flywheel energy storage system1

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F lywheel Energy Storage

System

1


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Contents

Introduction

Types of energy storage system

Flywheels

Components of F lywheels

Applications of FESS FESS in Space

FESS in Vehicles

Gyro Bus

FESS in Power Source

Comparison

Advantages and Disadvantages

Conclusion

References

Flywheel Energy Storage System 2


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Introduction

Storage is needed to [12] :

Buffer temporal variations of loads and

sources. Provide a constant, predictable source to the

grid.

Provide flexibility during dynamic marketconditions.



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Types of Energy Storage System [3]Electrochemical Energy

Storage

Conventional Solid StateBatteries (CSSB)

Flow Cell Batteries (FCB)

Built around chemicalpotentials of redoxreactions to store andrelease energy

Mechanical Energy

Storage

Flywheels (FES)

Pumped Hydro (PHES)

Compressed Air (CAES)

Superconducting MagneticEnergy Storage (SMES)*

Built around thefundamentals of potentialand kinetic energy physics



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Mechanical Energy Storage System

Flywheels

Principle: Energy is stored in the form ofMechanical Energy [7].

Light weight fiber composite materials areused to increase efficiency[7].

Flywheel Arrangement [2]



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Permanent magnet (PM) motors are currently

the most commonly used motors for Flywheel

systems [12].

Motor efficiency must be high over the entire

speed.

Power range of operation is 50,000rpm to

100,000rpm, with a power rating of up to

30kW [12].



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Components of FESS [1]



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Applications of FESS FES in space

FES in vehicle

FES in power source

Other applications [10]

i. Load levelling for micro turbines

ii. Load levelling for fuel cells

iii. Energy storage for micro-grids (islanding)

iv. Stop and go power recycling for metro/subwaystations

v. Stop and go power recycling for multielevatorbuildings



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FESS in Space

NASA's 41,000 RPM G2 flywheel [6]

NASA flywheel unit will store in excess of 15MJ and can deliver a peak power of more than

4.1 kW.

US$ 200 million will be saved if flywheelsreplace the first generation of space station

batteries .



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FESS in Vehicles

Flywheel-Based Driveline

Power is transferred from the wheels directly tothe main energy storage device (e.g., batteries)

during regenerative braking [8]. Flywheels offer steady voltage and power level,

independent of load, temperature, or state ofcharge[9].

Flywheel system is physically divided in twovoltage levels through the flywheel machinestator windings[5].



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A schematic figure of the electric driveline

system with an integrated flywheel machine[5].



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Gyro Bus

Electric Bus with no overhead grid of Electric

lines.

Bus carried a three-ton rotating steel wheel

attached to an unusual electric motor instead

of Engine.

Flywheel kinetic energy back into electricity

which drove the bus wheels



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FESS in Power Source

Flywheels for UPS Applications

Lower life cycle cost, being more environmentallyfriendly, and providing enhanced reliability and efficiencyover battery based systems [4].

Benefits[11]

Integration with standby gen-sets

Continuous power conditioning and power

quality improvement applications.Load levelling for standby or continuous gas

turbines



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Comparison of Lead-Acid Batter ies,

Flywheel Batteries, and SMES [12]

Lead-Acid Battery Flywheel Battery SMES

Storage mechanism Chemical Mechanical Electrical

Life (years in service) 3 5 >20 ~20

Technology Proven Promising Promising

Number ofManufacturers ~ 700 ~ 5 ~1

Annual Sales ($ in

millions)

~ 7000 ~ 2 A few

Temperature Range Limited Broader, but still limited Controlled

Environmental concerns Disposal issues Small Small

Relative size Larger Smallest Smaller

Maximum time to hold a

charge

Years Hours Days

Price ($/kW) 50 100 300 400 >300



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Advantages and disadvantages of

f lywheel energy storage

Advantages

Power and energy are

nearly independent

Fast power response

Potentially high specific

energy

Short recharge time

Disadvantages

Complexity of durable

and low loss bearings

Mechanical stress andfatigue limits

Material limits at around

700M/sec tip speed

Potentially hazardous

failure modes



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Conclusion

Very compact when compared to other energy

storage systems.

High cycle and calendar life

Relatively high round-trip efficiency

A flywheel is preferred due to light weight and

high energy capacity.

Relatively high parasitic and intrinsic losses

Short discharge times



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References

1. B. Abdi, A. A. J. S. M. S. H. H., 2011. A Comparative Approach within Chemical Battery, Flywheel andSupercapacitor Base Energy Storage System for LEO Satellite Applications. International Review of ElectricalEngineering (I.R.E.E.),, Volume vol 6, pp. 739-743.

2. Bjorn Bolund, H. B. M. L., 2005. Flywheel energy and power storage systems. Renewable and sustainable energyreviews, pp. 235-258.

3. C. Kathirvel, K., 2011. Technologies for Tapping Renewable Energy: A Survey. European Journal of ScientificResearch, 67(1), pp. 112-118.

4. Davis, S., 2012. Hybrid Flywheel System Extends UPS Run Times with Batteries. POWER ELECTRONICSTECHNOLOGY, January, pp. 16-18.

5. George N. Prodromidis, F. A. C., 2011. Simulations of economical and technical feasibility of battery andflywheel hybrid energy storage systems in autonomous projects. Elsevier Renewable energy, pp. 149-153.

6. Haichang Liu, J. J., 2006. Flywheel energy storage-An upswing technology for energy sustainability. Elsevier andenergy buildings, pp. 599-604.

7. Janaina G. Oliveira, J. L. a. H. B., 2011. Converter for Regenerative Braking in a Two-Voltage-Level Flywheel-Based Driveline. International Journal of Vehicular Technology, pp. 1-9.

8. Janaina Goncalves de Oliveira, J. L. J. d. S. a. H. B., 2010. "A Double Wound Flywheel System under StandardDrive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments,". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, 11(4).

9. O. Briat, J. V. W. L. S. A. a. E. W., 2007. Principle, design and experimental validation of a flywheel-battery hybrid

source for heavy-duty electric vehicles. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 665-674.10. Patrick T. McMullen, L. A. H. C. S. H. D. R. D., 2003. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A 100 KW ENERGY STORAGE

FLYWHEEL FOR UPS AND POWER CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS. 24th International PCIM Conference.

11. Pierce, A., 2011. Hi-Tech Flywheels Spin Kinetic Energy into Electricity. Technology Today, November, pp. 10-11.

12. Tsao, P. I.-P., 2003. Power. eecs. [Online] Available at:http://wwwpower.eecs.berkeley.edu/publications/theses/PerryPhDThesis.pdf[Accessed 25 March 2013].


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