fly ash disposal and utilization

8/2/2019 Fly Ash Disposal and Utilization

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Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area beneficial use.

Storage in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-

groundwater.


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Four million litres of rainwater can be collected ina year in an acre of land (4,047 m2).

With the water table falling rapidly, & concretesurfaces and landfill dumps taking the place of

water bodies, RWH is the most reliable solution foraugmenting groundwater level to attain self-sufficiency.

For ex.-

Tarun Bharat Sangh (Young India Association)or TBS is an NGO which promotes sustainablewater management through rainwater harvestingin Rajasthan


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Roof Rain Water Harvesting

Land based Rain Water Harvesting

For Urban & Industrial Environment

Roof & Land based RWH

Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces


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A watershed is a basin like landform defined bypeaks which are connected by ridges thatdescend into lower elevations and small valleys.

It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop

and channels it into soil, rivulets and streamsflowing into large rivers and in due course sea.

It is a synonym of catchment or basin of a rivercoined for an area restricted to 2000sq. Km.

Watershed is the unit of management in IWRM,where surface water and groundwater areinextricably linked and related to land use andmanagement


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Watershed management aims to establish aworkable and efficient framwork for the integrateduse, regulation and development of land and waterresources in a watershed for socioeconomicgrowth.

For ex.-

Hariyali (meaning greenery) is a watershedmanagement project, launched by the CentralGovernment, which aims at enabling the rural

population to conserve water for drinking,irrigation, fisheries and afforestation as well asgenerate employment opportunities.


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To protect the aquifers from overexploitation.

An effective groundwater management policy

oriented towards promotion of efficiency,equity and sustainability is required.

The detrimental environmental consequences

of over-exploitation of groundwater need tobe effectively prevented by the Central andState Governments.


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An uncontrolled use of the borewelltechnology has led to the extraction ofgroundwater at such a high rate that oftenrecharge is not sufficient.

The causes of low water availability in manyregions are also directly linked to thereducing forest cover and soil degradation.

The pollution of air, water, and land has anaffect on the pollution and contamination ofgroundwater.


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The solid, liquid, and the gaseous waste thatis generated, if not treated properly, resultsin pollution of the environment; this affectsgroundwater too due to the hydraulic

connectivity in the hydrological cycle.

For example:-

when the air is polluted, rainfall will settle

many pollutants on the ground, which canthen seep into and contaminate thegroundwater resources.


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Banning private wells is futile; crowd them out by

improving public water supply. Regulating final users is impossible; facilitate

mediating agencies to emerge, and regulate them.

Pricing agricultural groundwater use is infeasible;

instead, use energy pricing and supply to manageagricultural groundwater draft.

No alternative to improved supply sidemanagement: better rain-water capture and

recharge, imported surface water in lieu ofgroundwater pumping.

Grow the economy, take pressure off land, andformalize the water sector.


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An uncontrolled use of the borewell technology has led to theextraction of groundwater at such a high rate that oftenrecharge is not sufficient.


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Parameter ValueDepth in mts. 0.15 - 0.5

Retention time (day) 2-6

BODu loading (lb/acre-day) 100-200

BODuremoval (%) 80-90

Algae concentration (mg/l) 100-200

Re-circulation ratio 0.2-2.0

Effluent suspended solids concentration

(mg/l)150-350


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These are similar to aerobic ponds but are very lightly loaded with organicwastes.

Generally used for upgrading effluents from conventional secondarytreatment processes.

The principal purpose is to achieve reduction in fecal colliform count andremove nitrogen and phosphorus.

Used to remove pathogenic bacteria and viruses (99.9997%) - e-Coliremoval

Solar disinfection using UV light

1 m deep

Total detention time of the order of 10 days

Disinfection may be used, if required


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Anaerobic Ponds requires no Dissolved Oxygen for microbial activityas the organisms use O2 from compounds such as NO3, SO4 as theirhydrogen acceptors and give end product such as methane, carbondioxide etc.

These ponds are basically Sedimentation ponds

High waste water loading which depletes all O2

Solids settles in pond basin

Anaerobic digestion of sludge occurs in pond bottom


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Large Organic Loading

O2Req > O2Supply

Enhanced H2S- Formation

Increase In Turbidit

Reduced Light Penetration

Reduced Photosynthesis

Reduced O2Formation

Anaerobic Conditions


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http://www.authorstream.com/87-675078-oxidation-ponds/
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/


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Hydrolysis - Complex organics (proteins and fats) broken down tosimpler compounds by various bacteria

Acidogenesis (Fermentation) Fatty acids and alcohols oxidized,amino acids and carbohydrates fermented , forms volatile fatty acids

and hydrogen

Acteogenesis conversion of complex fatty acids to acetic acid

Methnogenesis - conversion of acetic acid to methane and CO2 andCO2 ,H2S to methane


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When temperature rises above 15o C digestion generates enoughbiomass which causes pond surface to bubble biogas (70% CH4 and30% CO2)

Digested solids accumulate cleanout in 1 to 3 years


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Hydraulic detention time is short

1 day

Depth 2 to 5 m (usually 3m)

Design is highly empirical

based on volumetric load (gmBOD/m3/day)

For e.g. 100 gm BOD/m3/day to 3 m deep pond=3000 kg/ha/day


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Below pH 7.0 then H2S forms and causes odor

Below ph 6.2 then conditions became toxic


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ADVANTAGES Gives energy whereas aerobic requires energy.

Very high concentration can be treated efficiently whereas notpossible in aerobic ponds.

LIMITATIONS

Standard BOD cannot be maintained under anaerobic process assuspended solid increased.

Organic matter convert to CO2, CH4which is difficult to separate frombacteria.


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These are neither fully aerobic nor fully anaerobic.

They are often about 1 to 2 m in depth and favor algal growth along withthe growth of aerobic, anaerobic and facultative microorganisms.

Such ponds are aerobic during day time. In the remaining hours the pondbottom may turn anaerobic.

Top Pond water is aerobic and supports very high density algal population

Bottom water is an anaerobic condition in which sludge is digested

Algae generate O2 by photosynthesis during the day ,which is useful for

oxidation of waste by bacteria Bacteria degrade waste, uses O2 and generates CO2, algae use CO2 and

generate O2


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http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htm
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htmhttp://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htm


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OXIDATION POND INTIMARPUR(DELHI)


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Annual operation and maintenance ofOxidation Pond by Bio- enzyme/

Bioremediation treatment process at Nehru

Vihar near Wazirabad.

CLIENT OF PROJECT:- Delhi Jal Board, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Office

of the Executive Engineer (C) Plant,Sriniwaspuri, New Delhi-110065


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The sewage is pumped through University SPSinto the oxidation ponds and treated effluent

in turn is discharged into river Yamuna

through Najafgarh drain downstream to

Wazirabad barrage.

Sr.No. DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE1. TOTAL NO. OF PONDS ----- 18

2. NO.OF OXIDATIONPONDS TO BE TREATED

----- 17

3. TOTAL DESIGNCAPACITY

MGD 06

4. TOTAL FLOW TO

OXIDATION PONDS

MGD 03


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To control odour generation and emissioncompletely from the project site and its

vicinity.

To bring down the major BOD and TSS


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http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=

159&Itemid=201
http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201


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Previous condition pond was very dirt

due to presence of Organic Matter,

Hyacinth, Algal web and Various type

other aquatic plants.


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The treatment of sewage at the OxidationPonds with ABR Treatment Technology of

Persnickety 713 was carried out.

Stabilization Phase:-Stabilization of bacteria is not requiredbecause the bacteria are well established inthe system as the treatment of the oxidation

ponds was started long back and no higherdosing is required.


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Maintenance Phase:-The maintenance dose of 26 liter per day willbe continued throughout the period as thebacterial strains of Persnickety713 werealready established in the system.

CONDITION AFTER TREATMENT:-Post condition of pond water is very clear

due to removal of Oil &Grease, Aquatic

Plants and Algae.


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http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201


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Odour Control:-The level of dissolved sulfide wasbrought down up to 0.2 mg/L in water

so it could not be detected in air.

BOD Control:-BOD target was


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Water Environment Federation (19march2011, 4:35pm)

http://www.jstor.org/stable/25035985 (19march2011 ,5:10pm )

http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1032/ (22march2011,7:45pm)

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22 march2011 ,10:15pm)

http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201(25march2011,6:20pm)

http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htm(25march2011,8:40pm)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_pond(25march2011,10:30pm)

https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573&q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=(26march20118:25pm)

www.google.com
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=wefhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/25035985(19march2011http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1032/(22marchhttp://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_pondhttps://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573&q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oqhttps://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573&q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oqhttps://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573&q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oqhttp://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573&q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oqhttps://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573&q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oqhttps://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=573&q=what+is+Maintenance+Phase+in+oxidation+pond&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_pondhttp://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/lesson18.htmhttp://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://jmenviro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=201http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Srivastava87-675078-oxidation-ponds/(22http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1032/(22marchhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/25035985(19march2011http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=wef


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