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FLORIDA STATEWIDE SCIENCE ASSESSMENT (FSSA) REVIEW AND PRACTICE
GRADE 7 STUDENT BOOKLET
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FSSA Review and Practice 1 Table of Contents © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
To the Student ............................................................................. 2
Science Benchmark Reviews SC.7.N.1.1, SC.7.N.1.3, SC.7.N.1.4—Scientific Investigations ...................... 6 SC.7.N.1.2–Replication and Repetition .......................................................... 10 SC.7.N.1.5, SC.7.N.3.2—Representing Data ................................................. 14 SC.7.N.1.6, SC.7.N.1.7, SC.7.N.2.1–Basing Scientific
Explanations on Evidence ........................................................................... 18 SC.7.N.3.1–Theories versus Laws .................................................................. 22 SC.7.E.6.1, SC.7.E.6.5, SC.7.E.6.7—Earth's Layers ...................................... 26 SC.7.E.6.2, SC.7.E.6.6—The Rock Cycle and Human Impact on Earth ........ 31 SC.7.E.6.3, SC.7.E.6.4—Earth's History ........................................................ 36 SC.7.P.10.1–The Electromagnetic Spectrum .................................................. 40 SC.7.P.10.2, SC.7.P.10.3—Properties of Waves ............................................ 44 SC.7.P.11.1, SC.7.P.11.4—Temperature and Heat......................................... 48 SC.7.P.11.2, SC.7.P.11.3—Energy Conversion and Conservation ................ 52 SC.7.L.15.1, SC.7.L.15.2, SC.7.L.15.3—Fossils and Evolution .................... 56 SC.7.L.16.1, SC.7.L.16.2, SC.7.L.16.3—Reproduction and Heredity ........... 60 SC.7.L.17.1, SC.7.L.17.2, SC.7.L.17.3—Energy Transfer in a Food Web .... 65
FSSA Practice Test Instructions–Form A ....................................................................................... 70 Practice Test–Form A ..................................................................................... 71 Answer Sheet–Form A .................................................................................... 79
FSSA Review and Practice 2 To the Student © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Introduction
To the Student This booklet is designed to help you prepare to take the Florida Statewide Science Assessment (FSSA). The table of contents at the beginning of this book shows how the book is organized. The first section of the book contains review material and practice questions that are grouped by topic. Following the review material and practice questions is a practice test. The practice test is followed by an answer sheet for recording your answers for the test.
When you take the FSSA, you will be tested on the designated Science Benchmarks. Each of the Benchmarks that you may be tested on is included in the review and practice section. Reading the short review of each concept, and then answering the practice questions that follow, will be a good way to check your understanding of the material.
Taking the practice test will also help you prepare for the FSSA. The practice test should be similar to the FSSA test that you will take. After taking the practice test, you may find that there are concepts you need to review further.
Test Taking Tips
General Tips • Read the directions carefully before you begin.
• Budget your time based on the number and type of questions. Set aside time to recheck your answers after you're done.
• When using a separate answer sheet, use a ruler or blank sheet of paper as a guide to avoid marking answers on the wrong line.
• If there is no penalty for guessing, it’s better to guess than to leave an answer blank.
• Guess well, not wildly. Try to eliminate one or two answer choices first.
• Read the question fully and carefully. Many students miss the correct answer because they read only part of the question, and choose an answer based on what they think the question is asking.
• In the question stem, note key terms that tell you what to look for in the answer choices: What? When? Where? What NOT? What kind? How many?
If you encounter a question about a key term or vocabulary term that is unfamiliar to you, try to break the word up into word parts. If you know what part of the word means, you may be able to eliminate some answer choices.
FSSA Review and Practice 3 To the Student © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Using Images
Tables and Graphs • Read the title.
• Note the units of measure.
• For tables, read row and column headings.
• For graphs, note the data points.
• For graphs, read the axes labels.
• Look for trends and patterns.
Diagrams • Read the title and all labels.
• Do not rely on relative sizes of items to compare size. Look for a scale.
• BEFORE you look at the diagram, read the question all the way through. Look for hints in the question that will tell you what to look at in the diagram.
• AFTER reading the question, read and look through the whole diagram to understand what it illustrates, and what processes or parts are involved.
• Follow numbered steps in order or trace arrows to understand a process.
• Look at the diagram's parts and then see how they work together.
Maps • Read the title, key, place names, and names of other map features.
• Note the scale, compass direction, and location of important features with respect to one another.
Using Reference Sheets • Before beginning the test, look at the reference sheets to see what is included.
• During the test, when a question addresses a topic included on the reference sheet, look at the reference sheet after you read the question.
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FSSA Review and Practice 22 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
SC.7.N.3.1 Recognize and explain the difference between theories and laws and give several examples of scientific theories and the evidence that supports them.
Theories versus Laws
Nature of Scientific Knowledge You may think that what you find out in
science is accepted by everyone and unchanging. That is not always true. The “facts” of science are simply the most widely accepted explanations. Scientific knowledge is and probably always will be changing. To understand the nature of scientific knowledge, you must understand how scientists use certain words. Law and theory are two familiar words that have very specific scientific meanings.
Defining Laws A scientific law is a description of a specific
relationship under given conditions in the natural world. Scientific laws describe the way the world works. They are scientific principles that work without exception to predict or explain nature under specific conditions.
Laws are typically statements, which can be written as mathematical equations. The law of conservation of energy states that energy in a system can neither be created nor destroyed. This is fairly easy to understand conceptually. Another example of a law is Boyle’s law, which states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional. Boyle’s law can be written mathematically as pV = C, meaning that the pressure of a gas multiplied by its volume will always give the same value (the constant C).
Even though law may sound better established or more concrete than theory, laws are still subject to change. Newton’s law of gravitation, for example, was considered to be complete until Einstein introduced his theory of relativity.
Defining Theories While laws describe what happens, scientific
theories attempt to explain how things happen. A scientific theory is an explanation supported by a large body of evidence. Theories can be used to help us understand the laws we observe. Most scientists agree theories are the best explanations based on what we know now.
Theories are based on lots of evidence and are widely accepted. A theory, though, is subject to change and improvement. Theories are continuously investigated with new questions and subjected to testing against new evidence. Scientists recognize that theories are incomplete. Still, theoretical knowledge is complete enough to allow human beings to understand, predict, and manipulate the natural world.
The kinetic theory of gases for example, can explain Boyle’s law. The kinetic theory describes a gas as being composed of quickly moving particles. The particles of gas constantly bounce off of the walls of the container they occupy. The pressure of the gas increases the more frequently the particles bounce off the sides of the container.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution The scientific theory of evolution is another
example of a theory. Evolution is the process in
which inherited characteristics within a population
change over generations, sometimes giving rise to
new species. When Charles Darwin first wrote
about evolution by natural selection, he did not
know about the laws of inheritance or the
molecular basis of traits.
Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.N.3.1
FSSA Review and Practice 23 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
As scientists have learned more about these
two fields of study, they have improved upon
Darwin’s explanation for how species change over
time.
Much of the evidence supporting the
scientific theory of evolution comes from the fossil
record. As paleontologists have uncovered more
fossils, a more complete set of data has become
available, allowing scientists to revise the theory
of evolution. For example, fossil evidence of an
aquatic organism named Tiktaalik, supported that
it had both fish and amphibian characteristics and
evolved from fish ancestors. Today, scientists
understand that there are many intricacies in how
species evolve, and not all scientists agree on
exactly how evolution occurs. Nearly all scientists
agree, though, that the theory of evolution
accurately explains how new species have
appeared on Earth over time.
Student-Response Activity
What is one example of a theory or law and how did scientists gain evidence to support it?
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Why is it important to understand how scientists use the words law and theory?
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Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.N.3.1
FSSA Review and Practice 24 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Diego states that he has a scientific theory on why people yawn. How is he using the word theory incorrectly in a scientific context?
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How is a scientific law different from a scientific theory?
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Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.N.3.1
FSSA Review and Practice 25 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Benchmark Assessment SC.7.N.3.1
Fill in the letter of the best choice.
Which is an example of a scientific theory?
A scientist explains that the area of a
rectangle is proportional to the width times the length, or A = wl.
A scientist explains that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass times the acceleration, or F = ma.
A scientist thinks a purple moth and butterfly are the same species because they look alike.
Scientists agree that Earth’s axis is tilted. This explains why there are seasons.
Which is an example of a scientific law?
Leo sees a group of individuals get sick after drinking water near his town, and he concludes that all the water in the area is contaminated.
Scientists agree it requires energy to break down food, this explains why your body temperature changes when you are digesting food.
Scientists agree that in asexual reproduction, 100% of the DNA from the parent is transferred to the offspring.
Scientists agree that polar bears would not do well in a desert environment because their bodies are designed to keep heat in.
How do theories and laws relate?
Laws and theories are the same
concept.
Laws are used to help us understand
the theories we observe.
Theories and laws are used to contradict each other.
Theories can be used to help us understand the laws we observe.
Which is a drawback of theories?
Few scientists take theories seriously.
They are never tested.
They are subject to change and are still incomplete.
They have little support backing them.
An architect needs to know how much mass a material can withstand before it cracks, to use it as the base of a five-story building she is designing. She uses a proven formula to calculate the amount of material needed and mass it can withstand. Which best describes how the architect can know the right amount of mass?
She uses a law, because it is a proven formula.
She uses a law, because the calculations are based on evidence.
She uses a theory and law, because it is a real world problem.
She uses a theory, because she can explain the effects of force and mass on materials.
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___ Date ___
33
to wa
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Benchmark
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34
metamorphic
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Review .7.E.6.6
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___ Date ___
35
C.7.E.6.2,
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___ Date ___
36
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___ Date ___
37
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38
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39
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FSSA Review and Practice 40 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
SC.7.P.10.1 Illustrate that the Sun’s energy arrives as radiation with a wide range of wavelengths, including infrared, visible, and ultraviolet, and that white light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiation from the Sun Light is a type of energy that travels as a
wave, but light is different from other types of waves. Light waves are vibrating electric and magnetic fields moving through space that transfer energy. When an electrically charged particle vibrates, its fields also vibrate, producing an electromagnetic (EM) wave. This vibration carries energy released by the original vibration of the particle. Radiation is energy that has been transmitted by waves or particles, so this transfer of energy is called EM radiation.
Most electromagnetic waves Earth receives from the sun are infrared light, ultraviolet light, and visible light. When you are out in the sun and feel warm, you feel infrared light from the sun as heat. You might wear sunglasses outside to protect your eyes from ultraviolet light. Too much exposure to ultraviolet light can damage cells.
The Color of Light Light comes in many colors, from red to
violet. Like all waves, light has wavelengths. Our eyes interpret different wavelengths of light as different colors. The shortest wavelengths are seen as violet, and the longest ones are seen as red. Even the longest wavelengths we can see are still very small—less than one ten-thousandth of a centimeter.
We perceive white light when we see all the wavelengths of light at once, in equal proportions. A prism can split white light into its component colors, separating the colors by wavelength. When it rains, drops of water act like tiny prisms, splitting white light into various wavelengths.
When this happens, you see a rainbow in the sky consisting of all the colors of the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum EM waves are measured by frequency or
by wavelength. The light waves we see are EM waves. However, visible light represents only a very small part of the range of frequencies (or wavelengths) that an EM wave can have. This range is called the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. These other EM waves are the same type of wave as the light we are used to. They are just different frequencies. Two parts of the spectrum are close to visible light. Infrared, or IR, light has slightly longer wavelengths than red light. Ultraviolet, or UV, light has slightly shorter wavelengths than violet light.
People use forms of light across the
electromagnetic spectrum for different functions. Satellites in space can detect electromagnetic radiation from objects and use this to create images. When you listen to the radio, radio waves are transmitting the sound you hear. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths. They are used to broadcast many signals, including radio,
Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.P.10.1
FSSA Review and Practice 41 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
television, and alarm systems. Microwaves, which are not the shortest EM waves, heat food quickly and are used in cellular phones. We feel infrared light as heat. Infrared imaging can locate objects that emit heat by creating a thermogram, which is a visual representation of temperature.
Doctors can use ultraviolet light to sterilize medical equipment, x-rays to make images of a person’s bones, and gamma rays to treat some forms of cancer.
Radiation from the Sun Between the sun and us lies Earth’s
atmosphere. In order to see anything, some of the
sun’s light must make it through the atmosphere.
However, not all wavelengths of light penetrate
the atmosphere equally. The atmosphere blocks
most of the higher-frequency radiation, such as x-
rays and gamma rays, from reaching us at the
ground level, while allowing most of the visible
light to reach us.
There is a “window” of radio frequencies that are
barely blocked at all. Radio and visible light
penetrate all the way to the ground. Most
ultraviolet light is blocked high in the atmosphere.
The atmosphere blocks much of the sun’s
radiation, but not all. Some EM radiation can be
dangerous to humans, so we take extra steps to
protect ourselves. Receiving too much ultraviolet
(UV) radiation can cause sunburn, skin cancer, or
damage to the eyes, so we wear sunscreen and
wear UV-blocking sunglasses to protect us from
the UV light that passes through the atmosphere.
You need this protection even on overcast days
because UV light can travel through clouds.
Outer space is often thought of as being
cold, but despite this, one of the biggest dangers to
astronauts is from overheating! Outside of Earth’s
protective atmosphere, the level of dangerous
EM radiation is much higher. Also, in the vacuum
of space, it is much harder to dispose of any
unwanted energy, because there is no surrounding
matter (such as air) to absorb the extra energy.
Astronauts need extra protection from EM
radiation in space. This is why astronauts’
helmets are made to be highly reflective, using a
thin layer of pure gold to reflect back unwanted
EM radiation.
Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.P.10.1
FSSA Review and Practice 42 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Student-Response Activity
List, in order from longest to shortest wavelength, the different colors of the visible portion
of the EM spectrum.
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What type of EM waves do doctors use to take a picture of your bones?
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast radio waves and infrared radiation.
When you go outside and wear sunglasses, what type of radiation are you protecting your eyes from?
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Why do astronauts need to be concerned about EM waves in outer space?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Radio waves Infrared Both
Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.P.10.1
FSSA Review and Practice 43 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Benchmark Assessment SC.7.P.10.1
Fill in the letter of the best choice.
Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?
microwaves
radio waves
ultraviolet light
visible light
What happens to frequency as wavelength increases across the electromagnetic spectrum?
Frequency and wavelength are not related.
Frequency decreases.
Frequency increases.
Frequency stays the same.
Which type of EM radiation is felt as heat?
infrared
microwaves
radio waves
ultraviolet
Examine the image shown below.
What can you infer about the radiation in the right side of this spectrum?
The radiation has a very high frequency compared to other radiation.
The radiation is not emitted by the sun.
The radiation is used to transmit sound.
The radiation is visible.
Which statement is not true about light?
All types of light waves have the same wavelength.
Light waves are vibrating electric and magnetic fields.
Light waves can transfer energy.
Visible light comes in many colors.
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46
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FSSA Review and Practice 52 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
SC.7.P.11.2 Investigate and describe the transformation of energy from one form to another. SC.7.P.11.3 Cite evidence to explain that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Forms of Energy Energy is the ability to cause change and do
work. Energy is measured in joules (J). Energy can come in many different forms. Mechanical energy is the amount of work an object can do because of the object’s kinetic (motion) and potential (stored) energies. Mechanical energy can be all potential energy, all kinetic energy, or some of each. The mechanical energy of an object remains the same unless it transfers some of its energy to another object. But even if the mechanical energy of an object stays the same, the potential energy or kinetic energy it has can increase or decrease.
Other forms of energy include thermal, chemical, electrical, sound, light, and nuclear energy. Thermal energy is all of the kinetic energy due to the random motion of the particles that make up an object. Thermal energy also depends on the number of particles. Water, in the form of steam, has a higher temperature than water in a lake does. But the lake has more thermal energy because the lake has more water particles.
Chemical energy is the energy of a compound that changes as its atoms are rearranged. Chemical energy is a form of potential energy because it depends on the position and arrangement of the atoms in a compound.
Electrical energy is the energy of moving electrons. The electrical energy used in your home comes from power plants. Huge generators turn magnets inside loops of wire. The changing position of a magnet makes electrical energy run
through the wire and along the wires from the power plants to electrical weigh stations to your home. This electrical energy is stored as potential energy until you use it to run your electrical appliances.
Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.P.11.2, SC.7.P.11.3
FSSA Review and Practice 53 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Sound energy is caused by an object’s vibrations. When you stretch a guitar string, the string stores potential energy. When you let the string go, this potential energy is turned into kinetic energy, which makes the string vibrate. The string also transmits some of this kinetic energy to the air around it. The air particles also vibrate and transmit this energy in the form of a wave to your ear. When the sound energy reaches your ear, you hear the sound of the guitar. Sound waves need a medium, such as air or wood, to travel through.
Electromagnetic energy is produced by the
vibrations of electrically charged particles. It is transmitted in the form of an electromagnetic wave. Visible light is a type of electromagnetic energy. Other types include x-rays, ultraviolet light, and infrared light. The vibrations that transmit light energy do not need to be carried through matter. In fact, electromagnetic waves can move through a vacuum where there is no matter.
Energy Transformation Energy transformation takes place when
energy changes from one form into another form. Any form of energy can change into any other form of energy. Often, one form of energy changes into more than one form. For example, when you rub your hands together, you hear a sound and your hands get warm. The kinetic energy of your moving hands transforms into both sound energy and thermal energy.
Another example of an energy transformation is when chemical energy is converted in the body. Why is eating breakfast so important? Eating breakfast gives your body the energy needed to help you start your day. Your chemical potential energy comes from the food you eat. Your body breaks down the components of the food to access the energy contained in them. This energy changes to the kinetic energy in your muscles. Some of the chemical energy converts to thermal energy that allows your body to stay warm.
Energy is Conserved in Transformations A closed system is a group of objects that
transfer energy only to one another. For example, a roller coaster can be considered a closed system if it includes everything involved, such as the track, the cars, and the air around them. Energy is conserved in all closed systems. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form. All of the different forms of energy in a closed system always add up to the same total amount of energy. It does not matter how many energy conversions take place.
For example, on a roller coaster some mechanical energy gets transformed into sound and thermal energy as it goes down a hill. The total of the coaster’s reduced mechanical energy at the bottom of the hill, the increased thermal energy, and the sound energy, is the same amount of energy as the original amount of mechanical energy. In other words, total energy is conserved.
Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.P.11.2, SC.7.P.11.3
FSSA Review and Practice 54 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Student-Response Activity
What is mechanical energy?
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Television remote controls use infrared light to send a signal. What type of energy is infrared light?
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Describe the energy transfer that happens when you plug in a blender.
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Explain why you hear a sound when you rub your hands together.
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Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast sound energy and electromagnetic energy.
Sound Energy Both Electromagnetic Energy
Name ___________________________________ Date ___________ Benchmark Review SC.7.P.11.2, SC.7.P.11.3
FSSA Review and Practice 55 Benchmark Review © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Benchmark Assessment SC.7.P.11.2, SC.7.P.11.3
Fill in the letter of the best choice.
Which item converts electrical energy into thermal energy?
burning log
microwave
plant
radio
Which type of energy do the compounds in the food we eat contain?
chemical energy
electromagnetic energy
kinetic energy
thermal energy
Which type of energy causes your eardrum to vibrate?
chemical
electrical
sound
thermal
Which statement is true about energy in a flashlight?
Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.
Energy is not conserved during energy transformations.
Energy is not transformed in a flashlight.
Light energy that is produced cannot travel in the air.
Which statement about the law of conservation of energy is true?
Chemical energy is conserved, but light energy is destroyed.
Energy is always conserved as long as the system is closed.
Energy is only conserved for two transformations within a system.
Potential energy is conserved, but kinetic energy is destroyed.
NName _____
FSSA Review© Houghton Mifflin
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FSSA Review and Practice 76 Practice Test—Form A © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
26 Charles Darwin observed differences in the shapes of the birds’ beaks on the Galápagos Islands. Finches that ate insects had longer, narrower beaks than finches that crushed and ate seeds. Which finch is most likely adapted to eating seeds?
F
G
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27 Delia is teaching her sister about important molecules in the body. She tells her sister that one molecule provides a set of instructions that determines characteristics, such as eye color or hair color. Which is Delia describing?
A DNA
B glucose
C gamete
D spore
28 Examine the Punnett square below. The alleles of one parent are Ss.
Which are the alleles of the second parent?
F SS
G Ss
H ss
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29 Brandy knows that chromosomes behave differently in meiosis and mitosis. What do chromosomes do in meiosis but not in mitosis?
A The homologous chromosomes form pairs.
B Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
C Each chromosome makes an exact copy of itself.
D Chromosomes condense, becoming visible under a microscope.
30 Which correctly pairs a type of cell with how it could be produced?
F egg cell–meiosis in males
G sperm cell –mitosis in males
H body cell –mitosis in females
I boy cell –meiosis in females
31 Mangrove swamps are found along the southern coasts of Florida. A mangrove swamp contains an ecosystem of many organisms living among the large roots of the mangrove trees. This food web shows some of the relationships in that ecosystem.
Which is a producer in the mangrove swamp?
A bacteria
B heron
C mold
D phytoplankton
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FSSA Review© Houghton Mifflin
32 The inteholes thproduceWhich iadapted
F Ant
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33 A compthat useits machplans onestuary.be coolereleasedwould bnew fac
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____ Date _
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39 Alex stimetal spspoon inthe spooplace?
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____ Date _
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m A er for each qu
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cience ation Prac
uestion.
FSSA Practic
orm A • Answe
ctice
e Test
er Sheet