fluids
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Fluids. AP Physics Chapter 10. Fluids. 10.1 States of Matter. 10.1 States of Matter. Solid – fixed shape, fixed size Liquid – shape of container, fixed size Gas – shape of container, volume of container Fluids – have the ability to flow (liquids and gases). 10.1. Fluids. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Fluids
AP PhysicsChapter 10
Fluids
10.1 States of Matter
10.1 States of Matter
Solid – fixed shape, fixed sizeLiquid – shape of container, fixed sizeGas – shape of container, volume of container
Fluids – have the ability to flow (liquids and gases)
10.1
Fluids
10.2 Density and Specific Gravity
10.2 Density and Specific Gravity
Density – mass per unit volume
Mass in kilogramsVolume in m3
Density of pure water is 1000kg/m3
Salt water is 1025kg/m3
10.2
mV
10.2 Density and Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity – the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water at 4oC.
Water is 1 (no unit)Salt water would be 1.025
10.2
Fluids
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure depends on the Force and the area that the force is spread over.
Measured in pascals (Pa – N/m2)
10.3
FPA
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Low pressure
Force is body weight – large surface areaHigh pressure Force is body weight – small surface area
10.3
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure in a fluid Pressure is equal onall sidesIf not – object wouldaccelerate
10.3
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure depends on depth in a fluid
If we pick a cube of the fluid For the bottom of the cube
10.3
F mgm VF Vg
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure depends on depth in a fluid
Volume is A x height (y) soNow in the Pressure equation
10.3
F mgm VF Vg
F Ayg
F AygP gyA A
Fluids
10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Air pressure – we are at the bottom of a pool of air99% is in the first 30 kmBut extends out to beyond geosynchronous orbit (36500 km)
10.4
10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Pressure also varies with weather (high and low pressures)
10.4
kPaPaatm 3.1011013001
10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
How does a person suck drink up a straw?Pressure at the top is reducedWhat is the pressure at thebottom?Since
ThenArea at the top and bottom are the same so net force up
10.4
P=0
P=P0+gy
AFP
PAF
10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Nothing in physics ever sucksPressure is reduced at one end
Gauge Pressure – beyond atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure
10.4
GA PPP
Fluids
10.5 Pascal’s Principle
10.5 Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle – if an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure at every point within the fluid increases by that amount.
This is called the mechanical advantage 10.5
Pascal Applet
inout PP
in
in
out
out
AF
AF
in
out
in
out
AA
FF
Fluids
10.7 Barometer
10.6 Barometer
How does a manometer work?
Closed tube
Open tube
10.6
hgP
hgPP 0
Fluids
10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyancy – the upward force on an object due to differences in pressure
Pressure on the top of the box is
10.7
y1
AFgyP T 1
10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyancy – the upward force on an object due difference is pressure
Pressure on the bottom of the box isSolve both for ForceNet force is the buoyant force
10.7
y1AFgyP T 1
AFgyP B 2
y2
TFgAy 1
BFgAy 2
10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Net Force (sum of forces)
Simplified
What is A x y?
10.7
2 1
B TB F FB gAy gAy
2 1( )B gA y y
B Vg
10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ principle – the buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
Since the water ball is supported by the forcesThe ball must experience the same forces as the displaced water
10.7
10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Example: When a crown of mass 14.7 kg is submerged in water, an accurate scale reads only 13.4 kg. Is the crown made of gold? (=19300 kg/m3)If WA is the apparent weight
Weight can be written asUsing these equations
10.7
AW W B
gW mg Vg
2A H OW W Vg
2
g
A H O
VgWW W Vg
2
g
A H O
WW W
2H Og
A
WW W
3
(14.7)(1000) 11300(14.7 13.4)
kgm
Fluids
10.8 Fluids in Motion: Equation of Continuity
10.8 Fluids in Motion: Equation of Continuity
Fluid Dynamics – fluids in motionLaminar Flow – smooth
Turbulent Flow – erratic, eddy current
We’ll deal with Laminar flow
10.8
Equation of ContinuityMass flow rate – mass per unit timeUsing the diagram
Since no fluidis lost, flow ratemust remain constant 1 2m m
t t
x1
x2
10.8 Fluids in Motion: Equation of Continuity
1 1 2 2Av A v 1 1 2 2Av A v10.8
mt
v1v2A1
A2
m V A x Avt t t
Fluids
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s principle – where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low, and where the velocity is low, the pressure is high
We will assume1. Lamnar flow2. Constant flow3. Low viscosity4. Incompresible fluid
10.9
A1A2
Let us assume a tube with fluid flowThe diameter changes, and it also changes
elevation
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
10.9
x1
x1
y1
y2v1
v2
Work done at point one (by fluid before point 1)
At point 2
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
10.9
A1A2
x1
x1
y1
y2v1
v2
1111 xAPxFW
2222 xAPW
Work is also done liftingthe water
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
10.9
A1A2
x1
x1
y1
y2v1
v2
1111 xAPW
2222 xAPW ymgW 3
Total work is then
But work is K
And mass can be written as
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
10.9
1111 xAPW
2222 xAPW
ymgW 3
12222111
321
mgymgyxAPxAPWWWWW
212
1222
1 mvmvW
xAVm
Combining
Substitute for mass
Since mass stays constant, so must the volume
12222111212
1222
1 mgymgyxAPxAPmvmv
11122222211121112
122222
1 gyxAgyxAxAPxAPvxAvxA
2211 xAxA
All the volumes cancel out
1221212
1222
1 gygyPPvv
2222
121
212
11 gyvPgyvP gyvPgyvP 2
21
0202
10
This is Bernoulli’s Equations
It is a statement of the law of conservation of energy
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
10.9
gyvPgyvP 221
0202
10
Fluids
10.10 Application of Bernoulli’s Principle
Velocity of a liquid flowing from a spigot or hole in a tank.
If we assumethat the top has a much greater area than the bottom, v at the top is nearly 0And both are open to the air so P is the same
10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
10.9gyvPgyvP 2
21
0202
10 gyvPgyP 2
21
00 gyvgy 221
0
The density cancels out
Rewrite to solve for v
10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
10.9gyvgy 2
21
0 gyvgy 221
0 )(2 12 yygv
Another case is if fluid is flowing horizontallySpeed is high where pressure is lowSpeed is low where pressure is highPing pong ball in air flow
10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
10.9gyvPgyvP 2
21
0202
10
2212
021
0 vPvP
Airplane Wings
Air flows faster over the top – pressure is lowerNet Force is upward
10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
10.9
2212
021
0 vPvP
Sailboat moving into the wind
Air travels farther andfaster on the outside ofthe sail – lower pressureNet force is into the wind
10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
10.9
2212
021
0 vPvP
Curve ballball spinscurves toward area of high speed – lowpressure
10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
10.9
2212
021
0 vPvP