foam use class pp
DESCRIPTION
Foam use class Power Point Presentation.TRANSCRIPT
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7TH ANNUAL ARKANSAS FIRE BOAT SCHOOLFRIDAY AND SATURDAY, JUNE 4TH AND 5TH, 2010
SPILLWAY LAUNCHING RAMP/IRON MOUNTAIN RESORT
DEGRAY LAKE, ARKANSAS
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Instructors
• Michael Ayers Pierce MFG. Senior Fire Protection Specalist
• Paul Gaines Regional Manager Elkhart Brass
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Class A combustibles: Wood, paper, tires, piles of mulch/brush, bales of hay/straw/cotton, car fires
Effective in initial attack, overhaul, mop-up and exposure protectionDoes NOT affect water application rates or manpower requirements
98% of the fires we face are considered Class A fires, so for most departments, it just makes sense to use Class A
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• Is a surfactant-treated water that acts as a wet water solution unfoamed and has the ability to be turned into foam.
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CA B D
FlammableFlammableLiquidsLiquids
GasolineGasolineAcetoneAcetone
KeroseneKerosene
OrdinaryCombustibles
WoodClothPaperWool
Energized Electrical
Equipment
TransformersComputers
Electric Ovens
CombustibleMetals
MagnesiumTitanium
ZirconiumSodium
Potassium
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• Faster Knockdown With Less Chance of Fire Rekindling
• Reduction of Water Damage and Better Preservation of Evidence
• Improved Efficiency of Water Saves Money Due to Fewer Trips by Tenders…(Fuel, wear and tear, manpower, less time on scene, etc.)
• Simply put…It makes water Better
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• Class A foam– Wood, paper, tires, any Class A combustible – Effective in initial attack, overhaul, mop-up and
exposure protection– Does NOT affect application rates or manpower
requirements
• Class B foam– Liquid Hydrocarbons and polar solvents
• Emulsifier / Spill response agent– Vapor suppression and hydrocarbon recovery
• Gel– Exposure protection (wildland)
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Good at wetting and cooling fuels.Suppress flammable vapors.Reduce smoke emission.Reflect away radiant heat.Insulate against radiant and convective heat.Hold water on surfaces.Durability (hold water on surfaces).Biodegrade easily.Low mixing ratio (0.1% to 1.0%).
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• PRO’S• Improved wetting/cooling
and heat absorption• Suppression of
flammable vapors• Reduction in smoke• Biodegradable(conditional)
• Opaque surface reflects heat (exposure protection)
• Ability to hold water on any surface
• Durability & controlled drain time
• Mix rates .1%-1%• CON’S• Degreaser• Conditional use for
class B fires
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A measure of the durability and viscosity of foam
Foam Solution
Wet Foam
Fluid Foam
Dry Foam
0.1%-1%
0.2%
0.5%
1.0%
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Class A foam attack - 125 gpm at 0.5%
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NOTE: Lack of smoke; ability of Class A foam to bond with carbon
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• 1890’s brick schoolhouse– 4 miles outside
of town– No hydrants
• First pumper on scene– 6 minute response– 750 gallons of
water
– FoamPro 2001
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• Initial attack 2-1/2” line 328 gpm 0.5% Class A
foam• Knockdown
6 seconds 33 gallons of water 0.17 gallons of Class A foam concentrate
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Water:– 750 gpm supplied by:
– Two 2-1/2” – Two 1-3/4”
– No effect
Tire FireClass A Foam
Class A foam:– 60 gpm @ 0.5%– Medium expansion– 20 minute knockdown
Tire FirePlain Water
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• Class A Foam• Carbon-attractive so that material is
prone to migrate toward the fuel.• Low water surface tension to
promote spreading.• Low water surface tension to
promote wetting• High detergency to emulsify oils &
waxes to allow wetting.• High foamability• High degradability in the
environment.
• Class B Foam• Carbon-shedding so that the
foam tends to stay away from the fuel.
• Low water surface tension to promote spreading and allow a film of solution to form over fuel.
• Low detergency to resist fuel pickup.
• High foamability.
• Moderate degradability in the environment.
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• REMOVING FUELS• Good wetting agent (penetrating fuel with
water)• Ability to hold water on any surface
• INTERRUPTION OF CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION
• Suppression of flammable vapors• Reduction of smoke
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Foam Bubble
Class A Class B Emulsifiers
Carbon-lovingGood SpreadingExcellent wetting
Carbon-sheddingExcellent spreading
Poor wetting Designed to reactwith the fuel source
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When plain water is applied to fuel, surface tension causes water to bead up …
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Add Class A foam to plain
water…solution
spreads and penetrates the
fuel…
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… moisture content of the fuel increases and chance of rekindle is reduced.
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5.3.4.1.1 Wetting agent solutions at the concentractions specified by the manufacturer shall be evaluated to, and comply with, the requirements of UL711 for Class A fires utilizing a 3A wood crib.
5.3.4.1.2 The test shall be conducted utilizing a 9.5 L (2.5 gal) listed 2A rated water extinguisher.
U.L. 711 is the portable extinguisher test series. A 2.5 gallon extinguisher can never get more than a 2A rating with plain water. When a wetting agent or Class A foam is added to the water then the extinguisher is more effective.
The 3A test fire is larger than the 2A and is two (2) two times the amount of fire loading, in general, as the 2A fire loading.
When an agent in an extinguisher passes the test cycle, then the agent is rated by U.L. as better than plain water.
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• U.L. 162 test
• A test for class B foams• 50 sq. Ft. Pan with 8” of freeboard• N-heptane fuel• 2” of fuel on top of water• 1 minute preburn• 2 gpm application rate• Time allowed to extinguish – 3
minutes• Secure time – 9 minutes• Re-ignition – try twice• Burn back test - yes
• NFPA 18 Test
• A test for wetting agent / foams• 50 sq. ft. pan with 8” of freeboard• N-heptane fuel• 2” of fuel on top of water• 1 minute preburn• 10 gpm application rate• Time allowed to extinguish – no time,
don’t overflow pan• Secure time - not tested• Re-ignition – not tested• Burn back test - no
The 162 test is obviously much more demanding
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• Upon testing and approval to the 162 standard, a foam can have a UL label on the container and the good ones do.
• There isn’t a UL standard assigned to the NFPA 18. However, companies pay UL to perform the NFPA 18 test. Then the company puts a UL label on the container. You have to read carefully to see what UL tested the foam for, 162 or NFPA 18…….
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• Only independent testing lab that tests
Class “A” Foam
For the best results, you should use approved products
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http://www.fs.fed.us/ rm/fire/download/chemical/qpl_current.pdf
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Many Fire Departments Are Carrying Only Class A Or Universal Foams
• Those departments include Los Angeles County (Class A).
1. Such departments have performed tests and conducted exercises that have determined their policies. These departments have not abandoned Class B foam. They have re-assigned how the Class B foam is carried and stationed.
2. These departments carry Class A foam on the first due engines and carry Class B foam on target hazard vehicles. The target hazard vehicles are stationed in areas where the Class B hazard is the highest.
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Choosing A Foam, Or Foams
1. Determine the foam generating capacity to be required of first due engines, special hazard engines, and special hazard units (foam trailers, foam tenders, etc.
2. Determine the type and amount of foam concentrates required to implement the program(s)
3. Upon implementation of a program: CONDUCT TESTS to determine if the program is adequate to meet the needs.
4. Adequately evaluate the hazards present, past, current, and future.
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Other Considerations • $$$ Per Gallon vs. Application Rate: Lower Cost per
Gallon of Concentrate Does Not Always Equate to Lower Operating Costs
• 1% foam does not cost six times as much as 6% foam. 3% does not cost 1/3 of what a 1% foam costs.
• DO THE MATH……..DO THE HOMEWORK
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• A Class A foam, in order to work properly, needs to be attractive to carbon based fuels and a good emulsifier.
• A Class B foam shouldn’t be fuel attractive or necessarily an emulsifier.
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Well….for one thing, at the concentrate level, Class A foam and
Class B AR AFFF don’t like each other……
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• Result of mixed foam (in strainer)
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• Two basic types
• Manual
• Automatic
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• Placing a pre-measured amount of foam concentrate into a tank of known volume.
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• Foaming in tank
• Pump priming difficulties
• Water refill difficulties
• Cleansing of lubricant
• Use of excessive foam concentrates
• Foam solution degradation
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EDUCTOR
A mixing system that uses water pressure to draw foam concentrate
into the water stream for mixing.
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TYPES OF EDUCTORS
IN LINE
BY-PASS
NAVY IN LINE
PUMP PANEL DEDICATED DISCHARGE
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THE FOAM EDUCTOR
AN EDUCTOR USES THE VENTURI PRINCIPLE TO INTRODUCE A PROPORTIONATE AMOUNT OF WATER AND FOAM INTO A STREAM
CREATES A LOW PRESSURE / VACUUM AREA TO DRAW FOAM CONCENTRATE
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THE EDUCTOR
NORMALLY RATED AT
200 PSI INLET PRESSURE RATED AT A SPECIFIC GPM FLOW
AVAILABLE IN 30, 60, 95, 125, 150, & 250 GPM SIZES
PROPORTIONING RATIOS OF ½, 1, 3, OR 6%
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LINE EDUCTORSLINE EDUCTORS
Low CostLow Cost
Minimal Moving PartsMinimal Moving Parts
Minimal MaintenanceMinimal Maintenance
PortablePortable
Simple OperationSimple Operation
NOTE: CHECK MANUFACTURERS’ RECOMMENDATIONSFOR INLET PRESSURE TO EDUCTOR
NOTE: CHECK MANUFACTURERS’ RECOMMENDATIONSFOR INLET PRESSURE TO EDUCTOR
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BY-PASS LINE EDUCTORBY-PASS LINE EDUCTOR
RECOVERY SECTIONRECOVERY SECTION
EDUCTOR JETEDUCTOR JET
LOW PRESSURE AREALOW PRESSURE AREA
METERING & CHECK VALVEMETERING & CHECK VALVE
INLETINLET
FOAM / WATER SELECTORFOAM / WATER SELECTORWATER PASSAGEWATER PASSAGE
NOTE: CHECK MANUFACTURERNOTE: CHECK MANUFACTURER’’S RECOMMENDATIONSS RECOMMENDATIONSFOR INLET PRESSURE TO EDUCTORFOR INLET PRESSURE TO EDUCTOR
CONCENTRATECONCENTRATEPICKPICK--UP TUBEUP TUBE
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IMPORTANT EDUCTOR NOTES
NOZZLE MUST MATCH THE EDUCTOR
A 95GPM EDUCTOR REQUIRES A NOZZLE THAT WILL FLOW 95GPM
65% RULE OF THUMB---FL = 65% OF THE RATED CAPACITY OF THE EDUCTOR
65% OF 100GPM = 65PSI
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INLET PRESSURE IS CRITICAL
200 PSI
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GUIDELINES FOR FLUSHING
Flush with water on the scene
Do NOT utilize “empty” foam buckets
Flush with clean fresh water upon returning to station
Immerse clogged equipment in a detergent solution
Flush thoroughly with clean, fresh water
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• EJECTOR SYSTEM
• A mixing system the injects foam concentrate into the water stream, is sometimes called an injector system
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A system situated at the pump that draws concentrate into the water system
Works by drawing concentrate by venturi action utilizing pump pressure and vacuum with a venturi to draw concentrate into the water stream.
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22
Abilities:– Foam solution available to all discharges
Limitations:– Maximum incoming pump pressure of 5 to 10 psi– Average operating foam proportioning error of 1 to 1 1/2 % – Pump solely dedicated to foam operation– Long return to service (flush time)
Around the Pump Proportioner
Eductor
Check-ValveMetering Valve
FoamConcentrate
Shut-offValve
Shut-off Valve
Max. 10 psi.Incoming Pressure
WaterPump
Foam solution from all discharges
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Around the Pump Proportioner
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Do NOT Recirc water when foam system is on
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Set and monitor water flow rate and
adjust metering
valve accordingly
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WaterTank
FoamTank
FlowMeter
WaterPump
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• Surface- (Impact)
• Nozzle- (air aspirated foam)
• Pump- Compressed air foam (CAFS)
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• All Nozzles will work with Class A Foam Depending on the Application.
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Combination Combination NozzleNozzle
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Non-AspiratedNon-Aspirated
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Automatic Nozzles with Foam Automatic Nozzles with Foam TubeTube
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Low Expansion
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Medium Expansion
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High Expansion
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Ground MonitorGround Monitor
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CLASS B FOAMS
• APPLICATION RATE EXAMPLES
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So, What Happens When Class A Foam Is Used on Class B Fuels ?
Often times, it works.
The Outcome is wholly determined by the The Outcome is wholly determined by the situation.situation.
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Class AClass B
•Carbon-shedding•Excellent spreading•Might form a film to speed foam spreading•Will either float or sink to bottom
•Carbon-attractive•Good Spreading•Will begin to emulsify some fuel and sink to bottom
Alcohol Resistant Class B
•Carbon-shedding•Excellent spreading•Forms a polymer film between fuel and bubbles•Will either float or sink to bottom
Mechanism of Foams on a Liquid
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A Class B foam must form a cohesivecohesive barrier over the surface of the liquid that is impermeable to product vapors
A layer of foam over the liquid surface is usually a cohesive barrier.
A film is often not a vapor barrierA film is often not a vapor barrier
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The Most Critical Aspects of Class B Foam Application Are….
• The Application Rate.» The application rate is the amount foam solution,
expressed in GPM, that will be needed to achieve extinguishment.
• The Extinguishment Time.» The extinguishment time is the amount time,
expressed in minutes, that will be needed to achieve extinguishment.
• The Concentrate Consumption Rate.» The concentrate consumption rate is computed in
gallons by multiplying the application rate by the percentage.
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The Most Critical Aspects of Class B Foam Application Are….
• The Concentrate Consumption Total.» The concentrate consumption rate is computed in
gallons by multiplying the application rate by the percentage, and then by the application time.
Concentrate Consumption Rate & Concentrate Consumption Rate & Concentrate Consumption Total Are Critical Concentrate Consumption Total Are Critical In Determining A Department’s Ability To In Determining A Department’s Ability To Handle A Class B IncidentHandle A Class B Incident
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AREA x RATE = GPM of Solution
2000 .10 200 gpm
GPM x %CON. = GPM of Concentrate
200 .03 6 gpm
GPM x %Water = GPM of Water
200 .97 194 gpm
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL CONC.
6 15 90 gal
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL WATER
194 15 2910 gal
Ignited Fuel Spill: GasolineIgnited Fuel Spill: Gasoline
Application Example 3% Concentrate
50’40’
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What Are The Main Logistics Issues On This Fire?
• #1 is making sure that a foam concentrate flow of 6 gpm is achievable. That is not possible with a single FoamPro 2002 or Hale 5.0, regardless of what is done. If there are two of them, then it is possible.
• #2 is having a total of 90 gallons of concentrate available within a 15 to 30 minute time frame. The 90 gallons is the total needed. The attack can commence when there is enough concentrate available to do the original suppression.
• If the proper application rate for the fuel is reached, the attack should take no more than 3 to 5 minutes to reach extinguishment or fire control. 20 to 30 gallons of concentrate will be needed. However that amount of concentrate leaves no reserve.
• Don’t attack until it is assured that the proper amount of concentrate to both extinguish and hold is available.
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How Big Is The Actual Fire?• The original fire, inclusive of the
spill may have been 2000 sq. ft.• Now it is smaller. The tank is
only about 400 sq. ft.• BUT it is full depth of heated
fuel. Only a good foam will work, but a relatively small, well placed stream will do the job.
• The biggest mistake made is to get too close with the nozzle and to continually agitate the fuel. The fire will not stop all the way until the agitation stops.
• Find a “REAL” foam nozzle to finish off the fire, not a fog nozzle with no aspiration.
50’8’
•After the ground spill is out of the way the fire isn’t very big and a large foam flow isn’t required. Hitting what you are aiming at is of the utmost importance, however.
•When people can do that, a fire like this can be done on a 30 gallon foam tank and people have done it.
•However, when they got it wrong, the 30 gallon tank was just enough to screw things up royally.
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AREA x RATE = GPM of Solution
2000 .10 200 gpm
GPM x %CON. = GPM of Concentrate
200 .01 2 gpm
GPM x %Water = GPM of Water
200 .99 198 gpm
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL CONC.
2 15 30 gal
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL WATER
198 15 2970 gal
Ignited Fuel Spill: GasolineIgnited Fuel Spill: Gasoline
Application Example 1%
A 1% Hydrocarbon Foam Is Much More Efficient In Terms Of Storage And Handling
50’40’
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What Are The Main Logistics Issues On This Fire?
• #1 is making sure that a foam concentrate flow of 2 gpm is achievable. That is achievable with any of the automated proportioners except the FoamPro 1600s.
• #2 is having a total of 30 gallons of concentrate available within a 15 to 30 minute time frame. The 30 gallons is the total needed. The attack can commence when there is enough concentrate available to do the original suppression.
• If the proper application rate for the fuel is reached, the attack should take no more than 3 to 5 minutes to reach extinguishment or fire control. 5 to 10 gallons of concentrate will be needed. However that amount of concentrate leaves no reserve.
• Don’t attack until it is assured that the proper amount of concentrate to both extinguish and hold is available. With today’s foam tanks there should be enough
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How Big Is The Actual Fire?
• The original fire, inclusive of the spill may have been 2000 sq. ft.
• Now it is smaller. The tank is only about 400 sq. ft.
• BUT it is full depth of heated fuel. Only a good foam will work, but a relatively small, well placed stream will do the job.
• The biggest mistake made is to get too close with the nozzle and to continually agitate the fuel. The fire will not stop all the way until the agitation stops.
• Find a “REAL” foam nozzle to finish off the fire, not a fog nozzle with no aspiration. Add the foam tube that all the manufacturers offer
50’8’
•After the ground spill is out of the way the fire isn’t very big and a large foam flow isn’t required. Hitting what you are aiming at is of the utmost importance, however.
•When people can do that, a fire like this can be done on 10 gallons of 1% foam and people have done it.
•However, when they got it wrong, the 10 gallons was just enough to screw things up royally and keep the fire going.
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AREA x RATE = GPM of Solution
2000 .20 400 gpm
GPM x %CON. = GPM of Concentrate
400 .06 24 gpm
GPM x %Water = GPM of Water
400 .94 376 gpm
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL CONC.
24 15 360 gal
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL WATER
376 15 5640 gal
Ignited Fuel Spill: EthanolIgnited Fuel Spill: Ethanol
Application Example 6%
50’40’
A 6% Alcohol foam will make this fire a logistics issue. Where is 360 gallons of foam going to come from?
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What Are The Main Logistics Issues On This Fire?
• #1 is making sure that a foam concentrate flow of 24 gpm is achievable. That is not possible with a single Husky 12, FoamPro 2002 or Hale 5.0, regardless of what is done. If there are two Husky 12s then it is possible. A single Husky 30 will be fine for this fire
• #2 is having a total of 360 gallons of concentrate available within a 15 to 30 minute time frame. The 360 gallons is the total needed. The attack can commence when there is enough concentrate available to do the original suppression.
• If the proper application rate for the fuel is reached, the attack should take no more than 3 to 5 minutes to reach extinguishment or fire control. 80 to 120 gallons of concentrate will be needed. However that amount of concentrate leaves no reserve.
• Don’t attack until it is assured that the proper amount of concentrate to both extinguish and hold is going to be available.
• A proportioner that can draft is paramount in this situation.
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AREA x RATE = GPM of Solution
2000 .20 400 gpm
GPM x %CON. = GPM of Concentrate
400 .03 12 gpm
GPM x %Water = GPM of Water
400 .97 388 gpm
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL CONC.
12 15 180 gal
GPM x TIME = TOTAL GAL WATER
376 15 5640 gal
Ignited Fuel Spill: MethanolIgnited Fuel Spill: Methanol
Application Example 3%
A 3% Alcohol Foam Is Efficient In Terms Of Storage and Handling As Compared To 6% Alcohol Foam. Large Amounts Of Concentrate Are Still Required
50’40’
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What Are The Main Logistics Issues On This Fire?
• #1 is making sure that a foam concentrate flow of 12 gpm is achievable. That is not possible with a single FoamPro 2002 or Hale 5.0, regardless of what is done. A single Husky 12 will be fine for this fire
• #2 is having a total of 180 gallons of concentrate available within a 15 to 30 minute time frame. The 180 gallons is the total needed. The attack can commence when there is enough concentrate available to do the original suppression.
• If the proper application rate for the fuel is reached, the attack should take no more than 3 to 5 minutes to reach extinguishment or fire control. 40 to 60 gallons of concentrate will be needed. However that amount of concentrate leaves no reserve.
• Don’t attack until it is assured that the proper amount of concentrate to both extinguish and hold is going to be available.
• A proportioner that can draft is paramount in this situation.
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Motor Fuel Is The Most Prevalent Hazard
BLENDED GASOLINEA polar solvent is blended with a hydrocarbon Process performed at the refinery level and at tank terminals
RESULTSA slightly polar hydrocarbon with high vapor pressure and certain degree of a lowered surface tension and water miscibility
MATERIALS USED IN BLENDINGMETHANOLETHANOL
DIFFERENT BLENDS AVAILABLEBlends can contain from 7% TO 20% (varies by region and weather)
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You can make a difference
Get back to the basics!
National Fallen Firefighters Foundation Life Safety Initiatives
2004
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Duty and responsibility --
Make EVERY DAY a TRAINING DAY….so that…
EVERYONE GOES HOME!
Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives
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Drive with care – everyone wears a seatbelt….EVERYONE!
• Safe speed --- always under control• Stop at red lights…STOP!• Remain seated and belted while in motion• Protect the roadway/scene
Public Safety is our Duty
Firefighter Safety is our Responsibility
EVERYONE GOES HOME!
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The right FIREFIGHTING Strategy - Offensive or Defensive?
• SIZE-UP & Evaluate risks before attacking…• Do not risk a firefighter’s LIFE to save property• Closely monitor changing conditions
Public Safety is our Duty
Firefighter Safety is our Responsibility
EVERYONE GOES HOME!
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Stay together so WE don’t get lost
• Accountability and crew integrity are essential…• Stay oriented --- always know the way out• Predict and manage your air supply• Communicate with your crew & command
Public Safety is our Duty
Firefighter Safety is our Responsibility
EVERYONE GOES HOME!
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Public Safety is our Duty
Firefighter Safety is our Responsibility
EVERYONE GOES HOME!
Focus on “FIREFIGHTING FIT” and remember REHAB at the scene!
• Regular medical examinations • Physical fitness program• Monitored rehab after strenuous activity• Eat Smart
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• PLEASE ASK ANY AND ALL QUESTIONS !
• We want you to leave the Class with all the information you need to operate at a Fire Scene with confidence.