fluid therapy - eivsceivsc.com/pdf/fluid-therapy.pdf · fluid therapy for hypoxemic shock fluid...
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Fluid TherapyLeo Roa, DVM ACVECC
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Goals Patient evaluation and determination of fluid status
Factors taken to determine most appropriate fluid
therapy.
Which factors determine improvement or worsening
of the patient status.
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Estimate % interstitial
dehydration < 5 %: Not detectable
5 – 6 %: Tacky MM
6 – 8 %: Decreased skin
turgor
8 – 10 %: retracted globes
into orbit
10 – 12 %: Evidence of
hypovolemia
> 12 %: Hypovolemic
shock and death
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Fluids available to us Crystalloids
Hypotonic: Lower osmolality than the blood.
Isotonic: Same osmolality as the blood.
Hypertonic: Higher osmolality than the blood.
Colloids
Synthetic Starch Colloids
Albumin (human vs canine)
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrying solutions
Oxyglobin
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Osmolality Osmolality (mOsm/kg) = 2 (Na + K) + (BUN/2.8) + (Glu/18)
Dogs: 290 – 310
Cats: 311 - 322
We divide by 2.8 and 18 to convert from mg/dL to mmol/L
Modified Osmolality
2 (Na) + Glu/18
Na and Glucose move easily between vascular and interstitial space
Electrolytes and glucose need a transporter to enter the intracellular space
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Hypotonic Fluids Has a low osmolality
0.45% NacL
5% dextrose
Contains mostly free water
Additives are to increase the osmolality
Do not bolus
Disrupts idiogenic osmoles
Used to correct hypernatremia
Na > 170 mmol/L
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Crystalloids Same osmolality as blood and are ideal fluid for
resuscitation.
Plasmalyte and Normosol use buffers such as
acetate and gluconate
Lactated Ringers
Lactate in LRS does not cause metabolic acidosis.
May artificially increase the lactate in blood.
#1 fluid used in neonates – Lactate = metabolic fuel
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Hypertonic Saline Normally we use 7.4 % Hypertonic saline
Dose 3-5 ml/kg
Can combine 23.4% hypertonic saline with colloid
Ratio 1:2 / Dose 3-5 ml/kg
Follow with crystalloids
Improves cerebral perfusion
Rapid infusion promotes hyperosmolality which results in:
Vasodilation: central vasomotor inhibition
Bradycardia: peripheral vasomotor effects
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Colloids Increases intravascular volume by 1.5 times
Dogs have 3x more amylases than people so they break colloids
faster.
Colloids will increase your specific gravity
Urine osmolality is a more accurate measure of urine concentration.
Dose
Dogs: 20 - 50 ml/kg/day
Cats 10 ml/Kg/day
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Colloids in human medicine Currently banned in Europe
The risk of renal disease outweighs the potential benefits.
FDA recommends against the use of HES in critically ill patients
Acute Kidney Injury
Sepsis
Heart surgery
People on colloids were more like to
Develop Acute Kidney Injury
Increased need for Dialysis
Increased mortality rate
Increases the risk of bleeding
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Colloids in Veterinary Medicine
Dogs are able to break down colloids more rapidly
than humans.
The incidence of acute kidney injury in dogs is not
as common.
The length of therapy is more detrimental than the
volume provided in 24 hours.
Can spike and draw the mount needed, the rest has
a shelf life of 4 weeks.
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Evidence Has been demonstrated to reduce peripheral edema in
hypoalbuminemic dogs.
No apparent correlation with dose
Not all hypoalbuminemic dogs responded
In healthy dogs under anesthesia
Colloids increased BP in dogs receiving ISO.
Same volume of crystalloids were not as efficacious in increasing
BP when under ISO.
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Albumin and FFP Physiologic functions of albumin
COP
Wound healing and Coagulation
Scavenges free radicals
Transport of cations, bilirubin, drugs, etc.
You need 40-50 ml/kg of FFP to raise albumin by 1 gram/ dL.
Human albumin may induce life threatening side effects.
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Daily fluid therapy A) Calculate fluid deficit
% dehydration x Weight in Kg
B) Estimate fluid losses
C) Maintenance
Dog: 60 ml/kg/day
Cat: 40 ml/kg/day
Can use RER formula
30 (BW Kg) + 70/day
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Shock Correction Hypovolemic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Distributive shock
Hypoxemic shock
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Stages of shock
Compensatory15-30% ECF loss
Early Decompensatory30-40% ECF loss
Late decompensatory>40% ECF loss
Heart Rate Increased Increased Decreased
MM Hyperemic Pale Pale
CRT Rapid Prolonged Prolonged
Pulse Quality Normal to
bounding
Normal to
decreased
Weak
Blood Pressure Normal to
increased
Normal to
decrease
Decreased
Core Temp Normal Normal Decreased
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Distributive Shock
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Max 42998 English Shepherd
11 yr old MN
Coughing and soft stools x 3 days Owner gave aspirin
RDVM No diagnostics
Dx – Kennel Cough
Tx Amoxicillin
Hydrocodone
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3 days later Not eating
Worsening cough
Thoracic radiographs
Pleural effusion
Cardiomegaly
Blood work sent out
Dx
Cardiomyopathy
Pleural effusion
Tx
Furosemide
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RDVM Bloodwork Following day
Systolic 116
Diastolic 76
Mean 91
ECG – results were pending
Muffled heart sounds
Dx Pericardial effusion
Cardiac tamponade
Following day referred for echocardiogram
CBC
HCT = 27% (low)
WBC = 4.4 (low)
Platelet = 124K (low)
Chem
ALB = 2.8 (Low normal)
ALT 144 (high)
TBILI = 0.3 (High normal)
BUN = 8 (normal)
CREA = 0.7 (normal)
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Clinical Evaluation WT 30 kg
HR 200
RR 100
Muffled heart sounds
Weak femoral pulses
Pale MM
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Case Approach I tend to hold off on IV fluids
First step is to pursue pericardiocentesis
Once the pericardium is addressed then
What is the heart rate doing?
Femoral pulses?
Dog’s mentation?
Capillary refill time?
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Case Approach If cardiovascular stability ensues with
pericardiocentesis, then:
ECG monitoring x 24 hours
TFAST as needed to TID
No need to treat with IV fluids if patient is stable
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If cardiovascular stability is not achieved:
Persistent tachycardia or hypotension
Consider
Crystalloid bolus 10 ml/kg + 5 ml/kg colloid.
Can repeat once or twice
Continue crystalloids at maintenance
Monitor future pericardial effusion or ascites
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Distributive / Hypovolemic
Shock
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Roscoe 6 yr old Labrador
Presentation
Non productive retching
Difficult walking
Groaning
Clinical findings
Pale gums
Cardiac arrhythmia
Weak femoral pulses
Painful distended abdomen
HR – 200 bpm
RR – 44 bpm
Temp - 98.5 F
LOC – Obtunded
CRT 3 sec
MM – pale
Generalized weakness, but ambulatory
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Fluid therapy Approach
IV catheter
2 Large bore (14 – 18 G)
Crystalloids
Pressure Bags
Control pain
Gastric decompression
Trocarization
Gastric tube
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Laboratory results BIG 4
PCV - 62%
TS – 7.2 gr/dL
Lactate 7 mmol/L
BG – 187 mg/dL
CBC
WBC – 17.8 k
Platelet – 140,000
Coags
PT 12 sec
PTT 89 sec
Chemistry
BUN – 55 mg/dL
Creat – 1.4 mg/dL
ALT 300 U/L
ALP 186 U/L
Na 145 mmol/L
K 3.6 mmol/L
Blood pressure
Systolic – 70 mmHg
Diastolic – 40 mmHg
Mean – 55 mmHg
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Early goal therapy
HR – 100 – 130
Systolic > 90 mmHg
Mean > 70 mmHg
Improvement in
Lactate by 50% (4-6 hr)
Mentation
CRT
Femoral pulses
Dorsopedal pulses
Fluid therapy Approach
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40 dogs admitted to the hospital with a GDV
Lactate > 6 mmol/L was not associated with gastric necrosis.
Survivors (37 dogs) decreased their lactate level by 50% within 12 hours
The 3 dogs with persistent elevation of lactate after 12 hours of treatment died.
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Intra Op Fluid therapy
10 ml/kg/hr
Can reduce to 5ml/kg/hr once more stable
Minimize gas anesthesia
Consider MLK
Consider fentanyl
Reduces episode of hypotension
Avoid
Dex-domitor
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Post Op Care Crystalloids
1 ½ - 2 times maintenance
Colloids?
Will use it intra-op
Post-Op will be based on
patient status
Monitor arrhythmias
Idioventricular rhythm
HR < 140 bpm with VPC
No need for TX
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Lidocaine use
VPCs with HR > 150 bpm
Multiform VPCs
Reduces ischemia
reperfusion Injury
Goals
Control arrhythmia
Control pain
Maintain tissue perfusion
Post Op Care
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Overall therapy Start using oral route as soon as possible
Offer food about 6 hours post surgery
If not eating consider NE tube
Start with ¼ to ½ RER
Start decreasing IV fluids once tolerating feedings
Maintain hydration via NE tube
Control pain IV or Oral route if tolerating feedings
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Hypovolemic shock
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Ziggy 44637 13 year Dachshund
Presentation “Referral”
Abdominal mass
Lethargy
Normal appetite, defecation and urination
TPR
Temp= 102.8
HR= 120
RR= 40
Pale pink
BW
WBC = 16.80
HCT = 27%
Platelets = 48,000
Chemistry
ALB = 2.7
GLU = 115
TBILI = 0.3
Imaging
Thoracic radiographs
Abdominal radiographs
Abdominal ultrasound
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Permissive resuscitation This case is clearly having blood loss anemia due to
a splenic mass
Permissive resuscitation implies
Low volume fluid therapy
5-10 ml/kg bolus over 1 hour (can repeat one or
twice)
.
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End point resuscitation End point resuscitation goal
Blood pressure systolic 90 mmHg with a HR 120 –140 bpm
Continue fluids at 3 ml/kg/hr (1.5 maintenance)
If permissive resuscitation does not improve cardiovascular stability consider blood transfusion.
Once bleeding is under control can further resuscitate the patient
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Post – Op care IV fluids at 1 to 1 ½ maintenance
Offer food and water as soon as patients is
standing.
If not eating consider naso-esophageal tube.
If tolerating feedings, start to decrease IV fluids.
Maintain hydration via oral route.
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Cardiogenic Shock
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Leo 8 year old Saint Bernard
Referred for
Cough
Collapsing episodes
Currently being treated
for pneumonia
Clavamox oral
Baytril oral
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Presentation Generalized weakness
Pale gums / CRT 3 sec
HR = 230 bpm
RR 60 bpm
Coughing
Increased lung sounds
Crackles caudal
Soft abdomen non painful
Cardiac arrhythmia
Questionable murmur
Asynchronous pulses/weak
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Blood work at RDVM
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Post Diltiazem
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Therapy instituted Pimobendan
Diltiazem
Furosemide
Oxygen support
IV fluids are contraindicated
in cardiogenic shock.
Increases the chances of
pulmonary edema
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Response Leo improved with the
treatment instituted
ECG improved to 100-120
bpm
RR improved to 24
Oxygen dependency
resolved.
Discharge 24 hours post
hospitalization
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Hypoxemic Shock
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Murphy 29378 10 year old Wheaton.
Presented for respiratory distress and decreased activity.
Vitals
WT: 17.5 kg
Temp 103.1 F
HR – 160 bpm
RR – 64 bpm
MM pink
CRT 2 sec
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Murphy Physical exam
Sinus tachycardia with no evidence of murmur.
Weak femoral pulses
Increased lung sounds, but no evidence of wheezes or
crackles.
Soft abdomen, non painful
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BAL and Blastomyces Ag
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Fluid therapy for hypoxemic shock
Fluid therapy should be instituted to correct deficit.
Rapid fluid infusion of a large volume of fluid is not
recommended, since the capillaries could leak
more fluid into the lungs.
Crystalloid vs Colloids
The though that colloids are macromolecular and will
never leak into the interstitum is a wrong assumption.
Different pig models have demonstrated the leakage
of colloids into the parenchyma.
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I usually start with short boluses of crystalloids of
5-10 ml/kg over 20 minutes.
Rapid institution of oxygen will help correct the
tachycardia at a faster rate.
Once shock is under control, continue crystalloids
at 2.5 – 3.5 ml/kg/hr (1 to 1.5 maintenance).
Careful with colloids.
Fluid therapy for hypoxemic shock
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Conclusion Currently we are giving too much fluids to our hospitalized and
anesthetized patients.
Current guidelines advocate for rapid resolution of shock.
Reduce IV fluid therapy once hydrated.
Provide daily requirement and adjust based on losses.
Make an effort to use the GI tract as much as possible.
Offer water
Give water via feeding tube
Nasogastric or nasoesophageal feeding tubes should be considered if
Patient remains inappetent
Vomiting is under control.