fluid flow and continuity imagine that a fluid flows with a speed v 1 through a cylindrical pip of...
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Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow and ContinuityContinuity
Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow and ContinuityContinuity
Imagine that a fluid flows with a speed v1 through a cylindrical pip of cross-sectional area A1
If the pipe narrows to a cross-sectional area A2 as in the right-hand portion of the Figure the fluid will flow with a new speed v2
Any amount of fluid that passes point 1 in a given time t must also flow past the point 2 in the same time
To find the mass of fluid passing point 1 in the time t note that the fluid moves through a distance v1 t in this time As a result the volume of fluid going past point 1 is
tvAV 111
Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow and ContinuityContinuity
Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow and ContinuityContinuity
tvAVm 111111
tvAV 111
tvAVm 222222
the volume of fluid going past point 1 is
Hence the mass of fluid passing point 1 is
Similarly the mass passing point 2 in the same time
tvAtvA
mm
2221111
21
222111 vAvA
Equation of ContinuityEquation of Continuity
Example 7 Spray IExample 7 Spray I
Water travels through a 96 cm diameter fire hose with a speed of 13 ms At the end of the hoe the water flows out through nozzle whose diameter is 25 cm What is the speed of the water coming out of the nozzle
smcm
cmsm
d
dvv
d
dv
d
dvv
dA
A
Avv
1952
6931
4
4
4
2
22
21
12
22
21
122
21
12
2
2
112
Physics 102 Part II
Thermal Physics
Moza M Al-Rabban
Professor of Physics
mmrqueduqa
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsbull Heat is the energy transferred between
objects because of a temperature difference
Therefore when we say that there is a ldquotransfer of heatrdquo or a ldquo heat flowrdquo from object A to object B it means that the total energy of object A decreases and the total energy of object B increases
Heat
bull Definition Flow of energy between two objects due to difference in temperaturendash Note similar to WORKndash Object does not ldquohaverdquo heat (it has energy)
TemperatureTemperature How hot or cold an objects feels
Thermal Contact 1048707 Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by bull Heat (includes conduction) bull Electromagnetic radiation 1048707 Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference 1048707 Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
bullThermal Equilibrium 1048707 Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact The transfer of heat ceases 1048707 Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature 1048707 Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium bull They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1048707 If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C bull Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow and ContinuityContinuity
Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow and ContinuityContinuity
tvAVm 111111
tvAV 111
tvAVm 222222
the volume of fluid going past point 1 is
Hence the mass of fluid passing point 1 is
Similarly the mass passing point 2 in the same time
tvAtvA
mm
2221111
21
222111 vAvA
Equation of ContinuityEquation of Continuity
Example 7 Spray IExample 7 Spray I
Water travels through a 96 cm diameter fire hose with a speed of 13 ms At the end of the hoe the water flows out through nozzle whose diameter is 25 cm What is the speed of the water coming out of the nozzle
smcm
cmsm
d
dvv
d
dv
d
dvv
dA
A
Avv
1952
6931
4
4
4
2
22
21
12
22
21
122
21
12
2
2
112
Physics 102 Part II
Thermal Physics
Moza M Al-Rabban
Professor of Physics
mmrqueduqa
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsbull Heat is the energy transferred between
objects because of a temperature difference
Therefore when we say that there is a ldquotransfer of heatrdquo or a ldquo heat flowrdquo from object A to object B it means that the total energy of object A decreases and the total energy of object B increases
Heat
bull Definition Flow of energy between two objects due to difference in temperaturendash Note similar to WORKndash Object does not ldquohaverdquo heat (it has energy)
TemperatureTemperature How hot or cold an objects feels
Thermal Contact 1048707 Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by bull Heat (includes conduction) bull Electromagnetic radiation 1048707 Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference 1048707 Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
bullThermal Equilibrium 1048707 Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact The transfer of heat ceases 1048707 Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature 1048707 Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium bull They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1048707 If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C bull Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Example 7 Spray IExample 7 Spray I
Water travels through a 96 cm diameter fire hose with a speed of 13 ms At the end of the hoe the water flows out through nozzle whose diameter is 25 cm What is the speed of the water coming out of the nozzle
smcm
cmsm
d
dvv
d
dv
d
dvv
dA
A
Avv
1952
6931
4
4
4
2
22
21
12
22
21
122
21
12
2
2
112
Physics 102 Part II
Thermal Physics
Moza M Al-Rabban
Professor of Physics
mmrqueduqa
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsbull Heat is the energy transferred between
objects because of a temperature difference
Therefore when we say that there is a ldquotransfer of heatrdquo or a ldquo heat flowrdquo from object A to object B it means that the total energy of object A decreases and the total energy of object B increases
Heat
bull Definition Flow of energy between two objects due to difference in temperaturendash Note similar to WORKndash Object does not ldquohaverdquo heat (it has energy)
TemperatureTemperature How hot or cold an objects feels
Thermal Contact 1048707 Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by bull Heat (includes conduction) bull Electromagnetic radiation 1048707 Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference 1048707 Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
bullThermal Equilibrium 1048707 Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact The transfer of heat ceases 1048707 Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature 1048707 Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium bull They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1048707 If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C bull Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Physics 102 Part II
Thermal Physics
Moza M Al-Rabban
Professor of Physics
mmrqueduqa
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsbull Heat is the energy transferred between
objects because of a temperature difference
Therefore when we say that there is a ldquotransfer of heatrdquo or a ldquo heat flowrdquo from object A to object B it means that the total energy of object A decreases and the total energy of object B increases
Heat
bull Definition Flow of energy between two objects due to difference in temperaturendash Note similar to WORKndash Object does not ldquohaverdquo heat (it has energy)
TemperatureTemperature How hot or cold an objects feels
Thermal Contact 1048707 Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by bull Heat (includes conduction) bull Electromagnetic radiation 1048707 Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference 1048707 Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
bullThermal Equilibrium 1048707 Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact The transfer of heat ceases 1048707 Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature 1048707 Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium bull They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1048707 If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C bull Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Temperature and the Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Zeroth Law of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsbull Heat is the energy transferred between
objects because of a temperature difference
Therefore when we say that there is a ldquotransfer of heatrdquo or a ldquo heat flowrdquo from object A to object B it means that the total energy of object A decreases and the total energy of object B increases
Heat
bull Definition Flow of energy between two objects due to difference in temperaturendash Note similar to WORKndash Object does not ldquohaverdquo heat (it has energy)
TemperatureTemperature How hot or cold an objects feels
Thermal Contact 1048707 Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by bull Heat (includes conduction) bull Electromagnetic radiation 1048707 Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference 1048707 Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
bullThermal Equilibrium 1048707 Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact The transfer of heat ceases 1048707 Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature 1048707 Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium bull They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1048707 If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C bull Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Heat
bull Definition Flow of energy between two objects due to difference in temperaturendash Note similar to WORKndash Object does not ldquohaverdquo heat (it has energy)
TemperatureTemperature How hot or cold an objects feels
Thermal Contact 1048707 Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by bull Heat (includes conduction) bull Electromagnetic radiation 1048707 Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference 1048707 Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
bullThermal Equilibrium 1048707 Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact The transfer of heat ceases 1048707 Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature 1048707 Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium bull They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1048707 If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C bull Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
TemperatureTemperature How hot or cold an objects feels
Thermal Contact 1048707 Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by bull Heat (includes conduction) bull Electromagnetic radiation 1048707 Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference 1048707 Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
bullThermal Equilibrium 1048707 Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact The transfer of heat ceases 1048707 Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature 1048707 Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium bull They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1048707 If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C bull Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Celsius ScaleCelsius Scalebull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0ordm Cndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100ordm Cndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments
bull There is no upper limit to the value a temperature may have
bull There is a lower limit however For the Celsius scale it is -27315 C
Temperature scalesTemperature scales
A temperature of five degrees is 5 C (five degrees Celsius)
A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
The Fahrenheit Scale
bull Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32ordm F
ndash This is the freezing point of water
bull Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212ordm C
ndash This is the boiling point of water
bull Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has
bull Different zero than the Celsius scale
bull Different ldquosizerdquo for its degree
bullThe Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100180 = 59
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit
FTCFT CF 32
5
9
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees CelsiusCelsius
FTFCT FC 32
9
5
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Example1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F What is the corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is ndash 20 C what is the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature
Part (a)
C
FTFCT FC
2432759
5
329
5
Part (b)
F
FTCFT CF
2832025
9
325
9
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero
bull All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressurebull This temperature is absolute zero
bull Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
bull Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Example 2 Itrsquos a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 800 kPa at 000 C Assuming ideal behavior as in the Figure what is the pressure of this gas at 105 C
1 Calculate the rate at which pressure increases for this gas
CkPa
CkPa
rate 293015273
080
2 Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -27315 C to 105 C
kPaCCkPa 1113782930
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
KelvinKelvin Scale Scalebull When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero its temperature is ndash27315ordm C
bull This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scalendash27315ordm C = 0 K
To convert
15273 CTT
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
A comparison of temperature scales
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
QuestionYou measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in degrees Kelvin 98 F Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale 1 307 K 2 310 K 3 313 K 4 317 K
98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
K
TT C
3108309152736736
15273
C
FTFCT FC
673632989
5
329
5
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
bull The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
bull At ordinary temperatures molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
bull As temperature increases the amplitude increasesThis causes the overall object as a This causes the overall object as a
whole to expandwhole to expand
Thermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Linear Expansion
bull For small changes in temperature
bull The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material
bull SI unit for
ndash These are average coefficients they can vary somewhat with temperature
L Lo t
11 )( CK
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
ApplicationsA bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Thermal Expansion joints
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Area ExpansionArea Expansion
A Ao t 2Two dimensions expand
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Questionbull You are given a 4000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3994-cm diameter hole at room temperature (20C) You are asked to squeeze the steel ball through the brass plate You are allowed to increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects However they should both be at equal temperature at all times What can you do to succeed ( brass = 2 x 10-5 C steel = 1 x 10-5 C)
Cool the ball and the plate Heat the ball and the plate You can never succeed
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Volume Expansion
bull Three dimensions expand
ndash For liquids only coefficient of volume expansion exists
V Vo tfor solids 3
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Example 3Example 3 Oil Spill Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to olive oil If the temperature of the system is increased from 60 C to 31 C how much oil spills from the flask31 C how much oil spills from the flask
1 Calculate the change in volume of the oil
3313 622515010680 cmKcmK
TVVoil
2 Calculate the change in volume of the flask
3316 1902515010173
3
cmKcmK
TVVflask
3 Find the difference in volume expansions This is the volume of oil that spills out
333 4219062 cmcmcmVV flaskoil
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
Special Properties of Special Properties of WaterWater
The density of water actually increases as the water is heated between 0 C and 4 C Maximum density occurs near 4 C
The unusual behavior of water near 4 C
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-
End Of Lecture 13End Of Lecture 13
- Fluid Flow and Continuity
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Physics 102 Part II Thermal Physics
- Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Temperature scales
- The Fahrenheit Scale
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Absolute Zero
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Applications A bimetallic strip
- Thermal Expansion joints
- Area Expansion
- Question
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Volume Expansion
- Slide 31
- Special Properties of Water
- End Of Lecture 13
-