florida department of environmental protection alvaro linero, p.e. administrator, special projects...
TRANSCRIPT
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
Alvaro Linero, P.E.Administrator, Special
ProjectsBureau of Air Regulation
Mercury Puzzle
Hg(0), Hg(II), Hgp
Emissions and Processes• DEP Contract to Test some Facilities
• Three Coal- Fueled Power Plants
• Two Cement Kilns, plus a Compliance Test
• Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Compliance Tests
• Miscellaneous Industries• Hg-CEMS (Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems)
Some Nomenclature, Proportion
• Micrograms Hg per dry standard cubic meter
• Pounds Mercury per Year (lb Hg/yr)
• Little Substantial a Lot Potent
• 0.1 1 10 100 µg Hg/dscm
• 1 10 100 1000 lb Hg/year
More Nomenclature• Kilowatt-hour (KWH)
• 1,000 KWH = Megawatt-hour (MWH)
• Million (or 106) MWH = Terawatt-hour (TWH)
• 1 x 10-6 lb/MWH = 1 lb Hg/TWH = 0.1 lb/TBtu
• ppb = parts per billion
• lb Hg/million tons of clinker = lb Hg/MT clinker
25% Removal
Hgp
Hg0
>2500 °F
Flue GasHigher NOxLower CO
Cold Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Coal & XS Air
200 lb Hg/yr
Eastern Coal
Old 360 MW Coal-fueled Unit High NOX
I don’t actually have data for this case
Hg(0) = Elemental (gas)Hg(II) = Reactive (salts like HgCl2)Hgp = Particle Bound
25%
75%
50 lb Hg/yr
150 lb Hg/yr
Fly Ash to Concrete, Cement Kiln Storage, Waste
45% Removal
Hgp
Hg0
>2500 °F
Flue Gas C Cold Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Coal & Air
200 lb Hg/yr
Overfire Air
Low NOxBurners (LNB)
40 lb/TWH4.9 µg/dscm64% Hg(II)
360 MW Coal-fueled Unit Tuned for Low NOX
Vacated EPA Hg limit for new units was 21 lb/TWH
Carbon and Hg-Enriched Fly Ash to Concrete, Cement Kiln, Storage, Waste
385 ppb
Flue gas carbon (C) can behave much like activated C
45%
90 lb Hg/yr
55%
110 lb Hg/yr
72 lb/TWH90 ppb Hg10.5% AshEastern Coal
Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO2
Hg0
>2500 °F
Flue Gas CESP
Coal & Air 200 lb Hg/yr
OFA
LNB
FGD
Limestone or Lime Slurry
45% Removal
45%
16 lb/TWH2 µg/dscm 85% Hg(0)
Hg(II)
90 lb Hg/yr
20%
40 lb Hg/yr
35%
70 lb Hg/yr
Sludge, GypsumHg Salts
Hgp
Soluble Hg salts absorbed or reacted in FGD Scrubber
Carbon and Hg-Enriched Fly Ash to Concrete, Cement Kiln, Storage, Waste
385 ppb
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOX
Hg0
>2500 °F
ESP
Coal & Air
200 lb Hg/yr
Overfire Air
LNB
FGD
Limestone or Lime Slurry
45% Removal
Flue Gas C
3.2 lb/TWH0.5 µg/dscm 69% Hg(0)
45%
Hg(II)
90 lb Hg/yr
Hgp
SCR
Ammonia (NH3)
Elemental Hg (0) oxidized to Hg (II) by catalyst
10 lb Hg/yr
50%
100 lb Hg/yr
Sludge, GypsumHg Salts
Florida Cement Industry
• 10,000,000 tons per year clinker
• Ten cement kilns
• Demand is down
• Five in operation (slack demand)
• Two are temporarily down
• Three new startups (also slack)
Suwannee American
Vulcan
AmericanCEMEX N. Brooksville
CEMEX S. Brooksville
Titan America
CEMEX Miami
1 MT Clinker Cement Kiln, Raw Mill On
Meal & Hg Removed
Meal & Hg Stored
RAW
MEAL
SILO
(Hg)
Filter
1 MT/yr of Clinker
LEGEND
GasSolid
Filter Dust
Raw Mill
Separators
Preheater Exhaust
Preheater Feed
0.8 µg/dscm92% of time
3 lb/yrHg(0)
New Kiln Limit41 µg/dscm
Limestone, Sand, Fly Ash, Mill Scale
Raw Materials Hg
Fuel Hg
Fuel Hg
120 lb Hg/yr in
Clinker
400 µg/dscm8% of time117 lb/yr
Hg(II)
New Kiln Limit41 µg/dscm
Raw Mill Off, Little Hg In
Fuel Hg
Fuel Hg
Raw Meal, Hg Inventory Falls
Raw Meal, HgInventory Increase
To Cement Mill
Scrubber ?
February 10, 2009 | 11
600 tons per day (TPD) WTE Process and Controls
2 - 20 µg/dscm4 to 40 lb/yr
600 TPDMunicipal Waste
All have spray dryer/absorbers and fabric filter baghouses
Activated Carbon Injection (ACI)
ACI means greater certainty
of Continuous ControlFabric Filter
< 5 µg/dscm< 10 lb/yr
Fly Ash Containing Reacted Lime, Spent Carbon, Hg
Bottom Ash
February 10, 2009 | 14
12,000
But are Underlying Tests Truly Representative?
Highly Variable Inputs make Snapshot In-stack Test Unreliable Estimators of Maximum Emissions.
Hg-CEMS• WTE Tests were Short-Term In-Stack Tests
• Sorbent Traps and Speciation at Cement, Power
• Hg-CEMS are in Place at JEA Northside
• Soon American Cement, Hillsborough WTE Unit 4
• Diagnostic Hg-CEMS at CEMEX Brooksville South
• Used for Years at WTE and Cement in Germany
• Incorporate Industry/Instrument-Specific Manuals
Next Steps
• Reports for One Power Plant and Cement Kiln
• EPA Informational Collection Requests (ICR)
• Industrial Boilers, Coal Power, Fertilizer
• Look at Secondary Steel
• Examine Reliability of New Hg-CEMS
• Comments to EPA on Hg Rulemaking