flyash

FAU, DST [email protected] NRRDA Workshop18th Feb, 2012, New Delhi

OVERVIEW OF FLY ASH USE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

By

Dr. Vimal KumarScientist ‘G’ & HeadFly Ash Unit (FAU)

Department of Science & TechnologyGovt. of India


OBJECTIVERURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH FLY ASH

DEPT. OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT– PMGSY – Employment Schemes – Rural Housing– Training

DEPT. OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY– Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme– Research & Development

DEPT. OF LAND RESOURCES– IWDP– DPAP– DDP– Hariyali


WHAT IS FLY ASH?

Fly Ash a finally divided mineral residue of burning of coal

- Excellent geotechnical properties

- Good pozzolanic material

- Source of micro and macro nutrients

- Very low in heavy / toxic metals

- Very low in radioactivity

- Granulometry compatible material to soil

- Very useful mineral phases


RANGE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH Vs SOIL

Parameters Fly Ash Natural Soil Bulk Density (gm/cc) 0.9-1.3 1.3-1.8 Specific Gravity 1.6-2.6 2.55-2.75 Plasticity Lower or non-plastic Could be much higher Shrinkage Limit (Vol stability)

Higher Could be much lower

Grain size Major fine sand / silt and small per cent of clay size particles

Sand/silt/clay size particles depending upon type of soil

Clay (per cen) Negligible Could be much higher Free Swell Index Very low Variable Classification (Texture) Sandy silt to silty loam Sandy to clayey silty loam Water Holding Capacity (WHC) (per cent)

40-60 05-50

Porosity (per cent) 30-65 25-60 Surface Area (m2 / kg) 500-5000 -Lime reactivity (MPa) 1-8 -


RANGE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH, POND ASH AND SOIL

Compounds (per cent) Fly Ash Pond Ash Soil SiO2 38-63 37.7-75.1 43-61Al2 O3 27-44 11.7-53.3 12-39 TiO2 0.4-1.8 0.2-1.4 0.2-2 Fe2 O3 3.3-6.4 3.5-34.6 1-14 MnO b.d-0.5 b.d-0.6 0.02-0.1 MgO 0.01-0.5 0.1-0.8 0.2-3 CaO 0.2-8 0.2-0.6 1-7 K2 O 0.04-0.9 0.1-0.7 0.4-2 Na2 O 0.07-0.43 0.05-0.31 0.2-3 LOI 0.2-5.0 0.01-20.0 5-16 pH* 6-8 6.5-8.5 4.5-8.0bd : below detection ; LOI : Loss on Ignition


RANGE OF GEO-TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH AND SOIL

Parameter Range

Fly ash Soil Specific Gravity 1.6-2.6 2.55-2.75

Plasticity (per cent) Lower or Non-Plastic could be higher

Maximum Dry Density (gm/cc) 0.9-1.3 1.3-1.8

Optimum Moisture Content (per cent) 18.0-38.0 12-18

Cohesion (kN/m2) Negligible 20-150

Angle of Internal Friction(degrees) 30-40 25-35

Coeff. Of consolidation Cv(cm2/Sec) 1.75X10-5-2.01X10-3 9X10-5-1.1X10-3

Compression index Cc 0.05-0.4 0.1-0.4

Permeability (cm/sec) 8X10-6-7X10-4 3X10-8 - 4X 10-4

Particle size Distribution (per cent of materials) Clay size fraction Silt size fraction Sand size fraction Gravel size fraction

1-10 8-85 7-90 0-10

5-40 20-40 40-80

0-30

Coefficient of Uniformity 3.1-10.7 1-20


LOW-LYING AREA FILLING FLY ASH BASED BUILDING MATERIALS


FLY ASH BASED BUILDING


FLY ASH PAVEMENT BLOCKS

Concrete paver blocks in a circular pattern

Concrete paver blocks in a rectangular pattern


FLY ASH CONCRETE PAVEMENT


FLY ASH PAVEMENT BLOCKS

Approach road embankement, Nizamuddin

Construction of Sarita Vihar fly over, New Delhi


FLY ASH RURAL ROAD

Rural Road at Raichur


A TYPICAL PROPERTY OF FLY ASH

MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP OF THE FLY ASH-SOIL MIXTURES


AGRICULTURE WITH FLY ASH


Saline soil reclamation using fly ash

WASTE LAND DEVELOPMENT WITH FLY ASH

Forestry at BTPS ash pond

Forestry at BTPS ash pond


YIELD INCREASE WITH FLY ASH

Per cent yield increase in fly ash amended soils over control (without fly ash) for various crops

Sl. no.

Crop No. of sites Range Mode range ave rage (représentative ave rage)*

Cereals1. Wheat 36 2.85-99.20 17.252. Paddy 34 2.90-41.71 13.503. Maize 16 4.00-88.41 21.954. Jowar 07 5.60-32.42 13.475. Bajra 03 7.10-25.00 13.006. Sorghum 03 7.70-28.15 17.007. Oat 01 22.20 22.208. Pearl millet 01 32.30 32.30Pulses1. Chickpea 04 9.70-30.62 21.002. Green gram 04 5.70-28.20 21.003. Black gram 03 6.20-13.85 11.004. Arhar 01 25.00 25.005. Lentil 01 5.50 5.50 Contd…




Contd…

Sl. no.

Crop No. of sites Range Mode range ave rage (représentative ave rage)*

Oil seeds1. Ground nut 17 7.10-77.40 22.232. Sunflower 09 2.60-67.00 28.433. Soybean 08 8.70-63.60 27.224. Mustard 05 5.80-61.80 15.275. Sesamum 02 2.50-7.70 5.106. Raya 01 3.30 3.307. Til 01 40.00 40.008. Linseed 01 21.40 21.40

Cash crops1. Cotton 11 9.30-38.20 18.60

2. Sugarcane 06 8.70-63.60 27.22

3. Jute 03 5.00-20.00 19.00

Contd…




Contd…

Sl. no.

Crop No. of sites

Range Mode range ave rage (représentative ave rage)*

Horticulture crops1. Brinjal 06 0-137.80 12.52. Tomato 04 4.50-29.00 16.503. Potato 04 9.20-37.00 24.504. Onion 02 18.40-26.60 22.505. Banana 01 14.00 14.006. Beetroot 01 14.00 14.007. Bhendi 01 16.70 16.708. Bottle gourd 01 15.80 15.809. Chilli 01 6.70 6.7010. Palak 01 11.10 11.10* Representative average-the per cent increase in yields has wide range for the same crop in the same soil and agro-climatic conditions. There can be

many reasons for it. To arise at representative average the following procedure has been adopted.* The percentage increases are listed in the block of 1-10%, 11-20%, 21-30% and so on. Thus 10 blocks would have the percentage increase figures

pertaining to representative block. Extreme blocks containing practically same number of entries on the higher side as well as on lower side have been excluded. The central blocks (generally two blocks) having maximum number of entries (representative mode like blocks and also medium type blocks) have been taken and average of all the readings in these blocks are taken as representative average.


FLY ASH IS SAFE

Sample Radioactivity(Bq/kg) Trace & Heavy metals (ppm)40K 226Ra 228Ac B Mo As Se

ESP fly ash 280-432.5

43.6-115.4 55-129 17.1-28.0 2.5-6.7 1.0-4.0 1.6-2.6

Pond ash 280-353 69-92 77-108 18.3-23.1 2.6-5.3 1.4-3.6 1.2-2.3

Soil 160-326 30-58.8 37-80 13-17 0-4.8 1.9-2.9 2.4-4.0Grain 9-95 0.29-0.75 0.60-1.60 0.2-1.6 0-1.2 0-0.45 0.10-1.0Straw 8.4-10.9 039-0.72 078-1.00 0.29-0.42 0-0.67 0-.40 018-0.55

Vegetables 0.6-85 0.1-0.5 0.4-0.8 0.72-1.3 0.2-0.06 0.10-0.50 0-0.14

Oil seeds 60-110 0.3-0.8 0.6-1.0 0.1-1.3 0.2-0.6 0.3-0.4 0.10-1.06

Safe limit*/ Normal ** range in soil

4000* 1000* 1000* 2-100** 0.1-40** 5-100** 0.1-10**

Impact of radioactivity & heavy metal content of fly ash on soil and produce

* Source: Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Radiological Safety Division, Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India letter noAERD/RSD/28/2002/6007 on dated. July 26, 2002

** Source: P.C Srivastava and U.C. Gupta (1996): trace element in crop production, oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.


FLY ASH IS SAFECharacteristics of Ash Pond effluent and well water collected from Ash bund Area of Chandrapur STPP and Bhusawal TPS

Parameters A B C Industrial Effluent Standards IS:2490

Drinking Water StandardsIS: 10500

pH 8.28 8.14 8.19 5.5-9.0 6.5-8.5TSS (mg/1) 218.00 362.00 219.10 100.00 -TDS ” 610.00 467.30 587.90 - 500.00Ca ” 65.40 54.20 62.80 75.00 75.00Mg ” 31.00 18.90 29.70 30.00 30.00N-NO3 ” 3.43 2.21 3.39 45.00 45.00F ” 0.89 1.45 0.97 2.00 0.6-1.2I ” 0.029 0.032 0.026 - -Fe ” 0.15 0.09 0.11 1.00 0.30Pb ” 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.10Cd ” 0.003 0.001 0.004 2.00 0.10Ni ” BDL BDL BDL 3.00 -Cr ” BDL BDL BDL 0.10 0.05Co ” BDL BDL BDL - -As ” BDL BDL BDL 0.20 0.05Hg ” BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.001

Radioactivity (Bq/kg)

α- emitters <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 - -β- emitters <0.8 <0.8 <0.8 - -

A : Water sample from Farmer's well Village- Chargaon collected on 15.02.97, Chandrapur B : Drain water (Ash Effluent), well no. 5 discharge point collected on 15.02.97, Chandrapur C : Water from Farmer's well near ash bund area collected on 19.08.97, Chandrapur

BDL- Below detection limit


SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT WHAT FLY ASH

- Business and Employment Generation

- Rural Housing & Infrastructure (incl. PM GSY)

- Land Development

- Watershed Management

- Hariyali & Agriculture

flyash

Documents

nrrda workshop18th

new delhifly ash

area filling fly ash

new delhilow

cent lower

new delhiwhat

new delhifau

building fau