flowers, fruits, and seeds - south sevier high school• often these two types of inflorescences can...
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Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
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Dicots versus Monocots
• Dicots • Two cotyledons • Flower parts in fours or
fives • Leaves with distinct
vein network • Vascular cambium
present • Vascular bundles in
ring • Pollen grain with three
apertures
• Monocots • One cotyledon • Flower parts in threes • Leaves with parallel
primary veins. • Vascular cambium
absent • Vascular bundles
scattered • Pollen grain with one
aperture
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Monocot vs. Dicot
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What is the purpose of a flower?
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Structure of Flowers
• Each flower, which begins as an embryonic primordium that develops into a bud, occurs as a specialized branch at the tip of a peduncle which may have branchlets of pedicles. Pedicle swells at its tip into a small pad
(receptacle). - Other parts of the flower are attached to
the receptacle.
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Structure of Flowers
• Outermost whorl typically consists of three to five sepals. Sepals (calyx) may be fused together.
• Next whorl consists of three to many petals (corolla). Calyx and corolla form the perianth.
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Structure of Flowers
• Several to many stamens are attached to the receptacle around the base of the pistil. Each stamen consists of a filament with an
anther at the top. - Pollen grains developed and
disseminated in anthers.
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Fruit and Flower anatomy
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Structure of Flowers
• Pistil consists of Stigma, Style, and Ovary. Superior Ovary - Calyx and corolla are
attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary.
Inferior Ovary - Receptacle grows up and around the ovary.
- Calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top.
• Inflorescences - Group of several to hundreds of flowers.
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Fruit Composition Superior Ovary Hypogynous Flower True Fruit Only
Half-Superior Ovary Perigynous Flower True + Accessory Fruit
Inferior Ovary Epigynous Flower True + Accessory Fruit
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Monoecious vs. Dioecious
• Monoecious means “one house”. This means that both male and female parts are found on the same plant.
• Dioecious means “two houses”. This means that both male and female parts are found on two different plants. Androecious – male only. Gynoecious – female only.
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Is this a monoecious or a dioecious flower?
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What is an inflorescence?
• In other species of plants many, small flowers are borne together in dense clusters called inflorescences.
• There are many types of inflorescences. Each type of inflorescence is determined by how the flowers are arranged.
• Inflorescences are a useful plant ID tool.
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Inflorescence Types
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Solitary Flowers
• Some species of plants produce solitary flowers.
• Solitary flowers are are borne singly and separate from one another.
Saucer Magnolia solitary flowers
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Solitary Flowers
• Another example of a plant that bears solitary flowers is Bloodred Geranium.
Many solitary flowers on Bloodred Geranium
(Geranium sanguineum)
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Common Inflorescences
• Spike • Raceme • Panicle • Umbel • Corymb • Cyme • Composite Head • Catkin
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Spike
• Individual flowers are sessile (without pedicels).
• Lower flowers open first.
• Indeterminate.
spike
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Spike
• Gladiolus ‘Lavadandy’ flower spike (image courtesy of Columbia View Gladiolus)
Gladiolus
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Raceme
• Individual flowers have pedicels.
• Pedicels can vary in length from species to species.
• Lower flowers open first. • Indeterminate.
raceme
pedicel
peduncle
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Raceme
• Itea virginica, Virginia Sweetspire produces dense, pubescent racemes.
• The flowers have short pedicels and the inflorescence resembles a spike.
Virginia Sweetspire
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Raceme
• Dicentra spectabilis, Bleeding Heart, produces a one-sided raceme of pink, heart-shaped flowers.
Bleeding Heart
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Panicle
• A highly branched inflorescence consisting of many, repeating units.
• Panicles can be made of many spikes, racemes, corymbs, or umbels.
• Indeterminate. A panicle of racemes
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Panicle
• Syringa vulgaris, Common Lilac, produces panicles.
Common Lilac
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Panicle
• Aesculus glabra, Ohio Buckeye, produces 4-7” long panicles.
• This tree is located near the Kirkwood library.
Ohio Buckeye
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Umbel
• Individual flower pedicels all originate from the same spot on the peduncle.
• Outer flowers open first.
• Indeterminate. peduncle
pedicel
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Umbel
• Allium ‘Jade Eyes’, image courtesy of Breck’s.
• Often, umbels are globe-shaped like this one.
Allium
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Corymb
• Somewhat similar to the umbel.
• Individual flower pedicels are attached to the peduncle at different points.
• Often flat-topped. • Outer flowers open first. • Indeterminate.
corymb pedicel peduncle
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Corymb
• Pyrus calleryana, Callery Pear, is a beautiful, spring-flowering tree covered with corymbs of white flowers.
Callery Pear
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Cyme
• In real life, cymes tend to be flat or convex shaped.
• The inner flowers open first.
• Determinate.
cyme
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Cyme
• Cymes are often compound as shown in the illustration to the right.
compound cyme
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Cyme
• Viburnum x juddi, Judd Viburnum, produces cymes of light pink flowers in late April. The flowers have a pleasing, spicy fragrance
Judd Viburnum
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Cyme
• Viburnum dentatum, Arrowwood Viburnum, produces cymes of white flowers that are not fragrant.
Arrowwood Viburnum
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Corymbs vs. Cymes
• Often these two types of inflorescences can look a lot alike.
• Remember that corymbs are indeterminate, they continue to elongate as the season progresses. Cymes are determinate and do not continue to elongate as the growing season progresses. Also, the inner flowers of cymes open first.
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Composite Head
• A highly advanced inflorescence.
• Consists of separate ray and disk flowers
• Bracts may be green, but can also be colored(Strawflower).
ray flower
disk flower
bract
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Composite Head
• Helianthus annus, Sunflower, produces a large composite head.
• After pollination and fertilization, each disk flower becomes a single-seeded fruit.
Sunflower
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Composite Head
• Echinaceae purpurea, Purple Coneflower (image courtesy of Wildflower Farm).
• Composite head with purple ray flowers and brown disk flowers.
Purple Coneflower
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Catkin (or Ament)
A slim, cylindrical flower cluster, with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated but sometimes insect pollinated. They contain many, usually unisexual flowers, arranged closely along a central stem which is often drooping.
Examples include Hazel, Oak, Alder, Birch, and Willow.
Catkin means little kittle, meaning resembles a kittens fluffy tail.
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Fruits
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Fruits
• Fruit is an ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured. Usually contains seeds (may be on it). All fruits develop from flower ovaries and
accordingly are found exclusively in flowering plants.
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Not a fruit!
So based on this definition, what are some things that we call fruits but are actually not?
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Types of fleshy fruits
Drupe (Peach)
Pome (Apple)
Pepo (Cucumber)
Aggregate (Strawberry)
Multiple (Pineapple)
Berry (Tomato)
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Fruits
• Fruit Regions Exocarp - Skin Endocarp - Inner boundary around seed(s). Mesocarp - Fleshy tissue between exocarp
and endocarp. - Three regions are collectively called the
pericarp.
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Regions of a Mature Peach
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Fruits
• Fleshy Fruits Simple fleshy fruits develop from a flower
with a single pistil. - Drupe - Simple fleshy fruit with a single
seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp, or pit. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fruits
• Berry - Usually develops from a compound ovary and often contains more than one seed. True berry is a fruit with a thin skin and a
relatively soft pericarp. Pepos - Relatively thick rinds (Pumpkins). Hesperidium - Leathery skin containing oils
(Citrus). Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fruits
• Pomes - Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fruits
• Dry Fruits That Split at Maturity (Dehiscent) Follicle - Splits along one side or seam. Legume - Splits along two sides or seams. Silique - Splits along two sides or seams,
but seeds are borne on central partition exposed when the two halves separate.
Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways.
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Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission
Required for Reproduction or Display
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fruits
• Dry Fruits That Do Not Split at Maturity (Indehiscent) Achene Nut Grain Samara Schizocarp
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Types of dry fruits
Legume (Bean pod)
Capsule (Poppy)
Achene (Sunflower)
Silique (Money Plant)
Follicle (Columbine) Nut
(Hazelnut)
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Fruits
• Aggregate Fruits Derived from a single flower with several to
many pistils. - Individual pistils mature as a clustered
unit on a single receptacle Raspberries, Strawberries.
• Multiple Fruits Derived from several to many individual
flowers in a single inflorescence. - Pineapples, Figs
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Fruit and Seed Dispersal
• Wind Dispersal Small and Lightweight seeds.
• Animal Dispersal Seeds pass through digestive tract. Fruits and seeds catch in fur or feathers. Oils attract ants.
• Water Dispersal Some fruits contain trapped air.
• Mechanical Ejection of Seeds
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Seeds
• Structure Cotyledons - Food storage organs that
function as first seed leaves. Plumule - Embryo shoot. Epicotyl - Stem above cotyledon. Hypocotyl - Stem below attachment point. Radicle - Stem tip developing into a root.
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Seed anatomy
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Seeds
Origin of Seed Coat
Origin of Endosperm
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Germination: monocot
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Germination: dicot
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Germination
• Germination is the beginning or resumption of seed growth. Seed must be viable.
- Some require period of dormancy. Scarification
- After Ripening Favorable Environmental Factors
- Imbibe water
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Longevity
• Viability of most seeds is significantly extended when the seeds are stored under conditions of low temperatures and kept dry. A few species produce seeds with no
period of dormancy. - Vivipary
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Fruits– Indehiscent & Fleshy
• Berry– an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds.
• Drupe– an indehiscent, fleshy fruit in which the outer part is soft and the center contains a hard pit surrounding a seed.
• Pome– an indehiscent, fleshy fruit in which the outer part is soft and the inner part contains papery structures enclosing the seeds…many Rosaceae. Ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium.
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Berries
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Special Berries-- Pomes
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Other Special Berries
• Hesperidium • Pepo
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Drupes
Rhus trilobata Juglans major
Prunus sero;na Toxicodendron rydbergii
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Fruits– Indehiscent & Dry
• Nut– fairly large, indehiscent dry fruit with thick wall surrounding a single seed.
• Achene– fairly small, indehiscent dry fruit with a thin and close fitting wall surrounding a single seed. Seed attached to pericarp at one point.
• Samara– winged, indehiscent dry fruit containing a single seed. (winged achene)
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Nuts
• Coconuts, walnuts, etc are drupes, not nuts in the strict sense!
• Acorns are the only true nut I can think of in our area.
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Achenes
• Includes cypsela– achene with a parachute
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Samaras
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Disamara – Acer spp.
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Fruit Dehiscent, dry, one carpel
• Follicle– a dry fruit that dehisces (opens) along a single longitudinal suture (slit).
• Legume– a dry fruit the dehisces along two longitudinal sutures.
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Follicles
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Legumes
• And Loment, a special case in which the sutures are horizontal rather than longitudinal
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Fruit Dehiscent, Dry, Two or More Carpels
• Schizocarp– fruit from a 2 to many carpellate gynoecium that splits into segments (splits between carpels) that then release the seeds (1-many seeds).
• Nutlets– small, dry, dehiscent fruit that splits between and through carpels.
• Capsule– fruit from a 2 to many carpellate gynoecium that splits to release seeds immediately. Includes many types– loculicidal, septicidal, denticidal, etc.
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Schizocarps– Geranium caespitosum
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Schizocarps– Malva neglecta
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Nutlets
• Cryptantha pterocarya • Stachys coccinea
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Capsules
• Loculicidal • Septicidal
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Capsules
• Loculicidal • Septicidal
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Capsules
• Denticidal • Poricidal • Circumscissile
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Aggregate and Multiple Fruits
• Aggregate fruit: a fruit forming as the result of fusion of carpels from a SINGLE (A-ggregate) flower. Examples: strawberry is an aggregate of achenes, raspberry an aggregate of drupes. Magnolia is an aggregate of follicles.
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Strawberry: an aggregate of achenes
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Rose: an aggregate of achenes!
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Morus maclura: a multiple of drupes
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Floral Formulae