau%va vaalao kaya- ‘‘]Vaoga’’ ko $p maoM
Ah-k nahIM hOM . yaid ek p`itYzana Anaok gaitivaiQayaaM
calaata hOM tao ]sa p`itYzana kI p`mauK gaitivaiQa yah inaQaa-
irt krogaI ik @yaa vah pitYzana ek ]Vaoga hOM .
]dahrNa Á ek ivaiQak saovaa kond` pr AiBaBaaYakaoM ko ek
samaUh Wara mauFt yaa naamamaa~ ko maUlya pr ivaiQak saovaaeM
p`dana krnaa . caUMik AiBaBaaYak pirEaimak ko ilae yaa
svaamaI AaOr saovak ko saMbaMQaaoM ko AaQaar pr inayaaoijat nahIM
hOM . yah saovaa kond` tba BaI ek ]Vaoga nahIM hOM jaba p`mauK
gaitivaiQayaaoM maoM sahyaaoga p`aPt krnao ko ilae kuC naaOkraoM kao
inayaaoijat ikyaa jaata hOM .
³baoMgalaaor jala AapUit- tqaa jala¹mala baaoD- iva$w e.
rajaPpa¸ eAayaAar 1978 esasaI 548´ .
kma-kar Á ‘‘kma-kar’’ sao AiBap`ot hOM¸ iksaI BaI ]Vaoga maoM
ikrayao yaa purskar ko ilae kao[- SaarIirk¸ ilaipk yaa pya-
vaoxaIya kaya- krnao vaalaa kao[- BaI vyai> ³p`iSaxau saiht´ .
esa.2³esa´, AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ´ halaaMik
[sa pirBaaYaa maoM (i) saSas~ saonaaAaoM maoM inayaaoijat vyai>¸
(ii) puilasa AiQakarI tqaa jaola kma-caarI¸ (iii)
p`baMQakIya Aqavaa pYaasainak xamata maoM inayaaoijat vyai>¸ yaa
(iv) $. 1¸600 p`it maah sao AiQak majadUrI paPt
krnao vaalao pya-vaoxaIya xamata vaalao vyai> Saaimala nahIM hOM .
]dahrNa Á e kao ek Aka]nTonT ko $p maoM ek baOMk
Wara kama pr rKa gayaa hOM . e sTa^f ko vaotna ibalaaoM pr
hstaxar krnao ko ilae BaI AiQaÌt hOM . caUMik¸ vah mau#ya
kaya- ijasako ilae e kao rKa gayaa hOM¸ vah ilapIkIya
p`Ìit ka hI hOM AtÁ isaf- vaotna ibalaaoM pr hstaxar krnao
ko ]saka p`aiQakar sao vah ‘‘kma -kar’’ kI pirBaaYaa sao
baahr nahIM haogaa . ³ pMjaaba sahkarI baOMk ilaimaToD iva$w
Aar esa BaaiTyaa¸ eAayaAar 1957¸ 1898 esasaI´
AaOVaoigak ivavaad Á ‘‘Aa,OVaoigak ivavaad’’ sao AiBap`ot hOM¸
kma-caairyaaoM tqaa inayaaojakaoM ko baIca¸ yaa inayaaojakaoM tqaa
kma-karaoM ko baIca¸ yaa kma-karaoM AaOr kma-karaoM ko baIca¸
kao[- ivavaad yaa Alagaava¸ jaao raojagaar yaa gaOr raojagaar¸
Aqavaa raojagaar ko inayamaaoM tqaa Satao- sao Aqavaa iksaI BaI
vyai> kI Eama Satao- sao saMbaMiQat hao sakta hO . ³esa.2
³ko AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama´ . esa 2 e yah
spYT krta hOM ik ek Akolao kma-kar kI baKa-stgaI¸
Cu+I yaa CMTnaI BaI ek ‘AaOVaoigak ivavaad’ haogaI¸ Balao hI
ivavaad ko ilae kao[- Anya kma-kar Aqavaa kao[- saMGa ek
pxa nahIM hOM .
AiKla BaartIya baar prIxaa¸ AByaasa saamaga`I ² 99 ©
2010,
baar ka]Misala Aaf [iNDyaa tqaa ronamaokr T/oinaMga eND
irËuTmaonT p`a[vaoT ilaimaToD . savaa-iQakar saurixat . [sa
saamaga`I ko iksaI BaI AnaaiQaÌt ]pyaaoga yaa puna-Áp`stuit
ike jaanao pr laagaU haonao vaalao saBaI dIvaanaI tqaa faOjadarI
kanaUnaI ]pcaaraoM ko pavaQaana laagaU haoMgaoM .
]dahrNa Á kMpnaI e¸ ek ]Vaoga hO¸ jaao Eama AnaubaMQa ko
$p maoM ek zokodar ko kma-caairyaaoM kI saovaaAaoM ka [stomaala
krtI hOM . kMpnaI e ko iva$w zokodar ko kma-caairyaaoM
Wara ]zae gae ivavaadaoM kao ‘‘Aa,OVaoigak ivavaad’’ maanaa
jaaegaa . jaba tk ivavaad ]zanao vaalao pxa ka ivavaad ko
ivaYaya maoM p`%yaxa iht hOM tba tk yah tqya ik kma-kar ek
zokodar ko kma-caarI hOM ivavaad kI pÌit kao nahIM badla
sakoMgaoM . ³sToNDD- vao@yaUma irfa[-inaMga kMpnaI Aa^f [iNDyaa
ilaimaToD iva$w ]nako kma-kar tqaa Anya¸1960¸
eAarAar 948 esasaI´
]pyau> sarkar Á Aa,OVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko Antga-
t saBaI p`yaaojanaaoM ko ilae ‘‘]pyau> sarkar’’ sao AiBap`ot hOM
Á (i) rolavao¸ Da@sa¸ AayaefsaIAaya¸ [esaAayasaI¸
elaAayasaI¸ AaoenajaIsaI¸ yaUTIAaya¸ eyarpaoT- AqaairTI
Aa^f [iNDyaa¸ kond`Iya sarkar ko Antga-t iksaI
p`aiQakarI ko Wara saMcaailat ]Vaoga ko maamalaaoM maoM kondIya
sarkar AaOr (ii) iksaI BaI Anya AaOVaoigak ivavaadaoM ko
maamalao maoM rajya sarkar ³esa2 AaOVaoigak ivavaad
AiQainayama´
h,Dtala Á ‘‘h,Dtala’’ sao AiBapot hOM¸ iksaI BaI ]Vaoga maoM
inayaaoijat vyai>yaaoM kI ek saMsqaa ko Wara¸ iksaI BaI
saM#yaa ko vyai>yaaoM Wara ek Aama samaJa kao laokr¸
saamaUihk $p sao ek kama kI samaaiPt yaa ek zaosa [Mkar¸
yaa ek [Mkar jaao kama jaarI rKnao ko ilae yaa raojagaar kao
svaIkarnao ko ilae [sa trh inayaaoijat ike gae hOM .
³esa2@yaU AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama´
h,Dtala krnao ka AiQakar¸ kma-karaoM ka ek maaOilak
AiQakar nahIM hOM prntu AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama Wara
]nhoM p`dana ikyaa ek kanaUnaI AiQakar hOM . ³AiKla
BaartIya baOMk kma-caarI saMGa iva$w raYT/Iya AaOVaoigak
nyaayaaiQakrNa¸ 1962¸ eAayaAar esasaI 171 ´
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa.22³1´ maoM yah
p`avaQaana hOM ik ek saava-jainak ]pyaaoigata saovaa maoM
inayaaoijat kao[- BaI vyai>¸ inayaaojak kao h,Dtala pr jaanao
sao CÁ saPtah ka saUcanaap~ idyao ibanaa¸ yaa eosao saUcanaap~
idyao jaanao ko caaOdh idnaaoM ko BaItr¸ eosao saUcanaap~ maoM
]llaoiKt idnaaMk sao phlao¸ yaa ek samaJaaOta AiQakarI ko
samaxa laMibat kao[- samaJaaOta kaya-vaahI ko samaapna ko saat
idnaaoM ko BaItr AnaubaMQa ka ]llaMGana krto hue h,Dtala pr
nahIM jaaegaa¸ .
]dahrNa Á yaid kao[- inaiScat maaMgaoM pUrI nahIM hu[- hO tao ek
saava-jainak ]pyaaoigata saovaa maoM inayaaoijat kma-kar¸ Apnao
inayaao>a kao h,Dtala krnao ko Apnao inaNa-ya ko saMbaMQa maoM
saUcanaap~ dogaa . kma-kar AaOr inayaaojak cacaa- kroMgaoM AaOr
[na cacaa-AaoM ko daOrana yaid CÁ saPtah ka samaya gaujar
jaata hOM . cacaa- ivafla hao jaatI hOM AaOr kma-kar t%kala
h,Dtala pr calao jaato hOM . yah h,Dtala gaOr¹kanaUnaI hOM
@yaaoMik phlao vaalaI AiQasaUicat tarIK gaujar jaanao pr
kma-caairyaaoM kao ek nayaa saUcanaap~ donao kI ja$rt qaI .
³imanarla maa[-nasa- yaUinayana iva$w kudomauK Aayarna Aaor
kMpnaI ilaimaToD ³1989´¸ laoba elajao 277 ³knaa-Tk´
jabaik¸ AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ka esa.22³1´
saava-jainak ]pyaaoigaka saovaaAaoM maoM saMivada BaMga ko Antga-t
h,Dtala pr raok lagaata hOM vahIM esa.23 inamna
pirisqaityaaoM maoM iksaI BaI AaOVaoigak pitYzana maoM h,Dtala
pr raok lagaata hOM .
ek baaoD- ko samaxa saulah kaya-vaahI ko laMibat rhnao ko
daOrana AaOr [sa trh kI kaya-vaahI ko samaapna ko 7 idnaaoM
ko BaItr¸ ek Eama nyaayaalaya¸ iT/byaUnala yaa raYT/Iya
iT/byaUnala ko samaxa laMibat haonao ko daOrana yaa eosaI kaya-vaahI
ko samaapna ko baad 2 mahInaaoM ko BaItr¸ laMibat haonao ko
daOrana AaOr maQyasqata kaya-vaahI kI samaaiPt ko baad dao
maah tk¸ jaba ]pyau-> sarkar ko Wara esa 10e ko
Antga-t kao[- AiQasaUcanaa jaarI kI jaatI hOM yaa eosaI kao[-
BaI AvaiQa maoM jaba inapTana yaa AvaaD- sao saMbaMiQat iksaI BaI
maamalao ko saMbaMQa maoM ek inapTana yaa AvaaD- p`iËyaaQaIna hao
.
]dahrNa Á ek AaOVaoigak pitYzana ko kma-kar AaOr
]nako inayaao>a Wara ek samaJaaOta AiQakarI ko samaxa ek
samaJaaOta kaya-vaahI maoM ihssaa ilae jaanao pr¸ AaOr [na
p`iËyaaAaoM ko daOrana¸ kma-kar h,Dtala pr calao jaato hOM .
yah h,Dtala gaOr kanaUnaI nahIM hOM @yaaoMik samaJaaOta kaya-vaahI
ek samaJaaOta AiQakarI ko samaxa hao rhI hOM¸ ek samaJaaOta
baaoD- ko samaxa nahIM .
AiKla BaartIya baar prIxaa¸ AByaasa saamaga`I ² 99 ©
2010,
baar ka]Misala Aaf [iNDyaa tqaa ronamaokr T/oinaMga eND
irËuTmaonT p`a[vaoT ilaimaToD . savaa-iQakar saurixat . [sa
saamaga`I ko iksaI BaI AnaaiQaÌt ]pyaaoga yaa puna-Áp`stuit
ike jaanao pr laagaU haonao vaalao saBaI dIvaanaI tqaa faOjadarI
kanaUnaI ]pcaaraoM ko pavaQaana laagaU haoMgaoM .
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa 24 maoM yah p`avaQaana hOM
ik esa 22¸ 23 yaa esa 10 yaa 10e ko tht jaarI iksaI
AadoSa ko ]llaMGana maoM kI ga[- ek h,Dtala gaOr kanaUnaI hOM
. gaOr kanaUnaI h,Dtala maoM ilaPt kma-karaoM ko ilae esa26 maoM
ek maah ko karavaasa AaOr $. 50À¹ tk ko jaumaa-nao ka
p`avaQaana hOM .
]dahrNa Á ek AaOVaoigak p`itYzana ko kma-kar
AvaOQaainak $p sao kama sao h,Dtala pr calao jaato hOM AaOr
inayaaojak haonao vaalao nauksaana kao kma-karaoM sao mauAavajao ko
$p maoM paPt krnaa caahta hOM . xait ko ilae ek vaad
sqaaipt nahIM haogaa @yaaoMik AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko
esa 26 maoM AvaOQa h,DtalaaoM ko ilae ]pcaaraoM ka p`avaQaana
ivaSaooYa $p sao ikyaa gayaa hOM . ³raohtasa [NDsT/Ija
ilaimaToD iva$w raohtasa [NDsT/Ija sTa^f yaUinayana
³1976´ 1 elaelaena 165´
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa2³1´ ‘‘laa^k¹Aa]T’’
Sabd kao [sa trh pirBaaiYat krta hOM¸ ‘‘ek raojagaar
sqala ka AsqaayaI taOr pr samaapna Aqavaa kama ka
inalaMbana¸ yaa ek inayaaojak kI ]sako Wara inayaaoijat iksaI
BaI saM#yaa ko vyai>yaaoM kI raojagaarI jaarI rKnao ko ilae
AsvaIÌit .’’
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa22³2´ maoM yah
p`avaQaana hOM ik laa^ikMga Aa]T sao pUva- kma-karaoM kao CÁ
saPtah ka saUcanaap~ ide ibanaa¸ yaa eosao saUcanaa p~ ide
jaanao ko caaOdh idnaaoM ko BaItr¸ yaa eosao saUcanaap~ maoM inaid-YT
laa^k¹Aa]T kI tarIK sao phlao¸ yaa jaba ek samaJaaOta
AiQakarI ko samaxa kao[- samaJaaOta kaya-vaahI ivalaMibat hOM tao
eosaI kaya-vaahI ko K%ma haonao ko saat idnaaoM tk saava-jainak
]pyaaoigata saMcaailat kr rha kao[- BaI inayaao>a iksaI BaI
BaI kma-caarI kao laa^k Aa]T nahIM krogaa .
jabaik AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ka esa22³2´ saava-
jainak ]pyaaoigata saovaaAaoM maoM laa^k¹Aa]T\sa pr pitbaMQa
lagaata hOM¸ esa 23 inamna pirisqaityaaoM maoM iksaI BaI
AaOVaoigak pitYzana maoM laa^k¹Aa]T pr raok lagaata hOM¸
jaba ek baaoD- ko samaxa samaJaaOta kaya-vaahI ivalaMibat hao
AaOr eosaI kaya-vaahI kI samaaiPt ko baad 7 idnaaoM ko BaItr¸
ivalaMibat haonao ko daOrana AaOr ek Eama nyaayaalaya¸ iT/byaunala
yaa raYT/Iya iT/byaunala ko samaxa kao[- samaJaaOta kaya-vaahI
ivalaMbaIt hao AaOr eosaI kaya-vaahI kI samaaiPt ko baad dao
maah ko BaItr¸ laMibat haonao ko daOrana AaOr maQyasqata kaya-
vaahI kI samaaiPt ko baad dao maah tk¸ jaba ]pyau ->
sarkar ko Wara esa 10 e ko Antga-t kao[- AiQasaUcanaa
jaarI kI jaatI hOM¸ yaa eosaI kao[- BaI AvaiQa maoM jaba inapTana
yaa AvaaD- sao saMbaMiQat iksaI BaI maamalao ko saMbaMQa maoM ek
inapTana yaa AvaaD- piËyaaQaIna hao .
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa 24 maoM yah p`avaQaana hOM
ik esa 22 yaa 23 yaa esa 10 yaa 10e ko Antga-t jaarI
iksaI AadoSa ko ]llaMGana maoM ikyaa gayaa ek laak Aa]T
gaOr¹kanaUnaI hOM . gaOr¹kanaUnaI laak¹Aa]T\sa maoM ilaPt payao
jaanao jaanao vaalao inayaaojakaoM ko ilae esa 26 ek maah ko
karavaasa AaOr $0 1¸000À¹ tk ko jaumaa-nao ka p`avaQaana
krta hOM . kamabandI¸ CMTnaI AaOr samaapna .
vahaM AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama Wara AaOVaoigak
p`itYzanaaoM pr kamabandI¸ CMTnaI AaOr samaapna ko saMbaMQa maoM
Sato- AaOr p`itbaMQa laagaU ike gae hOM .
kama bandI ‘‘kamabandI’’ kao AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama
ko esa2 ³kokoko ko Antga-t ibajalaI¸ kccao maala kI
kmaI¸ sTak ko jamaa haonao yaa maSaInarI ko band hao jaanao ko
karNa ek karIgar¸ ijasaka naama inayaaojak ko AaOVaoigak
p`itYzana ko masTr raola pr ca,Za huAa hOM AaOr ijasakI
CMTnaI nahIM hu[- hOM¸ kao raojagaar donao maoM ek inayaaojak kI
ivaflata¸ [Mkar yaa Asamaqa-ta ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa
gayaa hOM . kama bandI ek AsqaayaI kaya- hO ³CMTnaI yaa
samaaiPt jaOsao sqaayaI kayaao- sao Alaga´ jaao inayaaojak ko
inayaM~Na sao baahr haonao vaalaI pirisqaityaaoM ka pirNaama haota
hOM . jaOsao hI Aapatkala ko karNa K%ma haoto hOM¸ vaOsao hI
kma-caairyaaoM kao ]nakI pUNa- isqait maoM lao ilayaa jaanaa caaihe
.
]dahrNa Á e kao ek ]Vaoga baI maoM ek kma-kar ko $p maMoM
inayaaoijat ikyaa jaata hOM . ]Vaoga baI AapUit- kI kmaI ka
saamanaa krtI hOM AaOr ek saPtah ko ilae kuC karIgaraoM
kI ³prntu [namaoM e nahIM hOMM kama bandI kr dotI hOM . ]sa
saPtah e ek duGa-Tnaa maoM Gaayala hao jaata hOM AaOr kama pr
nahIM jaa pata . eosaI isqait maoM eosaa nahIM kha jaa sakta
ik e kI kama bandI hao ga[- hOM @yaaoMik kama bandI eosao
baoraojagaar pr vahaM laagaU haotI hOM jaao iksaI eosao karNa sao
haota hOM jaao karIgar ko iksaI BaI kaya- sao svatM~ haota hOM
. ³saonT/la [iNDyaa ispnaIMga¸ ivavaIMga eND maonyaufo@cairMga
kMpnaI ilaimaToD iva$w rajya AaOVaoigak nyaayaalaya¸ naagapur
tqaa Anya¸ ³1959´¸ elaelajao 468 ³baaoma´
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ka AQyaaya V-A ipClao
kOlaoNDr vaYa- ko daOrana iksaI ek kaya-idvasa pr AaOsatna
50 sao AiQak prntu 100 kma-kar sao kma kma-karaoM kao
inayaaoijat krnao vaalao AaOVaoigak p`itYzanaaoM pr AaOr eosao
AaOVaoigak p`itYzanaaoM pr laagaU haota hOM jahaM maaOsamaI p`Ìit
ka kaya- haota hOM yaa jahaM $k $k kr kama ikyaa jaata
hOM .
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ka esa 25saI yah p`avaQaana
krta hOM ik inayaaojak maUla majadUrI ka 50 p`itSat tqaa
mahMgaa[- Ba%to ko barabar mauAavajao ko Baugatana pr hI ]na
kma-karaoM kI kamabandI kr sakto hOM ijanhaoMnao ek vaYa- kI
inarntr saovaa pUNa- kr laI hOM . haMlaaik¸ AaOVaoigak ivavaad
AiQainayama ko esa 25 [- maoM yah p`avaQaana hOM ik eosaI isqait
maoM kamabandI ko mauAavajao ka Baugatana nahIM ikyaa jaaegaa
jabaik eosaa ek kma-kar inayaaojak ko Wara p`stut
vaOkilpk raojagaar kao svaIkar nahIM krta¸ yaa yaid kma-
kar iksaI inaQaairt samaya pr p`itYzana pr irpaoT- nahIM
krta yaa kamabandI kma-karaoM Wara p`itYzana ko dUsaro ihssao
maoM ek h,Dtala ko karNa yaa QaImao kaya- ko flasva$p
]%padna kao igaranao ko pirNaamasva$p hu[- hO .
]dahrNa Á ek AaOVaoigak p`itYzana Wara ipClao baarh
mahInaaoM sao e kao ek iSapyaaD- kma-caarI ko $p maoM inayaaoijat
ikyaa gayaa hOM . haMlaaik¸ [sa AvaiQa maoM saat saPtahaoM ko
ilae¸ tUfanaI maaOsama ko karNa kao[- iYapyaaD- kaya- maumaikna
nahIM qaa AaOr [sailae e nao kao[- kama nahIM ikyaa . [sa pr
kao[- ivacaar ike ibanaa ik kao[- SaarIirk kaya- ikyaa gayaa
hO¸ Aqavaa nahIM¸ [na baarh mahInaaoM ko ilae e kao inarntr
saovaart maananaa haogaa¸ yah maanaa jaaegaa ik e nao [na saBaI
idnaaoM ko daOrana kama ikyaa hOM ijasamaoM e inayaaojak ko
raojagaar maoM qaa AaOr ijasako ilae e kao saMivada ko tht yaa
ivaiQa kI baaQyata ko tht majadUrI ka Baugatana ikyaa gayaa
hOM . ³kma-kar iva$w maOnaojamaonT Aa^f Amaoirkna e@saposa¸
eAarAar 1986 esasaI 548´
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ka AQyaaya V-B yah
p`avaQaana krta hOM ik ipClao kOlaoNDr vaYa- ko daOrana iksaI
ek kaya-idvasa pr AaOsatna 50 sao AiQak prntu 100 kma-
kar sao kma kma-karaoM kao inayaaoijat krnao vaalao AaOVaoigak
p`itYzanaaoM kao ³ jahaM maaOsamaI pÌit ka kaya- yaa $k $k
kr kama nahIM haota hOM ´kao[- BaI kamabandI krnao sao pUva-
]pyau-> sarkar kI pUva- Anaumait laonaa haogaI .
pUva- Anaumait dI jaanao ko ]pyau> sarkar ko AiQakar Aw-
nyaaiyak pÌit ko hOM AaOr [sailae p`aÌitk nyaaya ko
isawantaoM ka palana AvaSya ikyaa jaanaa caaihe . ³kma-
kar iva$w maInaaxaI imalsa ilaimaToD¸ eAayaAar 1994
esasaI 2696´
CMTnaI Á AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ka esa2³00´
‘‘CMTnaI’’ kao inayaaojak ko Wara [na karNaaoM sao Alaga iksaI
BaI Anya karNa sao ek kma-kar kI saovaaAaoM kI samaaiPt ko
$p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM Á ek AnauSaasanaa%mak
kaya-vaahI Wara idyao gayao dND sva$p saovaa samaaiPt¸
svaOicCk saovaainavaRi<a yaa AiQavaaiYa-kI kI ]ma` haonao pr
saovaainavaRi<a¸ saMivada kI samaaiPt pr navaInaIkrNa nahIM haonao
ko karNa saovaa samaaiPt¸ raojagaar kI saMivada maoM inaiht
AaQaaraoM pr saovaa samaaiPt yaa ek kma-kar ko lagaatar
Kraba svaasqya ko calato saovaa kI samaaiPt .
[sa trh¸ AamataOr pr yah Sabd AiQaSaoYa EaimakaoM yaa
sTa^f kI saovaamaui> pr laagaU haota hOM AaOr [sailae
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa25 jaI Wara kma-karaoM
kI p`%yaok EaoNaI ko saMbaMQa maoM CMTnaI kao Ainavaaya- $p sao
‘‘Aintma Aanao vaalao¸ phlao baahr’’ ko isawant Anausaar kI
jaanaa caaihe . [sako Aitir>¸ yaid inayaaojak CMTnaI ko
baad vyai>yaaoM kao puna-Áinayaaoijat krnaa caahta hOM tao
esa25eca ko tht yah Ainavaaya-ta hOM ik pqama vairyata
CMTnaI ike gae kma-karaoM kIo dI jaanaa caaihe .
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ka esa25ef yah p`avaQaana
krta hOM ik iksaI BaI AaOVaoigak p`itYzana maoM¸ ek vaYa- sao
AiQak inarntr saovaa vaalao iksaI BaI kma-kar kI CMTnaI tba
tk nahIM kI jaaegaI¸ jaba tk ik Á
A´ kma-kar kao ilaiKt maoM maoM ek maah ka saUcanaap~ idyaa
gayaa hao yaa eosao saUcanaap~ ko evaja maoM majadUrI ka Baugatana
kr idyaa gayaa hao .
ba´ CMTnaI ko samaya kma-kar kao mauAavajao ka Baugatana kr
idyaa gayaa hO jaao ]sakI inarntr saovaa ko p`%yaok pUNa-
kOlaoNDr vaYa- yaa CÁ maah sao jyaada iksaI BaI Baaga ko ilae
pnd`h idnaaoM ko AaOsat vaotna ko barabar hO¸ AaOr
sa´ ]pyau-> sarkar kao saUcanaa p~ idyaa gayaa hao . esa
25 baI¸ ‘‘inarntr saovaa’’ Sabd sao Asvasqata¸ AiQaÌt
AvakaSa¸ duGa-Tnaa yaa h,Dtala jaao AvaOQa na hao yaa
laa^kAa]T yaa kaya- kao Cao,Dnaa jaao kma-karaoM ko daoYa kI
vajah sao na hao¸ kao hTa dota hOM .
]dahrNa Á inayaaojak baI ko Wara e kao AvakaSa svaIÌt
ikyaa jaata hOM prntu e AvakaSa kI AvaiQa ko baad BaI
saovaa pr ]pisqat nahIM haota hOM . baI ivaiQa ko Wara inaQaa-
irt p`iËyaa ka AnausarNa ike ibanaa hI e kI saovaaAaoM kao
samaaPt kr dota hOM . yah AnauSaasanaa%mak kaya-vaahI ko
Antga-t dND ko $p maoM Ah-k nahIM haogaa AaOr [sailae [sao
CMTnaI samaJaa jaaegaa @yaaoMik AnauSaaasanaa%mak kaya-vaahI ko
$p maoM Ah-k haonao ko ilae maanya p`iËyaa ka AnausarNa
ikyaa jaanaa AavaYyak hOM . ³ ApT/ana [iNDyaa ilaimaToD
iva$w SammaI Baana¸ eAarAar 1998¸ esasaI 1681´
[sako Aitir>¸ AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko AQyaaya
V-B ko AMtga-t¸ ipClao kOlaoNDr vaYa- ko daOrana pit kaya-
idvasa¸ AaOsatna 100 yaa jyaada kma-karaoM kao inayaaoijat
krnao vaalao AaOVaoigak pitYzanaaoM kao ³ jahaM maaOsamaI pÌit
ka kaya- yaa $k $k kr kama nahIM haota hOM ´ kao[- BaI
CMTnaI ike jaanao sao phlao ]pyau-> sarkar kI pUva- Anaumait
laonao kI ja$rt haogaI .
samaaiPt Á AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa2 ³saIsaI´
ko Antga-t ‘‘samaaiPt’’ kao ek inayaaojana sqala yaa [sako
ihssao kI sqaayaI samaaiPt ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa
hOM . 50 yaa jyaada kma-karaoM kao inayaaoijat krnao vaalao
AaOVaoigak p`itYzanaaoM kao [sako ilae ]pyau-> sarkar kao
kma sao kma 60 idnaaoM ka saUcanaap~ p`stut krnaa caaihe .
[sako Aitir>¸ AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko AQyaaya
V-B ko AMtga-t¸ ipClao kOlaoNDr vaYa- ko daOrana pit kaya-
idvasa¸ AaOsatna 100 yaa jyaada kma-karaoM kao inayaaoijat
krnao vaalao AaOVaoigak pitYzanaaoM kao ³ jahaM maaOsamaI pÌit
ka kaya- yaa $k $k kr kama nahIM haota hOM ´ kao[- BaI
samaaiPt ike jaanao sao phlao ]pyau-> sarkar kI pUva-
Anaumait laonao kI ja$rt haogaI .
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa25efefef ko
tht yah Ainavaaya- hO ik eosao saBaI kma-karaoM kao mauAavajao
ka Baugatana ikyaa jaanaa caaihe ijanhaoMnao ek vaYa- kI
inarntr saovaa pUNa- kr laI hOM¸ jaao ]nakI CMTnaI pr Baugatana
ike jaanao vaalao mauAavajao ko barabar hao . rajya sarkaraoM
Wara AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa7 ko Antga-t
ivavaad samaaQaana tM~ Eama nyaayaalaya sqaaipt ike gae hOM
AaOr [naka nyaayaxao~ [sa p`kar hOM Á
sqaayaI AadoSaaoM kI ivavaocanaa
sqaayaI AadoSaaoM ka ]llaMGana
ek kma-kar kI saovaamaui> yaa baKa-stgaI
iksaI BaI prMpragat iryaayat yaa ivaSaoYaaiQakar
kao vaapsa laonaa
ek h,Dtala yaa talaabandI kI AvaOQaainakta yaa
Anyaqaa¸ AaOr
Anya maamalao jaao AaOVaoigak iT/byaunala ko nyaayaxao~
maoM nahIM Aato hO. . AaOVaoigak iT/byaunalsa kI
sqaapnaa AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa 7e
ko Antga-t rajya sarkaraoM Wara kI jaatI hOM AaOr
[naka nyaayaxao~ [sa p`kar haota hOM .
majadUrI¸ ijasamaoM AvaiQa AaOr Baugatana kI ivaiQa
saimmailat hOM .
p`itpUrk tqaa Anya Ba<ao
kaya- ko GaNTo tqaa ivaEaama ka Antrala
majadUrI ko saaqa AvakaSa tqaa Cui+yaaM
baaonasa¸ laaBa sahBaajana¸ BaivaYya inaiQa tqaa
]pdana¸
iSaFT maoM kaya- krnao pr badlaava¸
EaoiNayaaoM maoM vagaI-krNa
AnauSaasana ko inayama¸ tqaa
yaui>krNa tqaa kma-karaoM kI CMTnaI
kond`Iya sarkar Wara AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama ko
esa7baI ko Antga-t raYT/Iya mah%va ko AaOVaoigak ivavaadaoM
yaa jahaM ek sao AiQak rajya maoM sqaaipt AaOVaoigak
p`itYzana Saaimala hOM¸ ko AiQainaNa-ya ko ilae raYT/Iya
iT/byaunala kI sqaapnaa kI hOM . [sako Aitir>¸ AaOVaoigak
ivavaad AiQainayama ko esa 10 ko Antga-t ]pyau> sarkar
iksaI BaI AaOVaoigak ivavaad kao saulah baaoD-¸ pUCtaC
nyaayaalaya¸ Eama nyaayaalaya yaa AaOVaoigak iT/byaunala kao
sandiBa-t kr saktI hOM . saulah p`iËyaa ko daOrana hue
samaJaaOtaoM¸ yaa ek maQyasqa AvaaD- yaa Eama nyaayaalaya yaa
iT/byaunala ko AvaaD- iksaI AaOVaoigak ivavaad sao saMbaMiQat
saBaI pxaaoM pr baaQyakarI haogaa ijasamaoM vat-maana tqaa AagaamaI
kma-kar tqaa vao saBaI pxa Saaimala haoMgaoM ijanhoM kaya-vaahI maoM
]pisqait haonao ko ilae baulaayaa gayaa qaa .
prspr sahmait ko Wara haonao vaalao samaJaaOto isaf- ]nhI pr
baaQyakarI haoMgaoM jaao vaastva maoM AnaubaMQa ko pxakar haoMgaoM .
isaivala kaoT- ka nyaayaxao~ AaOVaoigak ivavaadaoM ko ilae
inaYaoQa hOM . ³candkaMt tukarama inakama iva$w nagar inagar¸
2002 eAayaAar esasaIDblaU 710´
vaastivak vyavahar maoM¸ kond`Iya sarkar AaOVaoigak
nyaayaaiQakrNa¸ ³saI.jaI.Aaya.TI.esa´ À Eama
nyaayaalaya vat-maana maoM Qanabaad¸ mauMba[-¸ na[- idllaI¸ caMDIga,Z¸
kaolakata¸ jabalapur¸ kanapur¸ naagapur¸ laKna}¸ baMgalaUr¸
jayapur¸ caOÙ[-¸ hOdrabaad¸BauvanaoYvar¸ Ahmadabaad¸ enaa-
kulama¸Aasanasaalao¸ gauvaahaTI maoM kaya-rt hOM . laMibat maamalaaoM
maoM kmaI laanao ko ilae¸ saIjaIAayaTIÀEama nyaayaalayaaoM ko
Wara laaok AdalataoM ka Aayaaojana BaI ikyaa jaa rha hOM .
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa Á majadUr saMGa AiQainayama¸1926
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama¸1926 ³majadUr saMGa AiQainayama´
inamna kayaao- ko ilae AiQainayaimat ikyaa gayaa qaa Á
kma-caairyaaoM AaOr kma-karaoM ko majadUr saMGaaoM ka pMjaIyana
kanaUnaI inakaya ko $p maoM pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGaaoM kao
maanyata¸ satt ]<araiQakar AaOr svayaM ko naama pr
maukdmaa sqaaipt krnao kI xamata saiht saBaI pircaraoM
laaBa ko saaqa¸ AaOr
kuC inaiScat pirisqaityaaoM maoM¸ pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGaaoM¸
]nako sadsyaaoM AaOr pdaiQakairyaaoM kao vyaapar AaOr
saaijaSa kI raokqaama ko ilae isaivala tqaa faOjadarI
kaya-vaahI ko iva$w ]nmaui>
majadUr saMGa
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko Antga-t ‘‘majadUr saMGa’’ kao ek
‘‘saMyaaojana ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM¸ jaao AsqaayaI
yaa sqaayaI hao¸ AaOr kma-karaoM AaOr inayaaojakaoM yaa kma-karaoM
AaOr kma-karaoM¸ yaa inayaaojakaoM AaOr inayaaojakaoM ko baIca
saMbaMQaaoM ko ivainayaimakrNa¸ yaa iksaI BaI vyavasaaya yaa QaMQao ko
saMcaalana pr pitbaMQaa%mak Sato- lagaanao ko ilae hao¸ AaOr
[samaoM dao yaa jyaada majadUr saMGa ka kao[- BaI saMGa Saaimala hOM
.’’
ek majadUr saMGa ka pMjaIyana Ainavaaya- nahIM hO prntu yah
vaaMCnaIya hOM @yaaoMik ek pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGa kao majadUr
saMGa AiQainayama ko Antga-t kuC inaiScat AiQakar tqaa
ivaYaoYaaiQakar paPt haoto hOM . majadUr saMGaaoM ka pMjaIyana
majadUr saMGaaoM ko pMjaIyak ko saaqa ikyaa jaa sakta hOM
ijasako nyaayaxao~ ko Antga-t majadUr saMGa ka kayaa-laya
Aata hOM . kma-karaoM ko ek saMGa kao¸ jaao [sa trh
pMjaIÌt nahIM hOM¸ majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko laaBa paPt nahIM
haoMgaoM .
]dahrNa Á pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGaaoM ka ek saMGa ek ]Vaoga
ko kma-karaoM kI Aaor sao ek vyavasaaiyak ivavaad kao ]za
sakto hOM . pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGaaoM ko $p maoM saMGaiTt majadUr
saMGaaoM ko baavajaUd¸ yaid saMGa svayaM majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko
Antga-t ek pMjaIÌt inakaya nahIM hOM tao [sao majadUr saMGa
AiQainayama ko esa2³eca´ ko Aqaao - ko Antga-t ek
‘‘majadUr saMGa’’ ko $p maoM maanya nahIM ikyaa jaaegaa¸ AaOr
[sailae [sao ek kanaUnaI vyai> nahIM samaJaa jaaegaa .
AtÁ yah kma-karaoM kI Aaor sao vaad nahIM calaa sakta .
³naoSanala Aaga-naa[-JaoSana Aaf baOMk vak-sa- foDroSana Aaf
T/oD yaUinayana iva$w Baart saMGa tqaa Anya¸ 1992 ³65´
efelaAar 164´
pMjaIyana ko ilae¸ p`staivat majadUr saMGa kao
kma sao kma saat kma-karaoM kI sadsya saM#yaa haonaI
caaihe¸ tqaa
[sao yaa tao ³1´ ]sa ]Vaoga maoM yaa pitYzana maoM
saMlagna yaa inayaaoijat kma-karaoM kI 10 p`itYat
saM#yaa yaa ³2´ ]sa ]Vaoga kmaoM saMlagna yaa
inayaaoijat kma sao kma saaO kma-karaoM ka
p`itinaiQa%va krnaa caaihe .
majadUr saMGaaoM kao kond`Iya majadUr saMGa ivainayaimakrNa¸ 1938
ko p`avaQaanaaoM ko Anau$p ilaiKt inayamaaoM ko Antga-t inaQaa-
irt krnaa BaI AavaSyak hOM .
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ka esa 15 ]na ]_oSyaaoM kao inaid-YT
krta hOM ijanako ilae ek pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGa ko saaQaarNa
kaoYa kao Kca- ikyaa jaa sakta hO . [na ]_oSyaaoM kao yah
sauinaiScat krnao ko ilae tOyaar ikyaa gayaa hOM ik majadUr
saMGa Apnao sadsyaaoM ko klyaaNa ko ilae kaya- kr rha hOM .
kma-kar
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko Antga-t ‘‘kma -kar’’ kao
‘‘vyavasaaya yaa ]Vaoga maoM inayaaoijat saBaI vyai>yaaoM ko $p maoM
pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM¸ caaho vao eosao inayaaojak Wara
inayaaoijat hao yaa nahIM ijasako saaqa vyavasaaiyak ivavaad ]za
hOM .’’ ‘‘vyavasaaya Aqavaa ]Vaoga’’ kao majadUr saMGa
AiQainayama maoM pirBaaiYat nahIM ikyaa gayaa hOM M majadUr saMGa
AiQainayama maoM ‘‘]Vaoga’’ kI kao[ - BaI pirBaaYaa ko ABaava
maoM¸ yah maanya krnao ko ilae¸ yahI ivacaar¸ ik AaOVaoigak
ivavaad AiQainayama ko Antga-t ek saMsqaana ek ]Vaoga hOM
Aqavaa nahIM¸ majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko Antga-t BaI
p`asaMigak haoMgaoM .
tdnausaar¸ yaid vahaM inayaaojak AaOr kma-caairyaaoM ko baIca ek
saMbaMQa hOM¸ AaOr inayaaojak iksaI vyavasaaya¸ QaMQao ]pËma¸
inamaa-Na yaa dUrsaMcaar maoM saMlagna hOM¸ AaOr kma-caarI¸ iksaI
dUrsaMcaar¸ saovaa¸ raojagaar¸ hstiSalp yaa AaOVaoigak poSao yaa
QaMQao maoM saMlagna hOM tao ek gaitivaiQa kao ]Vaoga ko $p maoM
jaanaa jaa sakta hOM . ek gaitivaiQa kao ek vyavasaaya yaa
QaMQao sao saMbaMiQat ]pËma ko $p maoM jaanaa jaanao ko ilae¸ [sao
ek eosao trIko sao saMcaailat yaa vyavaisqat ikyaa jaanaa
caaihe ijasamaoM QaMQaa yaa vyavasaaya kao saaQaarNa $p sao
saMcaailat yaa vyavaisqat ikyaa jaa rha hao . [sao inayaaojak
AaOr kma-caairyaaoM ko maQya sahyaaoga pr AaQaairt haonaa
caaihe jaao ]%padna¸ maala yaa saamaga`I saovaaAaoM ko ivatrNa yaa
ivaËya ko ilae prspr sahyaaoga sao kama krto hOM . yah pUrI
trh sao ApasaMigak hOM ik @yaa eosaI gaitivaiQa maoM laaBa
kmaanao yaa pUMjaI inavaoYa ka ]_oSya inaiht hOM . [sasao BaI
kao[- matlaba nahIM hOM ik [sako ]_oSya prmaaiqa-k hOM yaa yah
laaBa kmaanao ko ilae nahIM hOM . ³BaartIya maanak saMsqaana ko
kma-kar iva$w BaartIya maanak saMsqaana p`baMQana¸ eAayaAar
1976 esasaI 145´
]dahrNa Á e ek Qaaima-k saMsqaana hOM ijasako p`mauK kaya-
kuC pUjaasqalaaoM ko maamalaaoM kI vyavasqaa AaOr tIqa-yaai~yaaoM
kao pUjaasqalaaoM ko Ba`maNa tqaa paqa-naa maoM madd krnaa hOM .
halaaMik¸ ApnaI gaitivaiQayaaoM sao e BaarI Aaya p`aPt kr
laota hOM¸ ijasaka [stomaala ivaiBaÙ SaOxaiNak tqaa Qaaima-k
p`yaaojanaaoM ko ilae ikyaa jaata hOM¸ e ka Ainavaaya- cair~
yah hOM ik yah ek Qaaima-k saMsqaana hOM . yah ek eosaa
saMsqaana nahIM hOM jahaM BaaOitk maanavaIya ja$rtaoM kao pUra
ikyaa jaata hao . yah pmauK taOr pr ek AaQyaai%mak
saMsqaana hOM . AtÁ majadUr saMGa AiQainayama¸ 1926 ko
Antga-t e kao ek vyavasaaya yaa ]Vaoga ko $p maoM nahIM
maanaa jaa sakta . AtÁ [sako Wara inayaaoijat vyai> kma-
kar nahIM hOM AaOr [sailae vao svayaM kao ek majadUr saMGa ko
$p maoM pMjaIÌt nahIM kra sakto . halaaMik¸ e ibajalaI
tqaa jala ivaBaaga BaI saMcaailat krta hOM . caUMik yao ivaBaaga
ek ]Vaoga haoMgaoM yaa ek ]Vaoga ko samaana haoMgaoM¸ AtÁ [na
ivaBaagaaoM maoM kaya-rt kma-caarI majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko
Aqaao- maoM kma-kar haoMgaoM AaOr vao majadUr saMGa ko $p maoM svayaM
kao pMjaIyana kranao hotu pa~ hOM . ³it$maalaa it$pit
dovasqaanama iva$w Eama Aayau> ³1979´ elaelajao 448
epI´
vyaapar ivavaad
‘‘vyaapar ivavaad’’ kI pirBaaYaa¸ AaOVaoigak ivavaad
AiQainayama ko Antga-t ‘‘AaOVaoigak ivavaad’’ ka dp -Na
p`itibaMba hOM . AtÁ AaOVaoigak ivavaadaoM ko maamalao maoM¸ ek
vyaapar ivavaad ]zanao ko [cCuk iksaI BaI pxa ka ivavaad
kI ivaYaya vastu sao ek p`%yaxa iht jau,Da haonaa caaihe .
p`itrxaa
kuC Satao- ko tht¸ majadUr saMGa AiQainayama¸ pMjaIÌt
majadUr saMGaaoM¸ ]nako sadsyaaoM AaOr pdaiQakairyaaoM ko ilae
kuC isaivala tqaa faOjadarI kaya-vaaihyaaoM ko iva$w pitrxaa
ka pavaQaana krta hOM .
p`itrxaa Á vyaapairk ivavaadaoM maoM AapraiQak YaDyaM~
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko esa 17 ko Antga-t¸ ek
pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGa ka kao[- BaI pdaiQakarI yaa sadsya¸
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko esa 15 ko Antga-t inaQaairt
majadUr saMGa ko iksaI BaI ]_oSyaaoM kI p`itpUit- ko p`yaasaaoM ko
ilae BaartIya dND saMihta¸ 1860 ko esa 120baI ³2´ ko
Antga-t dND ko ilae ijammaodar nahIM haogaa . halaaMik¸
yaid eosaa kao[- AnaubaMQa Apnao Aap maoM ek ApraQa krnao
ko ilae ikyaa gayaa ek AnaubaMQa hO tao ifr kao[- pitrxaa
]plabQa nahIM hOM .
]dahrNa Á ek ]Vaoga¸ kMpnaI e Apnao kuC kma-caairyaaoM
kI CMTnaI krtI hOM jaao yah Aaraop lagaato hOM ik CMTnaI gaOr
kanaUnaI qaI . pirNaamasva$p CMTnaI ike gae kma-kar AaOr
]naka p`itinaiQa%va krnao vaalao majadUr saMGa ko sads$aoM nao
kMpnaI e ko pirsar kao Ava$w kr idyaa¸ AaOr vahaM kuC
vyai>yaaoM kao galat trIko sao kOd kr idyaa . kma-karaoM
AaOr majadUr saMGa ko sadsyaaoM kao galat trIko sao ike [sa
kaya- ko ilae BaartIya dND saMihta¸ 1860 ko esa 340
ko tht kao[- p`itrxaa nahIM ]plabQa haogaI @yaaoMik yah kaya-
Apnao Aap maoM gaOr kanaUnaI hOM . majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ka
esa 17 ek majadUr saMGa ko sadsyaaoM kao saIimat p`itrxaa
p`dana krta hOM prntu AiBayaaojana pxa ko iva$w ek
ApraQa yaa QamakI¸ Co,DCa,D yaa ihMsaa krnao kI sahmait ko
ilae¸ jahaM vao ek ApraQa kI trh hOM¸ kao[- pitrxaa
]plabQa nahIM hOM .³ jaya [MjaIinayarIMga va@sa- ilaimaToD AaOr
Anya iva$w piScama baMgaala rajya tqaa Anya¸eAayaAar
1968 kola 407´
p`itrxaa Á kuC maamalaaoM maoM isaivala vaadaoM sao pitrxaa
pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGa AaOr ]nako pdaiQakarI tqaa sadsyaaoM
kao vaadaoM AaOr isaivala nyaayaalayaaoM maoM Anya kanaUnaI kaya-
vaaihyaaoM ko ilae¸ ek vyaapairk ivavaad ko ]pcaar yaa [sa
pr Aagao icaMtna ko ilae¸ ijasako ilae majadUr saMGa ka ek
sadsya ek pxakar hOM¸ [sa AaQaar pr p`itrxaa ]plabQa hOM
ik [sa p`kar ko kaya- iksaI Anya vyai> kao raojagaar kI
saMivada kao BaMga krnao ko ilae p`oirt krto hOM¸ yaa yah
vyaapar¸ QaMQao yaa iksaI Anya vyai> ko raojagaar sao saMbaMiQat
yaa iksaI Anya vyai> kao ]sakI pUMjaI yaa ]sako Eama ko
inapTana ko saaqa hstxaop krnao ko AiQakar maoM hstxaop ko
ilae hO .
pMjaIÌt majadUr saMGaaoM kao ]nako AiBakta-AaoM ko iksaI BaI
kayaao- ko ilae ApraQamaUlak daiya%va sao p`itrxaa BaI p`aPt
hO yaid yah isaw hao jaata hOM ik eosao AiBakta-AaoM nao ibanaa
iksaI jaanakarI ko¸ yaa majadUr saMGaaoM ko p`itinaiQa ko inado-SaaoM
ko iva$w yah kaya- ikyaa hO . kao[- BaI vyai> ijasao ek
majadUr saMGa ko maamalaaoM ko pbaMQana ka daiya%va idyaa gayaa hOM¸
vah majadUr saMGa ka kaya-kta- hOM AaOr eosao inakaya ko saBaI
sadsyaaoM kao ‘‘kayaa -laya pdaiQakarI’’ kha jaata hOM .
]dahrNa Á ek kma-kar¸ Balao hI ek fo@TrI ko BaItr
ek majadUr saMGa kI naota hOM¸ vah Apnao vairYzaoM ko Wara
ide jaanao vaalao ]icat inado-SaaoM ko palana ko ilae AaOr ]sao
idyao gae kt-vya ko inaYpadna ko ilae baaQya hOM . [sa trh
ek majadUr saMGa ko naota kao ]sako Wara ike gae ApÌ%ya
ko ilae kI ga[- ek jaaMca ko baad saovaa samaaiPt ko ilae
isaivala yaa AapraiQak daiya%va sao p`itrxaa ]plabQa nahIM hOM
. ³vaosT [iNDyaa sTIla kMpnaI ilaimaToD iva$w AjaIja¸
1990¸ elaelaAar 142 ³korla´
p`itrxaa Á ivaSaoYa pitrxaa
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ka esa 19 ek Anya p`kar kI
p`itrxaa ka p`avaQaana krta hOM . ek majadUr saMGa ko
sadsyaaoM ko baIca hue AnaubaMQaaoM kao BaartIya saMivada
AiQainayama¸ 1872 ko esa 27 ko p`avaQaanaaoM sao p`itrxaa dI
ga[- hOM jaao Anyaqaa saBaI AnaubaMQaaoM maoM vyaapar SaUnya kao
saMyaimat krta hOM .
]pyau-> sarkar
majadUr saMGa AiQainayama ko Antga-t saBaI p`yaaojanaaoM ko ilae
‘]pyau -> sarkar’ sao AiBap`ot hO¸ (i) eosao majadUr saMGaaoM ko
ilae ijanako ]_oYya ek rajya tk saIimat nahIM hOM¸ kondIya
sarkar¸ (ii) Anya saBaI majadUr saMGaaoM ko ilae rajya sarkar
. ]pyau-> sarkar kao kuC inaQaa-irt ivaYayaaoM ko saMbaMQa maoM
inayama banaanao ka AiQakar hOM .
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa Á AaOVaoigak raojagaar ³sqaayaI AadoSa´¸
AiQainayama¸ 1946
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa Á AaOVaoigak p`itYzanaaoM maoM inayaao>aAaoM kao
]icat taOr pr pirBaaiYat krnao AaOr kma-karaoM kao raojagaar
kI Satao- sao Avagat kranao kI AavaYyakta ko ilae
AaOVaoigak raojagaar ³sqaayaI AadoYa´¸ AiQainayama¸ 1946
³‘‘sqaayaI AadoYa AiQainayama’’´ kao AiQainayaimat ikyaa
gayaa qaa .
p`yaaojyata
sqaayaI AadoSa AiQainayama ka esa2³[´ eosao AaOVaoigak
p`itYzanaaoM pr laagaU haota hOM jahaM ipClao baarh mahInaaoM ko
daOrana 100 sao jyaada kma-kar inayaaoijat ike gae qao .
‘AaOVaoigak p`itYzana’ kao sqaayaI AadoSa AiQainayama ko
esa2³[´ ko Antga-t (i) majadUrI ko Baugatana AiQainayama¸
1936 maoM pirBaaiYat Anausaar ek AaOVaoigak p`itYzana (ii)
fo@TrI AiQainayama¸ 1948 maoM pirBaaiYat Anausaar ek
fo@TrI¸ (iii) rolavao¸ AaOr (iv)
ek zokodar ka p`itYzana jaao ek AaOVaoigak p`itYzana ko
svaamaI ko saaqa ek saMivada kao pUNa- krnao ko ilae kma-karaoM
kao inayaaoijat krta hOM .
sqaayaI AadoSa
sqaayaI AadoSa p`kaiSat dstavaoja hOM jaao pyaa-Pt pirSauwta
ko saaqa raojagaar kI Satao- kao pirBaaiYat krto hOM AaOr
raojagaar ko vyai>gat AnaubaMQa kI Satao- kao pbalata ko
saaqa spYT krto hO. ³vaosTna- [iNDyaa maoca kMpnaI iva$w
kma-kar¸ eAayaAar 1973 esasaI 2650´
esa2³jaI´ yah p`avaQaana krta hOM ik kuC inaiYcat maamalaaoM
jaOsao ik kma-karaoM ka vagaI-krNa¸ kaya- ko GaNTo¸ AvakaYa¸
majadUrI¸ ]pisqait AaOr AvakaSa inayamaaoM¸ saovaainavaRi<a kI
]ma` AaOr saovaa samaaiPt kao sqaayaI AadoSaaoM maoM Ainavaaya- $p
sao inaid-YT ikyaa jaanaa caaihe .
@ma-kar
sqaayaI AadoSa AiQainayama maoM AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama
maoM pirBaaiYat ‘‘kma-kar’’ kI pirBaaYaa kao ilayaa gayaa hOM .
sqaayaI AadoSaaoM ko masaaOdo kI p`stuit
p`%yaok inayaaojak¸ Apnao AaOVaoigak pitYzana maoM sqaayaI
AadoSa AiQainayama laagaU haonao kI tarIK ko CÁ mahInaaoM ko
BaItr¸ p`maaNana AiQakarI ³ ek Eama Aayau> yaa kao[-
xao~Iya Eama Aayau> yaa ]pyau-> sarkar Wara inayau> iksaI
BaI Anya AiQakarI ´ ko samaxa AaOVaoigak p`itYzana maoM
maanya kI jaanao vaalao pstaivat sqaayaI AadoSaaoM ka masaaOda
p`stut krogaa . yaid sqaayaI AadoSaaoM ka masaaOda sqaayaI
AadoSa AiQainayama maoM inaQaa-irt AavaSyaktaAaoM kao pUNa-
krta hOM tao p`maaNana AiQakarI sqaayaI AadoSaaoM ko masaaOdo kao
p`maaiNat kr sakta hOM¸ ijasako baad vao ]sa p`itYzana ko
p`maaiNat sqaayaI AadoSa hao jaaeMgaoM . p`maaNana AiQakarI¸
p`maaiNat krnao sao phlao kma-karaoM AaOr majadUr saMGaaoM sao
iTPpiNayaaMM AamaMi~t kr sakta hOM . p`maaNana AiQakarI
p`maaiNakrNa sao phlao sqaayaI AadoSaaoM ko masaaOdo maoM pirvat-na
krnao ko ilae BaI paiQaÌt hOM .
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa Á fo@TrI AiQainayama¸ 1948
fo@TrI AiQainayama¸ 1948 ³fo@TrI AiQainayama´ ]na saBaI
AaOVaoigak p`itYzanaaoM pr laagaU haota hOM jaao 10 yaa AiQak
vyai>yaaoM kao inayaaoijat krto hOM AaOr ibajalaI kI madd sao
inamaa-Na gaitivaiQayaaM saMcaailat krto hOM . fo@TrI
AiQainayama fo@TiryaaoM maoM svaasqya¸ saurxaa¸ klyaaNa¸ kaya- ko
GaNTo¸ fo@TiryaaoM maoM kma-karaoM ko ilae AvakaSa¸ AaOr Anya
baataoM ko saaqa vaOQaainak svaasqya savao -xaNa¸ saurxaa
AiQakairyaaoM kI inayaui>¸ konTIna kI sqaapnaa¸ JaulaaGar
tqaa fo@TiryaaoM maoM klyaaNa saimaityaaoM ka p`avaQaana krta hOM
. fo@TrI AiQainayama rajya sarkaraoM kao p`%yaok rajya ko
BaItr ivaSaoYa isqaityaaoM ko ilae Aitir> inayamaaoM kao banaanao
ko ilae BaI p`aiQaÌt krta hOM .
AaOVaoigak saMbaMQa Á dukanaoM tqaa pitYzana AiQainayama
Anaok rajyaaoM nao dukanaoM tqaa pitYzana AiQainayamaaoM kao BaI
ivainayaimat ikyaa hOM¸ jahaM dukanaaoM AaOr vaaiNaijyak
p`itYzanaaoM ko Ainavaaya- pMjaIyana ka p`avaQaana ikyaa gayaa hOM
AaOr eosao p`itYzanaaoM maoM kma-caairyaaoM kI kaya- isqaityaaoM kao
inayaimat ikyaa gayaa hOM . yah AiQainayama ivaiSaYT $p sao
]na dukanaaoM AaOr vaaiNaijyak p`itYzanaaoM pr laagaU haota hOM
jahaM kma sao kma 20 kma-caairyaaoM kao inayaaoijat ikyaa jaata
hOM AaOr saamaanya $p sao eosao kma-caairyaaoM ko ilae laagaU
majadUrI kI saImaa kao inaQaa-irt ikyaa jaata hO.
majadUrI
majadUrI kafI hd tk nyaUnatma majadUrI AiQainayama¸ 1948
AaOr baaonasa Baugatana AiQainayama¸ 1965 ko Wara ivainayaimat
kI jaatI hOM .
majadUrI Á nyaUnatma majadUrI AiQainayama¸ 1948
nyaUnatma majadUrI AiQainayama¸ 1948 ‘kuC inaiYcat
inayaaojanaaoM’ ko tht majadUrI kI nyaUnatma draoM kao inaQaa -irt
krnao ko ilae ivainayaimat ikyaa gayaa qaa . Baart sarkar
ko Eama tqaa raojagaar maM~alaya nao gaOr¹saMgaizt xao~ maoM kma-
karaoM ko ihtaoM kao saurixat krnao ko ilae [sa AiQainayama
kI ivavaocanaa kI hOM .
p`yaaojyata
dUsaro bahut sao Eama tqaa AaOVaoigak ivainayamaaoM sao Alaga¸
nyaUnatma majadUrI AiQainayama inayaao>a kI p`Ìit pr
AaQaairt nahIM hOM¸ prntu raojagaar kI p`Ìit pr AaQaairt
hOM . nyaUnatma majadUrI AiQainayama ko pavaQaanaaoM ko tht¸
kond`Iya tqaa rajya sarkar¸ daonaao hI ]nasao saMbaMiQat
nyaayaxao~aoM ko Antga-t AnausaUicat raojagaaraoM ko saMbaMQa maoM kma-
karaoM kao nyaUnatma majadUrI ko Baugatana kao inaQaa-irt¸
saMYaaoiQat tqaa laagaU krnao ko ilae ]pyau> sarkaroM hOM .
kond`Iya sarkar ko nyaayaxao~ maoM 45 AiQasaUicat raojagaar hOM
AaOr rajya sarkaraoM ko nyaayaxao~ maoM 1600 sao AiQak
AnausaUicat raojagaar hOM . halaaMik¸ kuC rajyaaoM maoM¸ dukana
tqaa pitYzana AiQainayama ko Antga-t¸ nyaUnatma majadUrI
AiQainayama kI p`yaaojyata kao eosaI samast dukanaaoM AaOr
p`itYzanaaoM pr laagaU ikyaa gayaa hOM jaao dukana tqaa pitYzana
AiQainayamaaoM ko tht Aato hOM . p`yaaojyata haonao pr¸
inayaao>a AamataOr pr yah sauinaiYcat krnao ko ilae baaQya hOM
ik nyaUnatma inaQaa-irt majadUrI ka Baugatana ikyaa gayaa hOM¸
Aitir> samaya Ba<ao ko ilae pavaQaana ikyaa gayaa hO¸ AaOr
yah ik inaQaa-irt rijasTr saMQaairt ike gae hOM AaOr
pirsar maoM inaQaa-irt saUcanaap~aoM kao p`diSa-t ikyaa gayaa hO .
majadUrI
nyaUnatma majadUrI AiQainayama ko esa2³eca´ maoM ‘‘majadUrI’’
kao samast p`kar ko pirEaimak ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa
gayaa hOM¸ ijasao pOsaaoM ko $p maoM vya> ikyaa jaa sako AaOr jaao
inayaaojana ko AnaubaMQa kI vya> yaa laagaU Satao- ko pUra haonao
pr ek inayaaoijat vyai> kao ]sako raojagaar yaa eosao
raojagaar maoM ike gae kaya- ko evaja maoM Baugatana yaaogya haotI
hOM¸ AaOr [samaoM makana Baa,Da Ba<aa BaI Saaimala haota hOM prntu
[samaoM yao Yaaimala nahIM haoto¸ iksaI Aavaasa ka maUlya¸ ibajalaI
AapUit-¸ jala¸ icaik%sakIya doKBaala¸ yaa Anya kao[- eosaI
sauivaQaa yaa saovaa jaao ]pyau> sarkar ko saaQaarNa yaa ivaYaoYa
AadoYa Wara hTa dI ga[- hao¸ inayaao>a Wara iksaI poMYana
kaoYa yaa BaivaYya inaiQa yaa saamaaijak baImaa kI iksaI yaaojanaa
ko Antga-t inayaao>a Wara Baugatana ikyaa yaaogadana¸ kao[-
yaa~a Ba<aa yaa iksaI iryaayatI yaa~a ka maUlya¸ ]sako
raojagaar kI p`Ìit maoM inayaaoijat vyai> Wara ike iksaI
ivaSaoYa Kca- kI p`itpUit- ko ilae ]sao ikyaa kao[- BaI
Baugatana¸ yaa saovaa samaaiPt pr Baugatana yaaogya kao[- ]pdana
.
majadUrI kI droM
nyaUnatma majadUrI AiQainayama maoM ]pyau> sarkar Wara inamna
droM inaQaa-irt ike jaanao ka p`avaQaana ikyaa gayaa hOM Á
samayabaw kaya- ko ilae majadUrI kI nyaUnatma dr
iksaI kaya- kI mad ko ilae majadUrI kI nyaUnatma dr
iksaI kaya- mad ko ilae inayaaoijat kma-caairyaaoM ko
maamalao maoM pirEaimak kI nyaUnatma dr jaao ek samaya
AaQaairt kaya- ko ilae eosao kma-caairyaaoM ko ilae
majadUrI kI ek nyaUnatma dr saurixat krnao ko ]_oYya
sao hao¸ AaOr À yaa
nyaUnatma droM p`itsqaaipt krnao ko ilae laagaU ek
nyaUnatma dr ³ Balao hI ek samaya vaar dr hao yaa ifr
mad vaar hao jaao Anyaqaa kma-caairyaaoM Wara ikyao jaanao
vaalaa Aitir> samaya kaya- ko ilae laagaU hao .
majadUrI Á majadUrI ka Baugatana AiQainayama¸ 1936
kma-karaoM kao majadUrI ko Baugatana kao ivainayaimat ike jaanao
AaOr ]nhoM gaOrkanaUnaI kTaOityaaoM yaa majadUrI ko Baugatana maoM
haonao vaalao ivalaMba sao saurxaa p`dana krnao ko ilae majadUrI ka
Baugatana AiQainayama¸ 1936 AiQainayaimat ikyaa gayaa qaa .
yah saBaI AaOVaoigak pitYzanaaoM fo@TiryaaoM AaOr dUsaro
p`itYzanaaoM pr laagaU haota hOM prntu $. 10¸000À¹ sao
jyaada kmaanao vaalao vyai>yaaoM pr laagaU nahIM haota hOM .
[sakI p`yaaojyata haonao pr¸ inayaao>a yah sauinaiYcat krnao ko
ilae baaQya hOM ik kma-caairyaaoM kao majadUrI ka Baugatana kr
idyaa gayaa hOM¸ Aitir> samaya Ba<ao ka pavaQaana ikyaa gayaa
hOM¸ inaQaa-irt rijasTsa- saMQaairt ike gae hO AaOr yah ik
inaQaa-irt saUcanaa p~aoM kao pirsar maoM pdiSa-t ikyaa gayaa hO.
majadUrI Á baaonasa ka Baugatana AiQainayama¸ 1965
baaonasa ka Baugatana AiQainayama¸ 1965 ³‘‘baaonasa
AiQainayama’’´ 20 yaa AiQak vyai>yaaoM kao inayaaoijat krnao
vaalao kuC inaiYcat p`itYzanaaoM maoM laaBa ko AaQaar pr yaa
]%padna Aqavaa ]%padkta ko AaQaar pr yaa saBaI maamalaaoM
pr ek saaqa ivacaar krto hue vyai>yaaoM kao baaonasa ko
Baugatana ko ilae p`avaQaana krta hOM . ek baar baaonasa
AiQainayama ko laagaU haonao pr¸ yah inarntr jaarI rhta hOM
Balao hI kma-caairyaaoM kI saM#yaa 20 sao kma hao jaae .
baaonasa AiQainayama eosao iksaI saMsqaana pr laagaU nahIM haota
ijasakI sqaapnaa laaBa ko ]_oYya sao nahIM kI hO . hr ]Vaoga
evaM pitYzana Wara baaonasa ko Baugatana AiQainayama¸ 1965 ko
esa10 ko Antga-t 8.33% ka nyaUnatma baaonasa Baugatana
yaaogya haota hOMM . iksaI BaI ]Vaoga maoM kao[- kuSala¸ AkuSala¸
maonyauAla¸ pya-vaoxaIya¸ pbaMQana¸ p`SaasanaIk¸ tknaIkI yaa
ilaipkIya kaya- ko ilae inayaaoijat yaa pursÌt haonao vaalao
eosao vyai> ijanaka vaotna yaa majadUrI $. 10¸000À¹ sao
jyaada nahIM hOM¸ baaonasa ko Baugatana ko ilae pa~ hOM .
saamaaijak saurxaa
Baart maoM saamaaijak saurxaa kanaUna Aama taOr pr saMivaQaana ko
Baaga IV maoM rajya naIit ko p%yaxa isawantaoM maoM inaiht hOM .
[nako Antga-t Ainavaaya- saamaaijak saurxaa laaBaaoM ka
p`avaQaana inayaaojakaoM kI kImat pr yaa ifr inayaaojak AaOr
kma-caairyaaoM ko saMyau> AMSadana ko AaQaar pr ikyaa jaata
hOM . jahaM kma-caairyaaoM kao saurxaa%mak pa~ta paPt haotI hOM
vahIM [nako Anaupalana ka daiya%va AiQaktr inayaaojakaoM pr
haota hOM .
saamaaijak saurxaa Á ]pdana ko Baugatana ka AiQainayama¸
1972
]pdana ko BaugaMtana ka AiQainayama¸ 1972 ³‘‘]pdana
AiQainayama’’´ fo@Tiryaao M¸ KanaaoM¸ tola¹xao~aoM¸ baagaana¸
bandrgaahaoM rolavao kMpinayaaoM¸ maaoTr pirvahna ]pËma¸ dukanaaoM
AaOr eosao p`itYzanaaoM maoM jahaM ipClao baarh mahInaaoM ko daOrana
iksaI BaI idna dsa yaa jyaada vyai> inayaaoijat hOM Aqavaa
inayaaoijat qao¸ kma sao kma 5 vaYaao- kI inarntr saovaa vaalao
kma-caairyaaoM ko ilae ]pdana ko Ainavaaya- Baugatana kI
yaaojanaa ka pavaQaana krta hOM . inayaao>a kao hr kma-caarI
kao ³ek piYaxau kao Cao,D kr´ saovaa ko p`%yaok pUNa- vaYa- ko
ilae 15 idnaaoM kI majadUrI ko barabar dr pr ]pdana ka
Baugatana krnaa haogaa¸ jaao AiQaktma $. 3¸50¸000 haogaI
. ]pdana ka Baugatana kma-caarI kI saovaa kI samaaiPt ³
CMTnaI saiht ´ ko samaya¸ yaa tao (i) AiQavaaiYa-kI pr¸ yaa
(ii) saovaainavaRi<a yaa %yaagap~ donao pr¸ yaa (iii) duGa-Tnaa yaa
raoga ko karNa maR%yau yaa Asamaqa-ta pr haogaa . inayaaojak
kao BaartIya jaIvana baImaa inagama sao BaI baImaa p`aPt krnaa
haogaa tqaa Apnao pirsar maoM ]pdana AiQainayama ka ek saar
AiQasaUicat krnaa haogaa .
]pdana AiQainayama¸ kond sarkar Wara ]sako inayaM~Na vaalao
p`itYzanaaoM maoM¸ tqaa eosao p`itYzanaaoM maoM ijanakI SaaKaeM ek
sao AiQak rajyaaoM maoM hOM p`mauK bandrgaahaoM¸ KanaaoM¸ tola¹xao~aoM
AaOr rolavao kMpinayaaoM maoM laagaU ikyaa jaata hOM jabaik Anya
saBaI maamalaaoM maoM rajya sarkar AaOr saMGa rajyaaoM Wara ikyaa
jaata hOM .
saamaaijak saurxaa Á kma-caarI rajya baImaa AiQainayama¸ 1948
kma-caarI rajya baImaa AiQainayama¸ 1948 ³‘‘[esaAaya
AiQainayama´ kao baImaarI¸ maatR%va tqaa raojagaar saMbaMQaI caaoTaoM
ko maamalaaoM maoM icaik%saa saovaa tqaa nakd laaBa p`dana krnao ko
ilae AiQainayaimat ikyaa gayaa qaa .
p`yaaojyata
[esaAaya AiQainayama¸ maaOsamaI fo@TiryaaoM kao Cao,Dkr ]na
saBaI fo@TiryaaoM ³ sarkar ko svaaima%va vaalaI fo@TiryaaoM
saiht´ maoM laagaU haota hOM jahaM ipClao baarh mahInaaoM ko daOrana
iksaI BaI idna dsa yaa [sasao AiQak vyai> majadUrI ko ilae
inayaaoijat ike gae qao¸ yaa iksaI BaI ihssao maoM jaba inamaa-Na
p`iËyaa ibajalaI kI madd sao kI ga[- qaI¸ yaa saaQaarNa $p sao
kI jaatI hOM yaa jahaM ipClao baarh mahInaaoM ko daOrana iksaI
BaI idna 20 yaa AiQak vyai> inayaaoijat qao¸ AaOr [sako
iksaI BaI ihssao maoM jaba inamaa-Na piËyaa ibajalaI kI madd ko
ibanaa kI ga[- hO¸ yaa saaQaarNa $p sao kI jaatI hOM .
[esaAaya AiQainayama ]na Kanaao pr jaao Kana AiQainayama¸
1952 ko tht hOM yaa ]na rolavao cailat YaoD\sa¸ yaa
fo@TiryaaoM yaa p`itYzanaaoM pr laagaU nahIM haota jaao sarkar ko
inayaM~Na maoM hOM ijanako kma-caairyaaoM kao [esaAaya AiQainayama
ko Antga-t paPt haonao vaalao laaBaaoM ko samaana yaa [sasao
]%ÌYT laaBa p`aPt hao rho hOM . [esaAaya AiQainayama
]pyau> sarkar kao [esaAaya AiQainayama ko pavaQaanaaoM kao
iksaI BaI Anya pitYzana yaa p`itYzanaaoM¸ AaOVaoigak¸
vaaiNajya¸ baagaana yaa Anya EaoNaI maoM laagaU krnao ko ilae
p`aiQaÌt krta hOM .
[esaAaya AiQainayama ko esa2³1´ ko Antga-t ‘‘]pyau>
sarkar’’ sao AiBap`ot hOM kond`Iya sarkar ko inayaM~Na maoM
Aanao vaalao p`itYzanaaoM yaa rolavao p`Yaasana¸ yaa ek p`mauK
bandrgaah yaa Kana yaa tola xao~ ko ilae kond`Iya sarkar
tqaa Anya saBaI maamalaaoM ko ilae rajya sarkar .
tdnausaar¸ Anaok rajyaaoM nao [esaAaya AiQainayama kI
p`yaaojyata kao AiQaktr maamalaaoM maoM eosaI dukanaaoM¸ haoTlaaoM¸
rosTaoronT\sa¸ ipvyaU iqayaoTr saiht isanaomaaAaoM maoM¸ sa,Dk maaoTr
pirvahna ]pËma tqaa samaacaar p~ p`itYzanaaoM maoM laagaU ikyaa
hOM jahaM 20 yaa AiQak vyai> inayaaoijat hOM .
p`yaaojyata
[esaAaya AiQainayama ko Antga-t kond`Iya sarkar Wara kma-
caarI rajya baImaa inagama ko maaQyama sao nakd laaBaaoM kao laagaU
ikyaa jaata hOM jabaik svaasqya saovaaAaoM kao rajya sarkaraoM
AaOr saMGa pdoSaaoM Wara laagaU ikyaa jaata hOM .
AMYadana
ek kma-caarI ko saMbaMQa maoM kma-caarI rajya baImaa inagama kao
Baugatana yaaogya AMSadana maoM ek inaiYcat dr pr inayaao>a ka
AMYadana tqa kma-caarI ka AMSadana Saaimala haogaa . yao droM
samaya samaya pr saMSaaoiQat kI jaatI hOM AaOr vat-maana maoM kma-
caarI ko AMSadana kI dr majadUrI ka 1.75% hOM jabaik
inayaao>a kI dr p`%yaok majadUrI kI AvaiQa maoM kma-caarI kao
Baugatana kI ga[- À Baugatana yaaogya majadUrI ka 4.75% hOM
. raojaanaa $. 50À¹ tk kI AaOsat majadUrI paPt krnao
vaalao kma-caairyaaoM kao AMSadana sao mau> rKa gayaa hOM¸ haMlaaik
[na kma-caairyaaoM ko saMbaMQa maoM ]nako inayaao>aAaoM kao ]nako
ihssao ka AMSadana krnaa Ainavaaya- haogaa .
[esaAaya AiQainayama ko esa.39 ko Antga-t ek inayaao>a
p`%yaok kma-caarI ko saMbaMQa maoM Apnaa AMYadana donao¸ majadUrI sao
kma-caarI ko AMSadana kI kTaOit krnao tqaa inaid-YT draoM
pr [na AMYadanaaoM ka Baugatana kma-caarI rajya baImaa inagama
kao ]sa kolaoNDr maah ko Aintma idna sao 21 idnaaoM ko BaItr
krnao ko ilae javaabadar hOM ijasa maah maoM yah AMYadana doya hOM
.
kma-caarI¸ kma-caarI rajya baImaa inagama sao laaBa paPt kr
sakoM [sako ilae inayaaojak Wara AMSadana krnaa Ainavaaya- hOM
. maa~ [sa karNa sao inagama pr kma-caarI kao icaik%saa laaBa
p`dana krnao ka daiya%va nahIM haogaa ik ek fo@TrI yaa ek
p`itYzana kma-caarI rajya baImaa inagama ko saaqa pMjaIÌt hOM .
jaba tk inayaao>a [esaAaya AiQainayama Wara laagaU ]sako
ihssao ko kanaUnaI daiya%va kI pUit- nahIM krta tba tk kma-
caarI rajya baImaa inagama kao [esaAaya AiQainayama ko Antga-
t laaBaaoM ko Baugatana ko ilae ]<ardayaI nahIM zhrayaa jaa
sakta hOM . ³Alaa[D [NDsT/Ija iva$w maUla cand tqaa
Anya¸ AarelaDblaU 2007 ³4´ raja 2937´
baIimat laaBa
[esaAaya AiQainayama ka esa.38 yah p`avaQaana krta hOM
ik fo@TiryaaoM yaa p`itYzanaaoM ko saBaI kma-caarI¸ ijana pr
[esaAaya AiQainayama laagaU haota hOM¸ vao [esaAaya ko
p`avaQaana ko Anausaar baIimat ike jaaeMgaoM .
[esaAaya AiQainayama ko esa.46 maoM ]na laaBaaoM ka
p`avaQaana ikyaa gayaa hOM ijanhoM vahaM ]llaoiKt GaTnaaAaoM ko
GaiTt haonao pr¸ baIimat vyai>¸ ]nako AaiEat tqaa vahaM
]llaoiKt vyai> paPt krnao ko pa~ haoMgaoM AaOr p`Baaivat
kma-caairyaaoM kao inamnailaiKt saurxaa laaBaaoM kI pirklpnaa
krta hOM icaik%saa laaBa¸ raoga laaBa¸ maatR%va laaBa¸ Asamaqa-
ta laaBa¸ AaiEat laaBa¸ An%yaoiYT vyaya .
[esaAaya AiQainayama ko esa.2³14´ Wara ‘‘baIimat
vyai>’’ sao AiBap`ot hOM¸ ek vyai> jaao ek eosaa kma -caarI
hO Aqavaa qaa ijasako saMbaMQa maoM [esaAaya AiQainayama ko
Antga-t AMSadana doya hOM Aqavaa doya qaa AaOr jaao [na
karNaaoM sao¸ kma-caarI rajya baImaa AiQainayama¸ 1948 Wara
p`d<a laaBaaoM kao paPt haonao ka pa~ hOM .
raojagaar saMbaMQaI xait laaBa
raojagaar saMbaMQaI xait¸ ijanamaoM poSaogat raoga Yaaimala hOM¸ kI
xaitpUit-¸ xait kI saImaa AaOr Aja-na xamata maoM kmaI ko
Anaupat maoM AnausaUicat draoM ko Anausaar kI jaatI hOM .
raojagaar saMbaMQaI xait kao [esaAaya AiQainayama ko
esa.2³8´ ko Antga-t ek kma-caarI kao ]sako raojagaar
ko daOrana iksaI duGa-Tnaa yaa ek poYaogat raoga ko karNa
vyai>gat xait ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM¸ ek
baIimat raojagaar haonao ko naato¸ [sasao kao[- fk- nahIM p,Dogaa
ik duGa-Tnaa yaa poSaagat raoga Baart kI p`adoiSak saImaa ko
BaItr huAa hao yaa baahr .
[esaAaya AiQainayama ko Antga-t xaitpUit- ka davaa krnao
ko ilae ek raojagaar saMbaMQaI xait haonao kI mah%vapUNa- Sat-
yah hOM ik [sao raojagaar maoM yaa raojagaar ko daOrana haonaa
caaihe AaOr caaoT kao kma-caarI ko ilae vyai>gat haonaa
caaihe AaOr [sao ek eosaI duGa-Tnaa ko karNa haonaa caaihe
ijasaka pirNaama ]sako kaya- inaYpadna maoM ]sakI Axamata sao
hao¸ caaho vah AsqaayaI taOr pr hao yaa sqaayaI taOr pr hao¸
yaa pUrI trh sao hao yaa AaMiSak $p sao hao . ³
mahapbaMQak¸ baI.[.esa.TI. ]pËma¸ baambao iva$w
EaImatI Agnaosa¸ eAayaAar 1964¸esasaI 193´
nyaayaalayaaoM nao ‘‘raojagaar ko daOrana’’¸ AaOr ‘‘inayaaojak ko
pirsar ko kalpinak ivastar ko isawant’’ pr ivacaar
ikyaa hOM AaOr [sao [sa trh ivastairt ikyaa hOM ik [samaoM
]na pirsaraoM maoM ek xao~ saimmailat ikyaa hOM ijasamaoM Apnao
vaastivak kaya-sqala pr jaanao AaOr vahaM sao laaOTnao ko ilae
karIgar gaujarto hOM . [sa trh¸ vahaM samaya AaOr sqaana ko
Anausaar kuC ]icat ivastar hao sakto hOM AaOr ]sako
raojagaar ko daOrana ek karIgar kao vahaM payaa jaa sakta hOM
Balao hI vah Apnao inayaaojak ko pirsar pr nahIM phuMcaa hao
yaa ]sanao vah sqaana Cao,D idyaa hao . ³esa esa
maonyaufo@cairMga kMpnaI iva$w baI vhI rajaa¸ 1958¸ 11
elaelajao 249´ . halaaMik yah BaI sausqaaipt hOM ik jaba
ek kma-kar ek saava-jainak sa,Dk yaa saava-jainak sqaana
pr yaa saava-jainak pirvahna ka p`yaaoga kr rha hOM tao vah
vahaM janata ko Anya sadsyaaoM ko samaana ]pisqat hOM AaOr vahaM
]sako raojagaar ko daOrana nahIM hOM jaba tk ik ]sako
raojagaar kI p`Ìit vahaM ]sakI ]pisqait kao Ainavaaya- nahIM
banaatI . [sa p`kar¸ kalpinak ivastar ko isawant ko
Antga-t¸ jahaM ek kma-kar pr ]sako kt-vya inaYpadna ka
daiya%va maaOjaUd haota hOM AaOr ]sako saaqa duGa-Tnaa GaiTt hao
jaatI hOM tao yah ek eosaI duGa-Tnaa hOM jaao ]sako raojagaar ko
daOrana hu[- hOM .
]dahrNa Á e Apnao kaya-sqala phuMcanao AaOr vahaM sao CUTnao
ko ilae ]sako inayaaojakaoM Wara ek ivaiSaYT p`kar ko
pirvahna maoM yaa~a hotu baaQya hOM . [sa trh yaa~a krto hue
e duGa-Tnaaga`st hao jaata hOM . yaid [sa ivaSaoYa ibandu pr
kma-kar kI ]pisqait raojagaar sao [sa trh saMbaMw hOM
ijasaka inaYkYa- yah inaklata hOM ik yah ]sako raojagaar ko
daOrana qaI tao [sa duGa-Tnaa kao [sa trh maananao ko ilae pyaa-
Pt haogaI ik yah raojagaar ko daOrana huAa hO . ³caoyarmaona¸
kaoicana Da^k laobar baaoD- iva$w pI jao jaaja-¸ 1976¸ 11
elaelajao 65´
]dahrNa Á e ek sahayak ko $p maoM ek fo@TrI maoM kama
krta hOM jaao kma-caarI rajya baImaa AiQainayama 1948 ko
Antga-t AatI hOM . ek idna¸ fo@TrI sao saIQao Gar laaOTto
samaya¸ ek jamaIna ivavaad ko saMbaMQa maoM AaËmaNakairyaaoM nao e
pr hmalaa kr idyaa¸ ijasasao e sqaayaI taOr pr Asamaqa- hao
gayaa . Asamaqa-ta laaBaaoM ko ilae e kma-caarI rajya baImaa
inagama pr ek vaOQa davaa nahIM kr sakta @yaaoMik e kI
xaityaaM¸ raojagaar saMbaMQaI xaityaaM nahIM hOM¸ caUMik vao raojagaar
ko daOrana nahIM hu[- hO . ³rajaPpa iva$w kma-caarI rajya
baImaa inagama¸ AayaelaAar 1992 koeAar 284´
[esaAaya AiQainayama kI iWtIya AnausaUcaI ]na xaityaaoM kao
inaid-YT krtI hOM ijanaka pirNaama sqaayaI taOr pr kula
Asamaqa-ta yaa sqaayaI taOr pr AaMiSak Asamaqa-ta maanaa
jaata hOM . kma-caarI rajya baImaa ³kond`Iya´ inayama¸ 1950
ka inayama 54¸ ]sa laaBa kI ek dOinak dr ko ilae
p`avaQaana krta hOM jaao ek kma-caarI kao ek raojagaar
saMbaMQaI xait haonao pr p`aPt haotI . inayama 57 Asamaqa-ta
laaBaaoM ko ilae pavaQaana krta hOM . inayama 58 raojagaar
saMbaMQaI xait ko pirNaamasva$p Gaayala vyai> kI maR%yau haonao
kI isqait maoM AaiEataoM ko laaBa ka p`avaQaana krta hOM .
inayama 60 ek baIimat vyai> ko ilae icaik%saa laaBaaoM ko
ilae p`avaQaana krta hOM jaao sqaayaI Asamaqa-ta ko karNa ek
baIimat raojagaar sao vaMicat hao jaata hOM .
kma-caarI
esa.2³9´ maoM ‘kma-caarI’ sao AiBap`ot hOM¸ ek f o@TrI yaa
p`itYzana maoM yaa [sako kaya- ko saMbaMQa maoM majadUrI ko ilae
inayaaoijat kao[- BaI vyai>¸ ijasa pr [esaAaya laagaU haota
hOM¸ AaOr jaao iksaI BaI kaya- pr p`Qaana inayaao>a ko Wara
saIQao inayaaoijat ikyaa gayaa hO¸ yaa Aakismak yaa Sau$AatI
$p sao yaa fo@TrI yaa p`itYzana ko kaya- sao jau,Da huAa hOM
Balao hI eosaa kaya- kma-caarI ko Wara fo@TrI yaa p`itYzana
maoM yaa Anya iksaI sqaana pr ikyaa jaata hOM¸ yaa jaao ek
ta%kailak inayaao>a ko W&ra yaa ]sako maaQyama sao fo@TrI
yaa p`itYzana ko pirsar pr inayaaoijat ikyaa jaata hOM yaa
p`Qaana inayaao>a yaa ]sako AiBakta- ko pya-vaoxaNa maoM kaya-
krnao ko ilae inayaaoijat ikyaa jaata hOM jaao saaQaarNa $p sao
fo@TrI yaa pitYzana ko kaya- ka ek ihssaa hOM¸ yaa jaao
ike jaa rho kaya- sao saMbaMiQat hOM yaa fo@TrI yaa p`itYzana
ko p`yaaojana ka pirNaama hOM¸ yaa ijasakI saovaaeM AsqaayaI taOr
pr iksaI eosao vyai> ko Wara p`Qaana inayaao>a sao laI ga[- hO
yaa dI ga[- hO ijasako saaqa saovaa AnaubaMQa inaYpaidt ikyaa
gayaa hO¸ AaOr fo@TrI yaa p`itYzana yaa Anya Baaga¸ ivaBaaga
yaa [sakI SaaKa ko p`Saasana¸ yaa fo@TrI yaa p`itYzana ko
ilae kccao maala kI KrIdI ko ilae yaa ]%padna ko ivaËya
yaa ivatrNa ko saaqa jau,Do kaya- ko ilae majadUrI ko ilae
inayaaoijat kao[- BaI vyai>¸ yaa piSaxau ko $p maoM saMlagna kao[-
BaI vyai>¸ jaao p`iSaxau AiQainayama 1961 yaa p`itYzana ko
sqaayaI AadoSaaoM ko Antga-t ek p`iSaxau ko $p maoM kaya-rt
nahIM hOM .
halaaMik¸ [sa pirBaaYaa maoM BaartIya naaOsaonaa¸ qala saonaa yaa
vaayau saonaa ka kao[- BaI sadsya¸ yaa [sa trh inayaaoijat kao[-
BaI vyai> ³ Aitir> samaya ko kaya- ko ilae paPt
pairEaimak kao Cao,Dkr´ Saaimala nahIM hOM¸ ijasakI majadUrI
eosaI majadUrI sao AiQak hOM jaao kond`Iya sarkar ko Wara
inaQaa-irt kI ga[- hao . vat-maana maoM yah saImaa $.
10¸000À¹ p`it maah hOM . yah pirBaaYaa bahut vaRhd hOM
AaOr nyaayaalayaaoM nao [sa Sabd kI ivavaocanaa A%yant svatM~ta
ko saaqa kI hOM . ek kma-caarI ko $p maoM Ah-k haonao hotu
ek vyai> ko ilae jaao ja$rI hOM vah hO kma-caarI ko Wara
ilayaa jaanao vaalaa kaya- p`itYzana ko pyaaojana sao AsaMbaw
nahIM haonaa caaihe AaOr yah pyaa-Pt hOM yaid yah [sasao
p`asaMigak hao . ³rayala TakIja hOdrabaad tqaa Anya
iva$w kma-caarI rajya baImaa inagama¸ eAayaAar 1978
esasaI 1478´
yahaM tk ik dOinak vaotnaBaagaI kma-caarI BaI [esaAaya
AiQainayama ko Antga-t Aato hOM . ³xao~Iya inadoSak¸ kma-
caarI rajya baImaa inagama¸ madasa iva$w saa]qa [iNDyaa Flaaor
imalsa ³p`a´ ilaimaToD¸ eAayaAar 1986 esasaI 1686´
baImaIt vyai> Á esa.2³14´ ko Antga-t baIimat vyai> sao
AiBap`ot hOM ek vyai> jaao ek eosaa kma-caarI hO¸ Aqavaa
qaa ijasako saMbaMQa maoM [esaAaya AiQainayama ko Antga-t
AMSadana ka Baugatana ikyaa jaa rha hOM Aqavaa qaa AaOr jaao
[sa karNa sao [esaAaya AiQainayama ko Wara pd<a laaBaaoM kao
p`aPt krnao ka pa~ hOM .
majadUrI
[esaAaya AiQainayama ko esa.2 ko Antga-t ‘‘majadUrI’’ sao
AiBap`ot hOM¸ ek kma-caarI kao nagad $p maoM Baugatana yaaogya
yaa Baugatana ike gae saBaI pairEaimak¸ yaid raojagaar ko
AnaubaMQa kI Yato-¸ vya> yaa laagaU hoM¸ pUrI kI ga[- hOM AaOr
[namaoM AiQaÌt AvakaSa¸ laak¹Aa]T¸ h,Dtala¸ jaao
gaOr¹kanaUnaI nahIM hOM yaa ivalaMba AaOr Anya Aitir>
pairEaimak¸ yaid kao[- hao tao ek kma-caarI kao [nasao
saMbaMiQat haonao vaalao Baugatana Saaimala hOM¸ ijanaka Antrala dao
maah sao AiQak na hao¸ prntu [samaoM yao saimmailat nahIM hOM¸
inayaaojak Wara iksaI BaI poMSana kaoYa Aqavaa BaivaYya inaiQa
Aqava [esaAaya AiQainayama ko Antga-t ikyaa gayaa kao[-
Baugatana yaa AMSadana¸ kao[- yaa~a Ba<aa yaa iksaI yaa~a
iryaayat ka maUlya¸ raojagaar kI p`Ìit maoM haonao vaalao ivaYaoYa
vyayaaoM kI p`itpUit- ko ilae Baugatana kI jaanao vaalaI kao[-
raiSa yaa saovaamaui> pr Baugatana yaaogya kao[- ]pdana .
inayaaojak ko Wara saMQaairt ikyaa jaanao vaalaa irkaD-\sa¸
]pisqait rijasTr À masTr raola¸ vaotna À majadUrI
rijasTrÀporaola¸ kma-caarI tqaa inayaaojak AMSadana p~k¸
kma-caarI rijasTr¸ duGa-Tnaa rijasTr¸ AMSadana ko saBaI
p`itvaodna¸ GaaoYaNaa pp~aoM ko saBaI p`itvaodna¸ caalaana kI
p`ityaaM tqaa ibalsa tqaa vha]casa- ko saaqa laoKa pustkoM .
daohrI vasaUlaI pr raok
[esaAaya AiQainayama ka esa.53 iksaI BaI Anya kanaUna
ko Antga-t mauAavajaa yaa xaitpUit- p`aPt krnao yaa [nakI
vasaulaI ko iva$w raok lagaata hOM AaOr vaiNa-t krta hOM ik
kma-kar xaitpUit- AiQainayama¸ 1923 yaa samaya samaya pr
laagaU Anya iksaI inayama ko Antga-t iksaI ek baIimat
vyai> yaa ]sako AaiEat baIimat vyai> ko inayaaojak sao yaa
Anya iksaI vyai> sao [sa AiQainayama ko Antga-t baIimat
vyai> kI raojagaar saMbaMiQat xait ko saMbaMQa maoM ek kma-caarI
ko $p maoM kao[- mauAavajaa yaa xaitpUit- p`aPt krnao ko ilae
pa~ nahIM hOM .
]dahrNa Á e¸ jaao baI ka ek kma-caarI hOM¸ Apnao raojagaar
ko daOrana TolaIivajana kI marmmat krnao ko daOrana Apnao caohro
pr ek caaoT sao gast hao jaata hOM . caaoT ko
pirNaamasva$p¸ e Apnao baaMyaI AaMK kI raoSanaI gaMvaa dota
hOM . kma-caarI rajya baImaa AiQainayama¸ 1948 ko Antga-t
kma-caarI rajya baImaa inagama sao laaBa p`aPt krnao ko baad¸ e
ApÌ%ya ivaiQa ko Antga-t baI sao xait kI pitpUit- kI
p`aiPt ko ilae ek saUcanaap~ dota hOM . ApÌ%ya ivaiQa ko
Antga-t xait kI pitpUit- ko ilae baI baaQya nahIM hOM
@yaaoMik kma-caarI rajya baImaa AiQainayama 1948 maoM e kao
‘‘laagaU Anya iksaI BaI kanaUna’’ ko tht laaBa ka davaa
krnao ko ilae spYT raok lagaayaI ga[- hOM . ³e ~ohana
iva$w AsaaoisaeToD [laoi@T/kla ejaosaIja tqaa Anya¸
³1996´ 4 esasaIsaI 255´
saamaaijak saurxaa Á kma-caarI BaivaYya inaiQa tqaa ivaivaQa
p`avaQaana AiQainayama¸ 1952
kma-caarI BaivaYya inaiQa tqaa ivaivaQa pavaQaana AiQainayama¸
1952 ³‘‘[pIef AiQainayama´ Mkma -caairyaaoM AaOr ]nako
pirvaaraoM ko ilae¸ ]nakI proSaanaI AaOr vaRwavasqaa¸ Asamaqa-
ta tqaa kuC Anya AakismaktaAaoM maoM saamaaijak saurxaa
tqaa Aaiqa-k sahayata ko ilae p`avaQaana krta hOM .
p`yaaojyata
[pIef AiQainayama¸ saBaI fo@TiryaaoM maoM jahaM 20 yaa AiQak
vyai>yaaoM kao inayaaoijat ikyaa gayaa hOM AaOr eosao saBaI
p`itYzanaaoM maoM jahaM 186 inaid-YT ]VaogaaoMÀpitYzanaaoM kI
EaoiNayaaoM maoM 20 yaa [sasao sao AiQak kma-caairyaaoM kao
inayaaoijat ikyaa gayaa hOM¸ Ainavaaya- BaivaYya inaiQa¸ poMSana
tqaa iDpa^ijaT¹ilaM@D [MSyaaoroMsa ka pavaQaana krta hOM .
eosao iksaI BaI kma-caarI pr ijasakI majadUrI iksaI p`itYzana
maoM $. 6500À¹ pit maah tk hOM [pIef AiQainayama
laagaU haota hOM AaOr ]sao [sa kaoYa ka ek sadsya bananaa
Ainavaaya- hOM . eosao p`itYzana ijana pr [pIef AiQainayama
laagaU nahIM haota hOM vao BaI Apnao kma-caairyaaoM kao saamaaijak
saurxaa ko laaBa p`dana krnao ko ilae svaoicCk $p sao [sako
p`avaQaanaaoM kao laagaU kr sakto hO. ek baar iksaI fo@TrI
yaa p`itYzana pr [pIef AiQainayama laagaU haonao pr yah
inarMtr jaarI rhogaa¸ Balao hI iksaI samaya kma-caairyaaoM kI
saM#yaa 20 sao kma hao jaae . ³ rmaoSa maoTla va@sa- iva$w
rajya¸ eAayaAar eAayaAaya 227´
AMSadana
[pIef AiQainayama ko p`yaaojyata laagaU haonao pr¸ inayaaojak
kao p`%yaok kma-caarI ko ilae¸ kma-caarI BaivaYya inaiQa maoM pit
maah ko maUla vaotna ka 12% AMYadana krnaa haogaa¸ p`it
maah kma-caarI poMYana kaoYa maoM maUla vaotna ka 8.33%¸ AaOr
maUla vaotna¸ mahMgaa[- Ba<aa tqaa Anya Ba<aaoM ko 1% ko barabar
AMYadana hr maah kma-caarI iDpa^ijaT ilaMk [MSyaaoMrosa kaoYa ko
ilae krnaa haogaa . kma-caairyaaoM ka AMSadana¸ inayaao>a Wara
]sako ilae Baugatana ike jaanao yaaogya AMYadana ko barabar
haogaa AaOr yaid kma-caarI caaho tao ]sakkI maUla majadUrI¸
mahMgaa[- Ba<ao AaOr Anya Ba<aaoM ³yaid kao[- hOM´ tao ]nako
12% sao AiQak kI raiSa ka AMSadana kr sakta hOM baYato-
ik inayaaojak pr [sa trh Aitir> AMSadana pr kao[-
AMSadana donao kI baaQyata nahIM haogaI .
iËyaanvayana
Baart sarkar¸ kma-caarI BaivaYya inaiQa kaoYa saMgazna ko
maaQyama sao [pIef AiQainayama AaOr [sako Antga-t tOyaar
kI ga[- tIna yaaojanaaAaoM kao laagaU krtI hOM¸ kma-caarI BaivaYya
inaiQa yaaojanaa¸ 1952¸ kma-caarI poMYana yaaojanaa¸ 1995¸ tqaa
kma-caarI iDpaijaT ilaM@D [MSyaaoroMsa yaaojanaa¸ 1976 .
kma-caarI
[pIef AiQainayama ko esa.2 ko Antga-t ‘‘kma -caarI’’ sao
AiBap`ot hOM¸ eosaa kao[- BaI vyai> jaao iksaI BaI p`kar ko
kaya- ko ilae inayaaoijat ikyaa gayaa hO¸ caaho vah maonyauAla
yaa Anya¸ iksaI pitYzana ko kaya- sao saMbaMw yaa AsaMbaw
hao¸ AaOr jaao Apnao inayaaojak sao p`%yaxa yaa Ap`%yaxa taOr pr
majadUrI p`aPt kr rha hao¸ AaOr [samaoM eosaa kao[- BaI vyai>
Saaimala hOM jaao p`itYzana ko kaya- ko ilae [sako saMbaMQa maoM
ek zokodar Wara yaa ]sako maaQyama sao inayaaoijat ikyaa gayaa
hOM¸ AaOr ek piSaxau kI trh inayaaoijat hOM¸ piSaxau
AiQainayama¸ 1961 ³ 1961 ka 52´ ko Antga-t ek
p`iSaxau ko $p maoM inayaaoijat nahIM hOM¸ yaa p`itYzana ko sqaayaI
AadoSaaoM ko Antga-t inayaaoijat ikyaa gayaa hao .
‘‘kma -caarI’’ Sabd ka Aqa- ivastar sao samaJaa jaanaa caaihe
@yaaoMik [pIef AiQainayama ka ]_oSya saamaaijak klyaaNa hOM
. ]dahrNa ko ilae¸ ek kMpnaI ko kma-caarI jaao
saovaainavaRt hao gae hOM AaOr ifr AnaubaMQa pr puna-Áinayaaoijat
ike gae hOM¸ vao [pIef AiQainayama ko pyaaojanaaoM ko Antga-
t kma-caarI hI khlaayaoMgaoM . ³kond`Iya BaivaYya inaiQa Aayau>
tqaa Anya iva$w maaD-na T/ansapaoTo-Sana knsalaToMsaI saiva-sa
p`a. ila. tqaa Anya¸ eAayaAar 1998 kola´ halaaMik¸
AsqaayaI kma-karaoM kao [pIef AiQainayama kI p`yaaojyata ko
ilae nahIM iganaa jaaegaa . ³xao~Iya BaivaYya inaiQa Aayau>
iva$w TI esa hirhrna¸ 1971¸ laoba AayasaI 951
³esasaI´´
ivavaad samaaQaana
ivavaad samaaQaana Á kma-caairyaaoM sao doya QanaraiSa ka AaMklana
. jahaM ek pitYzana maoM [pIef AiQainayama kI p`yaaojyata
pr kao[- ivavaad ]%pÙ haota hOM¸ yaa jahaM ivavaad [pIef
AiQainayama ko Antga-t iksaI kma-caarI Wara doya QanaraiYa
ka hOM¸ vahaM kond`Iya BaivaYya inaiQa Aayau>¸ yaa Aitir>
kond`Iya BaivaYya inaiQa Aayau>¸ Aqavaa BaivaYya inaiQa ]p
Aayau>¸ Anya kao[- BaI xao~Iya BaivaYya inaiQa Aayau> yaa
sahayak BaivaYya inaiQa Aayau>¸ Apnao AadoSa sao ivavaad ka
AiQainaNa-ya kroMgaoM AaOr eosaI kao[- jaaMca ko p`yaaojana ko ilae¸
kuC inaiScat maamalaaoM maoM vaad inaNa-ya krnao ko ilae isaivala
p`iËyaa 1908 ko Antga-t ek nyaayaalaya ko samaana
AiQakar Qaairt kroMgaoM . eosao AadoSaaoM kI samaIxaa ko ilae
AadoSa jaarI krnao hotu Aavaodna [nhI AiQakairyaaoM kao
p`stut krnaa haoMgaoM .
ivavaad samaaQaana Á kma-caarI BaivaYya inaiQa
ApIlaIya nyaayaaiQakrNa
[pIef AiQainayama ko Antga-t iksaI BaI AiQasaUcanaa yaa
AadoSa ko iva$w ApIlaoM ‘‘kma -caarI BaivaYya inaiQa ApIlaIya
nyaayaaiQakrNa’’ naamak ek vyai> vaalao nyaayaaiQakrNa kao
p`stut haoMgaI .
maUla majadUrI
[pIef AiQainayama ko esa.2 maoM ‘‘maUla majadUrI’’ sao
AiBap`ot hOM ek kma-caarI Wara kt-vya inaYpadna ko daOrana¸
yaa AvakaSa pr yaa majadUrI ko saaqa CUi+yaaoM pr¸ inayaaojana
ko AnaubaMQa kI Yatao- ko Anausaar AaOr ijanaka ]sao nakd
Baugatana huAa hO yaa ]sao Baugatana yaaogya raiYa hOM¸ prntu [samaoM
kao[- BaI Baaojana iryaayat ka nakd maUlya¸ kao[- mahMgaa[-
Ba<aa¸ makana Baa,Da Ba<aa¸ Aitir> samaya Ba<aa¸ baaonasa¸
kmaIYana yaa eosao raojagaar maoM ike gae kaya- ko ilae yaa
]sako raojagaar ko saMbaMQa maoM kma-caairyaaoM kao Baugatana yaaogya
Anya p`kar ka kao[- samaana Ba<aa¸ yaa inayaaojak ko Wara
idyao gayao iksaI BaI p`kar ko ]phar saimmailat nahIM hOM .
saamaaijak saurxaa Á kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama¸ 1923
kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama¸ 1923 ³ kma-kar mauAavajaa
AiQainayama´ ka pmauK ]_oSya hO raojagaar ko daOrana AaOr
[sasao Alaga haonao vaalaI duGa-TnaaAaoM AaOr baImaairyaaoM ko ilae
kma-karaoM kao inayaaojakaoM Wara mauAavajao ko Baugatana hotu
baaQyata Aaraoipt krnaa . duGa-Tnaaga`st vyai> yaa ]saka
AaiEat ³maR%yau kI isqait maoM´ mauAavajao ka davaa kr sakta
hOM .
p`yaaojyata
kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama eosao iksaI BaI vyai> pr laagaU
haota hOM jaao ilaipkIya xamata sao Alaga¸ iksaI jaaoiKma vaalao
poSao maoM¸ AaOr kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama kI AnausaUcaI II
maoM inaid-YT Anya raojagaar maoM hOM . [samaoM Saaimala hOM
fo@TiryaaM¸ KanaoM¸ baagaana¸ yaaMi~k $p sao cailat gaai,DyaaM¸
inamaa-Na kaya- tqaa kuC jaaoiKma Baro poSao tqaa rolavao kma-
caairyaaoM kI kuC inaid-YT EaoiNayaaM . halaaMik¸ kma-kar
mauAavajaa AiQainayama ka esa.2³3´ sarkarI rajap~ maoM
tIna mahInao ka saUcanaa p~ jaarI krnao ko baad rajya
sarkaraoM kao kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama ko p`avaQaanaaoM kao
vyai>yaaoM kI eosaI iksaI BaI EaoNaI pr ivastairt krnao ka
p`aiQakar dota hOM ijanaka poSaa jaaoiKma Bara samaJaa jaata hOM
. halaaMik¸ kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama saSas~ saonaaAaoM
AaOr kma-caarI rajya baImaa inagama AiQainayama¸ 1948 ko
p`avaQaanaaoM ko Antga-t inayaaoijat kma-caairyaaoM pr laagaU nahIM
haota .
iËyaanvayana
kma-kar xaitpUit- AiQainayama ko Antga-t¸ rajya sarkaraoM
kao kma-kar xaitpUit- ko ilae¸ (i) ivavaaidt davaaoM ko
inapTana¸ (ii) xaityaaoM ko maamalaaoM ka inapTana¸ ijanamaoM maR%yau
Saaimala hOM¸ AaOr (iii) AavaiQak BaugatanaaoM maoM saMSaaoQana¸ ko
ilae Aayau> inayau> krnao ko ilae AiQaÌt ikyaa gayaa hOM
. kma-kar xaitpUit- AiQainayama¸ rajya sarkaraoM kao
sarkarI rajap~ maoM tIna maah ka saUcanaap~ donao ko baad kma-
kar xaitpUit- AiQainayama ko pavaQaanaaoM kao vyai>yaaoM kI
eosaI iksaI BaI EaoNaI ko ilae ivastairt krnao ka AiQakar
dota hOM ijanako poSao kao jaaoiKmaBara samaJaa jaata hOM . [saI
trh¸ kma-kar xaitpUit- AiQainayama ko esa.3³3´ ko
Antga-t¸ rajya sarkaroM AnausaUicat¹.. ko Baaga A tqaa ba
maoM ]llaoiKt saUcaI maoM Anya kao[- BaI raoga jaao,Dnao ko ilae
AiQaÌt hOM AaOr [saI trh kond` sarkar BaI kma-kar
mauAavajaa AiQainayama kI AnausaUcaI ... ko Baaga sa maoM
inaid-YT raojagaar ko maamalaaoM maoM eosaa kr saktI hO .
inayaaojak ka daiya%va
ek inayaaojak mauAavajao ko Baugatana ko ilae javaabadar hOM¸
yaid ek kma-kar kao ]sako raojagaar ko daOrana yaa ]sakI
vajah sao kao[- vyai>gat xait phuMcatI hOM¸ yaa iksaI raojagaar
maoM inayaaoijat kao[- kma-kar iksaI eosao raoga kI capoT maoM Aa
jaata hOM¸ jaao kma-kar xaitpUit- AiQainayama maoM [sa raojagaar
sao saMbaw ek poSaagat maoM inaid-YT ikyaa gayaa hO .
inayaao>a ko saaMivaiQak daiya%va ka baihYkrNa
iksaI eosaI caaoT ko ilae jaao iksaI kma-kar kao tIna idna sao
jyaada AvaiQa ko ilae sqaayaI yaa AaMiSak $p sao Asamaqa-
nahIM krtI¸ ek duGa-Tnaa ko karNa iksaI eosaI caaoT ko
ilae ijasaka pirNaama maR%yau yaa sqaayaI taOr pr Asamaqa-ta
nahIM hO¸ ijasaka p`%yaxa saMbaMQa¸ ]sa samaya kma-kar ko naSao
ko p`Baava maoM haonaa hOM¸ yaa iksaI vya> $p sao idyao gayao
AadoSa yaa kma-karaoM kI saurxaa AaOr saMrxaa ko pyaaojana sao
tOyaar ek vya> inayama ka kma-kar Wara jaanabauJakr
]llaMGana¸ yaa kma-kar Wara iksaI saurxaa gaaD- yaa Anya
]pkrNa kao jaanabauJakr hTanaa yaa ]sa pr Qyaana nahIM donaa
ijasako ilae ]sao jaanakarI qaI ik vah kma-karaoM kao saurxaa
p`dana krnao ko ]_oSya sao idyaa gayaa hOM¸ xaitpUit- hotu
inayaao>a javaabadar nahIM haogaa .
mauAavajaa
mauAavajao kI dr caaoT kI saImaa AaOr Aja-na xamata kI
nauksaana ko ek AnausaUicat Anaupat maoM AaMkilat kI jaatI
hOM . maaOt ko maamalao maoM¸ Baugatana yaaogya mauAavajao kI nyaUnatma
raiYa $.80¸000À¹ hOM AaOr mauAavajao kI AiQaktma
Baugatana yaaogya raiSa 4¸57¸580À¹ ³An%yaoiYT ka Kca-
saiht´ hOM . sqaayaI Axamata ko maamalao maoM¸ mauAavajao kI
nyaUnatma raiYa $. 90¸000À¹ hO AaOr AsqaayaI kula
Axamata ko maamalao maoM mauAavajao kI AiQaktma raiSa $.
5¸48¸496À¹ hOM . mauAavajao kI AiQaktma raiSa kI
gaNanaa ko ilae vat-maana vaotna kI raiSa $. 4¸000À¹ hOM
.
duGa-Tnaa
kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama maoM ‘‘duGa -Tnaa’’ kao pirBaaiYat
nahIM ikyaa gayaa hOM . haMlaaik¸ kuC vaad inaNa-yaaoM ko Wara
[sa Yabd ka Aqa- spYT hao gayaa hOM Á ibanaa pirklpnaa ko
kao[- Apoixat GaTnaa¸ Balao hI vahaM kma-kar kI Aaor sao
laaprvaahI hao .
]dahrNa Á e ek kma-kar hOM jaao ek Ba+I fo@TrI maoM
kaya-rt hO. . ek inaiScat AvaiQa tk e kI AaMKo Ba+I
kI cakacaaOMQa maoM rhtI hOM AaOr [sako Asar nao ]sao pUrI trh
nao~hIna banaa idyaa hOM . ek duGa-Tnaa ko karNa e kao
caaoTgast maanaa jaaegaa . Balao hI ek duGa-Tnaa ek
inaiScat GaTnaa hOM jaao ek inaiScat samaya GaiTt haotI hOM¸
yah esa.3 ko idyao Aqaao- ko Anau$p ek duGa-Tnaa hao¸
[sako ilae yah ja$rI nahIM hO ik kma-kar kao [saka safla
davaa krnao ko ilae [saka Aqa- ZUMZnaa p,Do . vahaM eosao
maamalao haoMgaoM jahaM CaoTI duGa-TnaaAaoM kI ek EaRMKlaa haogaI¸
ijanamaoM sao p`%yaok kuC A&at pirNaama ]%pÙ krogaI AaOr
caaoT kI Aintma isqait kao ]%pÙ krnao ko ilae samaga` $p
sao kaya- kroMgaI¸ yao saba imalakr kma-kar mauAavajaa
AiQainayama ko Antga-t ek duGa-Tnaa kao janma dogaI . ³
baa[- SaakrI pi%na naarayanadasa maganalaala iva$w nyaU
maanakcaaOk imalsa kMpnaI ilaimaToD ³1961´¸ Aayaelaelajao
585 gauja.´
]dahrNa Á e ek kma-kar hO jaao ek fo@TrI maoM ek Ba+I
pr kama krta hOM . e kao AaMK kI puranaI baImaarI hOM
prntu yah jaananao ko baad BaI vah eosao raojagaar maoM kama
krnaa jaarI rKta hO ijasako karNa ]sakI AaMKaoM pr jaaor
p,Dta hO AaOr [sasao e kI AaMKaoM kao ek sqaayaI nauksaana
phuMca sakta hOM . yah maanaa jaaegaa ik e duGa-Tnaa ko
karNa nauksaana phuMcaa hOM . yah tqya ik e nao ek Da@Tr
kI salaah ko iva$w AaOr yah jaanato hue BaI ik ]sako
kama sao ]sakI AaMKaoM pr jaaor p,Dogaa¸ raojagaar jaarI rKa
hOM¸ AaOr [sa karNa ]sao sqaayaI caaoT phuMcaI hOM¸ Ap`asaMigak
hOM . ek baar yah pta calanao pr ik vah kaya- jaao e kr
rha hO¸ e ko raojagaar ko Antga-t Aata hOM¸ e pr CaoTI
yaa ba,DI laaprvaahI krnao ka savaala ApasaMigak hO .
³hoirsa iva$w AsaaoisaeToD paoT-laoND saImaonT maonyaufo@carsa-
ilaimaToD¸ ³1939 esaI 71´
‘‘[sako daOrana ]%pÙ AaOr raojagaar ko daOrana’’
caUMik kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama ka esa.3 yah
p`avaQaana krta hO ik duGa-Tnaa kao kma-kar ko raojagaar ko
daOrana haonaa caaihe¸ AtÁ mauAavajao ko ilae ek davaa
krnao ko ilae duGa-Tnaa ka kma-kar ko raojagaar sao kud
Aakismak saMbaMQa haonaa caaihe AaOr yah [sa raojagaar sao
saMbaw jaaoiKma ko karNa haonaa caaihe . [sakI jaaMca maoM
nyaayaalayaaoM Wara Apnaayao jaanao vaalao kuC isawant hOM¸ vahaM
caaoT AaOr duGa-Tnaa ko baIca kuC Aakismak saMbaMQa haonaa
caaihe AaOr duGaTnaa AaOr raojagaar ko daOrana ike gae kaya-
maoM kuC saMbaMQa haonaa caaihe¸ yah idKanao ka daiya%va kma-kar
pr hO ik yah vah kama qaa AaOr [sako tnaava ko karNa hI
yah caaoT phuMcaI hOM . yah ja$rI nahIM hO ik kma-kar ]sakI
maR%yau ko samaya vaastva maoM kama kr rha hao yaa ifr maaOt ]sa
samaya AayaI hao jaba vah kama kr rha hao yaa ]sanao hala hI
maoM kama Cao,Da hao . jahaM [sako saaxya santuilat haoto hOM¸
yaid saaxya kuC jyaada saMBaavanaa idKa rho haoM jaao ek
]icat vyai> kao [sasao santuYT krto hOM ik vah kama hI qaa
ijasako karNa vyai>gat caaoT phuMcaI hOM¸ tao kma-gaar kI
saflata ko ilae [tnaa pyaa-Pt haogaa . ³ baa[- SaakrI
pi%na naarayanadasa maganalaala iva$w nyaU maanakcaaOk imalsa
kMpnaI ilaimaToD ³1961´¸ Aayaelaelajao 585 gauja.´
]dahrNa Á e ek pMipMga sToSana pr ek naa[T vaa^camaona ko
$p maoM kaya-rt hOM jahaM dsa sao jyaada vyai>yaaoM Wara panaI
pmp ike jaanao kI piËyaa saMcaailat kI jaatI hOM . ek
rat maoM¸ jaba e DyaUTI pr qaa¸ e nao Apnao saInao maoM dd- kI
iSakayat kI . e kI isqait ibaga,D ga[- AaOr kuC hI
GaNTaoM maoM e kI maaOt hao ga[- . icaik%sakIya saaxya maoM
batayaa gayaa ik e )dya raoga sao pIiDt qaa AaOr ]sakI
maaOt ]sa kama Wara e ko )dya pr dbaava haonao ko karNa
hu[- jaao e kr rha qaa¸ Aqaa-t K,Do rhnaa AaOr ek
vaa^camaona ko $p maoM Gaumato rhnaa . e kI maR%yau ka karNa
ek duGa-Tnaa ko karNa caaoiTla haonaa maanaa jaaegaa jaao kma-
kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama ko esa.3 ko Antga-t Aata hOM
. yaid ek kma-kar ek ivaSaoYa raoga sao ga`st hO AaOr
]sako raojagaar ko Baya AaOr dbaava ko flasva$p ]sa raoga
sao ]sakI maaOt hao jaatI hO tao inayaaojak pr kao[- daiya%va
inaQaa-irt nahIM ikyaa jaaegaa . halaaMik¸ yaid [sa karNa maoM
raojagaar ka BaI AMSadana haota hO yaa yaid raojagaar ko
karNa ]sakI maaOt jaldI AayaI hO yaa eosaa kha jaata hO
ik maR%yau isaf- ]sa raoga ko karNa hu[- qaI prntu yah raoga
raojagaar ko saaqa jau,D gayaa qaa¸ tba inayaaojak ka daiya%va
haogaa AaOr yah kha jaa sakogaa ik maaOt maRtk ko raojagaar
ko karNa hu[- hO . ³laxmaIbaa[- iva$w AQyaxa tqaa
T/sTIja¸ baaMbao paoT- T/sT ³1954´ Aayaelaelajao 614´
saamaaijak saurxaa Á maatR%va laaBa AiQainayama 1961
kaya-rt is~yaaoM ko ihtaoM ko saMvaw-na AaOr gaBa-vatI is~yaaoM kI
jacakI sao phlao AaOr baad maoM ek inaiScat samaya tk ]nhoM
kama sao raoknao hotu maatR%va laaBa AiQainayama 1961
AiQainayaimat ikyaa gayaa qaa . [samaoM maatR%va AvakaSa AaOr
kuC inaiScat Satao- kao pUra ike jaanao pr ]nakI gaBaa-vasqaa
ko daOrana ]nako raojagaar sao Alaga rhnao kI AvaiQa ko ilae
maihlaa kma-caairyaaoM À kma-karaoM kao inaiScat Aaiqa-k laaBaaoM
ko Baugatana ko ilae BaI p`avaQaana hOM . Gaaor kdacaar kao
Cao,Dkr¸ gaBaa-vasqaa ko karNa ]sakI Anaupisqait kI vajah
sao iksaI s~I kI saovaaAaoM kao samaaPt nahIM ikyaa jaa sakta
. vah AiQaktma AvaiQa baarh saPtah hOM ijasako ilae
ek s~I kao maatR%va laaBa paPt hao sakta hOM . [samaoM sao
CÁ saPtah baccao kI jacakI sao phlao AaOr CÁ saPtah ]sa
tarIK ko t%kala baad haonaa caaihe . KanaaoM AaOr sarksa
]VaogaaoM maoM¸ maat\%va laaBa AiQainayama ko p`avaQaanaaoM kao p`mauK
Eama Aayau> ³kond`Iya´ ko maaQyama sao kondIya sarkar ko
Wara tqaa fo@TiryaaoM¸ baagaana tqaa Anya p`itYzanaaoM maoM rajya
sarkaraoM Wara laagaU ikyaa jaata hO. .
saamaaijak saurxaa Á baagaana Eama AiQainayama¸ 1951
baagaana Eama AiQainaryama¸ 1951 EaimakaoM ko ihtaoM ko ilae
p`avaQaana krta hOM AaOr baagaanaaoM maoM kaya- kI isqaityaaoM kao
ivainayaimat krta hOM .
gaOr saMgaizt kma-kar
gaOr saMgaizt kma-gaar saamaaijak saurxaa AiQainayama¸ 2008
³‘gaOr saMgaizt kma -kar saamaaijak saurxaa AiQainayama’’´ ko
Antga-t¸ ‘gaOr saMgaizt kma -kar’’ kao saMgaizt xao~ maoM ek
gaRh AaQaairt kma-kar¸ sva¹inayaaoijat kma-kar yaa ek
Eaimak kma-koar ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM AaOr
[samaoM saMgaizt xao~ ka ek kma-kar BaI Saaimala hOM jaao
inamnailaiKt AiQainayamaaoM ko Antga-t nahIM Aata hOM Á
kma-kar mauAavajaa AiQainayama
AaOVaoigak ivavaad AiQainayama
kma-caarI rajya baImaa AiQainayama¸ 1948
kma-caarI BaivaYya inaiQa tqaa ivaivaQa pavaQaana
AiQainayama¸ 1952
maatR%va laaBa AiQainayama¸ 1961¸ yaa
]pdana ka Baugatana AiQainayama¸ 1972
gaOr saMgaizt kma-kar saamaaijak saurxaa AiQainayama ko Antga-
t ek raYT/Iya saamaaijak saurxaa baaoD- ko gazna ko ilae
p`avaQaana hOM ijasao saamaaijak saurxaa yaaojanaaAaoM banaanao kI
isafairSa krnaI caaihe jaOsao jaIvana tqaa Asamaqa-ta kvhr¸
svaasqya tqaa maatR%va laaBa¸ vaRw Aayau saurxaa¸ tqaa Anya
kao[- laaBa jaao sarkar Wara gaOr saMgaizt kma-karaoM ko ilae
inaQaa-irt ike jaaeM . gaOr saMgaizt kma-kar saamaaijak
saurxaa AiQainayama yah p`avaQaana krta hO ik sarkar gaOr
saMgaizt kma-karaoM ko saMvaw-na AaOr klyaaNa tqaa ]nhoM
saamaaijak saurxaa laaBa p`dana krnao ko ilae yaaojanaaeM laagaU
kroM . [sako Aitir>¸ gaOr saMgaizt kma-karaoM kI ivaYaoYa
EaoiNayaaoM ko ilae ivaSaoYa Eama ivaiQayaaM ivaVmaana hOM . jaOsao
]dahrNa ko ilae¸ saMsad nao inamaa-Na xao~ ko kma-karaoM ko
klyaaNa ko ilae ³jaOsao (i) Bavana tqaa Anya inamaa-Na kma-kar
³raojagaar ka ivainayaimaitkrNa tqaa saovaaAaoM kI isqait´
AiQainayama¸ 1996 tqaa (ii) Bavana tqaa Anya inamaa-Na kma-
kar klyaaNa saosa AiQainayama¸ 1996´ tqaa ivasqaaipt kma-
karaoM ko ilae ³Antr¹rajya ivasqaaipt kma-kar ³ raojagaar
ka ivainayaimaitkrNa tqaa saovaaAaoM kI isqait´ AiQainayama¸
1979´ kanaUna AiQainayaimat ike hOM .
Eama ivaiQa
Eama ivaiQa AamataOr pr dUsaro p`itYzanaaoM tqaa ]VaogaaoM maoM
[stomaala ko ilae ek zokodar Wara inayaaoijat kma-karaoM kao
sandiBa-t krtI hOM . zoka Eama ³ inaYaoQa tqaa ivainayamana´
AiQainayama¸ 1970 ³ ‘‘zoka Eama AiQainayama’’ ´ ivainayamana
AaOr kuC maamalaaoM maoM zoka Eama ko ]nmaUlana ko ilae ek tM~
p`dana krta hOM . zoka Eama AiQainayama p`%yaok p`itYzana À
zokodar pr laagaU haota hO jahaM 20 yaa [sasao jyaada kma-kar
zoka EaimakaoM ko $p maoM inayaaoijat haoto hOM . halaaMik¸ yah
iksaI eosao pitYzana pr laagaU nahIM haoto jahaM kaya-
$k¹$k kr haota hO yaa Aakismak pÌit ka haota hOM .
kond` sarkar tqaa rajya sarkaraoM kao ‘‘]pyau>’’ sarkar
kI ApnaI¹ApnaI xamataAaoM ko Antga-t¸ ]nhoM sandiBa-t
zoka Eama AiQainayama ko iËyaanvayana sao saMbaMiQat maamalaaoM pr
saMbaMiQat sarkaraoM kao pramaSa- donao ko ilae¸ kond`Iya AaOr
rajya pramaSaI- zoka Eama baaoD-\sa kI sqaapnaa krnaI haogaI .
kond`Iya pramaSaI- zoka Eama baaoD-¸ saMvaoQaainak $p sao
i~pxaIya AaOr Aw-¹nyaaiyak pÌit ka ek vaOQaainak
inakaya hOM .
yah baaoD- zoka Eama ko ivaSaoYa sva$paoM kI jaaMca krta hOM¸
ijasamaoM yaid payaa jaata hO ik yah eosao xao~aoM sao saMbaw hO
jahaM ]%padna p`iËyaa maoM vaYa- Bar kaya- kI ja$rt hO tao [sao
zoka Eama AiQainayama ko esa.10 ko Antga-t ]nmaUlana ko
ilae isafairSa kI jaa saktI hOM . jaba ]pyau> sarkar
zoka Eama AiQainayama ko esa.10 ko Antga-t zoka Eama ko
]nmaUlana ko ilae ek AiQasaUcanaa jaarI krtI hOM tao yaid
saMivada AsalaI qaI tao ek zokodar ko saaqa kama krnao vaalao
kma-caarI kMpnaI ko raojagaar maoM svatÁ hI saimmailat nahIM haoMgaoM
. halaaMik¸ yaid saMivada AsalaI nahIM qaI prntu maa~ ek
Claavaa qaI tao tqaakiqat zOka EaimakaoM kao pQaana inayaao>a
ka kma-caarI samaJaa jaaegaa . ³sTIla Aa^qaaoirTI Aa^f
[iNDyaa iva$w raYT/Iya yaUinayana vaa^Tr ÍnT¸ eAayaAar
2001 3574 esasaI´
p`%yaok pitYzana AaOr zokodar¸ ijasa pr zoka Eama
AiQainayama laagaU haota hOM¸ kao zoka kaya- ko saMpadna ko
ilae pMjaIyana kranaa haogaa Aqavaa ek laa[saoMsa laonaa haogaa
. zoka EaimakaoM ko ihtaoM kao majadUrI¸ kaya- ko GaNTo¸
klyaaNa¸ svaasqya AaOr saamaaijak saurxaa ko tht saurixat
ikyaa gayaa hO . zoka EaimakaoM kao pdana kI jaanao vaalaI
sauivaQaaAaoM maoM Saaimala hOM¸ konTIna¸ ivaEaama kxa¸ fsT- eD
sauivaQaayaoM tqaa kaya-sqala pr Anya bauinayaadI AavaYyaktaeM
jaOsao ik poyajala kI ]plabQata . majadUrI ko Baugatana tqaa
Anya ihtaoM kao sauinaiYcat ike jaanao kI javaabadarI p`mauK
$p sao zokodar kI haogaI¸ AaOr¸ [samaoM ~uiT haonao pr¸ mau#ya
inayaao>a kI .
s~I¸ baalak tqaa kaya-
ivaSaaKa tqaa Anya iva$w rajasqaana rajya tqaa Anya
³eAayaAar 1997 esasaI 3011´ maoM Baart ko savaao-cca
nyaayaalaya nao ]nako kaya-sqala pr s~I kma-caairyaaoM ko saaqa
yaaOna SaaoYaNa pr raokqaama ko ilae kuC tya maaga-diSa-kaAaoM
kI vyavasqaa dI hO . samast kond`Iya maM~ImaNDlaaoM À
ivaBaagaaoM¸ rajya sarkaraoM À saMGa rajyaaoM tqaa kondIya ¹ saava-
jainak xao~ ko ]pËmaaoM kao [sa inaNa-ya maoM AiQainaiNa-t maaga-
diSa-kaAaoM ko iËyaanvayana ko ilae kha gayaa hOM . maaga-diSa-
kaAaoM kao inajaI xao~ pr laagaU krnao ko ilae sqaayaI AadoYa
AiQainayama kao BaI saMYaaoiQat ikyaa gayaa hOM . Baart sarkar
nao AayaelaAao kI puiYT kI hO .
1951 ka 100 vaoM Ëma ka knvaoMSana Á yah knvaoMSana pu$YaaoM
AaOr is~yaaoM ko ilae samaana pairEaimak sao saMbaMiQat hOM¸ AaOr
raYT/pit nao samaana vaotna AQyaadoYa p`#yaaipt ikyaa¸ jaao
baad maoM samaana samaana vaotna AiQainayama¸ 1976 Wara
p`itsqaaipt ikyaa gayaa . yah knvaoMSana ]na xao~aoM kao Cao,D
kr jahaM is~yaaoM ko raojagaar pr ivaiQa Wara raok lagaa[-
ga[- hO¸ BatI-¸ pdaoÙit¸ p`iSaxaNa yaa sqaanaantrNa maoM BaI
BaodBaava pr raok lagaata hOM . [sako Aitir>¸ dUsaro
Anaok kanaUna ³ jaOsao ik baI,DI AaOr isagaar kma-kar ³
inayaaojana kI Sato- AiQainayama¸ 1966¸ baagavaana Eaimak
AiQainayama¸ 1951 tqaa zoka Eama AiQainayama´ maihlaa kma-
caairyaaoM À kma-karaoM ko klyaaNa ko ilae JaulaaGar kI
]plabQata kao Ainavaaya- banaanaa¸ maihlaa kma-caairyaaoM À kma-
karaoM ko kaya- ko GaNTaoM ka ivainayaimaitkrNa jaOsao ivaYaoYa
p`avaQaana krto hOM . baala Eama ³inaYaoQa tqaa ivainayamana´
AiQainayama¸ 1986 saBaI pitYzanaaoM AaOr kaya-YaalaaAaoM pr
laagaU hO AaOr yah AiQasaUicat ike gae jaaoiKma Baro poYaaoM
AaOr p`iËyaaAaoM maoM 14 vaYa- sao kma ]ma ko baccaaoM ko
inayaaojana pr raokqaama lagaata hO. yah gaOr jaaoiKma Baro
poSaaoM AaOr piËyaaAaoM maoM baalakaoM ko inayaaojana kao ivainayaimat
BaI krta hOM .
nq?kZVukvksa ,oa miHkksDrk laj{k.k lfgr
miHkksDrk laj{k.k lfgr
fof/* flfoy fof/ dh ,d 'kk[kk gS
(vkijkf/d fof/ ;k yksd fof/ ls fHkUu)A
flfoy fof/ esa fookn fof'k"V :i ls futh
fdlh flfoy U;k;ky; esa okn nk;j dj
dks oknh dgrs gSaA
'kkfey ugha gksrk gS] lqlaxr vf/dkfjrk dh
vf/jksfir nkf;Ro izR;sd O;fDr ij ykxw
gksrs gSa vkSj ;s LoSfPNd :i ls izkIr
nkf;Ro (tSls ;s lafonk ;k fo'okl ds gksrs
gSa) ughsa gSaA
;g mYys[kuh; gS fd tgka Hkkjr dh
;kfpdk iz.kkyh ,oa vaxzsth U;k;ky;ksa ds
lkekU; fof/ fu.kZ;ksa esa feyrk gS] ogha
dks U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa ,oa fo/kuksa nksuksa esa ik;k
lafgrk ds vuqPNsn 1382 esa dgk x;k gS
fd fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk ,slk dk;Z tks nwljs
O;fDr dk uqdlku djrk gS bldh {kfriwfrZ
ds fy, ml O;fDr dk nkf;Ro gksxk
ftldh xyrh ls ,slk gqvk gSA
vaxzsth U;k;ky;ksa }kjk LFkkfir mis{kk ds
ds fy, mipkj fofHkUu fof/;ksa esa mica/ksa
fof/;ksa esa miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e]
1986 eksVj&;ku vf/fu;e] 1988 Jfed
dk izfrdj vf/fu;e] 1923 ,oa lkoZtfud
nkf;Ro chek vf/fu;e] 1992 'kkfey gSA
lkekU; fof/ ,oa vf/fu;e nksuksa gSA
mn~Hko Hkkjrh; U;k;kikfydk d
,oa leku fook|dksa ij vaxzsth U;k;ky;ksa
ds lqlaxr fu.kZ;ksa dks Li?V :i ls viukus
ls gqvk gSA gkykafd Hkkjr ds loksZPp
dk fodkl djuk gksxk rFkk u, ekud
LFkkfir djus gkasxs ftuls mPp :i ls
;oLFkk esa mRiUu gksus okyh
leL;kvksa ls i;kZIr <ax ls fuiVk tk ldsaA
ge viuh U;kf;d lksp dks baXySaM esa
fo|eku fof/ ds lanHkZ ;k vU; fdlh
fons'kh O;oLFkk esa ml fo"k; ds fy,
fo|eku lanHkZ rd lhfer ugha dj ldrs
gSaA ge fuf'pr :i ls fdlh Hkh lzksr ls
izj.kk ysus ds fy, rS;kj gS] fdUrq gesa
viuk [kqn dk fof/'kkL=k cukuk gksxk--- ge
Hkkjr esa vius gkFkksa dks fiNs ugh j[k ldrs
fodkl djrk gwa ftls vaxzsth U;k;ky;ksa us
ugha fd;k gSaA** (eq[; U;k;k/h'k Hkxorh_
,e lh egrk cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj
1987 ,llh 1086 (vkyse xSl fjlko
okn))
dk ,d volj iznku djrk gS&;g iqu%
izkfIr dh izR;kHkwfr ugha nsrk gSA fofHkUu
fVIi.khdkjksa us mYys[k fd;k gS fd Hkkjr esa
vf/drj ?kk;y O;fDr gkafu lgu tkrs gS]
vkSj vius thou esa layXu gks tkrs gS]
iz;kl vkSj /u yxkus ds A
fgUnh vuqokn gS tks ySfVu 'kCn ^VksdZj*
(torquere), ^VkVZe* (tortum ) ,oa
^VkVZl* (tortus) ls fy;k x;k gS ftldk
vFkZ ^rksM+uk eMk+suk* gSA vr% ;g Hkk"kf;:i
ls vidkj ds Hkko ;k tks lgha ugha gS
mnkgj.k esa Hkwfe ij vfrpj] taxe oLrq ds
okl ,oa xyr rfjds gS dk;kZokl] geyk]
ekjihV] /ks[kk/M+h ,oa Ny] ekugkfu]
misf{kr xyr O;ku] U;wlsUl (mirki)]
futrkHkax HkkokRed nq%[k dh tkucw>dj
ltk] Luk;wLknek vkSj okLro esa mis{kk
'kkfey gSA
larks"ktud ifjHkk"kk nsus dk iz;kl fd;k gS]
vkSj blds foijhr mUkesa dqN dks ;gka la{ksi
esaa fn;k x;k gS%
^^ ,slk dk;Z tks vfHkfu/kZfjr O;fDr dks
gkfu igqaprk gS] pkgs ea'kk iwoZd ;k ugha]
O;fDr xr laca/ ;k lafonk ls mRiUu
nkf;Ro] dk mYya?ku u gksdj] vkSj tks ;k
rks dkuwu ds foijhr gS] ;k fdlh fof'k"V
nkf;Ro dh deh ;k fdlh iw.kZ vf/dkj dk
mYya?ku gSA**(iksykd ) ^^ lafonk ls eqDr
dksbZ flfoy vidkj ftlds fy, mfpr
mipkj fdlh vfu/kZfjr uqdlkuh ds fy,
dk;Zokgh gSA** (jruyky ,oa /hjtyky)
^^,d ,lh 'kCnkoyh tks lafonk ds mYya?ku
ds vfrfjDr fefJr ,oa vf/d ;k de
flfoy vi
gksrh gS] ftlds fy, dksbZ U;k;ky;
uwdlkuh gsrq dkjZokbZ ds :i esa mipkj
djsaxkA ( fofy;e izkslj)
djuk egRoiw.kZ gS] ftlls mijksDr ifjHkk"kk,
izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls lanfHkZr gSaA
dh vxznwr) ?k;y O;fDr ds fgrksa fd j{kk
djrh gS vkSj vfHkfu/kZfjr djrh gS fd D;k
vkSj dc fuokj.k dk nkok fd;k tk ldrk
gSA blds foifjr vkijkf/d fof/ vidkj
djus okys dks fdlh /kjk (tSls ltk) ds
l/hu ykrh gS rkfd ,sls dk;Z dh
iqujko`fRr vkSj nwljksa dks ,slk dk;Z djus
ls jkdk tk ldsA Hkkjrh; vijk/ n.M
lafgrk] 1880 yksd mirki (U;wlsUl) dk
vijkf/dj.k djrh gS vkSj yksd mirki
djus dk nks"kh ik;s tkus okys O;fDr dks
n.M nsus dk izko/ku djrh gSA (/kjk 290
ds lkFk iM+s ) vr% yksd mirki Hkkjr esa
,d vijk/ gS] vkSj yksd mirki djus ds
ftesnkj O;fDr;ksa dks n.M fof/ ds varxZr
nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds foijhr
r
ds viuh laifRr ds mi;ksx esa ck/k gS)
izHkkfor O;fDr dks uqdlkuh ,oa fuokjd
jkgr ds fy, flfoy dk;Zokgh djus gsrq
vknku iznku djrk gSA
cukrk gS%
knksa
esa futh i{kdkj gksrk gS tcfd vijkf/d
ekeyksa esa jkT; (lkekU; :i ls lekt dh
djrk gSA
vfuok;Z :i ls ,d vko';drk ugha gS
(tSls mis{kk esa ea'kk LFkkfir djus dh
vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA) tcfd fdlh
vijk/ ds fy, ea'kk ;k iz;kstu LFkkfir
djuk vko';d rRo gSaA
& rhljk] Hkkjr esa vijk/ dkuwu lnSo
vf/fu;eksa ds :i esa izdV gksrk gS] tcfd
lkekU; dkuwu ds :i esa fo|eku gksrh gSA
vr% vkijkf/d ekeyksa esa izkFkfed fof/
ekeyksa esa vkerkSj ij izkFkfed fof/
fuekZrk U;k;ky; gSA
& pkSFkk] vkijkf/d ekeyksa esa lcwr dk
ekud ^mfpr lansg ls ijs* gksrk gS] tcfd
laHkkoukvksa@ lk{; vf/izHkko* okyk gksrk gSaA
& var esa] uqdlkuh (tSls eqvkotk)
dks feyrh gS tcfd n.M fof/ esa nks"kh
n.M gSA
n`"Vkar% izFke] d viz;kstu iwoZd fdUrq
mis{kk iwoZd [k dks ?kk;y dj nsrk gS vkSj
nwljk x ea'kk iwoZd xksyh pykrk gS vkSj ?k
dks ?kk;y dj nsrk gSaaA igys ekeysa esa
U;k;ky; esa vfu/Zkfjr uqdlkuh ds fy,
gS tgka lcwr dk ekud [k ds nkos ds i{k
esa lk{; ds vf/izHkko okyk gSaA nwljs ekeysa
esa vfHk;kstd jkT; (lkekU; :i esa lekt
vkijkf/d vkjksi ykrk gS (tSls ge;k djus
dk iz;kl rkfd x dks nf.Mr (dkjkokl ;k
dk ekud esa ;g LFkkfir djus dh
vko';drk gS fd x us vijk/ fd;k tks
fd mfpr lansg ls ijs gSA
,sfrgkfld :i ls jkseu dkuwu ,oa ukxfjd
nkf;Ro ds dkuwu dh nks i`Fkd 'kk[kkvksa ds
:i esa fof'k"V varj LFkkfir djrs gSA
rnuqlkj] blh leku vo/kj.kkRed varj
lkekU; dkuwu (vaxzsth fof/ ,oa Hkkjrh;
fof/ lfgr) esa fufgr gks x;k gSA tcfd
bl varj dh lVhd lhek,a /aq/yh gks x;h
gSA chek ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk iz.kkyh lfgr
vk/qfud izxfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd fHkUurk dk lkj ijLijrk
ds fopkj dh dsUnzh;rk ;k lafonk esa ,d
la;qDr m|e esa :i esa ,d vko';d rRo
cu tkrk gS] ifjlheu ,oa O;fDr;ksa dh
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ns[kHkky djus dk
nkf;Ro Mkyrh gS fd os vuqfpr :i ls
nwljksa (vT+kuch lfgr ) dks gkfu ugha
igqapkrs gSaA tc ns[kHkky ds ,sls nkf;Ro
fof/ esa vko';d gksrk gS fd
uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djrk gS (Mksuks?k;w
cuke LVsosalu (1932),lh 562) gkykafd
lafonk esa 'kkfey i{kdkjksa ij (dkj cspus
okys vkSj dkj [kjhnus okys ij) nkf;Ro
vf/jksfir djrh gSA
varjksa dk mYys[k egRoiw.kZ gS%
; fof/ ds varxZr vf/dkj]
fuHkZj ugha djrs gSaa] tks lafonk fof/ ds
foifjr fLFkfr gS tgka lafonkxr vf/dkj]
le>kSrs ls mRiUu gksrh gSA (Hkkjrh; lafonk
vf/fu;e] 1872 dh /kjk 2 t) nwljs
ldrs gSaA
izorZuh; gksrs gSa ftlesa iz'ukxr flfoy
vidkj fd;k gS] tcfd lafonkRed
vf/dkj dsoy lafonk esa 'kkfey nwljs
gksrs gSaA
vfu/kZfjr gksrh gS tcfd lafonkRed
uqdlkuh fu/kZfjr gks ldrh gSA vfu/kZfjr
uqdlkuh ,slh uqdlkuh dks bafxr djrh gS
tgka uqdlkuh dh jde igys ls fu/kZfjr ;k
:i ls Kkr ugha gksrh gS] cfYd ;g
U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
fu/kZfjr uqdlkuh (ftUgsa fuf'pr uqdlkuh
Hkh dgk tkrk gS) os uqdlkuh gS ftldh
jde i{kdkj lafonk djrs le; ?kk;y
i{kdkj ds fy, lafonk dk dksbZ fof'k"V
mYya?ku djus ij eqvkots ds :i esa izkIr
djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa }kjk vfHkfgr gksrh
gS] mnkgj.k Lo:i nsj ls izn'kZuA
n`"Vkar% ;fn d misf{kr :i ls [k dks
fu/kZfjr eqvkotk (tSls ,d ykW[k #i;s) d
ls ysus dk gdnkj ugha cukrk gSA bldh
djus ds fy, gdnkj cukrk gSA tgka
U;k;ky; okLro fu.kZ; nsrk gS fd d dks
[k ds ?kko dh HkjikbZ ds fy, [k dks
fdruk Hkqxrku djuk pkfg,A lafonk fof/
esa fu/kZfjr uqdlkuh dk mnkgj.k ufjeu
IokbaV eqEcbZ esa ,d dk;kZy; LFkku ds
,d fof'k"V [k.M+ gksxk tks mYys[k djrk gS
fd ;fn x fu/kZfjr fnu 25 fnlEcj 2010
dks ?k dks dk;kZy; LFkku iV~Vs ij ugha nsrk
gS rks x dks bl mYya?ku ds fy, ?k dks
,d yk[k #i;s dh fu/kZfjr uqdlkuh dk
Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA
,sfrgkfld mn~Hko
dkuwuh Kku ds fo"k; esa ,d vYivuqla/ku
okys {ks=k dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA jkseu
dkuwu] iwoZ ,aXyks&lsD'ku dkuwu] vfrpkj
esa fodkl] rFkk vk/qfud 21oha
,oa izkS|ksfxfd; izxfr;ksa dks lek;ksftr
djrs gSa] us ,d ,slh lkexzh esa ;ksxnku
djrh gSA
leL;kvksa dk nk'kZfud fo'ys"k.k ikjaifjd
:i ls 2]500 o"kZ iwoZ fudksepsu ,fFkDl esa
lq/kjkRed U;k; dh vjLrq dh ppkZ esa
feyrk gSA
1881 esa izdkf'kr vksfyoj osaMsy gksYel
dh iqLrd n dkseu ykW rkjfdd :i ls
O;kid ,frgkfld&nk'kZfud ifjizs{; esa
leL;kvksa dk fo'kys"k.k djus ds fy,
lkisf{kd :i ls izFke vk/qfud iz;klksa esa
ls ,d gSA gekjs iz;kstu ds fy, ;gka
a vfrpkj dh
fof/ ds mn~Hkoksa ij la{ksi esa fVIi.kh djuk
mfpr gSA
, izkFkfed
tkuk tkrk Fkk] dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk FkkA
vijk/ ,oa vijk/ fof/ ds fopkjksa ls
izkjafHkd bfrgkl izkjafHkd (ftldk mn~Hko
13 oha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku vaxzsth U;k;ky;ksa esa
,d O;fDrxr mipkj ds :i esa gqvk )
vfrpkj dh dkjZokbZ ds bfrgkl ls fudVrk
ls tqM+k gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd vfrpkj dk mn~Hko mu
vodkjksa ds fy, gqvk tks 'kfDr vkSk 'kL=kksa
ds lkFk fd;s tkrs Fks rFkk tks jktk dh
'kkafr dk mYya?ku gksrs FksA (fo ,V vkfeZl]
lse Mksfeuh jsfxl)
'kjhj ds izfr vfrpkj okyh dkjZokb;ksa esa
dh dkjZokbZ
,slh fLFkfr;ksa ij dsfnzr gksrh gS tgka
izfroknh vidkjiwoZd ,oa voS/kfud :i
ls oknh dh laifRr (vpy
laifRr) esa izos'k dj tkrk gSA
cksful ,LiksVsZfVl dh dkjZokbZ ,sls izfroknh
ls uqdlkuh dh iqu% izkfIr esa l{ke cukrh
gS tks voS/kfud ;i ls oknh ds lkeku dks
ysdj pyk x;k FkkA
vizR;{k uqdlkuh ,oa fdlh O;fDr ds
'kjhj] Hkwfe] ;k O;fDrxr laifRr ds izfr
fcuk fgalk ds uqdlkuh] ,oa fdlh O;fDr
dh izfr"Brk ds izfr ,slh uqdlkuh ds lHkh
ekeyksa esa vfrpkj dh dkjZokbZ ij izkjafHkd
vaxzsth fof/ 19 oha 'krkCnh ds fudV rd
dksbZ jkgr miyC/ ugha djkrh FkhA ;g
deh fdlh okn (
izFke ds 1225 ds fo/ku] osLVfefuLVj
bu dksaflfefy dklq
uked [k.M esa) esa vfrpkj dh dkjZokbZ
ds l`tu ls iwjh gqbZ tks fgalk jfgr lHkh
,sls ekeyksa esa mipkj ds fy, l{ke cukrk
gS ftlesa oknh dks ?kko ;k uqdlku gqvk
gksA
vfrpkj dh dkjZokb;ka (;kfpdk,a) ,oa
nkf;Ro ds laiw.kZ {ks=kksa dks lekfgr djrs gaSA
n`"Vkar% vfrpkj ,oa ekeys ij vfrpkj
(1803) 3 bZLV 593 ds fpjlEer mnkgj.k
ls O;k[;kfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA d lM+d
ij ydM+h dk ,d Hkkjh ykWx iQasdrk gS] [k
mipkj pgrk gS D;ksafd ?kko izR;{k ,oa
rRdky FkkA gkykafd ;fn [k FkksM+k nsjh ls
vkrk vkSj lM+d ij iM+s ykWx ls Bksdj
[kkdj ?kk;y gks tkrk] rks [k dsoy ekeys
ij vfrpkj dh dkjZokbZ dks j[k ikrkA
dkiQh fof'k"V jgk gS] rFkk dqN fof'k"V
fVIi.kh dh lwpuk nsrk gSA tcfd fczfV'k
Hkkjr esa lkekU; dkuwu iz.kkyh 18 oha
'krkCnh esa yk;s] fdUrq Hkkjrh; dkuwu
O;oLFkk 1857 ds fonzksg ds ckn ds o"kksZ esa
gh O;ofLFkr gkas ikbZA izR;sd {ks=k esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k] vkSj vkijkf/d]
okf.kfT;d {ks=kksa esa dkuwuh lafgrkvksa dh
ij vk/kfjr) dks o"kZ 1883 rd laiw.kZ
fczfV'k Hkkjr esa izorZuh; cuk;k x;kA
lj gsujh eSau] lj tsEl LVsiQu] vkSj pkSFks
fof/ vk;ksx dh 1879 dh fjiksVZ }kjk
mBk;k x;k FkkA ;g vPNh rjg izysf[kr gS
fd lj iQsMfyd us o"kZ 1986 esa Hkkjrh;
flfoy vidkj fo/s;d dk elksnk Hkh
rS;kj fd;k Fkk] fdUrq bls dHkh fo/kf;dk
ls vf/fu;fer ugha fd;k x;kA
fVIi.khdkjksa us mYys[k fd;k gS fd Hkkjr esa
ls vYi&fodflr Fkh] vkSj ;g mYys[kuh;
oknksa dh la[;k cgqr de gSA xr rhu
n'kdks esa gkykafd Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk us
lr~r fodkl fd;k gSA
;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;g laiw.kZ :i ls
Hkkjrh; U;k;ky;ksa dks fu.kZ; djuk gS fd
viukuk gS] ;fn fdlh fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa
U;k; bldh ekax djrk gS] ;k rks iw.kZ :i
ls mfpr la'kks/uksa ds lkFkA
n`"Vkar% Hkkjrh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us vaxzsth
U;k;ky;ksa }kjk LFkkfir l[r nkf;Ro ekud
esa lq/kj djrs gq, iw.kZ nkf;Ro ekud dks
viuk;k gSA nwljk mnkgj.k cnukeh ds
(fcuk {kfr lcwr ds) ds lkFk vaxzsth fof/
ds varxZr Lohdk;Z ugha gS] fdUrq Hkkjrh;
fof/ ds varxZr Lohdk;Z gSA cnukeh
{k.kHkaxqj :i
fdlh O;fDr ds izfr mls 'kfeZUnk ;k mldk
migkl djus] mldh voekuuk djus]
leqnk; ds vkdyau esa fuEurj ekuk tkus]
;k jkstxkj Lrj ;k dekbZ dks [kksus ds fy,]
;k /qfey izfr"Brk ls ihfM+r djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
U;k;] leku U;k;] vkfFkZd n{krk] Hkfo";
dh ykxr ls cpko fu"i{krk ,oa lekurk]
nqHkkZX; ds mipkj gsrq ;qfDrlaxr iz.kkyh]
vkfn 'kkfey gSA ;|fi budh foLrkj ls
ugha gS] rks Hkh bl ifjizs{; esa foufiQYM
dh bl fo}orkiw.kZ vo/kj.kk dk mYys[k
djuk ykHkizn gksxk fd tc og dgrh gS
laHko ugha gS] fo'ks"k :i ls tc dksbZ ;g
le>rk gS] fd ;g fo"k; bruh fHkUu
fLFkfr;ksa dks bruk foLrkj nsrk gS fd tSls%
d }kjk vlko/kuh ls xyh esa [k dks
uqdlku igqapkuk (mis{kk)] x }kjk [k dks
pksj cksyk tkuk (ekugkfu)] M- }kjk p dks
xyr fuos'k lygk fn;k tkuk (misf{kr
xyr dFku)] N }kjk t dks ,sls le; dkj
fo
gks (:ikarj.k) fouiQhYM dgrh gS fd
izR;sd lkekU; Lrj ij gkykafd ;g dguk
;k jksdFkke ls lacaf/r gs tks lekt esa
?kfVr gksrh gSaA U;k;ky; ds leq[k vkus
oknh
ihM+k >syus ds fy, ekSfnzd eqvkotk
(uqdlkuh)pkgrk gS] vkSj ;g rF; gkfu ds
dkj.k d dks xaHkhj 'kkjhfjd pksV vkrh gSA
bl ?kko ds ifj.kkeLo:i d lgh gksus rd
dk;Z djus ds vleFkZ gks tkrk gSA d dks
?kko ds bykt ij /u Hkh [kpZ djuk iM+rk
gkfu iw.kZ:i ls d ls lacaf/r gksaxhA
nkok d dks bu gkfu;ksa dks [k ds fy,
LFkkukarfjr] vkofUVr] ;k iqu%forfjr djus
dh vuqefr nsrk gS tks izFke LFkku esa ?kko
oknh Hkfo"; esa ,slh gkfu dks jksdus ds
ds ^jksdFkke* izdk;Z vf/izHkkoh gksrs gSA
n`"Vkar% d futh mirki ds fy, [k] tks
vkokl; {ks=k esa d ds edku ds fBd vkxs
,d mPp :i ls iznw"k.k iQykus okyh ,oa
vfr 'kksj okyh e'khuksa ds lkFk jklk;fud
ls tks mipkj pkgrk og ,d ,slk O;kns'k
gS tks [k dks mlds jklk;fud dkj[kkus dks
bldh orZeku vofLFkfr ij tkjh j[kus ls
euk djrk ;k jksdrk gSA
%
vo/kj.k,a
ewy rRo gksrs gSa% vidkj] gkfu] ,oa ?kk;y
djus okys ds vidkj vkSj ihfM+r dks gkfu
ds e
fof/ ihfM+r oknh dks ?kk;y dkjus okys
izfroknh ds fy, gkfu LFkkukarfjr djus es
l{ke cukrk gSA gkfu dks ihfM+r oknh ls
?kk;y djus oys izfroknh ds fy,
LFkkukarfjr gsrq n'kkvksa dks ,sls ^nkf;Ro
nwljh dkuwuh vf/dkfjrk esa fHkUu gksrs gSA
n`"Vkar% d ykijokgh ls dkj pykrs gq, [k
dks /Ddk ekjrk gS] vkSj xaHkhj :i ls
?kk;y dj nsrk gSA ;gk vidkj ,d dh
ykijokgh
xaHkhj ?kko gSA ?kk;y djus okys ds
laca/ bl rF; ls izdV gksrk gS fd ;g d
dkj.k [k ?kk;y gqvkA mis{kk dk dkuwu
ihfM+r oknh [k dks izfrdj ?kk;y djus
oky d ls izfrdj uqdlkuh izkIr djus esa
l{ke cukrk gS] bl vk/kj ij fd d
ifjHkk"kk ;gk egRoiw.kZ gksxh%
fu;e drZO; Hkax ls mRiUu gksrk gSA ;g
drZO; lkekU;r% tu oxZ ds izfr gksrk gS
vkSj blds Hkax gksus ij okn }kjk vfu/kZfjr
uqdlkuh dk mipkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA**
;g mYys[kuh; gS fd nkf;Ro fu;e (izR;sd
ewy varoZLrq dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
nks"k nkf;Ro ,oa l[r nkf;Ro esa varj
ikjaifjd :i ls nks"k nkf;Ro ds varxZr
iz;kl djrk gS] fd izfroknh }kjk vidkj
mls lkFk vidkj fd;k x;k gS vkSj fd
,slk djds izfroknh us vidkj :i ls dk;Z
fd;k gS] tks fd fcuk fdlh vkSfpR; ;k
dkj.k ls fd;k x;k gSA
n`"Vkar% d psgjs ij ?kwls ekjdj [k dks cwjh
rjg ?kk;y dj nsrk gSA d laizgkj ds
izfr nkf;Rok/hu gSA bl laizgkj ds iz;kstu
fd;s tkus ds
fy, ;g vko';d gS fd izfroknh dh oknh
dh ea'kk vkSj fd izfroknh us oknh ds 'kjhj
blds foifjr l[r nkf;Ro ds varxZr
iM+rk gS ;|fi l[r nkf;Ro ds fu.kZ; dk
vfuokZ; :i ls ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd
izfroknh funksZ"krk iwoZd ;k vkSfpR; iw.kZ <ax
ls dk;Z fd;k gSA
dks rksM+ ysrk gS vkSj mlds iM+kslh [k dks
dkV ysrk gS] blds ckotwn fd d miyC/
lcls l'kDr iV~Vk [kjhn dj ,oa vius ?kj
ds pkjksa vkSj mQph nhokj dk fuekZ.k djds
vko';d iwoZ lko/kuh cjr jgk Fkk] vkSj
bl fy, misf{kr ;i ls dk;Z ugha dj jgk
FkkA [k dks gksus okys ?kko ds fy, l[r
:i ls nkf;Rok/hu gSA
ge bl izfrn'kZ ds vafre Hkkx esa nks"k
nkf;Ro vkSj l[r nkf;Ro ds ij xgurk ls
fiQj fopkj djsaxsA
izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro
nkf;Ro dk ,d vuqBk :i ftldk ;gka
mYys[k djuk egRoiw.kZ gS] ^izfrfuf/d
nkf;Ro* vo/kj.kk gS] tgka fdlh O;fDr dks
vU; O;fDr ds izfrO;ogkj ds fy,
ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA izfrfuf/d
nkf;Ro dks ,d ,sls nkf;Ro ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlesaa dksbZ
i;Zos{kh i{k (tSls dksbZ fu;ksDrk) nksuksa
v/huLFk ;k lg;ksxh (tSls dksbZ deZpkjh)
ds dkjZokbZ ;ksX; O;ogkj dks ogu djrk gSA
izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro l[r (vkSj f}rh;d)
nkf;Ro dk ,d :i gS] tks ,tsalh ds
ftlesa O;kid :i ls dgk tkrk gS] fd
ofj"B vf/u"Fk ds dk;ksZds fy, ftEesnkj
gksrk gSA bl izdkj dk nkf;Ro dks izkphu
tk ldrk gS] ftlesa eksVs rkSj ij vuqokn
fd;k tk ldrk gS] fd ^eq[;k @ ofj"B dks
n`"Vkar% d dk ukSdj [k ykijokgh ls d ?kj
dks lkIkQ djrs le; vkxarqd x dks
?kk;ydj nsrk gSA d vius ukSdj [k ds
nkf;Rok/hu gSA
dqN 'kCnkofy;ka ftudk izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro
ls lacaf/r ekeyksa esa izeq[krk ls iz;ksx gqvk
gS mUgsa ;g la{ksi esa O;k[;kfir djus fd
vko';drk gS%
&izeq[k ;k fu;ksDrk% og tks vius dk;Z
lapkyu gsrq nwljksa (vfHkdrkZvksa ;k
deZpkfj;ksa )dh lsok,a ysrk gSA
& vfHkdrkZ% og tks izeq[k ds dk;Z lapkyu
gsrq] j[kk tkrk gSA
& Lora=k Bsdsnkj% og vf/uLFk tks vke
rksj ij vfHkdrkZ dh vis{kk de leh{kk
,oa fxjkuh ds v/hu jgrk gSA
& deZpkjh% og vf/uLFk tks vkerksj ij
vfHkdrkZ ls de fuxjkuh ,oa Lora=k Bsdsnkj
ls vf/d fuxjkuh ds v/hu jgrk gSA
U;k;ky; dks igys ;g irk yxkuk pkfg,
;g mYys[kuh; gS fd Lora=k Bsdsnkj
izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro vf/jksfir ugha djrk gS]
xSj&izR;k;ksT; drZO;ksa ,oaa fufgr [krjukd
xfrfof/;ksa ds ekeys esa dqN vioknksa ds
lkFkA (gfufoy ,oa LVhu fyfeVsM cuke
ykfdZu cznlZ fyfeVsM] (1934) 1 ds ch
191)
n`"Vkar% d viuh laifRr ds pkjksa vkSj ,d
nhokj [kM+h djus gsrq Loar=k Bsdsnkj [k dh
lsok, ysrk gSA [k pkj nhokjh djrs le; x
fy, x ds izfr d dk izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro
ugha gSA
tc dksbZ ijh{k.k lHkh izdkj ds jkstxkj]
,sfrgkfld :i ls 'kkfey ugha dj ikrk gS]
rks fu;ksDrk ,oa deZpkjh ds laca/ LFkkfir
djus ds fy, ijh{k.k ekus x;s fu;ksDrk ,oa
de
dh igpku ekfyd ,oa lsod laca/ ds :i
esa dsUnzhr gksdj fd;k tkrk gSA (;sosal
cuke uks,Dl] (1880) 6 D;wchMh 530)
fu;a=k.k ijh{k.k ml le; fu;ksDrk ij
nkf;Ro vf/jksfir djrk gS tc fu;ksDrk
dkSu lk dk;Z fd;k tkuk gS vkSj bls dSls
fd;k tkuk gS dk vkns'k nsrk gSA
n`"Vkar% d mu cUnjksa] ftUgksaus mlds cM+s
iQkeZ ij geyk izkjaHk fd;k gqvk gS] ls
NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, fcuk vkxs ,slk dksbZ
funsZ'k fn;s gq, fd ;g dk;Z dSls fd;k
tkuk gS [k dh lsok,a ysrk gSA d dk [k
deZpkjh ugha gS fdUrq dsoy ,d Lora=k
Bsdsnkj gS D;kasfd d dk bl ij fu;a=k.k
ugha gS fd dk;Z dSls fd;k tkuk gSA
dksbZ fu;ksDrk lkekU;r% vius deZpkjh ds
dk;Z gsrq izfrfuf/d nkf;Rok/hu dsoy rc
}kjk jkstxkj ds dk;Z ds nkSjku fd;k tkrk
gSA vi
djus ds fy, U;k;ky;ksa dk ilanhnk ijh{k.k
(lke.M }kjk fu:fir) dgrk gS fd dksbZ
deZpkjh ;k rks ,sls vidkj ds fy,
nkf;Rok/hu ekuk tk,xk ftldks mUgksaus
f
cuke yanu tujy vksefucl dks- (1862)
1 ,p ,oa lh 526_ lsaP;qjh ba';ksjsal dks-
(1942)
,lh 509)
n`"Vkar% d y[kumQ esa [k ds LokfeRo okyh
cl dk ifjpkyd gSA ,d fnu d
ykijokgh ls cl pykrk gS vkSj lM+d ij
dbZ yksxksa dks ?kk;y dj nsrk gSA [k dh
ykijogh ds fy, d izfrfuf/d :i ls
ds jkstxkj (tks cl lapkyd dk Fkk u fd
cl pkyd dk )ds dk;Z ds nkSjku ugha
gqvk gSA
s ds fy,
fdlh fu;ksDrk ds izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro ls ml
ds lkFk Hkzfer ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d
[kqn Hkh deZpkjh dks dke ij j[kus vkSj
fuxjkuh djus esa mis{kk ds fy, nkf;Rok/hu
gks ldrk gSA fdUrq ,slk fu;qDrk tks
deZpkjh dks dke ij j[kus vkSj mldh
fuxjkuh djus esa ykijokgk ugha Fkk] Hkh
mlds deZpkjh dh ykijokgh ds dkj.k
fdlh rhljs i{k dks igqaph pksV ds fy,
izfrfuf/d nkf;Rok/hu Bgjk;k tk ldrk
gSA
izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro ds dqN fpjlEer oxksZ
esa 'kkfey gSa%
nkf;Ro tc dksbZ izeq[k fdlh dk;Z dks
ds fy, nkf;Rok/hu gks tkrk gS] c'krsZ dh
,slk dk;Z vfHkdrkZ ds drZO;ksa ds fuokZgu
ds nkSjku gqvk gksA
ds Hkkxhnkjksa dk nkf;Ro% fdlh iQeZ ds
Hkkxhnkj fdlh nks"kh Hkkxhnkj ds leku gh
ds lkekU; O;olkf;d dk;Z ds nkSjku gqvk
gksA
ekfyd
nkf;Rok/hu gS c'krsZ dh ,slk vidkj
ekfyd ds dk;Z ;k vkns'kksa ds ukSdj }kjk
fu"iknu ds nkSjku gqvk gksA
tgka ,d vksj ,sfrgkfld :i ls iz;kstu
izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro dh vf/drj dkjZokb;ka
foiQy gqbZ gSa] ogha vaxzsth fof/ lkisf{kd
:i ls gky gh esa ;g ekU;rk (;kSu 'kks"k.k
ds fy, izfrfuf/d nkf;Ro 'kkfey gksus ds
,d ekeys esa ) nh gS fd tgka dksbZ ea'kk
iwoZd fdlh deZpkjh }kjk fd;k x;k
izfrfuf/d nkf;Rok/hu ik;k tk ldrk gSA
(fyLVj cuke gslys gky fyfeVsM (2001)
;w ds ,p ,y 22)
n`"Vkar% d ,d ukbVDyc dk ekfyd gS
tgka mldk ukSdj [k lqj{kk O;oLFkkvksa dk
izHkkjh gSA ,d fnu [k ukbVdyc ds ,d
vfFkfr x dks ?kwals vkSj ykr ekjrk gSA d
vius deZpkjh [k ds ea'kk iwoZd laizgkj ds
gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd lkekU; fof/ esa dksbZ
ukSdj ;k deZpkjh vius ekfyd ;k fu;ksDrk
dks mlds ekfyd ;k fu;ksDrk }kjk Hkqxrku
dh x;h uqdlkuh dh jde dks izfriwfrZ
djus ds fy, nkf;Rok/hu gksxkA vaxzsth
fof/ ds varxZr flfoy nkf;Ro (;ksxnku)
vf/fu;e] 1978 ds izko/ku fdlh fu;ksDrk
;k izeq[k] tSlk Hkh ekeyk gks] dks dqN ;k
lHkh uqdlkuh dks vius deZpkjh ;k
vfHkdrkZ ls fjdoj djus esa l{ke cuk
ldrs gSaA
n`"Vkar% d vius ukSdj [k ds x ds izfr
nkf;Rok/hu Bgjk;k tkrk gS vkSj x dks d
}kjk 10 gtkj #i;s dh uqdlkuh dk Hkqxrku
fd;k tkrk gSA d dks 10 gtkj #i;s rd
dk izfrdj nsus ds fy, [k nkf;Rok/hu
gksxkA
la;qDr ,oa fHkUu nkf;Ro
la;qDr nkf;Ro] fHkUu nkf;Ro] vkSj la;qDr
,oa fHkUu nkf;Ro 'kCnkofy;ksa dks le>kuk
ekeys esa nks ;k vf/d izfrokfn;ksa ls dSls
izkIr djrk gSA
la;qDr nkf;Ro
tc nks ;k vf/d izfroknh la;qDr nkf;Ro
tkrk gS] vkSj u esa ls izR;sd O;fDrxr :i
ls gkfu dh iwjh jde rd ds fy, oknh ds
izfr nkf;Rok/hu gSA ;fn dksbZ izfroknh dh
e`R;q gks tkrh gS] ykirk gks tkrk gS] ;k
fnokfy;ka ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks
oknh uqdlkuh dh iwjh jde vU; izfroknh
(izfroknh;ksa) ls izkir dj ldrk gSA oknh
vkerkSj ij izfrokfn;ksa ds la;qDr nkf;Ro
dks izkIr djus ds fy, vfoHkkT;rk ds
uqdlku dks vo'; n'kkZrk gSA egRoiw.kZ ckr
gS fd oknh ,d ls vf/d ckj iw.kZ
uqdlkuh dks izkIr ugha dj ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar% x dks cnuke djus ds fy, [k dks
d mdlkrk gSA d ,oa [k nksuksa la;qDr
fy, la;qDr :i ls x ds izfr nkf;Rok/hu
gSaA
fHkUu nkf;Ro
tc nks ;k vf/d izfroknh fHkUu ;k vyx
nkf;Ro j[krs gS rks mUgsa fHkUu ;k Lora=k
izR;sd oknh ds izfr O;fDrxr :i ls dsoy
gkfu ;k {kfr ds vius [kqn ls lacaf/r va'k
gsrq nkf;Rok/hu gksrk gSA fHkUu nkf;Ro dks
nks"k }kjk vfHkfu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
n`"Vkar% d ,d cM+h NM+h ?kqekrk gS vkSj bls
[k dh vkSj /edh iwoZd ?kqekrs gq, mls
blls ekjus dh /edh nsrk gSA x NM+h dks
d ls ysysrk gS vkSj okLro esa blls [k dks
ekjrk gS
nkf;Rok/hu gSA ,slk dk;Z djus ds fy,
Li"V :i ls fo|eku l{kerk ,oa ea'kk ds
lkFk nwljs dks 'kkjhfjd pksV igqapkus dk
iz;kl djuk ;k /edh nsuk ,d ^geyk* gSA
la;qDr fHkUu nkf;Ro
la;qDr ,oa fHkUu nkf;Ro ds varxZr dksbZ
vf/jksi.k dj ldrk gS] vkSj ;g
vius ls lacaf/r nkf;Ro ,oa Hkqxrku ds
va'k dks fuiVk;saA vr% la;qDr ,oa fHkUu
oknh fdlh Hkh izfroknh ls laiw.kZ uqdlkuh
izkIr dj ldrk gS pkgsa izfrokfn;ksa dk
O;fDr;ksa dk va'k dqN Hkh gksA
n`"Vkar% rduhf'k;u d ykijokgh ls [k ds
?kj esa ,d ikuh dk ghVj LFkkfir djrk gSA
dbZ o"kZ ckn ,d vU; rduhf'k;u x ikuh
ds ghVj dh LFkkiuk dk fujh{k.k djrk vkSj
bls eatwjh nsrk gSA ;g ikuh dk ghVj iQV
tkrk gS ftlls [k ?kk;y gks tkrk gSA d
,oa x la;qDr ,oa fHkUu :i ls mis{kk ds
,oa iz{ks=k
foHk
fof/ ds lgh iz{ks=k ds laca/ esa csgrj
fo'ys"k.kRed lqLi"Vrk iznku dh tk ldsaA
fofHkUu izdkjksa dks le>us dk ,d
lqfo/ktud rfjdk gSA ftuls bl fof/ dks
fuiVuk gksrk gSA
;g mu lk'k; dk;ksZ dks bafxr djrk gS
ftuls ,d ;k vf/d O;fDr;ksa dks gksus
okyh gkfu dks mfpr :i ls igys gh tkuk
tk ldrk gS vkSj muls okLro esa ,slk gh
laizgkj] feF;k dkjkokl ,oa lnks"k ifjjks/]
HkkoukRed ladV dk lk'k; d"V] vkSj
/ksdk/M+h] rFkk Hkwfe vfrpkj] py&laifRr
vfrpkj] ,oa :ikarj.k tSls laifRr ds
n`"Vkar% d lk'k; iwoZd [k ds psgjs ij
?kwalk ekjrk gS vkSj mldh ukd rksM+ nsrk gSA
nkf;Rok/hu gSA
tkrs gSA vr% vf/drj lk'k; nw?kZVuk,a
(vke rkSj ij ykijokgh ds ekeys) gksrs gS]
fdUrq bl oxZ ds varxZr l[r nkf;Ro ,oa
Hkh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
n`"Vkar% ;g tku dj dh mlus ckj ijh{kk
ykijokgh ls vkiuh ckgas pkjksa vksj ?kqekrk
psgjs ij ekj nsrk gS vkSj mldh ukd rksM+
ds fy, nkf;Rok/hu gSA
n`"Vkar% d f=kosUnze ds fudV ckgjh {ks=k esa
fLFkr ,d ck?k iquokZl dsUnz dk ekfyd gSA
;fn dksbZ fo'ks"k 'kfDr 'kkyh ck?k dsUnz ls
Hkkx tkrk gS vkSj jkgxhj [k ij geyk dj
varxZr [k ds izfr iw.kZ ls nkf;Rok/hu gksxk]
,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh tc d ;Fkkl{ke
lko/ku Fkk vkSj lqj{kk mik;ksa ,oa fitjs dh
etcwrh dh ;kstuk esa ykijokgk ugha FkkA
ck?k ds mlds dsUnz ls Hkkxus vkSj [k ij
geyk djus ds dk;Z esa dksbZ ea'kk ugha FkhA
tks nwljs ,d ;k vf/d O;fDr;ksa ds 'kjhj
dks 'kkjhfjd pksV igqapkrs gSaA
n`"Vkar% d lk'k; iwoZd [k ds psgjs ij
?kwalk ekjrk gS vkSj mldh ukd rksM+ nsrk gSA
nkf;Rok/hu gSA
n`"Vkar% [k dks d mlds dejs esa can dj
nsrk gS vkSj dbZ ?kaVs rd eqDr djus djus
ds fy, [k dh izkFkZuk ij Hkh njoktk
[kksyus ds fy, badkj dj nsrk gSA d feF;k
nkf;Rok/hu gSA feF;k dkjkokl ds 'kkjhfjd
;g vko';d gS fd izfroknh lk'k; :i ls
fcuk fdlh dkuwuh vf/dkfjrk ds oknh ds
vkokxeu dh Lora=krk ij iw.kZ vojks/
yxkrk gSA (MsfoMlu cuke uksFkZ osYl ds
eq[; dkaLVscy ,oa vU;] (1924) 2
,,y,y bZvkj 597)
;k izfr"Brk dks {kfr igaqpkrs gaSA vewrZ
gkfu] dkWihjkbV
dk mYya?ku] iz;ksfxrk dk izfrca/ 'kkfey
gSA vf/drj vf/dkfjrkvksa esa vewrZ
fy, ea'kk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
,d ys[k fy[krh gS fd [k fujarj mlds
ifr dks /ksdk ns jgh gS rFkk fofHkUu ;kSu
vkjksi lR; ugha gS vkSj d bl xyr lwpuk
dks dsoy bl fy, iQSykrh gS D;ksafd og
[k ls O;fDrxr dkj.kksa ds fy, ?k`.kk djrh
gSA d ekugkfu (fo'ks"k ekugkfu) esa vewrZ
n`"Vkar% [k dbZ o"kksZ ls caXkykSj esa ,d jsLrjka
pyk jgk gS ftldks vius Lokfn"V ranwjh
caxykSj ds vU; Hkkx esa ,d jsLrjka [kksyrk
gS] vkSj vius ranwjh fpdu dks ^^ekSfyd [k
ds uqL[kk ds leku ranwjh fpdu** rS;kj
fd;s tkus dk foKkiu nsrk gSA gkykafd d
ds foKkiuksa ,oa esuw esa eqfnzr ^^ekSfyd [k
ds uqL[kk ds leku ranwjh fpdu** 'kCnksa ds
iz.kkeLo:i Hkze mRiUu gks tkrk gS] rks
caxykSj esa cgqr ls yksx [k jsLrjka ij Hkh
tkuk can dj nsrs gSA blls [k dh dekbZ esa
dkiQh gkfu gksrh gSA dkWihjkbV mYya?ku ds
ftlesa oknh ds dkuwuh laifRr vf/dkjksa ds
lkFk vidkj vfrpkj 'kfEefyr gSA
wfe ds
vfrpkj] py&laifRr (O;fDrxr laifRr )
ds izfr vfrpkj ,oa ifjorZu 'kkfey gSa
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
n`"Vkar% d ea'kk iwoZd fcuk vuqefr ;k
lgefr ds [k ds iQkeZ esa ?kql tkrk gSA d
nkf;Rok/hu gSA Hkwfe vfrpkj ml le;
gksrk gS tc dksbZ O;fDr ea'kk ls fcuk
oS/kfud dkj.k ds fdlh vU; dh Hkwfe esa
?kql tkrk gSA
n`"Vkar% d ea'kk ds lkFk ,oa fcuk vuqefr
;k lgefr ds [k ds isafly cksDl dks
ysysrk gS vkSj bls [k ds cSx esa okil j[kus
ls igys blls [ksyrk gSA d py&laifRr
gSA py&laifRr vfrpkj O;fDrxr laifRr ds
LokfeRo vf/dkj ds lkFk lk'k; gLrk{ksi
gSA
n`"Vkar% d ,oa [k fnYyh esa ,d edku esa
lusek esa fiQYe ns[k jgk Fkk] rks d [k ds
dejs esa tkrk gS vkSj ogka ls lkjk iQfuZpj
ys dj viuh cgu ds ?kj esa j[k nsrk gSA
[k fiQYe ls okil vkrk gS vkSj vius dejs
dks iwjh rjg [kkyh ikdj vius lkjs iQfuZpj
ds ckjs esa iwNrk gSA d ykirk iQfuZpj dh
fLFkfr dks izdV djus ls badkj dj nsrk gSA
nkf;Rok/hu gSA ifjorZu ekfyd ds
O;fDrxr laifRr ds LokfeRo vf/dkj ds
lkFk ,d egRoiw.kZ gLrk{ksi gS tks vf/dkj
ls badkj djds] laifRr dks {kfr dks u"V
djds fd;k tkrk gSA
;g lafo/ku ds ,sls mYya?ku (;k
lafo/kfud :i ls izR;kHkwr vf/dkjksa dk
mYya?ku) dks bafxr djrk gS tgk ihfM+r
oknh fdlh flfoy U;k;ky; ds le{k
flfoy dkjZokbZ esa jkT; ls izfrdj uqdlkuh
izkIr djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 300 esa
izko/ku fd;k x;k gS fd ljdkj okn nk;j
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
jnqy 'kkg cuke fcgkj jkT; ,vkbZvkj 1983
,llh 1806_ lsckfLp;u ,e gksasxzs cuke
Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 1984 ,llh 571_
Hkhe flag cuke tEew ,oa d'ehj jkT;]
,vkbZvkj 1986 ,llh 494_ vkSj uhycrh
csgjk cuke mM+hlk jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1993
,llh 1960 egRoiw.kZ okn mu fLFkfr;ksa
,oa lafo/kfud fof/ 'kkL=k esa lafo/kfud
lafo/
nksuksa izdkj dk gks ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar% d tks tEew ,oa d'ehj jkT; dh
fo/ku lHkk dk izfrf"Br lnL; gS] dks
iqfyl }kjk mls fo/ku lHkk ds ,d ,sls
egRoiw.kZ l=k esa Hkkx ysus ls jkdus ds fy,
tgka mldk er egRoiw.kZ gks ldrk FkkA d
dks ,s vKkr LFkku ij j[kk tkrk gS vkSj
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA d dks
fo/kf;dk l=k iw.kZ gksus ds ckn eqDr dj
fn;k tkrk gSA tEew ,oa d'ehj jkT; d dks
rkjh
izfrdj nsus dk Hkqxrku djus gsrq
nkf;Rok/hu gSA
;g ,sls flfoy vidkjksa dks n'kkZrk gS tks
drZO; ds mYya?ku ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrs gSa
vkSj u fd U;k;ky; }kjkA tcfd vf/drj
gqvk gS] bUgsa vkerkSj ij Li"V :i ls
lafof/;ksa esa Mky fn;k x;k rkfd muds
varoZLrq dks Li"V fd;k tk lds mudh
egRork ij cy fn;k tk ldsA
lacaf/r fo/k;uksa ,oa fofu;eksa esa ik;k tk
ldrk gS] tSls miHkksDrk laj{k.k ,oa mRikn
nkf;Ro] vf/"Bkrkvksa ds nkf;Ro] [kk|
lqj{kk] LokLFk; ,oa i;kZoj.k rFkk jsyos
nq?kZVuk nkf;Ro esaA
Hkkjrh; fof/ ls ,d mYys[kuh; mnkgj.k
miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 1986
(miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e) gSa] tks
mipkjksa ds fy, dk;Z izk:i dk ltu djrk
gSA miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e dh /kjk 14
(1) (Mh) ftyk iQksje dks mRikn
fuekZrkvksa ;k lsok iznkrkvksa dks ,slh jde
dk Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k nsus esa l{ke
cukrh gS tks blds }kjk miHkksDrk dks fdlh
gkfu ;k ?kko ls ihfM+r gksus ds fy, mls
izfrdj ds :i esa Hkqxrku djus gsrq ds fy,
fu/kZfjr djrh gSA
n`"Vkar% d ,d tksM+h u, twrs fuekZrk [k dh
gSA gkykafd twrs ij vHkh Hkh gkfu dkjd
jlk;u yxk gS] vkSj d ds iSjksa esa nnZukd
[kjksp mRiUu dj nsrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i
d dk ck;k iSj iaxq gks tkrk gSA d dks
?kko ,oa gkfu ds fy, miHkksDrk laj{k.k
vf/fu;e ds varxZr fodflr lkafof/d
nkf;Rok/hu gSA
;g ,sls flfoy vidkjksa dks n'kkZrk gS
ftlesa fdlh O;fDr ds O;kikfjd]
okf.kfT;d] ;k vkfFkZd fgrks ds lkFk
gLr{ksi 'kkfey gksrk gSA
fof/ esa fo|eku gSA
vkfFkZd ;k okf.fT;d ifjizs{; esa flfoy
"kM~;a=k (lkekU; ;k voS/kfud)] Ny]
nqHkkZoukiw.kZ >wB] lafonk dk mYya?ku] /edh
(vfFkZd lanHkZ esa)] O;kikj ds lkFk
xSj&dkuwuh gLr{ksi (xSj&dkuwuh lk/uksa ls
gkfu ds lanHkZ esa Hkh fufnZ"V)] vkSj misf{kr
vidFku 'kkfey gSA vfFkZd ifjizs{; esa
'kkfey dj fy, tkrs gSaA
vkschth fyfeVsM cuke vyku] (2007)
;wds ,p,y 21 esa gkml vkWiQ ykWM~l ds
fy, nkf;Ro (vaxzsth fof/ ds varxZr) ml
le; mRiUu gksrk gS tc dksbZ O;fDr
midkjiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gSA
n`"Vkar% [k ls d crkrk gS fd ,d rhljk
i{k x fo'oluh; gS vkSj [k dks x ds fy,
/u m/kj nsus gsrq tksj nsdj izksRlkfgr djrk
gS] ;g vPNh rjg tkuus ds ckotwn dh x
okLro esa ,d vHkkoxzLr gS] vkSj igys ls
gh Hkkjh dtZnkj gSA d ds dFku ij
fo'okl djrs gq, x dks [k cM+h jde dk
okilh dh fcuk fdlh laHkkouk ds bls [kks
nsrk gSA ;gka d Ny vkSj nqHkkZoukiw.kZ >wB
n`"Vkar% d tkurk gS fd [k dh x ds izfr
fy, [k dks izsfjr djrk gS] rkfd blds
ifj.keLo:i x dks {kfr gks ldsaA d lafonk
x ds izfr nkf;Rok/hu gSA
n`"Vkar% d ,oa [k ,d le>kSrk djrs gS fd
izR;sd jfookj dks xaxVksd ds lCth cktkj
dks d ds iQkeZ ls rkth mRiUu lfCt;ksa
ifjogu lsok nsxhA [k dks rhljk i{k x
/edh nsrk gS fd ;fn muesa ls fdlh dks
Hkh d dk lkeku ystkrs gq, ik;k x;k rks
Mj tkrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i d dh
lfCt;ksa dk ifjogu djus ls badkj dj nsrk
gS] ftlls d dks cM+h gkfu gksrh gSA ;gka
x nkf;Rok/hu gSA
n`"Vkar% d ,oa [k izfr}a}h ok;q;ku fuekZrk
,d fnu igys ftlesa [k dk u;k ok;q;ku
ekWMy ykWp fd;k tkuk gS] d xSj&dkuwuh
<ax ls [k ds dkj[kkus esa izos'k djrk gS]
vkSj [k ds u, ok;q;ku ekWMy esa yxs batu
dkss iqjkus ,oa de n{krk okys batu ls
ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] [k dk
ok;q;ku izn'kZuh esa vYi izn'kZu djrk gS]
vkSj bl dkj.k ls bl ok;q;ku ds fy, dbZ
vkWMj jn~n gks tkrs gSA O;kikj ds lkFk
xSj&dkuwuh gLr{ksi djus ;k xSj&dkuwuh
dk d nkf;Rok/hu gSA
bafxr djrk gS ftlesa ,d ;k vf/d
(vkerkSj ij dkWikZsjsV ;k jkT;) izfrokfn;ksa
gksrs gSA
Hkksiy jlk;u la;a=k esa fjlko (lqj{kk eudks
dh mis{kk ds dkj.k) gksrk gSA ftlls
okrko.kZ] Hkwfexr ty ,oa feV~Vh esa fo"kkDr
jlk;u fey tkrs gSa vkSj ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i Hkksiky ds gtkjksa fuokfl;ksa
(rRdkyhu ,oa Hkfo"; esa) dh e`R;q gkas
tkrh gS vkSj cgqr ls ?kk;y gks tkrs gSA ?k
nkf;Rok/hu gSA
n`"Vkar% N ,d izeq[k Hks"kt daiuh gs tks
,d ,slh 'kked nok dk fodkl djrh gS
ftls rhu o"kZ rd cktkj esa cspk tkrk gSA
'kh?kz gh ;g irk yxrk gS fd N dh
'kked nok us mu uo tkr cPpksa esa xaHkhj
tUe nks"kksa mriUu fd;k gS ftudh ekrkvksa
us xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku bl nok dk lsou
fd;k FkkA bl nok ds bu nq%[kn izHkkoksa dk
irk {ks=k ijh{k.k ds nkSjku N ds misf{kr
lqj{kk mik;ksa ds dkj.k ugha yxk FkkA N
nkf;Rok/hu gSA
blls ,sls vidkj bafxr gksrs gSa ftuds fy,
fufr;ka flfoy fuokj.k dk izko/ku djrh
ksa
ujlagkj] voS/ izLrqfrdj.k ,oa i;kZo.kh;
iznw"k.k ds fy, gkfu iwfrSZ dh ekaxs 'kkfey
gSA
;gka mYys[kuh; vU; egRoiw.kZ O;oLFkk ,d
vf/fu;e] 1789 gS tks ;w,l la?k;
U;k;ky;ksa d
la;qDr jkT; dh laf/ ds mYya?ku esa
okyh flfoy dkjZokbZ ij vf/dkfjrk iznku
djrk gSA
fdlh Hkh rjg ls Li"Vr% lhfer ;k
ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS] vkSj vR;f/d cgl ,oa
fopkjf.k;k izokgk esa cuk jgrk gSA mngj.k
igyh iqjkrurk dks cjdjkj j[ks gq, gS
tcfd fo/k;d] U;k;ky;] ,oa fo}ku
lkisf{kd :i ls vk/qfud (,oa fookfnr)
;kSu'kks"k.k] lkbcj&{kfr] ds ckjs esa O;k[;k
djuk tkjh j[krs gSA
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh esa v/qfud fodkl]
vkSj vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd uhfr;ksa esa tfVy
fof/ Hkh Lo;a dks fujarj fodflr vkSj iqu%
ifjHkkf"kr djrh jgs rkfd dkuwuh vodkjksa
ls mRiUu gkfu;ksa ,oa nqHkkZX;ksa ls laiw.kZ nk;js
esa i;kZIr:i ls fuiVk tk ldsA
nkf;Ro ds ges'kk O;kid gksrs ,oa cM+rs
nk;js dks dBksjrk ls ;k vafre :i ls can
djuk vkfne gksuk gksxkA** (t; y{eh
lkYV oDlZ (ih) fyfeVsM cuke xqtjkr
jkT; (1994) 4 ,llhlh 1)
^^mis{kk dh Jsf.k;ksa dks dHkh can ugha fd;k
tk ldrk** (ykWMZ eSdfeyu] Mksuksx esa
cuke LVsosalu] (1932) ,lh 532)
dBksj nkf
fu;e
220 ds izeq[k okn us dBksj nkf;Ro ds
ekud dks LFkkfir fd;k tks fujarj
izko/ku djrk gS fd dksbZ O;fDr tks vius
[kqn
vkSj ogka dqN Hkh 'kjkjr tSlk djus ds
fy, ,df=kr djrk gS] rks og bls vius
tksf[ke ij j[krk gS vkSj ;fn og ,slk
djus esas foiQy gks tkrk gS] vkSj ;g Hkkx
tkrk gS rks izFke n`f"V;ka og blds
foiyk;u ds LokHkkfod ifj.kke ls {kfr
bl fu;e ds varxZr nkf;Ro dBksj gksrk gS
vkSj ;g dksbZ cpko ugha gksrk gS fd og
oLrq mlds O;fDrxr bPNk ds dk;Z] nks"k
;k ykijokgh ds fcuk xk;c gqbZ gS vkSj ;gka
rfd mldh mifLFkfr ds laca/ esa Hkh dksbZ
laKku ugha FkkA ;g fu;e dsoy Hkwfe ds
xSj&LokHkkfod mi;ksx ds izfr ykxw gksrk gS
vkSj ;g LokHkkfod :i ls Hkwfe ij gksus
okyh phtksa ds fy, ykxw ugha gksrk gSA ;k
tgka foiyk;u bZ'ojh; dk;Z ls ;k vtuch
ds dk;Z ls] ;k ?kk;y O;fDr ds nks"k ds
dkj.k gqvk gS] vFkok tgka og oLrq tks
foiyk;u djrh gSA ?kky; O;fDr dh
lgefr ls fo|eku gS] ;k dqN ekeyksa esa
tgka oS/kfud izkf/dkj gSA
n`"Vkar % d viuh laifRr ij ,d can {ks=k
esa ,d cM+s [krjukd dqRrs dks j[krk gSA d
dh laifRr esa [k izos'k djrk gS vkSj d
dh laifRr ls tkus ls igys can {ks=k ds xsV
dks [kksy nsrk gSA dqN feuV ckn dqRrk
foiyk;u dj tkrk gS vkSj d dh laifRr
ds ckgj [k dks dkV ysrk gSA dBksj nkf;Ro
ds varxZr [k ds izfr d nkf;Rok/hu ugha gS
D;ksafd ;g [k dk nks"k Fkk ftlds dkj.k
dqRrk d dh laaifRr ls ckgj pyk x;kA
lapkyu ds LFkku ,oa jhfr ds vuq:i fdlh
fofp=k] vlkekU;] vlk/kj.k] viokniw.kZ ;k
vuqfpr xfrfof/ dh fu"iQyrk ls dksbZ
gkfudkjd ifj.kke gksus dh fLFkfr esa dBksj
nkf;Ro dk izorZu djus gsrq U;k;ky;ksa us
gSA
jk;yS.M~l dks ,slh vfr [krjukd
xfrfof/;ksaa rd lhfer djrs gq, lhfer
:i esa viuk;k x;k gS tks bls ^^fdlh
O;fDr] Hkwfe] ;k vU; dh py laifRr dks
gksus okyh xaHkhj gkfu dk [krjs ftls vR;ar
lko/kuh ls Vkyk tk ldrk gS ** ds :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
iw.kZ nkf;Ro% ,elh esgRkk cuke Hkkjr la?k
Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,elh esgrk
cuke Hkkjr la?k ,vkbZvkj 1987 ,llh
1086 (vksfy;e xSl fjlko ekeyk) okn
esa vius fofu'p; esa Hkkjr esa iw.kZ nkf;Ro
ds vuqie ekud LFkkfir fd;sA
iw.kZ nkf;Ro ekud ,oa dBksj nkf;Ro ekud
esa vko';drk ;g gS fd iw.kZ nkf;Ro ekud
vksfy;e xSl fjlko okn fu;e esa mYys[k
djrk gS fd tgka dksbZ baVjizkbt fdlh
[krjukd ;k LokHkkfod :i ls [krjukd
xfrfof/ esa layXu gS] vkSj ,sls [krjukd ;k
LokHkkfod :i ls [krjukd xfrfof/ ds
gksrh gS rks og baVjizkbt mu lHkh yksxksa
dks izfrdj nsus gsrq dBksj ,oa iw.kZ :i ls
nkf;Rok/hu gS tks bl nq?kZVuk ls izHkkfor
gq, gSa vkSj ,slk nkf;Ro fdlh vioknksa tks
gksrs gSa ds v/hu ugha gksxkA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us vkxs dgk fd iw.kZ
nkf;Ro ds ekeyksa esa izfrdj dk mik; blesa
'kkfey baVjizkbt ds ifjek.k ,oa {kerk ls
n`"Vkar% [k ds ml jlk;u dkj[kkus ls fjlus
okyh tgjhyh xSl ls d ?kk;y gks tkrk gSA
tks fdVuk'kd cukrh gSA d dks gqbZ gkfu ds
fy, [k mlds izfr iw.kZ :i ls nkf;Ro/hu
gSA
n`"Vkar% [k ds jlk;u dj[kkus esa fdVuk'kdks
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ,d fnu [k dh laifRr
ij fctyh ls ,d Vsad ds {kfrxzLr gksus ls
tgjhyh xSl dk fjlko gks tkrk gS ftlls
d ?kk;y gks tkrk gSA jk;yS.M~l cuke
ls nkf;Rok/hu ugha gS D;ksafd tsgjhyh xSl
dk fudyuk nSo dk;Z ls gqvk gSA gkykafd
Hkkjrh; fof/ ds varxZr d dks gq, d"V
ds fy, mlds izfr [k iw.kZ :i ls
nkf;Ro/hu gSA
izfroknh ds vkpj.k ls oknh ij vuqfpr
[krjk ykxw gks tkrk gS ftlds ifj.kke ls
oknh ?kk;y gks tkrk gSA ykijokg
drkZ dh lk'k; dh ekufld fLFkfr
ugha gS rks Hkh ;g nks"k nkf;Ro gksrk gSA
misf{kr dkjZokbZ ds vo;o gksrs gSa%
&drZO;% izfroknh dk ;g dkuwuh drZO; gS
fd og ,sls fuf'pr ekud ds vuq:i
vkpj.k djs ftlls nwljs dks vuqfpr [krjs
ls cpk;k tk ldsA
& vuq:i djus esa foiQyrk% izfroknh dks
O;ogkj ;k vkpj.k bl ekud ds vuq:i
ughs gksrk gSA
& vklUu dkj.k% izfr oknh ds mis{kkiw.kZ
dk;Z vkSj oknh dk ?kko vkSj ifj.kke Lo:i
vkdlfed
laca/ gksuk pkfg,A
&okLrfod {kfr% oknh dks dkuwuh :i ls
ekU;rk izkIr izdkj dh gkfu ;k {kfr okLro
esa gksuh pkfg,A
n`"Vkar% d dkj pyk jgk gS fdUrq vius
gSaA d dh dkj jgkxhj [k dks /dk ekj dj
djrs le;) dk lM+d ij iSny jgkxhjksa ds
drZO; dh vuq:irk esas foiQyrk gS tks [k
dks dkuwuh :i ls eku;rk izkIr ?kko nsus
vklu dkj.k gSA varr% [k ?kk;y gqvk gS
vkSj bk fy, okLrfod {kfr gqbZ gSA
mis{kk esa lko/kuh dk ekud
foosd vkSj lko/kuh dh fMxzh gS] ftls ,d
;qfDr;qDr O;fDr dks leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
viuk drZO; fuHkkrs le; iznf'kZr djuk
pkfg,A mYys[kuh; gS fd ;qfDr;qDr ekud
,d oLrq oLrq ij[k ekud gS] tks lkekU;
O;fDr ds ekud ls fHkUu gSA
dk fu/kZj.k djus esa egRoiw.kZ iz'u ;g
'kkfey gS % ^^lkekU; foosd okys ,d
;qfDr;qDr O;fDr dks dSlk gksuk pkfg,\**
n`"Vkar% d taxy esa vius dsai LFky ij
vkx tykrk gSA rc og viuk leku iSd
djrk gS vkSj fcuk vkx cq>k, vius dsai
LFky ls pyk tkr gS ftlls taxy esa vkx
yx tkrh gS vkSj Hkkjh {kfr dk dkj.k curh
gSA d mis{kkiw.kZ dk;Z ds fy nkf;Rok/hu
gksxk D;ksafd ,slh n'kk esa ;qfDr;qDr O;fDr
{ks=k ls tkus ls igys vkx dks cq>k dj
tkrkA
fdlh fo'ks"k mnkgj.k esa vko';d lko/kuh
ekud dk fu/kZj.k ;k fo'ys"k.k djrs
gksrk gS%
&oknh dks ;g vo'; n'kkZuk pkfg, fd
izfr oknh ds vkpj.k us oknh ij gkfu dk
vuqfpr [krjk Mkyk FkkA
& oknh ds fy, ek=k ;g n'kkZuk i;kZIr ugha
gS fd izfroknh ds vpj.k ls oknh dks ?kko
gqvk gSA oknh dks ;g vo'; n'kkZuk pkfg,
fd ?kVuk ds le; ns[kk x;k izfroknh dk
vkpj.k gkfu dk vukSfpr [krjk Mkyrk gSA
jsl
gSa* ds :i esa vuqokfnr gSA) oknh ds i{k
esa ,d l'kDr gLr{ksi gS fd mis{kk okLro
esa gqbZ gSA ,d ckj jsl bIlk yksDohVj
ykxw gksrk gS rks ;g vkxs n'kkZus
dh vko';drk ugha jgrh fd izfroknh
D;ksafd lko/kuh ds drZO; ,oa mYya?ku ds
rRo nq?kZVuk ds LoHkko ls Li"V gks ldrs
gSaA
n`"Vkar% d visaMsDVkseh (visafMDl dks
fudkyuk )ds i'pkr~ vius isV ,oa mnj
{ks=k esa nnZ dh f'kdk;r ys dj fpfdRld
ds ikl tkrk gSA fpfrRld ,sDljs n'kkZrk gS
fd fpfdRlk Ldsyisy ds leku vkdkj ,oa
mnj esa gSA phts [kqn cksyrh gS vkSj ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd visaMsDVkseh djus okyk
fpfdRld ykijokg gSA
vkerkSj ij
vaxzsth fof/ ;k Hkkjrh; fof/ ds varxZr
lcwr ds Hkkj dks iwjhrjg ifjofrZr ugha
vkerkSj ij rhu 'krsZ iwjh djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gS%
&fopkjk/hu ?kko ; nq?kZVuk bl izdkj dh gS
fd og lkekU;r% fcuk mis{kk ds ugha gks
ldrh gSA
n`"Vkar% fpfdRld [k jksxh d ds efLr"d
dh ltZjh dj nsrk gS tcfd vius nkfgus
iSj esa nnZ dh f'kdk;r djrk gSA
&?kko ;k gkfu izfroknh ds iw.kZ :i ls
fu;a=k.k esa ,d O;oLFkk ds dkj.k gqbZ gSA
fu;qDr gS njokts ;k flaXuy can djus ,oa
[kksyus esa ykijokgh djrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i
nks xkfM+;ka Vdjk tkrh gS ftlls Hkkjh {kfr
gksrh gSA ykxw
gksrk gS D;ksafd izfroknh jsyos ds iw.kZ
fu;a=k.k esa ,d O;oLFkk nq?kZVuk gqbZ gSA
& gkfu] ?kk;y i{kdkj ds fdlh LofPNd
dk;Z ;k ;ksxnku ds dkj.k ugha gqbZ gSA
n`"Vkar % d ds bekjr dk ,fyosVj dh [k
daiuh }kjk ejaer dh tkrh gSA [k ,fyosVj
ds nokts ij ,d lwpuk yxk nsrk gS fd
,fyosVj [kjkc vkSj fuokfl;ksa dks blds
LFkku ij flfM+;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
d njokts ls lwpuk dks gVk nsrk gSA ml
fnu ckn esa nsj jkr dks ?kj yksVrs le; d
vius }kjk igys gVkbZ x;h lwpuk ds ckjs esa
Hkwydj ,sfyosVj esa pyk tkrk gSA [kjkch ds
dkj.k ifj.kke Lo:i d ?kk;y gks tkrk gSA
d ds ;ksx nku ds dkj.k jsl bIlk
ykxw ugha gksxkA
AiKla BaartIya baar prIxaa
AByaasa saamaga`I
ivaYaya 19 Á kraQaana kanaUna ko isawant
kraQaana kanaUna ko isawant
AQyaaya 1 Á pircaya ¸
kraQaana¸ Apnao maula $p maoM sarkar Wara iva<a jauTanao ko ilae
vyai>yaaoM AaOr saMsqaaAaoM sao ek trh ka tkajaa hOM . yah
A@sar inamaa-Na¸ pavaQaana tqaa maala tqaa saovaaAaoM kI Kpt tqaa
p`avaQaana ko ilae ek naIitk ]pkrNa ko $p maoM [stomaala haota
hOM .
kraoM kI phcaana ]nakI Ainavaaya- p`Ìit sao AaOr Baugatana kI
ga[- raiYa tqaa kraoM sao iva<a paoiYat saava-jainak saovaaAaoM ko maUlya
ko baIca ko saMbaMQa ko ilae iksaI ja$rt kI kmaI sao kI jaatI hOM
. saatvaIMM AnausaUcaI maoM p`ivaiYTyaaoM ko AaQaar pr kraoM kao saMGa yaa
rajyaaoM ko Wara kr lagaayao jaato hOM . [sako Aitir>¸ e 265
ko Anausaar¸ ‘‘ ivaiQa ko paiQakar ko ibanaa kao[- BaI kr nahIM
lagaayaa jaaegaa AaOr na hI jamaa ikyaa jaaegaa .’’ yahaM ‘‘ivaiQa’’
ka matlaba hOM ek ivaQaaiyaka Wara pairt kanaUna . ³gaulaama
husaOna iva$w rajasqaana rajya¸ eAayaAar 1963 esasaI 379´
kao[- kaya-karI AadoYa¸ ek inayama jaao kanaUna kI Yai>yaaoM yaa
iksaI prMpra sao pro calao jaata hOM¸ vah kanaUna nahIM hOM .
kr ek ‘‘Aaya yaaogya GaTnaa’’ ko haonao pr lagaayaa jaata hOM .
]dahrNa ko ilae Aaya kr ko ilae kr yaaogya GaTnaa hOM¸ Aaya
ka Aija-t haonaa¸ ]%pad Yaulk ko ilae ]%padna kr yaaogya GaTnaa
hOM AaOr saovaa kr ko ilae kr yaaogya GaTnaa saovaa ka p`avaQaana hOM
.
AamataOr pr kr lagaanao vaalaI ivaiQayaaoM pr ek ‘‘p`Baar ka
p`avapQaana’’ haota hOM jaao kr yaaogya GaTnaa tqaa saMbaMiQat gaNanaa
saMbaMQaI p`avaQaana ko baIca saMbaMQa sqaaipt krta hOM . [na
p`avaQaanaaoM kI vyaa#yaa sa#tI sao kI jaanaa caaihe . yaid iksaI
vyai> kao sa#tI sao pavaQaana ko dayaro maoM nahIM laayaa gayaa hOM tao
]sa pr kr ibalakula BaI nahIM lagaayaa jaa sakta .
³Aaya.Aar iva$w ka]MTosa Aa^f laaMgafaoD-¸ 13 TIsaI 573¸
³ecaela´ . vahaM maYaInarI p`avaQaana B&I hOM jaao maUlyaaMkna¸ saMga`h¸
AiQainaNa-ya tqaa ApIla ko ilae p`avaQaana krto hOM . [nakI
vyaa#yaa kI jaanaI caaihe taik maYaInarI vyaavahairk banaI rho .
³ yaUnaa[ToD p`avaInsa iva$w saI Aaya TI¸ 204¸ AayaTIAar¸
794´
AQyaaya 2 Á kraoM ka vagaI-krNa
kraoM ka maaoTo taOr pr dao pNaailayaaoM maoM vagaI-krNa ikyaa jaa
sakta hOM ¹ p`%yaxa yaa Ap`%yaxa kr¸ yaa Anaupaitk¸ pgaitYaIla
AaOr p`itgaamaI kr .
p`%yaxa tqaa Ap`%yaxa kr
p`%yaxa kr vao kr hOM jaao Aama taOr pr ]nakI Baugatana xamata
AaOr ]nakI Aaya¸ vyaya tqaa kula saMpi<a pr AaMkilat ike
jaakr vyai>yaaoM pr lagaayao jaato hOM . ³ jaOsao ik ]dahrNa ko
ilae Aayakr¸ saMpi<a kr¸ ]phar kr ´
dUsarI Aaor¸ Ap%yaxa kr vao kr hOM jaao maala¸ saovaaAaoM¸ saaOdaoM yaa
gaitivaiQayaaoM pr lagaayao jaato hOM . vao AamataOr pr ek maQyasqa
Wara ]na vyai>yaaoM sao jamaa ike jaato hOM¸ijana pr kr ka
Aintma daiya%va haota hOM¸ jaOsao ik ivaËota yaa saovaa p`data .
Ap`%yaxa kraoM ko ]dahrNa hOM¸ ivaËya kr¸ ]%pad Yaulk tqaa
saImaa Yaulk ´
Anaupaitk¸ pgaitYaIla tqaa pitgaamaI kraraopNa
Anaupaitk kraraopNa vahaM ikyaa jaata hOM jahaM kr ka pirmaaNa¸
kraraopNa ike jaanao vaalao Qana ko Anaupat maoM haota hOM jahaM [sa
yaaoga ko baavajaUd yah Anaupat Apirvait-t banaa rhta hOM .
p`gaitYaIla kr vah hO jahaM kryaaogya raiYa ko saaqa kr kI droM
ba,ZtI hOM taik jaOsao hI kryaaogya raiYa ba,ZtI hOM vaOsao hI kr kI
p`%yaok Aitir> [ka[- ka ek ba,Da ihssaa kr ko $p maoM
Baugatana krnaa haota hOM .
p`itgaamaI kraraopNa vah hO jahaM raiYa ko ba,DI haonao pr kr kI
dr GaT jaatI hOM .
kuC maamalaao maoM¸ jaOsao ik vaRi<akr maoM kr kI dr¸ p`it vaYa-
Baugatana yaaogya ek inaQaa-irt raiYa haotI hOM . [sa pkar ka
kr¸ Anaupaitk¸ pgaitYaIlana yaa p`itgaamaI nahIM hOM prntu [sao maUla
kr ko $p maoM jaanaa jaata hO.
AQyaaya 3 Á p`%yaxa kr
Aaya kr
ivaQaana
Aaya kr Aayakr AiQainayama¸1961 ³‘‘Aayakr AiQainayama’’´
ko Antga-t ]dga`iht ikyaa jaata hOM ijasanao BaartIya Aayakr
AiQainayama 1922 kao p`itsqaaipt ikyaa hOM . yah saMivaQaana kI
saatvaI AnausaUcaI kI saUcaI 1 kI p`ivaiYT 82 ko Antga-t pairt
ikyaa gayaa hOM jaao ‘‘ÌiYa Aaya ko Aitir> Anya Aaya pr
kr’’ ko ilae p`avaQaana krta hOM . ‘‘ÌiYa Aaya’’ ko ilae dI
ga[- [sa CUT kao Aayakr AiQainayama maoM esa 10³1´ maoM dYaa-yaa
gayaa hOM .
AiKla BaartIya baar prIxaa¸ AByaasa saamaga`I ² 99 ©
2010, baar ka]Misala Aa^f [iNDyaa tqaa ronamaokr T/oinaMga eND
irËuTmaonT pa[vaoT ilaimaToD . savaa-iQakar saurixat . [sa saamaga`I
ko iksaI BaI AnaaiQaÌt ]pyaaoga yaa puna-Áp`stuit ike jaanao pr
laagaU haonao vaalao saBaI dIvaanaI tqaa faOjadarI kanaUnaI ]pcaaraoM ko
p`avaQaana laagaU haoMgaoM .
p`Baar pavaQaana
Aayakr kao Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa 4 ko Antga-t p`Baairt
ikyaa jaata hOM .
‘‘³1´ jahaM kao[ - BaI kondIya ivaiQa yah AiQainayaimat krtI hOM
ik iksaI BaI inaQaa-rNa vaYa- ko ilae iksaI iksaI BaI dr yaa draoM
pr Aaya kr p`Baairt ikyaa jaaegaa¸ tao ]sa vaYa- ko ilae¸ AaOr
ipClao vaYa- maoM p`%yaok vyai> kI kula Aaya ko sandBa- maoM [sa
AiQainayama ko p`avaQaanaaoM ko Anausaar eosaI dr yaa draoM pr
Aayakr pBaairt ikyaa jaaegaa .’’
[sa KND maoM p`mauK Sabd hO. Á
kond`Iya AiQainayama Á yah ]sa prMpra kao sandiBa-t hOM ik yah
iva<a AiQainayama hOM¸ jaao bajaT ko Anausaar pairt huAa hOM AaOr
jaao ]sa vaYa- ko ilae Baugatana yaaogya Aayakr kao inaQaa-irt krta
hOM.
‘‘hr vyai>’’ Á ko Antgaba -t vao vyai> Aato hOM jaao
esa.2³31´ maoM pirBaaiYat hOM . ¹‘‘ek vyai>¸ ek vyai>¸
ek kMpnaI¸ ek fma-¸ vyai>yaaoM ka ek saMgazna¸ ek sqaanaIya
p`aiQakrNa¸ AaOr hr Ìi~ma nyaaiyak vyai> jaao ]prao> iksaI
BaI EaoNaI maoM nahIM Aata hOM .
vah Aaya ijasa pr kr pBaairt ikyaa gayaa hOM¸ vah ‘ipClao vaYa -
’’ ³esa.3 maoM pirBaaiYat´ kI Aaya hOM AaOr inaQaa -rNa vaYa- kI
nahIM hOM . kr ipClao vaYa- ko pirNaamaaoM ko AaQaar pr Agalao
vaYa- maoM AaMkilat AaOr Baugatana ikyaa gayaa hO . ³[iNDyana
Aayarna iva$w saI Aaya TI¸ 11 AayaTIAar 328´ halaaMik¸
laagaU haonao vaalaI ivaiQa ipClao inaQaa-rNa vaYa- maM laagaU ivaiQa haogaI .
³irlaayaMsa iva$w saI Aaya TI¸120 AayaTIAar 921´ . AtÁ¸
p`Baairt sao@Yana kI vajah sao Aanao vaalao kr daiya%va¸ ipClao vaYa-
kI samaaiPt pr¸ raiYa kI maa~a ka zhrava baad maoM ikyaa jaata
hOM . ³vaa^laosa badsa- iva$w saI Dblau TI¸ 16¸ AayaTIAar
240´
vyai> kI ‘‘kula Aaya’’ ³esa.5 maoM pirBaaiYat´ kr pr laayaI
jaatI hOM .
Aaya
Aaya kao Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa.2³24´ ko Antga-t
pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM AaOr [sa p`avaQaana ko Antga-t [sakI
ek ivastairt pirBaaYaa hOM .
‘‘Aaya’’ kI AadYa - pirBaaYaa hOM Á
‘‘Aaya...... sao ek AavaiQak Aaiqa -k p`aiPt hOM jaao
inaiYcat s~aotaoM sao iksaI trh kI inayaimat $p sao ‘‘Aa rhI hao’’
yaa inayaimat taOr pr Apoixat hao... [samaoM iksaI trh kI
Aakismak p`Ìit kI Aaya Yaaimala nahIM hOM ... [sa trh
Aaya kao ek vaRxa ko fla kI trh yaa ek Kot kI fsala sao
jaao,Da gayaa hOM . yah iksaI eosaI caIja ka ]%pad hOM ijasao ‘pUMjaI’
ko $p maoM sandiBa-t ikyaa jaata hOM . ³saIAayaTI iva$w Yaa
vaa^laosa¸ 59 Aayae 206´
halaaMik¸ kuC ivaiBaÙ inaNa-yaaoM maoM [sa ]i> kI ivavaocanaa kI ga[-
hO AaOr Aaja yah svaIkar ikyaa jaata hOM ik vah kao[- BaI caIja
ijasao Aayakr AiQainayama ko Antga-t Aaya ko $p maoM vaiNa-t
ikyaa jaa sakta hOM AaOr kraraopNa ikyaa jaa sakta hOM¸ tba
tk ik [sao vya> $p sao Cao,Da nahIM gayaa hao¸ ‘‘Aaya’’ hOM . ³
eimala vaobar iva$w saIAayaTI¸ 200 AayaTIAar 483 ³esasaI´
. yah Yabd [tnaa vyaapk hOM ik [samaoM gaOr kanaUnaI vyavasaaya sao
p`aPt Aaya BaI Yaaimala hOM . ³ iva<a maM~alaIya iva$w ismaqa¸
1927¸ esaI 193´ . nyaayaalaya nao Anaok inaNa-yaaoM maoM yah
sqaaipt ikyaa hOM ik Aayakr AiQainayama ko Antga-t iksaI
vyai> kI ‘‘vaastivak Aaya’’ pr hI kr lagaayaa jaa sakta hOM
. yaid yah inaQaa-irtI kI Aaya nahIM hOM tao kao[- Aayakr
daiya%va nahIM ]%pÙ haota hOM . ³gaaoQara [laoi@T/k kMpnaI iva$w
saIAayaTI ³1997´ 4 esasaIsaI 530´
]dahrNa Á ek [laoi@T/k kMpnaI p`a.ila. Apnao gaahkaoM sao
QanaraiYa paPt krtI hOM AaOr fayada banaatI hOM . ek ivaYaoYa
kanaona ko Antga-t¸ vahaM Aitir> laaBa ka 1À4 Baaga ga`ahkaoM
kao laaOTanao ka ek daiya%va hOM . 1À4 Baaga laaOTanao ko daiya%va
kao ‘‘ga`ahk laaBa Aarixat Kata’’ pr inaQaa-irt kr idyaa gayaa
qaa . halaaMik¸ yah ek eosao Aarixat Kato ka ihssaa qaa ijasao
ga`ahkaoM kao laaOTayaa jaanaa qaa AaOr [sailae yah p`a. ila. ko
vaastivak laaBa ka ihssaa nahIM banaa AaOr [sa pr kraraopNa nahIM
ikyaa jaa sakta hOM . ³pUnaa [laoi@T/k saPlaaya iva$w
saIAayaTI¸ 57 AayaTIAar 521´
pUMjaI AaOr rajasva p`aiPtyaaM
vao paiPtyaaM jaao ek inaQaa-irtI ko vyavasaaya kI saaQaarNa kaya-
p`NaalaI sao ]%pÙ haotI hOM¸ vao ‘‘rajasva p`aiPtyaaM’’ khlaatI hOM
AaOr vao paiPtyaaM jaao inaQaa-irtI ko vyavasaaya kI inayaimat kaya-
p`NaalaI sao ]%pÙ nahIM haotI¸ ]nhoM pUMjaIgat p`aiPtyaaM khlaatI hOM
. Aayakr AiQainayama ko Antga-t¸ maa~ rajasva p`aiPtyaaoM kao hI
Aayakr ko $p maoM kraraoipt ikyaa jaata hOM¸ AaOr pUMjaIgat
p`aiPtyaaoM kao isaf- tBaI kraraoipt ikyaa jaata hOM jaba vao
‘‘pUMjaIgat laaBa’’ ko $p maoM kr yaaogya hao .
]dahrNa Á e¸ ek skUla maoM AQyaapk hOM¸ jaao p`it maah vaotna
p`aPt krto hOM . yah ek rajasva p`aiPt hO. . e¸ ek
vasaIyat Wara Apnao kaka sao ek ba,DI QanaraiYa manaIAaD-r Wara
p`aPt krto hOM . yah ek pUMjaIgat p`aiPt hOM .
]dahrNa Á baI kMpnaI sToYanaI vyavasaaya maoM kaya-rt hOM . yah
saamaga`I ko ivaËya sao Qana p`aPt krtI hOM . yah ek pUMjaIgat
p`aiPt hOM . yaid baI kMpnaI iryala [sToT maoM haotI tao jamaIna kI
ibaËI ek rajasva p`aiPt ko Antga-t AatI . yaid baI kMpnaI
Apnao kayaa-laya pirsar kao baocatI hOM AaOr ek fayada banaatI hOM
tao yah ek pUMjaIgat p`aiPt haogaI @yaaoMik jamaIna rKI ga[- qaI
AaOr [saka saaOda [sako vyavasaaya ko baahr ek pUMjaIgat inavaoYa
ko $p maoM ikyaa gayaa .
]dahrNa Á saI kMpnaI jaao ek kaoyalao kI Kana ko ilae ivaËota
AiBakta- ka vyavasaaya krnao vaalaI ek saI kMpnaI kao Apnao
vyavasaaya kI kaya-pNaalaI maoM vaoganaoM KrIdnaI haotI hOM . yauw ko
karNa kImatoM ba,Znao kI saMBaavanaa ko karNa¸ ]sanao ba,DI saM#yaa maoM
vaoganaoM KrIdI AaOr ifr ek ba,Do laaBa ko saaqa ]nhoM baocaa . yah
laaBa rajasva hOM @yaaoMik yah vyavasaaya ko saamaanya kaya-pNaalaI maoM
ikyaa gayaa kaya- qaa . ³baoinana eND kMpnaI iva$w Aaga. 7
TI saI 125 ´
ek ivastairt inayama ko $p maoM¸ ek p`aiPt jaao ek sqaayaI pUMjaI
kI p`Ìit kI hO¸ vah kryaaogya nahIM hOM prntu jaba yah ek
pirËimat pUMjaI yaa sTa^k¹[na¹T/oD haotI hO tao yah kr yaaogya
haotI hOM . ³jaa^na ismaqa iva$w maUr¸ 12 TI saI¸ 266 ³ecaela´
]dahrNa Á ek kMpnaI caInaI ima+I kI saamaga`I banaatI hOM AaOr
[sanao kuC caInaI ima+I kI jamaInaoM laIja pr lao rKI qaI . yah
jamaInaoM ek ivaQaana ko Antga-t ek rolavao kMpnaI Wara
AiQagaRiht kr laI ga[- AaOr [sako ilae mauAavajao ka Baugatana
ikyaa gayaa . [sa p`aiPt kao ek pUMjaIgat p`aiPt samaJaa gayaa
@yaaoMik yah caInaI ima+I kI jamaInaaoM ko nauksaana ko ilae idyaa
gayaa qaa jaao ek pUMjaIgat saMpi<a qaI . yah tqya ik eosaa
Baugatana maunaafaoM pr AaMka gayaa qaa¸ [sao ek rajasva p`aiPt nahIM
banaata . ³gnaonabaaoga fayar@lao kMpnaI iva$w AayaAar 12 TIsaI
427´
p`aiPt kI p`Ìit isaf- paPtkta- ko haqaaoM maoM [sakI pÌit pr
inaBa-r haotI hOM AaOr na ik Baugatanakta- ko haqaaoM maoM [sakI p`Ìit
pr .
]dahrNa Á Dblau kMpnaI maYaInarI maoM ek DIlar hOM . ek
AaTaomaaobaa[la inamaa-ta¸ jaoD kMpnaI¸ Dblau kMpnaI sao maYaInarI
KrIdtI hOM . jaoD kMpnaI ko ila] yah Kca- ek pUMjaIgat vyaya
hOM jabaik Dblau kMpnaI ko ilae yah p`aiPt ek rajasva p`aiPt hOM
. saaOdaoM sao haonao vaalaI laaBa AaOr haina jaao ek inaQaa-irtI ko
vyavasaaya ko pirNaamasva$p hOM yaa [sasao inakT saMbaMQa rKtI hOM¸
vao rajasva paiPtyaaM hOM .
]dahrNa Á ek sTa^k ba`aokr Wara ]sako svayaM ko Kato sao kI
YaoyaraoM kI KrIdI AaOr ibaËI¸ ek baOMk kao farona e@sacaoMja
saaOdaoM sao p`aPt laaBa¸ AaOr ek kMpnaI Wara Apnao Gar¸ Apnao
kma-caairyaaoM kao Baa,Do pr dokr p`aPt laaBa¸ saBaI rajasva p`aiPtyaaM
hOM . p`aiPtyaaoM kI AavatI- yaa ekmauYt p`Ìit¸ paiPt kI p`Ìit
ko AaMklana sao AsaMbaw hOM . ]dahrNa ko ilae¸ laoKkaoM Wara
rayalTI ko iva$w p`aPt Aiga`ma¸ ]nako haqaaoM maoM ek rajasva
p`aiPt haogaI . yaid ek Baugatana kao Anaumaainat vaaiYa-k laaBa
yaa pOdavaar ko $p maoM maapa jaata hOM tao yah ek rajasva hOM .
[saI p`kar¸ jaao pasaMigak hOM¸ vah saaOdaoM kI p`Ìit hO¸ na ik
paiT-yaaoM ko Wara [sao idyaa gayaa naama .
]dahrNa Á ebaIsaI kMpnaI¸ e@sa vhaya jaoD kMpnaI ko ilae
ekmaa~ saoilaMga ejaonT hOM . ejaoMsaI ko samaaPt haonao pr [nhoM
p`aPt kao[- BaI mauAavajaa ek pUMjaIgat paiPt haogaa .
³halaaMik¸ Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa.28 ko Antga-t¸ [sao
kr yaaogya banaayaa gayaa hOM . ´ yaid ebaIsaI kMpnaI kI bahut saI
ejaoMisayaaM hOM AaOr ]namaoM sao ek kao samaaPt ikyaa jaata hOM tao
p`aPt mauAavajaa ek rajasva p`aiPt haogaa .
]dahrNa Á ek icaik%saalaya ko saaqa iksaI AnaubaMQa ko Antga-
t ek Da^@Tr pr ]sa xao~ maoM paMca vaYa- tk p`oi@Tsa krnao pr
pabandI hOM AaOr vah [sa pabandI ko ilae ek mauAavajaa p`aPt
krta hOM . yah ek pUMjaIgat paiPt hOM . haMlaaik¸ Da^@Tr ko
raojagaar AnaubaMQa ko Antga-t¸ Da@Tr isaf- ]sa icaik%saalaya maoM
hI p`oi@Tsa krnao kI sahmait ko ilae ek ‘‘gaOr pi@Tsa Ba<aa’’
p`aPt krnao ko ilae AiQaÌt hOM . yah ek rajasva paiPt hOM .
‘‘ipClaa vaYa-’’¸ ‘‘inaQaa-rNa vaYa-’’¸ ‘‘iva<aIya vaYa -’’
Aayakr AiQainayama ka esa.3 pavaQaana krta hOM Á
‘‘[sa AiQainayama ko pyaaojanaaoM ko ilae¸ ‘‘ipClao vaYa -’’ sao ta%pya -
hOM¸ inaQaa-rNa vaYa- sao hala hI maoM pUva- gaujara huAa iva<aIya vaYa- .
esa.2 ³9´¸ ko Anausaar¸ inaQaa-rNa vaYa- sao AiBapot hO hr 1
Ap`ola sao parMBa baarh mahInao kI AvaiQa . AnttÁ¸ jabaik
Aayakr AiQainayama ‘‘iva<aIya vaYa -’’ kao pirBaaiYat nahIM krta¸
vahIM kMpnaI e@T¸ 1956 ko Anausaar¸ yah vah AvaiQa hOM ijasako
saMbaMQa maoM kMpnaI Wara vaaiYa-k saaQaarNa baOzk sao pUva- laaBa tqaa
haina laoKa p`stut ikyaa jaata hOM . eosaI AvaiQa AavaYyak nahIM
hOM ik zIk ek vaYa- hao . saamaanya
saamaanya KND AiQainayama¸ 1897 ko Anausaar yah vah AvaiQa hOM
jaao 1 Apola sao Yau$ haokr 31 maaca- kao samaaPt haotI hOM .
halaaMik¸ yah inaQaa-irt tqaa ipClao vaYa- kao BaI pirBaaiYat krtI
hOM . ‘‘inaQaa -irt vaYa-’’ sao AiBapot hOM¸ baarh vaYa- kI vah AvaiQa
jaao p`%yaok vaYa- 1 Ap`ola sao Yau$ haotI hOM jabaik ipClao vaYa- kao
]sa iva<aIya vaYa- ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM jaao inaQaa-irt
vaYa- sao zIk phlao gaujara hOM .
hala hI maoM sqaaipt vyavasaayaaoM tqaa poYaaoM ko maamalaaoM maoM¸ inaQaa-irt
vaYa- yaa ipClao vaYa- kao vah tarIK ijasa pr vyavasaaya p`arMBa
ikyaa gayaa qaa tqaa vah tarIK ijasa pr iva<aIya vaYa- samaaPt
haota hOM¸ ko baIca kI AvaiQa kao kha jaata hOM .
]dahrNa Á vhaya vakIla pirYad maoM 4 idsaMbar kao Yaaimala haota
hOM . inaQaa-irt vaYa- 2010¹11 ko ilae¸ ]naka ipClaa vaYa- 4
idsaMbar¸ 209 AaOr 31 maaca-¸ 2010 ko baIca kI AvaiQa haogaa
.
]dahrNa Á jaoD kMpnaI nao Apnaa vyavasaaya 26 idvaMbar¸ 2008
sao p`arMBa ikyaa AaOr iva<aIya vaYa- 2008¹09 ko ilae ApnaI
laoKa pustkaoM kao 31 idsaMbar¸ 2009 kao band ikyaa .
ivaVmaana maamalao maoM¸ ipClao vaYa- ko Antga-t 31 maaca-¸ 2010 tk
kI AvaiQa Yaaimala haogaI AaOr [sako baad baarh maah kI AvaiQa
ko ilae inaQaa-irt vaYa- 1 Apola¸ 2010 kao parMBa haogaa .
rhvaasa¸ saamaanya rhvaasaI nahIM AaOr gaOr rhvaasaI ³esa.6´
ek vyai> Baart ka rhvaasaI hO yaid ipClao vaYa- ko daOrana vah
182 idnaaMo sao AiQak kI AvaiQa ko ilae Baart maoM rha hOM¸ yaa
ipClao vaYa- ko pUva- ko caar vaYaao- maoM vah 365 idnaaoM sao AiQak
samaya ko ilae AaOr ipClao vaYa- maoM kma sao kma 60 idnaaoM ko ilae
Baart maoM rha hOM .
ek vyai> Baart maoM saamaanya $p sao inavaasa nahIM kr rha hOM yaid
vah iksaI ek ‘‘rhvaasa’’ maapdND kao pUra kr rha hO AaOr vah
saMbaw ipClao vaYa- sao pUva- ko ipClao dsa vaYao- maoM sao naaO vaYaao- ko
ilae gaOr inavaasaI rha hOM¸ yaa saMbaw ipClao vaYa- sao pUva- ko saat
vaYaao- maoM 729 idnaaoM sao kma kI AvaiQa ko ilae Baart maoM rha hOM
. yaid vah ]prao> iksaI BaI EaoNaI maoM nahIM Aata tao ]sao ek
gaOr inavaasaI ko $p maoM vagaI-Ìt ikyaa jaaegaa . ek kMpnaI ko
maamalao maoM¸ Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa.2³26´ ko Anausaar¸ ek
‘‘BaartIya kMpnaI’’ hmaoYaa Baart kI rhvaasaI maanaI jaaegaI .
esa.6³3´ ko Anausaar¸ ek ivadoYaI kMpnaI ko maamalao maoM¸ yaid
]sa ipClao vaYa- ko daOrana kMpnaI ka pUNa- inayaM~Na tqaa pbaMQana
Baart sao ikyaa jaa rha hO tao vah Baart kI rhvaasaI maanaI
jaaegaI .
kula Aaya
Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa.5³1´ ko Antga-t ek ‘‘rhvaasaI’’
kI ‘‘kula Aaya’’ maoM vah Aaya Yaaimala hOM¸ jaao
Baart maoM paPt hu[- hO yaa paPt haonaa maanaI ga[- hOM¸ yaa
]sao Baart maoM doya yaa ]%pÙ¸ yaa
]sao Baart sao baahr doya yaa ]%pÙ hO .
ek vyai> jaao saamaanya $p sao Baart ka rhvaasaI nahIM hOM ]sa
pr isaf- ]prao> dao ibanduAaoM ko Antga-t kraraopNa ikyaa
jaaegaa .
ek gaOr¹rhvaasaI kao isaf- ]saI Aaya pr kraraopNa ikyaa
jaaegaa jaao yaa tao p`aPt hu[- hO yaa p`aPt haonaa maanaI ga[- hO yaa jaao
Baart maoM doya hO yaa doya haonaa maanaI ga[- hOM .
p`aiPtyaaM¸ doya
‘‘p`aiPtyaaM’’ sao AiBapot hOM¸ inaQaa-irt yaa inaQaa-irtI kI Aaor sao
iksaI Anya ko haqaaoM maoM Aaya kI BaaOitk p`aiPt .
p`aiPt kI maamalao maoM jaanakarI ko dao phlauAaoM kao samaJao jaanao kI
ja$rh hOM ¹ p`aiPt ka sqaana AaOr p`aiPt ka samaya . inaQaa-irtI
Wara QanaraiYa tba p`aPt kI jaatI hOM jaba yah ]sako inayaM~Na maoM
Aa jaatI hOM . AtÁ Dak ko Wara ek caok kI p`aiPt vah
sqaana haogaI jahaM inaQaa-irtI ko W&ra caok p`aPt ikyaa gayaa hOM
AaOr eosaI QanaraiYa ko paPt haonao ka samaya caok kI paiPt ka
samaya haogaa AaOr na ik ]sako nakdIkrNa ka . . eosaI
QanaraiYa ijanako baaro maoM yah maanaa gayaa hO ik vao inaQaa-irtI Wara
p`aPt kI ga[- hOM vao QanaraiYayaaM hOM jaOsao ik s~aot pr kTaOit
ikyaa gayaa kr¸ inaQaa-irtI kI Aaya maoM Yaaimala Anya vyai>yaaoM
kI Aaya ³esaesa 60¹64´¸ Avya> Aaya¸ inavaoYa
³esa.69e¸ 69´¸ BaivaYya inaiQa maoM ike AMYadana ³esa7(i))
AaOr ek kMpnaI ko Wara Baugatana ikyao gayao kao[- Anya laaBaaMYa
yaa saMBaaivat laaBaaMYa .
ek Aaya¸ ek vyai> kao ‘‘doya’’ tba maanaI jaatI hOM jaba ]sako
pxa maoM ek ?Na tOyaar ikyaa jaata hOM . ek vyai> ek Aaya
tba Aija-t krta hOM jaba vah ek Aaya ‘‘doya’’ krnao ko ilae
maala yaa saovaaeM p`dana krto hue ]%padna maoM sahyaaoga krta hOM¸
AaOr jaba eosaI Aaya p`aPt krnao ka AiQakar inaQaa-irt kao doya
hao jaata hOM .
]dahrNa Á Dblau vhaya kao maala baocata hOM ijasako ilae Dblau kao
vhaya sao Baugatana ka ek ihssaa p`aPt haota hOM . jaba tk ik
kao[- AnaubaMQa na hao¸ yah pUrI raiYa Dblau kao doya haogaI¸ Balao hI
Dblau kao yah p`aPt nahIM hu[- hao @yaaoMik Dblau kao eosaI Aaya
p`aPt krnao ka AiQakar hOM .
]dahrNa Á ek kMpnaI¸ [DIesa kMpnaI¸ caar kMpinayaaoM kI
maonaoijaMga ejaonT qaI . AnaubaMQa ko Anausaar¸ maonaoijaMga ejaoMsaI ka
kmaIYana p`%yaok iva<aIya vaYa- ko Ant maoM jaao,Da gayaa AaOr caar
kMpinayaaoM ko W&ra [DIesa kao Baugatana kr idyaa gayaa . ek
iva<aIya vaYa- maoM kuC mahInaaoM ko ilae¸ [DIesa nao ApnaI maonaoijaMga
ejaoMsaI caar Anya ejaoMisayaaoM kao hstaMtirt kr dI . vaYa- ko
Ant maoM kMpinayaaoM Wara maonaoijaMga ejaoMsaI ka kmaIYana jaao,Da gayaa
AaOr caar na[- kMpinayaaoM kao Baugatana kr idyaa gayaa . ]sa vaYa-
[DIesa kao kao[- QanaraiYa doya nahIM hu[-¸ Balao hI ]sanao ]sa vaYa-
ko ek ihssao ko ilae saovaaeM dI qaI @yaaoMik [DIesa kao vaYa- ko
Ant tk AnaubaMQa ko Antga-t iksaI BaI QanaraiYa p`aPt krnao
ka kao[- AiQakar nahIM hOM . vao Aaya jaao ega gaOr¹inavaasaI kao
Baart maoM doya haonaa yaa Aija-t haonaa maanaI jaatI hOM¸ vao esa.9 maoM
saUcaIbaw hOM AaOr [namaoM Yaaimala hOM Á
Baart maoM ek vyavasaaiyak saMbaMQa sao paPt Aaya Á ‘vyavasaaiyak
saMba MQa’ ka Aqa - hO ek ek gaOr¹rhvaasaI ko Wara ]sakI Aaor sao
iksaI Anya vyai> ko maaQyama sao saMcaailat kI jaa rhI
vyavasaaiyak gaitivaiQa ³doMKoM esa.9(1)(i)) maoM idyaa
spYTIkrNa´
Baart maoM ek saMpi<a sao paPt Aaya Á yah Aaya Baart maoM Aija-t
haonaa maanaI ga[- hOM¸ AaOr [sasao AsaMbaw hOM ik Aaya khaM paPt
hu[- hOM¸
Baart maoM iksaI BaI Aaya ko s~aot yaa saMpi<a sao paPt Aaya
Baart maoM ek pUMjaIgat saMpi<a ko hstantrNa ko maaQyama sao paPt
Aaya¸
Baart maoM Aija-t Aaya¸ Baart maoM p`dana kI ga[- saovaaAaoM ko ilae
Baugatana kI ga[- kao[- QanaraiYa¸
[sao esa.10³6´ ko saaqa p,Za jaanaa caaihe jaao ivadoYaI
vyai>yaaoM kI kuC Aaya pr CUT pdana krta hO.
Baart ko baahr p`dana kI ga[- saovaaAaoM ko ilae Baart sarkar ko
Wara Baugatana ikyaa gayaa vaotna
ek BaartIya kMpnaI ko Wara Baugatana ikyaa gayaa laaBaaMYa
kuC Aaya sao p`aPt Aaya
rayalTI sao p`aPt Aaya¸ jaao esa.9(1)(vi) ko spYTIkrNa maoM
pirBaaiYat hOM¸ AaOr
tknaIkI saovaaAaoM ko ilae Yaulk¸ esa.9³1´ maoM pirBaaiYat
spYTIkrNa ko Anausaar
]dahrNa Á Baart ka ek naagairk¸ jao Tao@yaaoM maoM BaartIya
dutavaasa maoM inayaaoijat hO . vaYa- 2009¹10 ko ilae jao ka djaa-
gaOr¹rhvaasaI hOM . caUMik¸ jao ko vaotna ka Baugatana Baart sarkar
Wara ikyaa jaa rha hOM¸ AtÁ ]sa pr Baart maoM kraraopNa ikyaa
jaanaa hOM . jao pTnaa maoM CÁ mahInao ko ilae ko kao ek saMpi<a
ikrayao pr dota hOM ijasako baad jao ]sao ela kao baoca dota hOM .
daonaao Aaya¸ ikrayaa AaOr ibaËI sao p`aPt Qana¸ Baart maoM doya maanao
jaaeMgaoM .
kr sao mau> Aaya
Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa10 ¹ 13e maoM Aaya ko ivaiBaÙ madaoM
kao saUcaIbaw ikyaa gayaa hO ijanhoM ‘‘kula Aaya’’ ka ek ihssaa
nahIM maanaa gayaa hOM . dUsaro YabdaoM maoM¸ ]na pr Baart maoM kr sao CUT
p`dana kI ga[- hO . [saI trh¸ esa10³1´ ÌiYa sao p`aPt Aaya
pr CUT pdana krta hOM @yaaoMik saMivaQaana maoM [sakI Anaumait nahIM
dI ga[- hO . esa.10 ko dUsaro ]pKNDaoM maoM Anya CUTaoM kI saUcaI
dI ga[- hO . esa 10e¸ 10ee¸ 10baI tqaa 10baIe kuC inaiYcat
madaoM ko ilae CUT p`dana krto hOM ijanamaoM mau> vyaapar xao~¸ ivaYaoYa
Aaiqa-k xao~¸ inayaa-t¹]nmaUK ]pËma tqaa saa^FTvaoyar tknaIk
pak- Yaaimala hOM . esa.11 ko Antga-t¸ iksaI T/sT maoM inaiht
saMpi<a sao p`aPt Aaya kao jaao pUNa-tÁ parmaaiqa-k yaa Qaaima-k
p`yaaojanaaoM ko ilae sqaaipt hO¸ pr kraoM sao CUT dI ga[- hO . ek
12 iksaI T/sT yaa saMsqaana Wara p`aPt iksaI BaI svaicCk
sahyaaoga pr kr sao CUT p`dana krta hOM . ‘parmaaiqa -k p`yaaojana’’
kao Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa.2³15´ maoM¸ inaQa-naaoM kao
sahayata¸ iYaxaa maoM sahayata¸ icaik%sakIya raht AaOr saamaanya
saava-jainak ]pyaaoga ko Anya iksaI ]_oYya kI pitpUit- ko $p maoM
pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM . ‘saamaanya saava -jainak ]pyaaoga’ ko
Antga-t samaaja ko ek vaga- kao vya> ikyaa jaa sakta hOM¸ AaOr
ja$rI nahIM hO ik [samaoM samaUcaI maanavata Yaaimala hao . jahaM tk
[saka ]_oYya iksaI vyai> ivaYaoYa kao nahIM bailk vyai>yaaoM ko
ek vaga- kaoM laaBa phuMcaanaa hOM¸ tba tk yah [sakI pirBaaYaa ko
Antga-t Aaegaa .
td\nausaar¸ caOmbar Aaf ka^masa- ³saIAayaTI iva$w AanQa` caOmbar
Aa^f ka^masa-¸ 55 AayaTIAar 722´ AaOr sToT baa^r ka]Misalsa
³saIAayaTI iva$w baar ka]Misala Aa^f maharaYT/¸ 130
AayaTIAar 28´ ek ‘‘parmaaiqa -k p`yaaojana’’ kI pirBaaYaa ko
Antga-t Aato hOM . jahaM ek T/sT ko kuC ]_oYya parmaaiqa-k hOM
AaOr kuC nahIM hOM¸ vahaM T/sT ko p`mauK pyaaojanaaoM pr Qyaana idyaa
jaaegaa .
Aayakr AiQainayama ko AQyaaya VI-A AaOr VII maoM
Alaga¹Alaga Aaya kI saUcaI dI ga[- hO ijanhoM kud Aaya sao
GaTayaa jaanaa hOM . vastutÁ yao vao Aaya hOM ijana pr kr ka
daiya%va nahIM hOM . CUT AaOr kTaOityaaoM maoM ek fk- hOM¸ ifr Balao
hI daonaao ka p`Baava kr kI ek raiYa maoM raht p`dana krnaa hOM .
kr sao CUT p`dana kI ga[- ek QanaraiYa¸ kula Aaya ka ek
ihssaa nahIM banatI AaOr yah kraraopNa sao mau> rhtI hOM . ek
kTaOit yaaogya QanaraiYa¸ Aayakr yaaogya Aaya kI gaNanaa ko daOrana
GaTa dI jaatI hOM prntu yah Aayakr ko p`Baar sao mau> nahIM rhtI
.
yah dao karNaaoM sao mah%vapUNa- hOM ¹ phlaa yah ik Baugatana yaaogya
kr kI dr kula Aaya pr inaQaa-irt kI jaatI hOM AaOr dUsara yah
ik Anaok maamalaaoM maoM kula Aaya ko Anausaar gaNanaaeM kI jaatI hOM
. ‘kTaOityaaoM’ ka [stomaala kr ko ilae pBaairt ‘kula Aaya’
kI gaNanaa ko ilae ikyaa jaata hOM prntu ‘CUTaoM’ kao pUrI trh sao
hTa idyaa jaata hOM.
Aaya ko SaIYa-
esa.15 ko Antga-t¸ samast Aaya kao paMca SaIYaao- maoM baaMTa gayaa
hOM Á
vaotna ³esa15¹17´
Aavaasa saMpi<a sao Aaya ³esa22¹27´
vyavasaaya yaa poYao maoM laaBa AaOr fayada ³esa 27 ¹ 44DIe´
pUMjaIgat laaBa ³esa45¹55e´
Anya s~aoMtaoM sao Aaya ³esa56¹59´
‘‘vaotna’’ kao esa.17 maoM vaotna kao¸ vaotna yaa majadUrI ko
Aitir> vaotna ko evaja maoM Anya raiYayaaoM saiht majadUrI¸ vaaiYa-
kI yaa poMYana¸ ]pdana AaOr Yaulk¸ kmaIYana¸ pirlaibQayaaM yaa laaBa
ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM . [sa SaIYa- ko Antga-t ek
Aaya ko ilae¸ vahaM Baugatanakta- AaOr inaQaa-irtI ko baIca ek
inayaao>a¹kma-caarI ka saMbaMQa haonaa caaihe . AtÁ saovaa ka ek
AnaubaMQa ek vaotna kI Aaor lao jaata hOM prntu saovaaAaoM ka ek
AnaubaMQa ek vaotna kI Aaor ]nmauK nahIM krta .
]dahrNa Á ef¸ jaI ilaimaToD ka inadoYak hOM . AaOr vah ApnaI
saovaaAaoM ko ilae pairEaimak p`aPt krta hOM . yaid jaI ek pUNa-
kailak inadoYak hOM AaOr saMgazna ko inayaM~Na maoM kaya- krta hOM tao
jaI ka pirEaimak ek ‘‘vaotna’’ hOM . ³saIAayaTI iva$w
navanaItlaala sakrlaala¸ 247¸ AayaTIAar 70´ . halaaMik¸
yaid ef ek caaT-D- Aka]nTonT hOM jaao baaoD- pr ek svatM~
inadoYak ko $p maoM kaya- kr rha hOM tao ]sako Wara p`aPt
pairEaimak isaf- ‘‘vyavasaaya yaa poYao ka laaBa AaOr fayada’’ hOM
.
]dahrNa Á jaIesa timalanaaDu ka maha¹AiQava>a hO. jaIesa
sarkar ka ek kma-caarI nahIM hOM prntu vah ]sako ilae maa~
ApnaI vyavasaaiyak saovaaeM pdana kr rha hOM . ek
maha¹AiQava>a ko $p maoM jaIesa ka pirEaimak vaotna nahIM hOM .
³saIAayaTI iva$w gaaoivand svaamaInaaqana¸ 233 AayaTIAar
264´
vaotna kraraopNa ko yaaogya ]sa samaya haotI hOM jaba vao doya hao
jaatI hOM yaa ifr jaba vao p`aPt kI jaatI hOM¸ jaao BaI phlao hao .
]dahrNa Á 2009¹10 maoM e kMpnaI Apnao kma-caairyaaoM kao vaotna
donao maoM Asamaqa- hOM . baI kMpnaI nao janavarI 2010 maoM Apnao kma-
caairyaaoM kao CBÁ mahInao ko Aigama vaotna ka Baugatana ikyaa .
daonaao hI QanaraiYayaaoM pr inaQaa-irt vaYa- 2010¹11 maoM kr lagaogaa
.
esa 17³2´ ko Antga-t¸‘‘pirlaibQayaaoM’’ pr ‘‘vaotna’’ ko Antga -
t kraraopNa ikyaa gayaa hOM AaOr [saI pkar ‘‘vaotna ko evaja maoM
laaBa’’ pr hOM .
AavaasaIya saMpi<a sao Aaya
yaVip [sa SaIYa- maoM ‘‘AavaasaIya saMpi<a’’ Yabd ka p`yaaoga huAa hO¸
tba BaI kr inaQaa-irt ko svaaima%va ko ek ‘‘Bavana’’ tqaa ‘‘]sasao
saMbaMiQat BaUima’’ sao saMbaw saMpi<a ko ‘‘vaaiYak maUlya’’ pr
kraraopNa ikyaa jaata hO jaao vyavasaaya yaa poYao ko p`yaaojana ko
ilae ]sako Wara Qaairt nahIM hOM .
‘‘Bavana’’ ek Yabd hO jaao sqaaiya%va kao pdiYa -t krta hOM .
AtÁ Jaaopi,DyaaM BaI Bavana hao saktI hOM prntu sarksa ka tMbau yaa
p`dYa-naI kI saMrcanaaeM Bavana nahIM hOM . Bavana sao lagao hue laa^na¸
]Vana tqaa paik-Mga laa^T\sa ‘‘saMbaMw BaUima’’ ko Antga-t AaeMgaoM .
ek vyai> ek saMpi<a ka ‘‘svaamaI’’ tba tk hOM jaba tk ik
vah vyai> ]sasao Aaya paPt krnao ko ilae pa~ hOM . [sa vyai>
ko pxa maoM iksaI pMjaIÌt ivalaoK ka haonaa ja$rI nahIM hOM .
³saIAayaTI iva$w paoDr isamaonT ilaimaToD¸ 266 AayaTIAar
625´ . esa 27 maoM kuC ivaYaoYa maamalaaoM kI saUcaI dI ga[- hO
ijasamaoM vyai>yaaoM kao saMpi<a ka svaamaI maanaa gayaa hOM .
saMpi<a ko ‘‘vaaiYa -k maUlya’’ kao esa.23 maoM ]sa QanaraiYa ko $p
maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hO ijasako ilae vaYa- dr vaYa- ]sa saMpi<a
kao Baa,Do pr idyaa jaa sako . ]sa saMpi<a sao vah QanaraiYa
vaastva maoM Aija-t kI ga[- hOM¸ Aqavaa nahIM¸ yah [sa KND maoM
Ap`asaMigak hOM . AtÁ ek KalaI p,DI saMpi<a BaI ‘‘AavaasaIya
saMpi<a sao p`aPt Aaya’’ ko Antga -t AatI hOM . haMlaaik¸ saMpi<a
ka vaaiYa-k maUlya¸ jaao inaQaa-irtI ko Wara svayaM AiQagaRiht kI hu[-
hOM¸ yaa jaao ]sako iksaI Anya sqaana pr raojagaar ko karNa ]sako
Wara AiQagaRiht nahIM hOM¸ kao esa.23 ko p`avaQaanaaoM ko Anausaar
tba tk SaUnya samaJaa jaaegaa jaba tk ik inaQaa-irt ]sa saMpi<a
sao kuC laaBa na paPt kr rha hao .
ek sqaanaIya paiQakarI ko Wara p`Baairt kraoM kao vaaiYa-k maUlya
sao GaTayaa jaaegaa . esa.24³e´ ko Antga-t¸ ek FlaoT 30
p`itYat kI kTaOit kI jaaegaI . kuC inaiYcat isqaityaaoM ko
Antga-t¸ saMpi<a kao KrIdnao yaa banaanao¸ marmmat¸ yaa saMpi<a ko
puna-Áinamaa-Na ko ilae laI ga[- kja- kI raiYa pr Baugatana yaaogya
byaaja kI kTaOit BaI kI jaaegaI . yao kTaOityaaoM tba BaI
]plabQa haogaI jaba esa.23 ko Antga-t vaaiYa-k maUlya YaUnya
haogaa¸ ijasa maamalao maoM AavaasaIya saMpi<a sao paPt Aaya kao haina
ko $p maoM ilayaa jaaegaa .
Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa.28 ko Antga-t vyavasaaya yaa poYao
ko laaBa AaOr maunaafo ko Antga-t¸ ek vyavasaaya yaa poYao sao paPt
laaBa AaOr maunaafo pr kraraopNa ikyaa jaaegaa . [sa p`avaQaana
ko Anya ]pKNDaoM maoM kraraopNa yaaogya Anya Aaya kI saUcaI dI
ga[- hOM¸ jaOsao ik kuC inaiYcat AnaubaMQaaoM kI samaaiPt AaOr saMYaaoQana
pr p`aPt mauAavajaa yaa Anya QanaraiYa .
esa.2³13´ maoM pirBaaiYat ‘‘vyavasaaya’’ kao ek eosaI gaitivaiQa
ko $p maoM samaJaa jaa sakta hOM jaao laaBa paPt krnao ko ]_oYya sao
Apnaa samaya¸ Qyaana doto hue AaOr ek vyai> ko pirEama sao¸ yaa
Anya vyai>yaaoM kao inayaaoijat kr kI jaatI hOM .
yah pavaQaana ‘‘vyavasaaya’’ kao iksaI BaI vyavasaaya¸ QaMQao¸ yaa inamaa -
Na yaa vyavasaaya kI p`Ìit ko Anya saahisak kaya- ko $p maoM
pirBaaiYat krta hOM .
esa.2³36´ ko Antga-t ‘‘poYao’ kao ek vaRi<a Yaaimala krnao ko
ilae pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM . AtÁ¸ na isaf- ek
vyavasaaiyak AQyayana ko maaQyama sao p`aPt Aija-t &ana sao
saMcaailat gaitivaiQa¸ bailk Antina-iht yaaogyata yaa dxata ko
bala pr ikyaa gayaa kaya- BaI ek ‘‘poYao’’ ko Antga -t Ah-k
haogaa . ]dahrNa ko ilae¸ ek icaMtk AaOr saMgaIt& BaI poYao
kI pirBaaYaa ko Antga-t AaeMgaoM .
esa.145 ko Anausaar¸ [sa SaIYa- ko Antga-t Aaya inaQaa-irtI
Wara inayaimat $p sao inayaaoijat laoKa ivaiQa ko [stomaala kr
inaQaa-irt kI jaatI hOM . [sako Aitir>¸ esa 30 sao 43 DI maoM
idyao ivastairt p`avaQaanaaoM maoM dI ga[- maaga-diYa-kaAaoM ka AnausarNa
ikyaa jaata hOM .
vat-maana marmmat tqaa pUMjaIgat vyaya Á esa.30 tqaa esa.31 maoM
dI ga[- Yatao- ko AQaIna¸ Baa,Da¸ baImaa tqaa vyavasaaya yaa poYao ko
pirsar kI marmmat yaa maYaInarI¸ PlaanT AaOr fnaI-car kTaOityaaogya
mad hOM . haMlaaik¸ na [sa p`avaQaana ko Antga-t isaf- ‘‘vat-maana
marmmat’ AaOr ‘‘pUjaIgat vyaya’’ kTaOit ko ilae Anaumat nahIM hOM
. yaid ek pirsaMpi<a kao kuC inaiYcat vyaya krto hue jaao
xamata kao saamaanya xamata sao pro nahIM lao jaato¸ [sako saaQaarNa
tqaa maUla isqait maoM rKa jaata hOM tao eosao vyaya kao ‘‘vat -maana
marmmat’’ kha jaaegaa . dUsarI Aaor¸ yaid ek Bavana yaa
maYaInarI ko saMbaMQa maoM ek navaIna AaOr sqaayaI laaBa ko ilae ek
vyaya ikyaa jaata hOM tao [sao ek pUMjaIgat vyaya khoMgaoM .
]dahrNa Á vhI ek rosTaoronT hOM jaao ek Aaga jala jaanao sao
AaMiYak $p sao naYT hao gayaa hOM . eyarkNDIYana saiht fnaI-car
AaOr Anya ]pkrNa badlao gae hOM . yah ‘‘vat -maana marmmat’’ kI
pirBaaYaa ko Antga-t Aata hOM @yaaoMik vyaya ko ]_oYya maaOilak
dxata punaÁ p`aPt ike jaanao ko ilae hOM .³ saIAayaTI vhI
vaaolagaa rosTaoronT¸ 253 AayaTIAar 405´
]dahrNa Á ek To@saTa[la imala maoM pavar lauma ko spoyar paT-\sa
Kraba hao gae hOM . [MjaIinayar salaah dota hOM ik ek jyaada
Yai>YaalaI pujao- sao ]nhoM badlaa jaanaa caaihe . yah Kcaa-
pUMjaIgat vyaya haogaa AaOr ‘‘vat -maana marmmat’’ nahIM haogaa .
maUlya)asa ³esa.32´
BavanaaoM¸ maYaInarI¸ saMyaM~ tqaa fnaI-car saiht maUt- AistyaaoM ko
saMbaMQa maoM AaOr AnauBava¸ poTonT¸ ka^pIra[T\sa tqaa laa[saoMsa jaOsao
AmaUt- AaistyaaoM ko saMbaMQa maoM Aayakr AiQainayama¸ 1962 ko
Antga-t inaid-YT draoM pr kTaOit ko $p maoM Anaumait hOM .
haMlaaik¸ [sako ilae¸ vahaM pr tIna Satao- ka pUra haonaa ja$rI hOM
Á
inaQaa-irt kao pirsaMpi<a ka svaamaI haonaa caaihe .
pirsaMpi<a ka [stomaala vyavasaaya yaa poYao ko ilae ikyaa jaanaa
caaihe¸ tqaa
saMbaw ipClao vaYa- ko daOrana pirsaMpi<a ka [stomaala haonaa caaihe
.
]dahrNa Á eca kMpnaI kapo AaMiYak¹Baugatana pr ivaËya pr
ek jamaIna ka AiQap%ya haMisala hOM . yah eosao pirsar pr ek
fo@TrI ka inamaa-Na krta hOM AaOr fo@TrI ko BaItr Apnao kma-
caairyaaoM ko ilae ek maindr ka inamaa-Na krta hO . esa.32 ko
p`avaQaanaaoM ko ilae eca kMpnaI kao ek ‘‘svaamaI’’ samaJaa jaaegaa.
³yaUinavasa-la roiDeTsa- iva$w saI Aaya TI¸ 281 AayaTIAar
261 doKoM ¸ @yaaoMik Yabd kao ek ivastairt Aqa- idyaa gayaa hOM
. AtÁ¸ eca kMpnaI Bavana ka maUlya)asa ka davaa kr saktI
hOM. eca kMpnaI maindr pr BaI maUlya)asa ka davaa kr saktI hOM
@yaaoMik pirsaMpi<a ka [stomaala vyavasaaya yaa poYao ko ilae ikyaa
jaaegaa AaOr ja$rI nahIM hO ik [saka svayaM ko ilae fayada
Aija-t krnao ko ilae [stomaala ikyaa jaae . ³ doKoM eTlasa
saa[klsa iva$w saIAayaTI¸ 134 AayaTIAar 458´
Anya kTaOityaaM
AayaTI AiQainayama Anya ivaivaQa kTaOityaaoM ko ilae p`avaQaana
krta hOM jaao AagaamaI p`avaQaanaaoM maoM saUcaIbaw ike gae hOM ijanamaoM
ivaiBaÙ baImaa p`Iimayama¸ kma-caairyaaoM kao BaugaMtana ikyaa gayaa baaonasa
yaa kmaIYana¸ ?Na laI ga[- pUMjaI pr byaaja¸ BaivaYya inaiQa tqaa
]pdana inaiQa ko ilae AMYadana tqaa DUbat ?Na Yaaimala hOM . yah
naaoT ikyaa jaanaa caaihe ik yao saBaI vyaya tBaI kTaOit yaaogya hOM
yaid yao vyavasaaya ko ]_oYya sao ike gae hOM .
]dahrNa Á
ek kMpnaI ApnaI sahyaaogaI kMpnaI kao ibanaa byaaja pr ]Qar donao
ko ilae pOsaa ]Qaar laotI hOM . ek kTaOit ka davaa krnao ko
ilae¸ inaQaa-irtI kao yah idKanaa Ainavaaya- hO ik eosaa ]Qaar
vyavasaaiyak p`yaaojanaaoM ko ilae hOM . ³doKoM saI Aaya TI iva$w
p`oma [MjaIinayarIMga¸ 285 AayaTIAar 554 tqaa saIAayaTI iva$w
AiBaYaok [NDsT/Ija¸ 286 AayaTIAar 1´
‘vyavasaaya yaa poYao ko laaBa tqaa maunaafa’’ ko Antga -t samast
pUMjaIgat vyaya ko ilae kTaOit kI Anaumait nahIM hOM . ek
prIxaNa ik ek vyaya pUMjaIgat yaa rajasva vyaya hOM¸ yah hOM ik
@yaa yah ek sqaayaI p`Ìit ka laaBa fayada dota hOM . yaid
eosaa hOM tao yah ek pUMjaIgat vyaya hOM . ³eMpayar jyaUT kMpnaI
iva$w saIAayaTI¸ 124 AayaTIAar 1´
]dahrNa Á e@sa kMpnaI ek navaIna To@saTa[la kMpnaI ka inamaa -
Na krtI hOM . yah ek pUMjaIgat vyaya hOM @yaaoMik imala ek
sqaayaI laaBa p`dana krtI hOM . yaid e@sa kMpnaI [saI maIla kao
laIja pr laI ga[- saMpi<a pr inamaa-Na krtI hO AaOr laIja DID maoM
laIja AvaiQa pUNa- haonao pr Bavana e@sa kMpnaI kao hstantirt
ike jaanao ka kao[- KND nahIM hOM¸ tao ikyaa gayaa vyaya rajasva
vyaya hOM @yaaoMik yah e@sa kao isaf- ek vyavasaaiyak laaBa p`dana
krta hOM AaOr ek sqaayaI laaBa nahIM . ³ saIAayaTI iva$w
mad`asa Aa^Tao saiva-sa¸ 233 AayaTIAar 468¸ saIAayaTI iva$w
hir ivagnaoYa maaoTsa-¸ 282 AayaTIAar 338´
]dahrNa Á esa kMpnaI Apnao vyavasaaya sqala kao pirvait-t
krtI hOM AaOr [sako ilae ek vyaya ka daiya%va vahna krtI hO.
. [sao ek rajasva vyaya samaJaa jaata hOM @yaaoMik navaIna vyavasaaya
sqala isaf- sauivaQaa tqaa saMcaalana xamata maoM vaRiw ko ilae hOM AaOr
ek sqaayaI laaBa ko ilae nahIM hOM .³saIAayaTI iva$w madura
kaoT\sa¸ 253 AayaTIAar 62´. haMlaaik¸ eosao pirsar kao
KrIdnao ko ilae Kca- kI ga[- QanaraiYa pUMjaIgat vyaya haogaa .
[saI trh¸ maYaInarI kao iYaFT krnao maoM ikyaa gayaa Kca- pUMjaIgat
vyaya haogaa jabaik ]sako pirvahna sao saMbaw vyaya rajasva vyaya
haogaa . ³saIAayaTI iva$w AayamaoTla ibayairMgsa¸ 210
AayaTIAar 945´
]dahrNa Á saIvhI kMpnaI Apnao kayaa-laya phuMcanao ko maaga- maoM ek
pula ko inamaa-Na ko ilae xao~ kI sqaanaIya paiQakrNa kao pOsaaoM ka
Baugatana krtI hO. [sa trh ka vyaya rajasva vyaya kI pÌit maoM
hOM @yaaoMik inaQaa-irtI Wara kao[- maUt- yaa AmaUt- pirsaMpi<a
AiQaga`iht nahIM kI ga[- hO¸ AaOr na hI inaQaa-irtI ko laaBa banaanao
kI p`NaalaI maoM kao[- ivastar yaa yaaoga hI huAa qaa . ³saIAayaTI
iva$w kaoT\sa ivayaolaa¸ 253 AayaTIAar 667´ . yaid saIvhI
kMpnaI nao svayaM kao[- inajaI pula banavaayaa haota tao yah ek
pUMjaIgat vyaya haota .
]dahrNa Á ek fma- Apnao ek BaagaIdar¸ EaI vhI kao vyavasaaya
p`baMQana maoM dao vaYa- ko pazyaËma ko ilae ivadoYa BaojatI hOM . yah
vyaya ek rajasva pÌit ka nahIM hOM @yaaoMik fma- ko vyavasaaya sao
[saka kao[- saMbaMQa nahIM hOM . ³saIAayaTI iva$w ihndustana
haojayarI¸ 209 AayaTIAar 383´ . esa 37³1´ maoM idyao
spYTIkrNa ko Antga-t¸ inaQaa-irtI ko Wara eosao iksaI BaI
p`yaaojana ko ilae ikyaa gayaa kao[- vyaya¸ jaao ek ApraQa hOM¸ yaa
jaao kanaUna Wara inaiYaw hOM¸ kTaOit yaaogya nahIM hOM . [saka Aqa-
yah hOM ik dorI sao kr Baugatana pr byaaja¸ jaao dND nahIM hOM¸
kTaOit yaaogya hOM jabaik kr ka Baugatana nahIM ike jaanao pr haonao
vaalaa jaumaa-naa kTaOit yaaogya nahIM hOM¸ @yaaoMik yah ek dND hOM .
³laxmaNadasa iva$w saIAayaTI¸ 354 AayaTIAar 799´
pUMjaIgat laaBa
esa.45 iksaI BaI ‘‘laaBa yaa maunaafo’ pr pUMjaIgat laaBa
kraraopNa krta hOM jaao saMbaw ipClao vaYa- ko daOrana ek
‘‘pUMjaIgat saMpi<a’’ ko ‘‘hstantrNa’’ sao ]%pÙ haota hOM .
esa.2³14´ maoM ‘‘pUMjaIgat pirsaMpi<a’’ kao inaQaa -irt Wara Qaairt
iksaI BaI trh kI saMpi<a ko $p maoM pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM¸
Balao hI yah ]sako vyavasaaya yaa poYao sao saMbaMiQat hao yaa na hao .
[sako ]dahrNa maoM ivaiBaÙ pkar kI saMp<aI ijasamaoM vyavasaaya yaa
poYao maoM [stomaala Aanao vaalaa sTa^k¹[na¹T/oD¸ ]pBaaojya tqaa
kccaa maala¸ vyai>gat [stomaala ko ilae cailat pÌit kI
vyai>gat saMpi<ayaaM Baart maoM ÌiYa BaUima ³esa.2³1e´ maoM
]llaoiKt kao Cao,D kr´ AaOr kuC inaQaa-irt sarkarI baaND
Yaaimala hOM .
]dahrNa Á eAar ek kar ko svaamaI hOM AaOr vao [saka [stomaala
inatant vyai>gat pyaaojana ko ilae krto hOM . ]nhaoMnao [sao $.
20 laaK maoM KrIda qaa AaOr vao [sao $. 35 laaK maoM baoca doto hOM
. yah pUMjaIgat laaBa kr ko Antga-t nahIM Aaegaa @yaaoMik yah
ek cailat vyai>gat saMpi<a hOM .
hstantrNa
pUMjaIgat laaBa kr Aaraoipt ike jaanao ko ilae pUMjaIgat saMpitt
ka hstantrNa AavaYyak hOM . Aayakr AiQainayama ko
esa.2³47´ ko Antga-t ‘‘hstantrNa’’ kao pirBaaiYat ikyaa
gayaa hOM AaOr [samaoM ek saMpi<a ka ivaËya¸ inavaa-pna¸ ivainamaya¸
Ava%yaaga yaa Ainavaaya- AiQagaRhNa saimmailat hOM . kuC saaOdo
ijanamaoM pUMjaIgat saMpi<ayaaoM ka ivatrNa yaa ek ihndu AivaBaajya
pirvaar ³‘‘ecayaUef’’´¸ yaa ek ]phar yaa ATla ]phar AaOr
ek maUla kMpnaI Wara ApnaI sahyaaogaI kMpnaI kao inaiYcat
hstantrNa Yaaimala hOM¸ esa46 AaOr 47 ko Antga-t
‘‘hstantrNa’’ nahIM hOM .
pUMjaIgat laaBaaoM kI gaNanaa
pUMjaIgat laaBaaoM kI gaNanaa Aayakr AiQainayama ko esa.48 ko
Antga-t kI jaatI hO ijasako Anausaar pUMjaIgat saMpi<ayaaoM ko
hstantrNa sao p`aPt laaBaaoM kao hstantrNa sao inamnailaiKt kao
GaTanao ko baad p`aPt pUNa- maUlya ko barabar haonaa caaihe Á
[sa trh ko hstantrNa pr haonao vaalaa vyaya
hstantrNa ko AiQaga`hNa ka maUlya¸ AaOr
pUMjaIgat saMpi<a maoM sauQaar ka maUlya
laGau¹AvaiQa tqaa dIGa-¹kailak pUMjaIgat laaBa
yaid pUMjaIgat saMpi<a kao [sako AiQaga`hNa ko C<aIsa mahInaaoM sao
jyaada samaya kI AvaiQa ko baad baocaa jaata hOM tao [sa trh ka
ek hstantrNa ek dIGa-¹kailak pUMjaIgat laaBa maanaa jaaegaa
. Anyaqaa¸ yah laaBa ek laGau¹AvaiQa pUMjaIgat laaBa haogaa .
yao dao laaBa ivaiBaÙ draoM pr kraraoipt ike jaato hOM AaOr dao
trh ko laaBaaoM ko ilae kuC inaiYcat p`iËyaa%mak inayama hOM .
Anya s~aotaoM sao Aaya
vao Aaya¸ jaao Anya iksaI YaIYaao- ko AQaIna nahIM AatI hOM¸ jaOsao
laaBaaMYa sao p`aPt Aaya¸ kImaona [MYyaaoroMsa pa^laIisayaaoM sao p`aPt Aaya¸
laa^TiryaaoM sao p`aPt jaIt¸ pitBaUityaaoM pr p`aPt byaaja¸ maYaInarI
saiht Bavana kao Baa,Do pr donao sao p`aPt Aaya AaOr [sa trh kI
Anya Aaya [sa SaIYa- ko AQaIna AatI hOM .
AQyaaya 4 Á Ap%yaxa kr
kond`Iya ]%pad Yaulk
ivaiQa
]%pad Yaulk¸ svadoYa inaima-t vastuAaoM pr Aaraoipt ek kr hOM .
kond`Iya ]%pad Yaulk ko ilae kr yaaogya GaTnaa ‘‘inamaa -Na’’ hOM .
yah ek Ap`%yaxa kr hOM @yaaoMik Balao hI yah inamaa-ta pr
Aaraoipt kI jaatI hOM prntu inamaa-ta maala ko maUlya maoM [sa kr
kao saimmailat krto hue [sa kr ka daiya%va maala ko ga`ahk pr
hstantirt kr dota hOM . kond`Iya ]%pad Saulk Baart maoM kond`Iya
]%pad Yaulk AiQainayama¸ 1944 ³saI[- AiQainayama´ ko AQaIna
kraraoipt ikyaa jaata hOM . kond`Iya ]%pad Yaulk¸ saMGa Wara
saatvaIM AnausaUcaI kI saUcaI 1 kI p`ivaiYT 84 ko Antga-t
kraraoipt ikyaa jaata hOM .
p`Baairt p`avaQaana
kond`Iya ]%pad Saulk ka p`Baairt p`avaQaana saI[- AiQainayama ko
esa.3³1´ maoM inaiht hOM¸ ijasako Anausaar¸ Baart maoM ]%paidt yaa
inaima-t saBaI ]%pad kr yaaogya maalaaoM pr¸ kond`Iya ]%pad Yaulk
dr AiQainayama¸ 1985 ³saI[-TI AiQainayama´ kI AnausaUica maoM
inaQaa-irt draoM pr¸ ek DyaUTI jaao “CENVAT” khlaatI hOM¸
lagaayaI jaatI hOM . jabaik ]%pad Yaulk ‘‘maalaaoM’’ pr lagaayaa
jaata hOM¸ vahIM yah Yabd AiQainayama maoM pirBaaiYat nahIM ikyaa gayaa
hOM . Baart saMGa iva$w idllaI @laa^qa tqaa janarla imalsa¸ 1
[elaTI 199¸ maoM saup`Ima kaoT- nao vyavasqaa dI ik ek ‘‘maala’’
ek saamaana hOM jaao saamaanya $p sao KrIdnao AaOr baocanao ko ilae
baajaar maoM Aa sakta hOM . AtÁ ek ‘‘maala’’ ko ilae mah%vapUNa -
t%va hOM¸ ]sakI ivaËyaYaIlata .
kr yaaogya GaTnaa
jaOsaa ik }pr ]llaoK ikyaa gayaa hOM¸ ]%pad Yaulk ko ilae kr
yaaogya GaTnaa hOM¸ inamaa-Na . kr inamaa-Na pr lagaayaa jaata hO¸ na
ik maala pr . jabaik ]%pad Yaulk fo@TrI sao maala ko inakalao
jaanao ko samaya lagaayaa jaata hOM kr yaaogya GaTnaa maala ka hTanaa
nahIM hOM bailk inamaa-Na hOM . AtÁ¸ yaid inamaa-Na ko samaya iksaI
maala pr kao[- ]%pad Saulk nahIM lagaayaa jaata hOM tao maala kao
hTayao jaanao pr kao[- kr daiya%va nahIM haogaa Balao hI ]sa maala pr
tba tk ]%pad Saulk laga cauka hao .
]dahrNa Á eMpayar [NDsT/Ija iva$w Baart saMGa¸ 20 [elaTI
179 maoM¸ yaaicatakta- jaa^ba vak- krto qao AaOr vao ek kaya-
¹AadoYa AaQaar pr kaya- saMcaailat krto qao . ]naka tk- qaa
ik vao ]%paidt maala ko svaamaI nahIM qao AtÁ ]%pad Yaulk caukanao
ka daiya%va ]na pr nahIM hOM . savaao-cca nyaayaalaya nao vyavasqaa dI
ik kr yaaogya GaTnaa inamaa-Na hOM¸ na ik svaaima%va . AtÁ ]%pad
Yaulk caukanao ka daiya%va inamaa-ta pr qaa .
inamaa-Na
‘‘inamaa -Na’’ Yabd ek nayao pdaqa- kao Aist%va maoM laanaa hOM .
[saka Aqa- ek pdaqa- maoM badlaava maa~ nahIM hOM¸
badlaava iktnaa hI CaoTa @yaaoM na hao prntu yah ek maako-iTMga ko
t%va pr jaaor dota hO. Baart saMGa iva$w idllaI @laa^qa tqaa
janarla imalsa¸ 1 [elaTI 199 maoM savaao -cca nyaayaalaya nao
inamnailaiKt pirBaaYaa ]wt kI Á
‘‘inamaa -Na’’ maoM ek pirvat -na haota hOM¸ prntu p`%yaok badlaava ek
inamaa-Na nahIM hOM AaOr tba BaI ek vastu maoM haonao vaalaa p`%yaok
badlaava¸ ]pcaar¸ Eama tqaa pyaasa ka p`itfla hOM . prntu kuC
AaOr BaI ja$rI hOM AaOr vahaM ek $pantrNa haonaa caaihe¸ ek
nayaa AaOr Alaga AaiT-kla ]Bar kr Aanaa caaihe¸ ijasaka ek
ivaiYaYT naama¸ pÌit tqaa [stomaala haonaa caaihe .’’
]dahrNa Á jaI kMpnaI ek caar¹carNa vaalaI p`iËyaa ko maaQyama
sao vanaspit tola ka inamaa-Na krtI hOM . halaaMik¸ rsaayainak $p
sao¸ vanaspit iWtIya carNa maoM ]%paidt haotI hOM¸ prntu duga-nQa dUr
ike jaanao kI p`iËyaa [sao vaaiNaijyak $p sao ivapNana yaaogya
banaatI hOM . AtÁ vanaspit catuqa- carNa maoM hI ]%paidt haonaa
maanaI jaaegaI @yaaoMik [sako baad hI ga`ahk AaOr vaaiNaijyak
samaudaya [sao vanaspit ko $p maoM jaana pato hOM . ³Baart saMGa
iva$w idllaI @laa^qa tqaa janarla imalsa¸ 1 [elaTI¸ 199´
]dahrNa Á ek kMpnaI ek vastu e@sa ka ]%padna krtI hOM jaao
saI[TI AiQainayama¸ 1985 kI phlaI AnausaUcaI maoM hOM¸ AaOr jaao
ifr vhaya maoM pirvait-t ikyaa jaata hOM AaOr baajaar maoM ivaËya
kr idyaa jaata hO. e@sa kao ivapNana yaaogya sva$p maoM ]%paidt
ike jaanao tk saI[- AiQainayama maoM kao[- ]%pad Yaulk ka daiya%va
nahIM Aata hO . halaaMik¸ yaid e@sa kao [sako ivapNana yaaogya
sva$p maoM ]%paidt ikyaa jaata hOM prntu [saka ivaËya nahIM
ikyaa jaata hOM tba BaI yah ‘‘]%padna’’ hI maanaa jaaegaa .
³Baaor [NDsT/Ija iva$w saIsaI[-¸ 40 [elaTI 280´
]dahrNa Á DI kMpnaI¸ islap¹pUf vyavasaaiyak PlaayavauD banaanao
ko ilae vyavasaaiyak PlaayavauD kao p`aosaosa krtI hO. saI[TI
AiQainayama ko Antga-t¸ daonaao AaiT-kla ek hI p`ivaYTI maoM Aato
hO. tba BaI¸ caUMik islap¹pUf vyavasaaiyak PlaayavauD ek
ivaiYaYT ]%pad hOM jaao p`aosaosa ko Wara Aist%va maoM laayaa jaata hO¸
AtÁ yah ]%pad Yaulk lagaanao ko yaaogya hOM . ³ DokaoroiTva
laoimanaoT\sa iva$w saIsaI[-¸ 86 [elaTI 186´ ivapNanaYaIlata ko
ilae gaitYaIlata kI ja$rt haotI hOM . yaid maala kao baajaar maoM
nahIM laayaa jaa sakogaa tao vao ivapNana yaaogya nahIM haoMgaoM .
]dahrNa Á ek kMpnaI Tbaao-AlTrnaoTr ka inamaa-Na krtI hOM jaao
ek Tbaa-[na AaOr ek AlTrnaoTr sao banata qaa . prntu¸ ek
Tbaao-¹AlTrnaoTr ko $p maoM¸ [sao baajaar maoM nahIM lao jaayaa jaa
sakta qaa AaOr [sailae yah inamaa-Na nahIM maanaa jaaegaa .
³i~vaoNaI [njaIinayarIMga iva$w saIsaI[-¸ 120 [elaTI 273´
ivacaarYaIla inamaa-Na
saI[- AiQainayama ka esa.2³ef´ Anaok piËyaaAaoM kao
saUcaIbaw krta hOM jaao ivaiYaYT samaJa ko Antga-t inamaa-Na nahIM
samaJao jaa sakto prntu [nhoM saI[- AiQainayama ko Antga-t inamaa-Na
maanaa gayaa hOM .
inamaa-ta
‘‘inamaa -ta’’ Yabd kao AiQainayama maoM pirBaaiYat nahIM ikyaa gayaa hOM
prntu yah bahut mah%vapUNa- hOM @yaaoMik ]%pad Yaulk inamaa-Na pr
lagaayaa jaata hOM . [sako AnaavaRt $p maoM¸ ‘inamaa -ta’ ka Aqa - hOM¸
ek vyai> jaao svayaM ]%padna krta hO¸ yaa ek eosaa vyai> jaao
EaimakaoM ko maaQyama sao ]%padna krvaata hOM . [saka matlaba hOM
ik vahaM Eaimak AaOr EaimakaoM kao Baa,Do pr rKnao vaalao vyai> maoM
ek spYT svaamaI¹saovak yaa p`mauK¹ejaoMsa saMbaMQa haonaa caaihe .
}pr idyao gayao inayaM~Na prIxaNa sao Alaga¸ nyaayaalayaaoM nao BaI
laaBa prIxaNa ka [stomaala ikyaa hOM . [sa prIxaNa ko Antga-t¸
ek inamaa-ta vah hOM jaao laaBa paPt krta hOM yaa p`aosaosa maoM haonao
vaalaI haina kao vahna krta hOM .
]dahrNa Á ko eND kMpnaI Agarbai<ayaaoM ko ivaËya ko vyavasaaya
maoM qaI . yah Agarbai<ayaaoM ko inamaa-Na ko ilae ja$rI kccaa maala
ivaiBanna maihlaaAaoM kao dotI qaI jaao Apnao svayaM ko GaraoM maoM
Agarba<aI inamaa-Na krtI qaI . ]nako ]nako Wara tOyaar pOkoT\sa
kI saM#yaa ko Anausaar pirEaimak idyaa jaata qaa . ko eND
kMpnaI [nhoM baajaar maoM baocatI qaI . [sa maamalao maoM¸ ]%pad Yaulk
ka daiya%va isaf- maihlaaAaoM pr hI hOM AaOr kMpnaI pr nahIM hOM
@yaaoMik maihlaayaoM kMpnaI ko pya-vaoxaNa ko ibanaa Apnao svayaM ko GaraoM
maoM maala tOyaar krtI qaI . kMpnaI AaOr maihlaaAaoM ko baIca huAa
saaOda maaOilak AaQaar pr huAa qaa . ³saIsaI[- iva$w
KMBaatvaalaa¸ 84 [elaTI 161´
kond`Iya ]%pad Yaulk TorIf
saI[-TI AiQainayama kI pqama AnausaUcaI maoM saamaanaaoM kI ek saUcaI hO M
ijana pr ]%pad Yaulk ko ilae daiya%va hOM AaOr jaao AasaanaI sao
[stomaala ike jaanao vaalao trIko sao vagaI-Ìt kI ga[- hO . [sa
AnausaUicat maoM ]na draoM kI saUcaI BaI hOM ijasako Anausaar ivaiBaÙ
saamaanaaoM pr ]%pad Saulk lagaayaa jaanaa hOM . saI[-TI AiQainayama
ka esa.2 ]na inayamaaoM kao inaQaa-irt krta hOM ik yah vagaI-krNa
iksa trh ikyaa jaanaa hOM .
KNDaoM¸ AQyaayaaoM tqaa ]p AQyaayaaoM ko SaIYa-k maa~ maaga-dYa-na ko
ilae hOM AaOr vagaI-krNa pr [naka kao[- p`Baava nahIM hOM .
yaid kao[- SaIYa-k ek AaiT-kla sao sandiBa-t hOM tao yah ]sa
AaiT-kla sao¸ pUNa- yaa ApUNa- $p sao sandiBa-t hOM¸ jaba tk ik
]samaoM ek pUNa- AaiT-kla ko Ainavaaya- gauNa na hao .
yaid ek SaIYa-k ek pdaqa- yaa ek saamaga`I sao sandiBa-t hOM tao
yah ]sa pdaqa- yaa saamagaI ko imaEaNa sao saMdiBa-t hOM .
yaid maala¸ phlaI najar maoM ek sao AiQak SaIYa-k maoM vagaI-krNa ko
yaaogya hOM tao vah YaIYa-k jaao jyaada ivaiYaYT haogaa¸ ]sao saaQaarNa
$p sao vairyata dI jaaegaI .
imaEaNaaoM yaa saimmaiEat maalaaoM ko maamalao maoM ijanhoM ³e´ ko Antga-t
vagaI-Ìt nahIM ikyaa jaa sakta hOM ]sa Avayaya ko Anausaar vagaI-
Ìt ikyaa jaaegaa jaao [sao ek Ainavaaya- gauNa pdana krta hOM.
vao maala ijanaka ]prao> iknhI BaI inayamaaoM ko Antga-t vagaI-krNa
nahIM ikyaa jaa sakta hOM¸ ]nhoM ]sa YaIYa-k ko tht vagaI-Ìt
ikyaa jaaegaa ijasako vao sabasao jyaada saadRYya hOM .
]%pad Yaulk ko yaaogya maalaaoM ka maUlyaaMkna
saI[- AiQainayama ko Antga-t maUlyaaMkna ko dao pkar hOM .
AiQainayama ko esa.4 ko Antga-t¸ ]%pad Yaulk ko yaaogya maalaaoM
ka maUlyaaMkna ‘‘saaOdo ko maUlya’’ pr ikyaa jaata hOM ¹ kraoM kao
Cao,D kr kula ivaËya pr . saaOdo ko maUlya pr ivacaar ike jaanao
ko ilae tIna Yatao- kao pUra ikyaa jaanaa haogaa . phlaI¸ inaQaa-
irtI kao iDlaIvarI ko ilae maala hTanao ko sqaana AaOr samaya pr
maala ka ivaËya krnaa Ainavaaya- hO. dUsarI¸ inaQaa-irtI AaOr Ëota
kao prspr saMbaMQaI nahIM haonaa caaihe . tIsarI¸ ivaËya ko ilae
ekmaa~ ivacaar ike jaanao vaalaI vastu kImat hO . yaid [namaoM sao
ek BaI Yat- pUrI nahIM haotI hOM tao maUlyaaMkna kond`Iya ]%pad Yaulk
maUlyaaMkna inayama¸ 2000 ko Antga-t ikyaa jaaegaa . saI[-
AiQainayama ko esa.4e ko Antga-t¸ maUlyaaMkna saamaana kI
AiQaktma Kudra kImat pr ikyaa jaata hOM. kuC inaiYcat maalaaoM
ko maamalao maoM¸ iDbbaaband vastu inayamaaoM¸ 1977 tqaa taOla AaOr maap
AiQainayama¸ 1977 ko maanakaoM ko Antga-t¸ AiQaktma Kudra
kImat kao eosao maala kI poikMga pr mauid`t ikyaa jaanaa AavaYyak
hOM . eosao maamalaaoM maoM¸ kond`Iya sarkar rajap~ maoM ek AiQasaUcanaa
jaarI kr esa.4e ko Antga-t maala ka maUlyaaMkna kra saktI
hOM . eosao maalaaoM ka maUlya maalaaoM kI AiQaktma Kudra maUlya haogaa
.
saovaa kr
Baart ko saMivaQaana kI saatvaIM AnausaUcaI kI saUcaI 1 kI pivaiYT
96 ko Antga-t ApnaI AvaiYaYT Yai>yaaoM ko tht saMGa Wara
saovaa kr lagaayaa jaata hOM . yaVip¸ saUcaI kI pivaiYT 92¹saI maoM
‘saovaa pr kraoM’ ka ]llaoK hOM prntu yah p`ivaYTI Aaja idnaaMk
tk AiQasaUicat nahIM kI ga[- hO .
kanaUna
saovaa kr Baart maoM iva<a AiQainayama¸ 1994 ³efe 1994´ Wara
laagaU ikyaa gayaa AaOr yah [sa AiQainayama ko Antga-t inarntr
laagaU hOM . Aaja idnaaMk tk saovaa kr sao saMbaMiQat kao[- Alaga
kanaUna ivaVmaana nahIM hOM .
kr yaaogya GaTnaa¸ p`Baairt p`stava
saovaa kr maoM kr yaaogya GaTnaa hOM¸ ek ‘kryaaogya saovaa’ ka
p`avaQaana . esa.66 ko Antga-t¸ jaao p`Baairt p`avaQaana hO¸
efe¸ 1994 ko esa.65³105´ ko Antga-t pirBaaiYat
Anausaar iksaI BaI ‘kr yaaogya saovaa’ pr saovaa kr lagaayaa jaata
hOM . esa.66e laagaU haonao ko baad¸ vao saovaaeM jaao Baart ko
baahr sao Baart maoM ek p`aPtkta- kao p`dana kI jaatI hOM¸ vao [sa
AiQainayama ko Antga-t kr yaaogya hOM . kr kI gaNanaa saovaa ko
ilae Baugatana ike gae Yaulk pr kI jaatI hOM.
kr yaaogya saovaa
isaf- ]na saovaaAaoM pr saovaa kr ka daiya%va hOMM jaao
esa.65³105´ ko Antga-t saUcaIbaw hOM . yah KND sqaaipt
krta hOM ik kao[- BaI saovaaeM jaao madaoM kI ivaivaQata ko saMbaMQa maoM
‘‘p`dana kI ga[- hOM yaa p`dana kI jaanaa hOM’’¸ Baart maoM kr yaaogya
hOM . Aayamaoijak iËeiTva iva$w saIsaITI ³2008´ 2
esasaIsaI 614 maoM savaao-cca nyaayaalaya nao vyavasqaa dI hO ik ivaËya
kr AaOr saovaa kr ka Baugatana prspr ivaiYaYT hOM . yaid ek
saaOdo pr saovaa kr ka Baugatana ikyaa gayaa hO tao samaana saaOdo pr
kao[- ivaËya kr nahIM lagaayaa jaaegaa . halaaMik¸ Anaok saaOdo¸
Kasakr iva<aIya laIja¸ Baa,Da Ëya tqaa kuC inaiYcat saa^FTvaoyar
zokaoM pr ivaËya kr tqaa saovaa kr¸ daonaao ka hI daiya%va haota
hOM.
saImaa Yaulk
kanaUna
saImaa Yaulk ek TorIf yaa To@sa hOM jaao saamaana ko Aayaat pr
lagaayaa jaata hOM . jaOsaa ik ]%pad Yaulk maoM haota hOM¸ yah kr
maala pr nahIM lagaayaa jaata hOM prntu Aayaat kI gaitivaiQa pr
lagaayaa jaata hOM . saImaa Yaulk¸ saImaa Yaulk TorIf AiQainayama¸
1975 ³saITIe´ ko saaqa p,Zto hue¸ saImaa Yaulk AiQainayama¸
1962 ko Antga-t lagaayaa jaata hOM .
saImaa Yaulk ko pkar
Baart maoM laagaU saImaa Yaulk hO Á
bauinayaadI saImaa Yaulk Á bauinayaadI saImaa Yaulk¸ saImaa Yaulk
AiQainayama ko esa.12 ko Antga-t lagaayaa jaata hOM . saaQaarNa
$p sao¸ yah yaqaa maUlya AaQaar pr lagaayaa jaata hOM . kuC
inaiYcat maamalaaoM maoM¸ saImaa Yaulk ‘[tnao $pyao p`it iklaaogaama’’
maap ko Anausaar p`staivat ikyaa jaata hOM .
Aitir> Yaulk Á Baart maoM Aayaaitt iksaI BaI AaiT-kla pr
saITIe ko esa.3³1´ ko Antga-t ]sa samaya ko ilae ek
]%pad Yaulk ko barabar ek p`itkarI kr ³saIvhIDI´ BaI laagaU
haogaa .
kccao maala pr ]%pad Yaulk santuilat krnao ko ilae Aitir>
Yaulk Á saITIe ko esa.3³3´ ko Antga-t¸ saIvhIDI ko
Aitir>¸ kuC ivaYaoYa Yatao- pr¸ kccao maala AaOr kuC [napuT\sa
pr Baugatana ike gae ]%pad Saulk kao santuilat krnao ko ilae
ek Aitir> Saulk laagaU ikyaa jaata hO .
ivaËya kr À vaoT ko evaja maoM Aitir> Yaulk Á saITIe ko
esa.3³5´ ko Antga-t¸ kondIya sarkar ivaËya kr¸ vaoT¸
sqaanaIya kraoM yaa Anya samaana trh ko kraoM kao santuilat krnao
ko ilae ek Aitir> Yaulk lagaa saktI hOM .
saurixat Yaulk Á kuC inaiYcat ]VaogaaoM ko ihtaoM maoM saITIe ko
esa.6 ko Antga-t¸ sarkar maala pr ek saurixat Yaulk lagaa
saktI hOM .
rxaa Yaulk Á yaid jaaMca ko baad kondIya sarkar yah mahsaUsa
krtI hOM ik kuC inaiYcat maala ba,DI maa~aAaoM maoM Aayaat hao rha
hOM jaao Garolau ]Vaoga ko ilae nauksaanajanak hOM tao saITIe ko
esa.8baI ko Antga-t eosao maala pr ek rxaa Yaulk lagaayaa jaa
sakta hOM .
caIna maoM rxaa Yaulk Á caIna sao Aanao vaalao kuC inaiYcat maala pr
]prao> Anausaar .
Anaudana paPt AaiT-kla pr saIvhIDI Á yaid doYa maoM ek AaiT-
kla ko ]%padna pr Anaudana idyaa jaa rha hO tao sarkar saITIe
ko esa.9 ko Antga-t Anaudana kao santuilat krnao ko ilae eosao
AaiT-kla pr ek saIvhIDI lagaa saktI hOM .
enTI¹DMipMga Yaulk Á jahaM sarkar yah inaQaa-irt krtI hOM ik
Baart maoM AaiT-kla saaQaarNa maUlya sao inacalaI dr pr Aayaat
ike jaa rho hOM jaao dUsaro YabdaoM maoM khoM tao yahaM pr Dmp ike jaa
rho hOM tao vah [sa trh kI ‘‘DimpMga’’ pr AiQainayama kI
esa09e ko Antga-t ek Yaulk lagaa saktI hOM .
maala ka maUlyaaMkna
saITIe ko esa.14 ko Antga-t saImaa Yaulk ko p`yaaojana ko ilae
maala ka maUlyaaMkna ikyaa jaata hOM . maUlyaaMkna ka bauinayaadI
inayama yah hOM ik Aayaat ko doYa sao e@sapaoT- ko ilae baocato
samaya ijasa kImat ka vaastva maoM Baugatana ikyaa gayaa hOM yaa jaao
Baugatana yaaogya hOM ³‘‘saaOdo ka maUlya’’´¸ vah saImaa Yaulk ko
maUlyaaMkna ka AaQaar hOM . maUlyaaMkna inayama¸ 1988 ka inayama 9
maoM ivaiBaÙ Anya AayaTmsa inaiht hOM ijanhoM saaOdo ko maUlya maoM Saaimala
ikyaa jaanaa hOM¸ yaid vao phlao sao hI maUlya maoM Saaimala nahIM hOM .
halaaMik¸ yaid ivaËya saamaanya pityaaogaI isqaityaaoM maoM nahIM ikyaa
gayaa hOM prntu ek saMbaMiQat [nTrpa[ja sao ikyaa gayaa hOM yaa
inayama 9 ko Antga-t samaayaaojana sao saMbaMiQat AaMk,Do ]plabQa nahIM
hOM tao [na maalaaoM ko maUlyaaMkna ko ilae vaOkilpk ivaiQayaaM
p`staivat kI ga[- hO .
Yaulk vaapsaI
Yaulk vaapsaI ka Aqa- hOM Aayaaitt yaa ivadoYaI maala pr saImaa
Yaulk AaOr kond`Iya ]%pad Yaulk ka puna-Baugatana yaa ]sa pr
iryaayat jaao inayaa-t ko samaya dI jaatI hOM . Yaulk vaapsaI
Baugatana ike gae Yaulk vaalao saamaana ³esa.74´ pr AaOr
Aayaaitt saamaga`I pr dI jaatI hOM jaao ]sa maala ko inamaa-Na maoM
[stomaala kI jaatI hOM ijasao inayaa-t ikyaa jaata hO. ³esa.75´
ivaËya kr
kanaUna
maala pr ivaËya kr lagaanao saMbaMQaI kond` kI Sai> saMivaQaana ko
e286 ko Wara inayaimat kI jaatI hOM . isaf- ]na ivaËya pr¸
jaao AntÁrajya vyavasaaya AaOr vaaiNajya ko daOrana haoto hOM¸ ]nhI
pr kond`Iya ivaËya kr ka daiya%va haota hOM . Anya saBaI ivaËya
rajya ivaËya kr ko ilae daiya%vaYaIla hOM jaao sqaanaIya sarkar ko
Wara laagaU ikyaa jaata hOM . kond`Iya ivaËya kr AiQainayama¸
1956 ³saIesaTI AiQainayama´¸ AntÁrajya ivaËyaaoM pr kond`Iya
ivaËya kr laagaU krta hOM .
kr yaaogya GaTnaa
samast p`kar ko ivaËya kr maoM¸ kr yaaogya GaTnaa ek maala ka
ivaËya hOM . kuC inaiYcat maamalaaoM maoM¸ kanaona yah inaid-YT kr
sakta hOM ik kr ko Baugatana ka daiya%va Ëota pr hOM . eosao
maamalaaoM maoM¸ kr kao ‘‘Ëya kr’’ kha jaata hOM¸ halaaMik¸ yah
samaana kanaUna ko Antga-t laagaU haota hOM AaOr ]saI p`kar jamaa BaI
ikyaa jaata hOM .
ivaËya
ivaËya kr ko pyaaojanaaoM ko ilae ‘‘ivaËya’’ ka Aqa -¸ vahI hOM jaao
maala ibaËI AiQainayama 1930 maoM hOM . [sao esa.2³jaI´ maoM
pirBaaiYat ikyaa gayaa hOM AaOr [samaoM kuC inaiYcat isqaityaaM BaI
Yaaimala kI ga[- hOM . kuC maamalaaoM maoM¸ jaao saMivaQaana ko
e.366³29e´ ko Antga-t ]llaoiKt hOM¸ halaaMik¸ vahaM ek
‘‘maanaa gayaa ivaËya’’ hOM . maanao gayao ivaËya maoM Ainavaaya - ivaËya¸
Baa,Da Ëya¸ laIja¸ maala [stomaala krnao ko ilae AiQakar ka
hstantrNa¸ kaya- AnaubaMQa tqaa Anya Yaaimala hOM .
AntrÁrajya ivaËya
saIesaTI AiQainayama ka esa.3 maoM ]na isawantaoM ka ivalaoK hOM
jaba ek ivaËya kao ek AntrÁrajya vyaapar tqaa ivaËya ko
Antga-t maanaa jaata hOM . [samaoM vyavasqaa dI ga[- hO ik jaba
ivaËya maoM ek rajya sao dUsaro rajya maoM ‘‘maala kI AavaajaahI ko
Avasar’’ Aato hOM yaa maala ko ek rajya sao dUsaro rajya maoM
AavaajaahI ko daOrana jaba maala ko AiQakaraoM ko dstavaojaaoM ko
ek hstantrNa ka maamalaa haota hOM tao yah ek Antr¹rajya
ivaËya hOM .
]dahrNa Á ek kMpnaI ijasaka p`mauK kayaa-laya e rajya maoM hOM¸
baI rajya maoM eyar kNDIYanasa- ka inamaa-Na krtI hOM . yah e maoM
isqat Apnao p`mauK kayaa-laya maoM AadoYa p`aPt krtI hOM baI maoM
isqat ApnaI fo@TrI sao maala ka pirvahna krtI hOM AaOr ]nhoM
e¸ baI yaa Anya rajyaaoM maoM Apnao ga`ahkaoM kao BaojatI hOM . yao saBaI
ivaËya jaaihr hO ik Antr¹rajya vyaapar tqaa vaaiNajya ko
Antga-t Aato hOM @yaaoMik rajya e maoM kI ga[- saMivada ko
pirNaamasva$p maala kI AavaajaahI e rajya sao baI rajya maoM haotI
hOM . ³Baart saMGa iva$w ko jaI Kaosalaa¸ 43 esaTIsaI 437´
maUlya yaaoijat kr
maUlya¹yaaoijat kr¸ kraGaana ko bahava ko p`Baava sao bacanao ko ilae
kraQaana kI ek pNaalaI hOM . ]dahrNa ko ilae¸ maala ko inamaa -
Na pr ]%pad Yaulk lagaayaa jaata hOM AaOr [sa trh ko maala ka
]pyaaoga kccao maala ko $p maoM Anya fo@TrI maoM haota hOM AaOr
Aintma ]%paidt maala pr ifr ]%pad Yaulk lagaayaa jaata hOM .
dUsaro carNa maoM¸ na isaf- maala pr ]%pad Yaulk lagaayaa jaata hOM
prntu kccao maala ko inamaa-Na maoM [stomaala ]%pad Yaulk pr BaI
lagaayaa jaata hOM . ek maUlya¹yaaoijat kr p`NaalaI maoM¸ ek inamaa -
ta kao ]sako ]Vaoga ko ilae AadanaaoM ko ilae saaK pdana kI
jaatI hOM AaOr kraoM pr kr lagaanao sao bacaa jaata hOM .
]dahrNa Á vhI kMpnaI ek dvaa[- kMpnaI hOM jaao ef AaOYaQaI ka
]%padna krtI hOM . ef [sa kaya- maoM eca¸ ro tqaa TI ka kccao
maala ko $p maoM p`yaaoga krtI hOM. eca kI laagat $. 100À¹¸
jao kI laagat $. 50À¹¸ AaOr TI kI laagat $. 30À¹
p,DtI hOM . p`%yaok Aadana pr 10% kI dr sao ]%pad Yaulk
lagaayaa jaata hOM . AtÁ¸ vhI kMpnaI Wara AadanaaoM pr caukayaa
gayaa Yaulk $. 18À¹ hOM . cailayao¸ maana laoM ik ef kI kImat
$. 250À¹ p`it [ka[- hOM AaOr [sa pr Baugatana yaaogya ]%pad
Yaulk $. 25À¹ hOM . yaid vahaM kao[- vaoT nahIM haota tao ga`ahk
kao $. 250À¹ ko Aitir> ]%pad Yaulk ko $p maoM $.
25À¹ ka Aitir> Baugatana krnaa p,Dta . halaaMik¸ vaoT
p`NaalaI ko Antga-t¸ vhI kMpnaI kraoM ko ilae $. 18À¹ ka
davaa saaK ko $p maoM kr saktI hOM AaOr ga`ahkaoM pr kr ko $p
maoM maa~ $. 7À¹ ka hI Baar DalaogaI .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
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vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k; 20 % yksd vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu %
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu fu;eksa rFkk fl)karksa dk
lewg gSA ;g jkT; }kjk ekU;rk izkIr gS rFkk
jkT;ksa ds e/; laca/kksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS /;ku
nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS bl izdYi esa ^jkT;* 'kCn
dk rkRi;Z ,d izHkqRo lEiUu jktuSfrd vfLrRo
ls gS ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd ,d LorU= ns'k ls gS rFkk
mlh izdkj vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dk rkRi;Z yksd
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ls gS ;g O;fDrxr
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ls fHkUu gSA yksd
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dk rkRi;Z mu fu;eksa]
fl)karks rFkk dkuwuks ls gSA tks jkT; ds lkFk
gh lkFk jkT; rFkk vUrjjk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa ds
lapkyu ds laca/kksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lca/kksa ls
lacf/kr gSA fQj pkgs ;s izkd`frd laca/k gks ;k
dkuwuh laca/k gks] O;fDrxr vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa
dk rkRi;Z izkFkfed #i ls vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij
dkuwuksa ds e/; Vdjko dk lek/kku djus ls gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds L=ksr%
The statute of the ICJ dh /kkjk 38¼1½ ds
vuqlkj vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds fuEufyf[kr
L=ksr gSA
1- vUrjjk"Vªh; lEesyu ;k laf);k
2- fof/k }kjk LohHkkfjr vUrjjk"Vªh;
ijEijk,s
3- jk"Vªksa }kjk ekU;rk izkIr fof/k ds
lkekU; fl)kar
4- U;kf;d fu.kZ;
lEesyu%
bUgsa ge laf);k Hkh dgrs gSa os le>kSrs fo"k;ks
ij Hkfo"; dh viuh uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs
gS rFkk lapkyu djrs gSA bl izdkj ds dkuwu
cukus dh laf/k;ksa esa cM+h rknkr esa jk"Vªksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk ;s
laf);k ,sls fo"k; mRiUu dj ldrh gSA tks fd
lHkh Hkkxhnkjh jk"Vªksa ij ykxw gksA dqN laf/k;ksa
esa ls tusck laf/k ¼1949½ rFkk United Nation
Convention on the law of the sea ¼1982½ gSA
blesa 150 ls Hkkxhnkj jk"Vª Fks rFkk blds }kjk
vUrjjk"Vªh; laf/k;k fuEufyf[kr gSA
Convention on the crime A Genocide
(1948), the vienna convention of Diplomatic
Relations (1961), the Antarctic treaty (1959)
jkse dh laf/k 1998 esa vUrjjk"Vªh; vijkf/kd
U;k;y; dh LFkkiuk gqbZA og jk"Vª tks bu
laf/k;ksa ij gLrk{kj ugh djrs og bu laf/k;ksa
ds }kjk ck/; ugh gksrsA
ijEijkxr vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu & vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwu esa ijEijkxr dkuwu o"kksZ rd
vyx&vyx jk"Vªksa esa leku #i ls izpyu esa
jgrk gSA
n`"Vkar% ;g ,d ijEijkxr dkuwu gS fd jk"Vª
vius leqnzh lhek esa 12 uksfVdy ekbYl rd
eNyh idM+ ldrs gSA ;g dkuwu jk"Vªksa ds e/;
izpyu esa gSA (Fisheries Jurisdiction cases
(United Kingdom Vs Iceland; Germany Vs
Iceland ICJ, Report (1974) P.3)
,d ijkEijkxr dkuwu dh LohdkjZrk rFkk
ekU;rk esa vU; 'kfDr;ksa dh lgHkkxhrk
vko';d gS] vU; jk"Vª lq>ko ns ldrs gS rFkk
ncko cuk ldrs gSa] ijUrq lHkh lEcaf/kr i{kksa
jk"Vªksa dh lgerh ds fcuk ,d ijEijkxr dkuwu
ugha cu ldrkA
yacs ijEijkxr dkuwu ds fuekZ.k ds le;]
izpyu ds vykok] jkT;ksa ds }kjk ;g Hkh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ekU;rk iznku dh tkuh pkfg, fd dkuwu dk
izpyu vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds v/khu nkf;Ro dk
fu?kkZj.k djsxhA ;g opinio juris ds uke ls
tkuh tkrh gSA blesa izpyu dks izFkk esa rFkk
izFkk dks vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu esa cnyk tkrk gSA
(Nicaragua Vs United States of America
ICJ, Reports (1986) p.14)
fof/k ds lkekU; fl)kar%
vUrjjk"Vªh; U;k;y; rFkk vf/kdj.k] ?kjsyw
dkuwuksa ls izko/kku Lohdk;Z dj ldrk gS c'krsZ
og jk"Vªksa ds lEca/kksa ij leku #i ls ykxw gksrs
gks rFkk og rRo lk{; rFkk izfØ;k ls lEcaf/kr
gksA (cortu channel case ICJ Reports
(1949)p.4) ;k futh dkuwu ij vk/kkfjr
lekurk ls gks tks fd Js"B fo'okl ij
vk/kkfjr gks (Nuclear Test Case ICS Reports
1974 p.253) ;k focU/k gks (Temple Case ICJ
Reports (1962) p.6).
ICJ fo/kku dh /kkjk 38 ;g izko/kku djrh gS
U;k;y;ksa rFkk vf/kdj.kksa ds fu.kZ; vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwu dks lgk;d L=ksr gSA gkykafd budks
flQZ izofrZd izkf/kdkj gSA vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu
ds T;knkrj ekeys igys ?kjsyw U;k;y;ksa esa
'kkfey gksrs gSA rFkk bu ekeys esa ?kjsyw
U;k;y;ksa }kjk fu.kZ; ijEijk dk lk{; gks
ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd ?kjsyw
U;k;y;ksa esa vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa dh xyr
O;k[;k dh gksA
vfr ;ksX; ys[kdksa dh f'k{kk,s%
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ij ys[kdksa dh Hkwfedk
lgk;d gSA gkykafd vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds
izkjafHkd fnuksa esa bu ys[kdksa dh Hkwfedk vkt
dh rqyuk esa dkQh izHkko'kkyh FkhA vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwuksa ij gqbZ laf);k¡ fdlh fo'ks"k dkuwu ds
fdlh fo'ks"kfcUnq ij iz;ksx dks tkuus esa
lgk;d gSA
;g ikB~; iqLrds cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS] D;ksafd
;g vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dh lajpuk rFkk izdkj
dks tkuus esa lgk;d gSA blds }kjk
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dh izd`fr] mldk bfrgkl
rFkk izpyu dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;s ys[ku
orZeku iz.kkyh ds nks"kksa ij dVk{k djrk gS
ftlls Hkfo"; ds fy, lq>ko feyrs gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds vU; L=ksr%
vke lHkk }kjk ikfjr ladYi] gkykafd og
ck/;dkjh ugh gS] ij dbZ ckj budk ekuodkjh
egRo gksrk gSA dbZ ckj ,d fu'fpr ifjfLFkfr
esa ;g ,d lk{; iznku djrs gS tks fd dkuwu
dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d gSA (Legality of the
Threat or use of Nuclear Weapons ICJ
Reports (1996)p.70)
vck/;dkjh nLrkost tSls dh Helsinki Accord
(1975) dks lkW¶V ykW ds uke ls tkurs gSA
gkykafd lkW¶V ykW es ck/;dkjhrk dk vHkko gS]
ijUrq ;g fof/k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ L=ksr gSA
{ks=kf/kdkjh%
;fn fo"k;oLrq rFkk jkT; ds e/; xgjk laca/k gS
rks jkT; vius {ks=kf/kdkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq,
izfrLi/khZ jkT; ds fgrks dh vogsyuk dj
ldrk gSA
izknksZf'kdrk dk fl)kar%
,d jkT; vius izns'k ds fy, fo/kku cukus rFkk
ykxw djus ds fy, LorU= gSA c'krsZ mls ,slk
djus ds fy, fdlh laf/k }kjk fuca/k uk fd;k
gks jkT; viuk fo/kku viuh lhek esa fdlh Hkh
O;fDr ds Åij fQj pkgs og fons'kh gh D;wa uk
gks ykxw dj ldrk gSA ,d jkT; dk dkuwu
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ml jkT;ksa esa iathd`r tgktksa rFkk gokbZ tgkt
ij ykxw gksrk gS rFkk bu ij ;k=k djus okys
yksxksa ij Hkh ;g ykxw gksrk gSA ;g {ks=kf/kdkj
dk izkFkfed vk/kkj gSA
n`"VkUr% LdkWfV'k U;k;y; viuk {ks=kf/kdkj mu
geykojks ij Hkh ykxw dj ldrk gSA ftUgksus
LdkWfV'k 'kgj ykdjckbZ ds Åij gokbZ tgkt
dks ce ls mM+k fn;k (Lockerbie case ICJ
Reports (1992) p.12)
jk"Vªh;rk dk fl)kar%
jkT; viuh gn esa jgus okys yksxksa dks fu;af=r
djus ds fy, fo/kku cuk ldrk gS bldk
mnkgj.k Vsdl dkuwu gSA jkT; vius ukxfjdks
dks n.M nsus ds fy, fo/kku cuk ldrk gS rFkk
og ukxfjd ftUgksus fons'k esa vijk/k fd;k gS
muds izkR;ki.kZ ds fy, dkuwu cuk ldrk gS
ijUrq blds fy, nwljs jkT; ds lkFk izkR;kiZ.k
laf/k gksuk vko';d gSA vU;Fkk ;g dkuwu nwljs
jkT; ij ykxw ugh gksxkA
fuf"Ø; O;fDrxr fl)kar%
;g fl)kar jkT; ds ml {ks=kf/kdkj ds lEcU/k
esa gSA ftlls mlds O;fDr;ksa ds fo#) fons'k
esa fonsf'k;ksa }kjk d`R; fd;k tkrk gSA yksVl
ekeyk bl fl)kar dk vk/kkj gSA
n`"Vkar% vUrjjk"Vªh; ty esa ,d yscuht
ukxfjd dks vejhdh lqj{kk ,stsaV }kjk idM+k
tkuk] ml ij vejhdk esa bl vk/kkj ij
vfHk;kstu pyk;k x;k] fd blus ,d tk¡MZu
gokbZ tgkt dk vigj.k fd;k ftlesa dbZ lkjs
vesfjdu ukxfjd lokj FksA (united states of
America V.Yunis, (No.2), 82 ILR p.344)
j{kkRed fl)kar%
fu'fpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; dks mu fons'kh
ukxfjdks ds fo#) Hkh {ks=kf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA
ftUgksaus jkT; dh lqj{kk ds fo#) vijk/k fd;k
gSA bl fl)kar dk lax Li"V ifjHkkf"kr ugh
gSA ijUrq dbZ laf/k;ksa esa bls ekU;rk izkIr gSA
n`"Vkar% A vejhdk esa iSnk gqvk rFkk mlus /kks[ks
ls baXyS.M dk ikliksVZ izkIr dj fy;k rFkk
lkFk gh lkFk teZuh dh ukxfjdrk xzg.k dj
yhA mlus teZuh ls ,d jsfM;ks dEiuh esa dke
dj fy;k rFkk baXyS.M ds fo#) 'k=qor dFku
dgsA A us baXyS.M ds fo#) vijk/k fd;k gSA
vr% vc og baXyS.M esa U;k;y; ds {ks=kf/kdkj
esa gSA (Joyce V. Director of Public
Prosecution, 15 ILR p.91)
lkoZHkkSfed vkSj v/kZlkoZHkkSfed {ks=kf/kdkj%
jkT; ds {ks=kf/kdkj dk j{kkRed fl)kar ,d
viokn gS ijUrq dqN vijk/k tSls leqnzh MdSrh]
nklRo] ;a=.kk] ujlagkj] ;q) vijk/k rFkk
ekuork ds fo#) vijk/k ,sls vijk/k gSA
ftuds lanHkZ esa ijEijkxr vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu
jkT; dks viuk lax vf/kdkj izkIr djus ls ugh
jksd ldrkA fQj pkgs vijk/k dgh ij Hkh gqvk
gks ;k fdlh Hkh ukxfjdrk ds O;fDr us fd;k
gks] jkT; dks muds fo#) {ks=kf/kdkj izkIr
gksxkA bls ge lkoZHkkSfed vf/kdkj dgrs gSA
;g fl)kar dbZ lkjs lkoZHkkSfed laf);ks esa
iznRr gksrk gSA ftudk lanHkZ vkradokn] rLdjh
rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj ls gS] bl ifjis{; esa ;g flQZ
laf/k djus okys jkT;ksa rFkk i=dkjks ij ykxw
gksrk gS vr% bls v/kZ lkoZHkkSfed fl)kar dgrs
gSaA
n`"Vkar%
lHkh jkT; leqnzh MdSrks dks idM+ rFkk
fxj¶rkj dj ldrs gSaA (A.105 ds the
convention on the law of the sea, 1982)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
laf/k dkuwu%
fo;uk laf/k 1969 ;g izko/kku dgrh gS fd
fdl izdkj fof/k laf);k dh tk,sxhA fo;uk
laf/k 1969 dh /kkjk 21(A) laf/k dks ifjHkkf"kr
djrs gq, ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd laf/k ,d
vUrjjk"Vªh; le>kSrk gSA tks jkT;ks ds e/;
fyf[kr #i ls fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa }kjk 'kkflr gS ;g ,d
lk/ku }kjk ;k nks lk/ku }kjk tSlk Hkh
vko';d gks voRrh.kZ gSA
laf/k 'kCn ds vUrxZr lkoZHkkSfed] {ks=h;]
vUrZjk"Vªh; rFkk iz'kkluhd rRo 'kkfey gSA ,d
laf?k f}i{kh; ;k cgqi{kh; gks ldrh gSA rFkk
laf/k ds vUrxZr vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds vuq#i
nkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k gksuk pkfg, ,d laf/k rhljs
O;fDr dh e/;LFkk ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA
Memorandum of Understanding laf/k ls
fHkUu gSA MOU dks xksihuh;rk ds lanHkZ esa
izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS] fo'ks"kdj j{kk le>kSrs
esaA
izR;; i= rFkk 'kfDr;k¡,s%
laf/k jkT;ksa ds e/; jkT;ksa rFkk laxBuksa ds e/;
rFkk vUrjjk"Vªh; laxBuksa ds e/; vUrjjk"Vªh;
fo"k;ksa ij LFkkfir gksrh gSA izR;sd jkT; dks
laf/k djus dk vf/kdkj gSA
(A6 Vienna Convention, 1969)
izR;; i= jkT; }kjk fo'ks"kdj fons'k ea=ky;
}kjk mu izfrfuf/k;ksa dks iznku fd;s tkrs gS] tks
dh cgqi{kh; le>kSrks esa jkT; dk izfrfuf/kRo
dj jgs gS] rFkk blds ckn ;g estcku jkT; ;k
laxBu dks iznku djrs gSA ;g izR;; i=
izfrfuf/k;ks dks laf/k ds ifjis{k; esa ckrphr rFkk
laf/k ij gLrk{kj djus dk vf/kdkjh gS ftls
'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSA (A7 (1) Vienna Convention
1969)
Lohdk;Zrk rFkk izek.khdj.k%
,d ckj tc ckrphr iwjh gks tkrh gS rc
ckrphr djus okys jkT;ks ds e/; ;g vko';d
gS fd og laf/k ikB dks Lohdk;Z djsA Lohdk;Z
djus dk rkRi;Z ;g ugh dh jkT;ksa us laf/k ij
jtkeanh ns nh gSA vUrjjk"Vªh; lEesyu esa
Lohd`fr jkT; ds 2@3 oksVks ls vko';d gS
(A9 (2) Vienna Convention 1969)
lgefr%
jkT; dbZ rjhdks ls ,d vUrjjk"Vªh; le>kSrs
ds izfr viuh Lohd`fr ns ldrk gS tSls
gLrk{kj }kjk] lk/kuksa ds fofue; }kjk]
vuqleFkZu }kjk] ifjxzg.k }kjk rFkk Lohdkfjrk
}kjk (A9.11-17, Vienna Convention, 1969)
n`"Vkar% Hkkjr us CTBT gLrk{kj ugh fd;kA
gkykafd bl eqís ij ckrphr esa Hkkjr 'kkfey
Fkk] ijUrq gLrk{kj uk djuk ;g n'kkZrk gS fd
Hkkjr dks laf/k dh 'krsZ Lohdkj ugh gSA
n`"Vkar% Hkkjr United Nations Convention on
the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ("the
UNCRPD"), ij gLrk{kj rFkk mldk
vuqleFkZu djrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd
Hkkjr UNCRPD dh 'krksZ ds veq[k viuh
?kjsyw dkuwu esa ifjorZu dks rS;kj gSA ogh nwljh
vkSj baXyS.M laf/k ij gLrk{kj djrk gSA ijUrq
mldk vuqlaeFkZu ls igys baXyS.M vius ?kjsyw
dkuwuksa esa ifjorZu djsxkA
vkj{k.k%
/kkjk 21 (D) vkj{k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,
mls ,di{kh; dFku dgrh gSA laf/k ij
gLrk{kj vuqleFkZu Lohdkfjrk djrs gq, ;g
jkT; dks vf/kdkj nsrh gSA fd blesa vkosnu ds
fy, jkT; vius fof/kd ra= ds fu'fpr
iazko/kkuksa esa ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA vkj{k.k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
foi{kh; laf/k ls ugh cu ldrk] i{kdkjksa dks
laf/k Lohdkj djus ls igys laf/k dh leLr
'krksZ ijjkth gksuk vko';d gksA ,d jkT;
cgqi{kh; laf/k dks lek;ksftr djus ds fy,
vkj{k.k dk lgkjk ys ldrk gSA /kkjk 19 laf/k
ds gLrk{kfjr vuqlefFkZr rFkk Lohdkj gksus ij
vkj{k.k dk izko/kku djrh gS ijUrq ogk ugh
tgk¡ bls laf/k dh 'krksZ }kjk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k
gSA
/kkjk 21¼1½ vkj{k.k ds fof/kd izHkkoksa ij ppkZ
djrk gSA
izorZu%
tc laf/k esa mlds izorZu dh dksbZ fof/k
mYysf[kr ugh gksrh rc tSlh gh leLr
i{kdkjks }kjk ml ij Lohd`fr nh tkrh gSA og
izorZu esa vk tk,sxhA (A.21,Vienna
Convention 1969)
n`"Vkar% tsusok lEesyu mPp leqnz ij le>kSrs
dks 22os lk/ku ds vuqleFkZu ij rFkk 13os fnu
ls ifjorZu gksus dk izko/kku djrk gSA
laf/k rFkk ?kjsyw dkuwu%
lEesyu 1969 ds /kkjk 26 laf/k ds lanHkZ esa
eq[; fl)kar dk izko/kku djrh gSA izR;sd laf/k
mlds i{kdkjksa ij ck/;dkjh laf/k ds ifjizs{; esa
jkT; dks viuh ?kjsyw dkuwu esa la'kks/ku djuk
gks rks ,slk laf/k ds izorZu ls iwoZ gh dj ysuk
okfg,A /kkjk 27 fo;uk lEesyu 1969A
O;k[;k%
fo;uk lEesyu 1969 dh /kkjk 31 ls 33 O;k[;k
ls lEcfU/kr gS /kkjk 31 O;k[;k ls lEcaf/kr
ekSfyd fu;eksa dk izko/kku djrh gSA rFkk ls
vUrjjk"Vªh; ijEijkxr vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dk
izfrfcEc gSA
laf/k dh O;k[;k ds fy, cqyk, x, U;k;f/kdj.k
dk izFke drZO; laf/k ds izko/kkuksa dks muds
izkØfrd rFkk izklafxd lanHkZ esa O;kf[;r djuk
gSA (Competence of the General Assembly
for the Admission of a State to the United
Nations case, 82 ILR, P.590)
;fn fo;uk lEesyu 1969 dh /kkjk 33 laf/k;ksa
dh nks ;k vf/kd Hkk"kkvksa ds laca/k esa izko/kku
djrh gSA
laf/k;ks dh vekU;rk%
fo;uk lEesyu 1969 dh /kkjk 44 ;g izko/kku
djrh gS fd jkT; laf/k dks flQZ iw.kZ#is.k gh
fujLr dj ldrk gSA /kkjk 45 ds vuqlkj ,d
ckj tc jkT; dks rF; dk Kku gks tkrk gSA
mlds ckn og laf/k dks vekU;] lekIr]
fuyEcu rFkk okfil ugh dj ldrkA jkT; ;g
nyhy ugh ns ldrk fd laf/k ds dkj.k mles
vkUrfjd dkuwuksa dk myU/ku gks jgk gS vr%
bl vk/kkj ij og laf/k dh fuUnk ugh dj
ldrkA fo;uk lEesyu 1969 /kkjk ¼46½
fdlh rRo ;k ifjfLFkfr ftls dh jkT; laf/k esa
gLrk{kj djrs le; laf/k esa mifLFkr le>s
ijUrq og uk gks] rFkk bu rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ;k
dkj.k gh jkT; es Lohd`fr nh gks] ijUrq ;g
laf/k ls xk;c gks rc ;k viuh Lohd`fr dks
vekU; ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gSA ¼fo;uk lEesyu
/kkjk 48½
tgk¡ ij ,d jkT; }kjk nwljs jkT; dh Lohdfr
diViwoZd izkIr dh xbZ rks jkT; laf/k dks
vekU; ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gS ¼fo;uk lEesyu
/kkjk 49½
;fn okrkZdkj jk"Vª nwljs jk"Vª ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dks
Hkz"V djds Lohd`fr izkIr djrs gS rks jk"Vª
Lohd`fr dks vekU; dj ldrk gS ¼fo;uk
lEesyu 1969 /kkjk 50½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
og laf/k 'kwU; gksxh tks fØ;kUo;u ds le;
lkekU; vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa ds fojks/k ;k
Vdjko esa gks ¼/kkjk 53½
,d vekU; laf/k 'kwU; gksrh gS rFkk ;g fof/k
}kjk izorZuh; ugh gSA ¼/kkjk 69½
laf/k dk fujLrhdj.k%
dksbZ Hkh laf/k mlesa izko/kkuksa ds vuq#i fujLr
dh tk ldrh gS rFkk lkFk gh lkFk laf/k ds
i{kdkj jkT;ksa dh vke Lohd`fr ls laf/k fujLr
dh tk ldrh gSA ¼/kkjk 54 rFkk 57½
;fn laf/k esa ,slk dksbZ izko/kku uk gks rks jkT;
fujLrhdj.k gsrw Lo;a dks flQZ laf/k ls vyx
dj ldrk gSA
;fn laf/k esa iz;qDr mís'; dks ikfjr vlaaHko gks
;k mudh 'krksZ dk ikyu vlaHko fQj pkgs oks
fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls gks rks i{kdkj jkT; Lo;a dks
laf/k ls vyx dj ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk 61½
fooknksa dk fuiVkjk%
;fn fookn la;qDr jk"Vª ds pkVZj dh /kkjk 33
ds vUrxZr 12 eghus esa gy ugh gksrk gS rks
vkxs dh dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn fookn
/kkjk 53 rFkk 64 ds vUrxZr gS rFkk nksuksa
i{kdkjksa us vke lgefr ls ekeyk e/;LFkrk ds
fy, ugh lkSaik gSA rks dksbZ Hkh ,d i{k fyf[kr
izkFkZuk&i= }kjk ekeys dks vUrjjk"Vªh;
U;k;y; esa ys tk ldrk gSA ;fn fookn
lEesyu dh vU; /kkjkvksa ls gS rks dksbZ i{kdkj
vke lHkk ds lsdsVªjh tujy ls gLr{ksi dh
ekax dj ldrk gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds fo"k;%
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dbZ o"kksZ ds lrr~ fodkl
dk ifj.kke gS] rFkk bls dbZ Js.kh;ksa esa Js.kkZc)
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuorkoknh dkuwu ;k ;q)
dkuwu
lkeqfnzd dkuwu
vUrjjk"Vªh; ukxfjd mì;u
vUrjjk"Vªh; fØfeuy ykW
vUrjjk"Vªh; vkfFkZd dkuwu
vUrjjk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k dkuwu
vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuorkoknh dkuwu & (IHL)
vUrjjk"Vªh; ekuorkoknh dkuwu esa fuEufyf[kr
rRo 'kkfey gSa%
fdlh izdkj la?k"kZ fof/k iwoZd rjhds ls
iw.kZ gks (Hague Conventions of 1899)
v;q)dks ds O;ogkj ls lEckaf/kr fu;e
1907
pkgs jkT; IHL laf/k dk i{kdkj gks ;k
ugh ijUrq og mu fu;eksa ls ck/; gksxk
tks vc vUrjjk"Vªh; ijEijkxr dkuwu
dk Hkkx gSA tSls dh gsx yk rFkk
tsusok lEesyuA
IHL vUrjjk"Vªh; ;q)d Vdjkoksa esa
lEca/k esa izko/kku djk,s rFkk ;s lkFk gh
lkFk vUrjjk"Vªh; ;q)d Vdjkoks rFkk
vkarfjd ;q)d Vdjkoks esa varj Hkh
djrk gSA
/kkjk 31 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd ;q)d
gfFk;kjks] felkbyksa vkfn dk bl izdkj
iz;ksx ugh gksuk pkfg, fd og
vko';drk ls vf/kd uqdlku rFkk
tugkfu djsA
IHL /kedh rFkk ukHkdh; gfFk;kjksa ds
lEca/k esa izko/kku djrh gSA
tSfod gfFk;kj lEesyu 1972 rFkk
jlk;fud gfFk;kj lEesyu 1993 esa bu
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
gfFk;kjksa ds iz;ksx rFkk mUgs l'kL=
cyks esa 'kkfey djus ij jksd gSA
tsusok lEesyu dh /kkjk 4 ;q) ca/kdks
ds lEca/k esa izzko/kku djrh gSA
prqFkZ tsusok lEesyu ;q)d xfrfof/k;ksa
esa ukxfjdksa rFkk ukxfjd izfr"Bkuksa dh
lqj{kk ds ifjis{; djrk gSA
Additional Protocol dh /kkjk 48 Li"V
#i ls ;g izko/kku dgrh gS fd
ukxfjdks rFkk lSfudks ds e/; Hksn fd;k
tkuk pkfg, rFkk vkijs'kul flQZ
lSfudks ds fo#) pyka;s tkus pkfg,A
leLr ;q) vijk/k lkoZHkkSfed dkuwu ds
vUrxZr vkrs gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; lkeqfnzd dkuwu
lkeqfnzd dkuwu dks lafgrk Lo#i nsus dk izFke
lQy iz;kl la;qDr jk"Vª lkeqfnzd dkuwu
lEesyu 1958 esa gqvk ijUrq lkeqfnzd dkuwu ds
egRoiw.kZ igywvksa dk lw=cU/ku la;qDr jk"Vª
lkeqfnzd dkuwu lEesyu 1982 esa gqvkA ;g
dkuwu dbzZ laf);ks rFkk ijEijkxr dkuwu dk
ifj.kke gS tks o"kksZ ds ikyu ls mRiUu gqvk gSA
;g dkuwu lHkh i{kdkjks ij ck/; gS rFkk oks
jk"Vª tks bldk fgLlk ugh gS tSls bjkd rFkk
vesfjdk ;g mu ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; vkradokn%
orZeku esa vUrjjk"Vªh; vkradokn dkuwu viuk
Bksl ewrZ Lo#i jgk ;k gS] blesa dbZ laf);k]
le>kSrs] {kS=h; le>kSrs] lEesyu 'kkfey gSA
ijUrq vHkh ,d lkoZHkkSfed dkuwu rFkk ifjHkk"kk
miyC/k ugh gSA vke lHkk }kjk vkradokn ij
nks egEoiw.kZ lEesyu Lohdk;Z fd;s x;s gSa] ;s gSa
1. International Convention for the
suppression of Terrorist Bombing (1997) 2.
The International Convention for the
Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
(2005).
vUrjjk"Vªh; ukxfjd mì;u%
ukxfjd mM~;u ij f'kdakxks vUrjk"Vª; lEesyu
1944] ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqvk gSA ;g
vUrjjk"Vªh; ukxfjd mM~;u laxBu dh LFkkiuk
djrk gS lEesyu esa dqy 188 i{kdkj FksA
olksZ lEesyu 1929 dk mís'; gokbZ fu;eksa ds
la;qDrhdj.k] nkf;Ro fu/kkZj.k] nLrkost fuekZ.k
vkfn FkkA eksaVfjy lEesyu 1999] olksZ lEesyu
dh txg ysrk gS] ;g O;kid Lrj ij gokbZ
fu;eksa dh O;;LFkk djkrs gSA ;g lEesyu 2003
ls izo/kZu essa jgk rFkk blesa dqy 65 i{kdkj FksA
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ls lEca/kh fudk; rFkk
laxBu%
la;qDr jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj 1949
ds }kjk gqvk] blesa u, lnL; ds nkf[kys ds
fy, loZ izFke lqj{kk ifj"kn ml jk"Vª ds uke
dh flQkfj'k djrk gSA mlds ckn vke lHkk
2@3 cgqer ls ml jk"Vª ds nkf[kys dk
vuqeksnu djrh gSA (A9.4(2) and 18(2) UN
Charter)
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds N% Hkkx gSA
¼1½ vke lHkk
¼2½ lqj{kk ifj"kn
¼3½ vUrjjk"Vªh; U;k;y;
¼4½ vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd ifj"kn
¼5½ lfpoky;
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fudk; tSls fd la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe
¼UNEP½ 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, la;qDr jkLVª
mPpk;ksx (UNHCR) rFkk la;qDr jk"Vª ckydks"k
(UNICEF) ls fudk; dksbZ fo'ks"kK fudk; ugh
gS vfIirq la;qDr jk"Vª vke lHkk }kjk LFkkfir
fudk; gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª vke lHkk es lHkh lnL; 'kkfey
gksrs gSA izR;sd lnL; dks ,d oksV nsus dk
vf/kdkj gksrk gS ¼/kkjk 18 UN pakVZj½ egRoiw.kZ
fo"k;ksa ij fu.kZ; tSls otV rFkk pquko esa nks
cVk rhu cgqer dh vko';drk gkrh gS rFkk
vU; lHkh fo"k;ksa dks lk/kkj.k cgqer ls ikl
fd;k tk ldrk gSA vke lHkk }kjk ikl
fo/ks;d ck/;dkjh ugh gksrsA ijUrq ijEijkxr
#i ls budk lEeku fd;k tkrk gSA
lqj{kk ifj"kn%
lqj{kk ifj"kn es dqy 15 lnL; gS ftues ls 5
lnL; LFkk;h rFkk 10 lnL; vLFkk;h gksrs gSA
vLFkk;h lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 2 o"kZ dk gksrk gS
bu lnL;ksa dk pquko la;qDr jk"Vª vke lHkk ds
lnL;ksa esa ls fd;k tkrk gSA
lqj{kk ifj"kn ds izR;sd lnL; dk ,d oksV
gksrk gS] rFkk izfØ;kRed fo"k; dk fu/kkZj.k bu
ernku }kjk gksrk gSA (A.21(2) UN Charter)
vU; fo"k;ksa ij Hkh fu.kZ; ldkjkRed ernku
}kjk fd;k tkrk gS] c'krsZ ernku ij oksVksa dk
iz;ksx uk fd;k x;k gksA fdlh LFkk;h lnL;
dks vuqifLFkfr dks mlds ohVks iz;ksx ds lanHkZ
esa ugh fy;k tkrkA
la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj dh /kkjk 24 lqj{kk ifj"kn
dks ;g izkFkfed ftEesnkjh nsrh gS fd og fo'o
esa 'kkafr rFkk lqj{kk LFkkfir djsaA lqj{kk ifj"kn
dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ij
oS/kkfud fuUcZ/k yxk ldrk gSA v/;k; N% }kjk
?kksf"kr izLrko vck/;dkjh gksrs gS ogh v/;k;
lkr rFkk vkB dsl vUrxZr ?kksf"kr izLrko
ck/;dkjh gksrs gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; U;kf;d U;k;y;%
vUrjjk"Vªh; U;k;y; la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk ,d
eq[; vax gS] la;qDr jk"Vª ds pkVZj ds vuq#i
bldh LFkkiuk 1945 esa nh xbZ rFkk blus
April 1946 ls dk;Z djuk 'kq# fd;kA bl
U;k;y; esa 15 tt gksrs gSa ftudk dk;Zdky 9
o"kZ dk gSA
budk pquko vke lHkk rFkk lqj{kk ifj"kn }kjk
fd;k tkrk gSA (A9.3 and 4 of the statute of
the ICJ) bl U;k;y; dh Hkwfedk vUrjjk"Vªh;
fooknksa dk lek/kku djuk gS rFkk mu eqíksa ij
oS/kkfud es lykg djuk gS tks l-jk- ds fofHkUu
fudk;ksa }kjk bUgs lkSis x, gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; U;kf;d U;k;y; vUrjkf"Vª;
fØfeuy U;k;y; ls fHkUu gS] U;k;y; ds nks
izdkj ds vaxkf/kdkj gS
1- fookn lqy>uk
2- lykgdkjh drZO;
xx