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Analele tiinifice ale Universitii Al. I. Cuza IaiTomul LVII, fasc. 1, s. II a. Biologie vegetal, 2011

VASCULAR FLORA OF THE DANUBE DELTAV. CIOCRLAN*

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present an updated list of the vascular flora of the DanubeDelta, together with endangered categories, in accordance with the International Union for Conservation ofNature (IUCN). Also, the floras categories are presented according to ecological and habitat criteria.

Keywords: vascular flora, Danube Delta, IUCN.

IntroductionThe Danube Delta is Romanias youngest relief unit and the territory with the

greatest habitat diversity and as a consequence with an impressive taxonomic diversity.On a relatively limited area of 3,466 km2 [10] representing 1.5% of the Romanianterritory, live around 1,000 vascular plant species, almost 1/3 of all the species of theRomanian flora.

Short history of floristic researchThe Danube Deltas vascular flora1 has drawn the attention of many scientists.

Different groups of plants related to different habitats (such as water, swamps, pastures,sands, salty areas), plants that are important for fishery or wooden plants are described inover 300 scientific articles published so far. Other articles record taxons that are new tothe Romanian flora. There are also many papers on vegetation where species found indifferent associations are published.

Below are listed the main authors that researched and published synthesisarticles on the Danube Deltas flora. The authors are mentioned in the chronologicalorder and in the bibliography additional data can be found: Kanitz A. (1879-1881),Brndz D. (1898), Grecescu D. (1898, 1909), Pallis M. (1916), Panu Z. and collab.(1935), Prodan I. (1935-1939, 1939), Borza Al. (1947, 1949), Svulescu Tr. (edit.)(1952-1976), Beldie Al. (1977, 1979), Dihoru Gh. and Negrean G. (1976), paper with arich bibliography - 228 titles, eliag-Sosonko, Dubna (1984), paper refering to the floraof Chilias secondary delta, Ciocrlan V. (1994, 2000, 2009).

Materials and methodsBefore presenting the floras categories according to ecological and habitats

criteria, the following explanation is necessary:- we will only refer to species living in the actual Delta;- all commentaries target species recorded in the last 30 years and which

exist at least partially as a documentary material in the herbariums BUAG

*University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, B-dul Mrti nr. 59, Sector 1,Bucharest, Romania.1 We use the term Vascular flora in accordance with the English, French and German botanical literature.

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(University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ofBucharest), I (Al. I. Cuza University of Iai) and IAGB (BotanicalGarden of Iai University);

- as the publication of an annex volume comprising the complete list ofspecies is envisaged, in this first part we will focus on the main species thatdetermine plant associations, species that are characteristic to certainhabitats, trying to anticipate their future evolution;

- in the presentation of the flora categories, we must consider the greatcapacity of plant species to adapt to the ecological factors, which makespossible for one species to be recorded in different ecological groups withtwo or three step variation. Example: mesophilic-hydrophilic species orresistant halophilic-preferant halophilic species or psamofilic-calcareousspecies or neutral-moderately acidophilic species etc.

Results and discussionsAquatic Flora (Hydrophyta)

The water as an ecological factor induces a relative uniformity of the flora.However there are obvious flora differences determined by other factors that lead to theformation of different habitats with their own species. Thus the aquatic flora showsdifferences according to the type of water fresh or salty, running or stagnant, thedegree of mineral or organic clogging, the levels of pollution, eutrophication oroxygenation, etc.

The flora of the fresh running waters is represented by few but nummericallyabundant species that are living on streams and channels with reduced water flow, whileon the Danubes branches and on the channels with an active water flow the vascularspecies are either lacking or are present only on the shores. Along the streams andchannels where the clogging phenomenon and accumulation of decaying organic matterare present the following species thrive: Stratiotes aloides, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae,Utricularia vulgaris, which are floating species during anthesis, as well as fixed species,such as: Hippuris vulgaris, in shallow eutrophic waters, Hottonia palustris, sparsely seenlately, Potamogeton pectinatus very frequent, living in stagnant low-salted waters,Nymphoides peltata, Vallisneria spiralis, etc. We mention that these species also live insmall lakes with slow water circulation.

The flora of the fresh stagnant waters. The species living in lakes aredifferent depending on the lakes characteristics, firstly on the lakes size and on thewater exchange level. There are the so-called open pools (lakes), which are lakes havinga spread acvatorium, with natural active water exchange, and the closed pools (lakes)which are smaller and with a slow water circulation.

The open lakes (pools) are subjected to the action of winds, water bottomcurrents, the water is well-oxygenated, while the aquatic plant species, as well as thesubmerse plant species, fixed or not, are scarce and found towards the lakes' shores,where they are protected by the taller helophilic species, primarily by the reed(Phragmites australis).

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The closed lakes (pools) are smaller, less exposed to winds and less influencedby currents, and as a consequence in these habitats the processes of clogging,sedimentation and organic matters decaying are predominant. These processes arefavoring the development of a very rich immerse and submerse flora, floating or fixed.

The hydrophilic species have a very large area, some are cosmopolitan, othersare circumpolar, Eurasian, European and a few are adventive. Hydrophilic species with areduced living area, specific to the Danube Delta, are not known. There are few taxons,recently discovered in the Delta, whose complete spreading within the Delta is not yetknown. Such species are: Lemna minuta and Trapa natans subsp. muzzanensis knownonly in the vicinity of the Nebunu Lake. Otherwise, Elodea nuttalli is frequentthroughout the entire Delta and has replaced in great part Elodea canadensis which hasbecome a rarity. Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus are also wellrepresented, as well as Elodea nuttallii, which show an explosive spreading as a result ofthe eutrophication. Species mentioned as frequent by the old literature [9] became rarer:Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Ceratophyllum submersum, Hottonia palustris, Marsileaquadrifolia, and according to some observations even Trapa natans has dissapearedfrom such lakes as Rou, Roule, Puiu, Fortuna [15]. Since a second volume (annex)will be published with a complete list of vascular species and taking into account thelarge spreading of the hydrophilic species, well known to the specialists, we mention theexistence throughout the entire Delta of species belonging to the following genera:Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, Nymphaea, Utricularia, etc.

The flora of the brackish and salty waters is very poor as in the inner Deltathere are only fresh water lakes. However, Najas marina was recorded in the RduculuiLake, a species that is facultative halophitic or tolerant to salinity. We mention that thepH of the lake is of 8.02. Also, in the north-east of the Sinoe Lake, close to Gura Portiei,was recorded Ruppia cirrhosa [7], a halophilic species new to the Romanian Flora. Weemphasize that the Sinoe Lake is connected to the sea waters. Zannichellia palustrissubsp. pedicellata, a halophilic taxon, is mentioned from the Sinoe and Golovia Lakes,that are influenced by sea waters [9].

Higro-helophilic flora (Hygro-helophyta)This is the most spread flora category within the Danube Delta and is

represented by a large number of species with numerous individuals. This type of floralives on lake shores, channels and streams, in shallow pools and even on areas that areperiodically flooded, but with permanent water to the root system during the droughtperiods. The alluvial layer is rich in nutritive substances, dead plant organs (rhizomes,roots) in different stages of decomposition. By the accumulation of dead undecomposedorgans, a new layer isolating the contact of the living roots with the bottom alluvia isformed and these roots get fixed in this layer. Through the action of the wind and of theresulting waves, pieces of the isolating layer become detached from the bottom, startfloating and form islets known as plaur.

The higro-helophilic species have a large range, as the hydrophilic species, themajority being circumpolar and Eurasian. Few species have a reduced range, such as:Carex elata, with an European area, forming dense large bushes, more or lesscylindrical, known as popndaci.

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Within the Danube Delta were recorded and published [7] a few adventivespecies: Bidens connata, B. frondosa, B. vulgata, Cyperus odoratus, Lindernia dubia,Sagittaria trifolia. Other floristic novelties for the Romanian flora, recorded within theDanube Delta are: Achillea innundata and Eleocharis mitracarpa, that are Ponticspecies, and Cladium mariscus subsp. martii [7].

Rare species are: Limosella aquatica, only in Meleaua Sacalin, Angelicasylvestris, Tanacetum serotinum, Sonchus palustris, Rumex dentatus subsp. halacsy,Lysimachia punctata, Erianthus ravennae, E. strictum, Carex panicea, Carex viridula,etc. The majority of the higro-helophilic species, with an abundant development withinthe Danube Delta are well-known by the specialists and will be found in the conspectusfrom the annex volume.

Halophilic flora (Halophyta)The halophilic species live on salty lands, mainly in the fluvial-marine delta and

less frequently in the fluvial delta. The main types of soils for these species are thesolonchaks, the freatic-wet solonetzes, and salinized sandy soils.

The halophilic species are classified in obligatory halophilic (strict halophilic)which live only on strongly salinized soils and facultative halophilic species, adabtableto salinity, which grow both on strongly salinized soils and on unsalinized soils [4]. Theobligatory halophilic species are few: Salicornia spp., Suaeda spp., Spergularia media,Bassia hirsuta, Artemisia santonica, Limonium meyeri, L. bellidifolium, Aeluropuslittoralis, Argusia sibirica, etc. The facultative halophilic species are numerous and theyeither live as preferant halophilic species or as tolerant halophilic species (Bucur N. etal., 1957). The majority of the facultative halophilic species are mesohalophilic andhigrohalophilic. These are a few examples: Lactuca tatarica, Alopecurus arundinaceus,Peucedanum latifolium, Chenopodium glaucum, Juncuscompressus, Carex distans, C.secalina, Achillea asplenifolia, Inula britannica, Cirsium alatum, Trifolium fragiferum,Vicia biennis, etc.

The halophilic species new for the Romanian flora, recorded and published inthe last 20 years are: Suaeda confusa, Salicornia ramosissima, S. procumbens, Saginamaritima, Plantago coronopus subsp. stricta, P.maritima subsp. ciliata, Elymusathericus subsp. deltaicus. We emphasize that salty lands are also in the fluvial Delta,such as on the Sulina branch, close to Gorgova, in a spot called Baba Rada, in formerfishery pools, were Salicornia and Suaeda were identified. It seems that the sea'sinfluence is not limited to the erosion of the sea shore but also stimulates thedevelopment of the halophilic flora.

Psamophilic flora (Psamophyta)This group of plant species grows on sands dunes and interdunes, and on the

sea shore sands where they are influenced by the sea water.The psamophilic species are represented by numerous genera and show the

ecological potential of the Danube Deltas dry lands. Without water, these lands wouldbe a steppe with an arenarious flora. This type of flora is well developed on the Leteaand Caraorman sand hills. The psamophilic species range is smaller compared to those

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of other types of flora. Many actual psamophilic species, that is xeropsamophilic species,are of Eastern-Pontic, Continental-Eurasian and Continental-European origin. These area few examples: Dianthus bessarabicus, Minuartia setacea, Apera spica-venti subsp.maritima, Syrenia montana, Asperula setulosa, Carex colchica subsp. colchica, Leymussabulosus, Stipa pennata subsp. sabulosa, Senecio borysthenicus, etc. There are alsopsamophilic species with smaller-Euxinic range, such as: Convolvulus persicus,Plantago arenaria subsp. orientalis, Linaria euxina, Festuca beckeri subsp. arenicola,etc. A few psamophilic species have a large range, that is Atlantic-Mediterranean,reaching the Danube Delta, such as: Plantago coronopus subsp. coronopus, Eryngiummaritimum, Petasites spurius, or a Mediterranean range in a broad meaning, such as:Stachys maritima, Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Erianthus hostii, etc. Weemphasize that some southern species have extended their area towards the north,reaching the Danube Delta; these are: Stachys maritima, Lolium rigidum subsp.lepturoides, Parapholis incurva, and Trachomitum venetum, re-recorded after more than100 years on the Perior sand hill. We emphasize that the northern extension of the rangeof some species is a general phenomenon proved also by the discovery to the north of theDanube, within Romania, of a few species, such as: Ranunculus neapolitanus, Daucusbrotteri, Cytissus danubialis, etc.

Along with the xeropsamophilic flora exists a mesopsamophilic flora and evena mesohigropsamophilic one, formed of species that live on wet and flooded sands, withan alternative humidity regime. Such species are: Scirpoides holoschoenus, Scirpusnigricans, Calamagrostis epigeios, etc.

There are also situations that are difficult to define and species that are difficultto characterize, when the water is salty, as happens on the seaside band. Here there aresands on more or less leveled and low lands, but also sands in the form of dunes. Theformer are strongly influenced by the salty sea water, the latter are less influenced, onlythrough the water drops or through vapors. That is why on the seaside band we will findhalopsamophilic species and psamohalophilic species. The delimitation between thesetwo plant groups is very difficult or even impossible to make, as one and the samespecies comprises individuals that live both on the low sands and on the high sands, thatis on the dunes.

The flora of the seaside band. The flora of the seaside band is eitherhalopsamophilic or psamohalophilic, depending on the sands salinization level,determined by the lands position, that is either low, level, and wetted sands, or sanddunes.

We emphasize that many species which live on the maritime sands that belongto the seaside band can also be found on the sands of the two large sand hills Letea andCaraorman.

We will mention a few main species that live only on the seaside band, fromGura Portiei up to the north.

We emphasize again that the delimitation between the halopsamophilic speciesand the psamohalophilic species is indeed very difficult, as we have previously shown.

Here are some of the species that are specific to the seaside band: Crambemaritima, species that is tolerant to salinity, vulnerable, and whose range reduced beingstill found between Portia and the Perior sand hill. Eryngium maritimum and Cakilemaritima subsp. euxina are species that became very rare, their existence being

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endangered. Other species became floristic rarities such as Medicago marina,Astrodaucus littoralis, Artemisia tschernieviana and other species. The species Saginamaritima and Parapholis incurva were recorded in the last years, while Trachomitumvenetum was re-recorded.

The seaside bands plant species have been subjected to the stress ofconstructions and tourism. An effective protection of what is left on the Danube Deltasseaside is imperative. The introduction of species on the red lists does not prevent theirendangerment and even extinction.

Grasslands flora (forage)Valuable species in terms of forage are relatively few in the Danube Delta. The

lands with such species are mainly used for grazing rather than for mowing, that is forhay making. At Caraorman and on the Letea sand hill there are also lands used formowing. We emphasize that the free grazing, practiced until recently, was banned instrictly protected areas.

The main species that make up the grasslands are mesophilic andmesohigrophilic and are situated on unsalinized lands, as well as on low to moderatelysalinized lands.

Species of unsalinized grasslands: Agrostis gigantea, A. stolonifera, Alopecuruspratensis, Cynodon dactylon, Elymus repens (facultative halophilic as well), Festucaarundinacea (facultative halophilic as well), Phalaris arundinacea, Poa palustris, P.trivialis, Juncus articulatus, Carex distans (facultative halophilic as well), Trifoliumfragiferum (tolerant to salinity), T. hybridum, Trigonella procumbens, Coronilla varia,Medicago falcata, Melilotus albus, Tetragonolobus maritimus (facultative halophilic aswell), Daucus carota, etc.

Species of salinized grasslands: Aeluropus littoralis, Alopecurus arundinaceus,Agrostis stolonifera subsp. maeotica, Elymus elongatus, Crypsis spp., Puccinellia spp.,Lotus glaber, Cyperus pannonicus, Aster tripolium, Taraxacum bessarabicum, etc. Wementioned only frequent species.

Weeds floraThe weed species found in cultivated fields are xeromesophilic to mesophilic

species, having their main range in the steppe and the silvo-steppe and less frequently inthe oak forests area and the sessile oak (Quercus petraea) area. The cultivated area issmall, and situated in the following locations: Pardina, Grindul Stipoc, Cmpul Chiliei,Ostrovul Ttarul. The main cultivated species are: the barley, the wheat, the maize, thesun-flower. We will mention only the segetal species.

The main species recorded in the straw crops (wheat and barley) are: Galiumaparine, Consolida orientalis, C. regalis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis,Bifora radians, Papaver rhoeas, Rubus caesius, Veronica spp., Avena fatua, Setariaspp., etc.

In the hoeing crops (sun-flower, maize, beets, tomatoes) the main weeds are:Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. powellii, A. retroflexus, Sonchus asper, S. arvensis, S.oleraceus, Chenopodium album, C. hybridum, C. polyspermum, Sorghum halepense,

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Echinochloa crus-galli, Cirsium arvense, Calystegia sepium, Xanthium italicum,Chondrilla juncea, Lycopis arvensis subsp. orientalis, Solanum nigrum, Heliotropiumeuropaeum, etc. Some weeds are found both in straw crops and in hoeing crops.Examples of such species are: Cirsium arvense, Setaria pumila, S. viridis, S.verticillata,Convolvulus arvensis, Reseda lutea, Falcaria vulgaris, etc.

Forests floraWithin the Danube Delta the presence of the Letea and Caraorman forests,

situated on the homonymous sand hills, is well known. The existence of these forests hasincreased the fame and the tourists and scientists attraction to the knowledge of theDanube Delta.

The two forests together with the water have modeled and moderated theinfluence of the ecologic factors characteristic to the steppe, stemming a large diversityof habitats, and as a consequence the existence of species of great scientific interest.Here live together species that form different types of flora (aquatic, marsh, halophilic,psamophilic, etc.) of different origins and ranges. The forests flora to which we willrefer in the following paragraphs is less varied, more homogenous regarding the speciesorigins and ranges.

The main wooden species are represented by the following trees: Quercusrobur, Q. pedunculiflora, Fraxinus pallisiae, F. angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Populusalba, P. tremula, Tilia cordata, T. tomentosa, Carpinus betulus (rare), Pyrus pyraster,Malus sylvestris, etc. Dominant are the Quercus species, which occupy the moreelevated microrelief, and the two Fraxinus species which occupy the low lands, withexcess humidity.

The shrubs are represented by the following species: Euonymus europaea, E.verrucosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Corylusavellana, Berberis vulgaris, Rhamnus cathartica (the last two species are found only insunny places, at the edge of the forest), Rosa scabriuscula, Rubus caesius that is veryfrequently and forms thickets difficult to cross, etc. Along with the trees and shrubs,there are also vines: Periploca graeca, an Est-Mediterranean element, Vitis sylvestriswith a central European-Mediterranean range, Clematis vitalba and Humulus lupulus.We emphasize another fact the frequent presence of the species Loranthus europaeuson the two species of Quercus, contributing to the partial drying of their upper branches,that have a winding ondullated and growing pattern, while the trees that are moreisolated, between the interdunes with small areas, dry and perish.

The herbaceous flora is scarce, partially due to the species Rubus caesius thatgrows exuberantly suppressing other species. Nevertheless, in the free spaces, we findthe following species: Convallaria majalis, Polygonatum latifolium, Alliaria petiolata,Glechoma hederacea, Lysimachia vulgaris, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Cephalantheralongifolia, Limodorum abortivum, Neottia nidus-avis, Aegopodium podagraria,Lithospermum officinale, L. purpureocaeruleum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Festucagigantea, etc.

Some of the species cited in the old literature, such as: Salvia glutinosa (ProdanI., 1939), Mycelis muralis (Brndz D., 1898), Lathyrus vernus (Panu Z., 1935), werenot found any longer, as they either became very rare, or became extinct.

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The riparian wooden flora of the water banks Danubes branches, streams,channels, lakes - is represented by species of Salix and Populus, while the species Alnusglutinosa is very rare.

Within the western fluvial delta, the species Salix and Populus are present,while in the eastern fluvial-maritime delta the two forests are found Letea andCaraorman, as mentioned above. There are also isolated bushes formed of the followingshrub species: Amorpha fruticosa, Hippophe rhamnoides, Tamarix ramosissima, Salixcinerea (widespread) and Salix rosmarinifolia.

The Danube Deltas wooden flora has a European and Eurasian character, andonly a few species are Pontic, Pontic-Balcanic and Pontic-Sub-Mediterranean.

The phytogeographical and geobotanical classification of the Danube Deltacorresponds to the physical-geographical and pedo-geographical classifications [23]. TheDeltas territory is situated at the merging limit of the two floristic provinces,respectively to the east of the Danubial province of the Lower Danube and to the west ofthe Pontic province, forming a particular unit the Danube Deltas District (Sector).

From the point of view of the vegetation zoning, the Delta is situated in thesteppe area, where it benefits from a particular continental-moderate climate the deltaictopoclimate. The presence of the water models and moderates the influence of theecological factors that are specific to the steppe, fact that enabled the setting of the twoforests Letea and Caraorman.

Brief analysis of the floraThe analysis of the bioforms (life forms) shows a high percentage of

terophytes, including hemicryptophytes, that is winter annual species and bisannualspecies. Then follow the hemicryptophytes and the cryptophytes that include thegeophytes, helophytes and hydrophytes. Below are the comparative percentages from thedeltas flora and from the Romanian flora:

Therophyta (including Hemitherophyta) 38% 26.2%Hemicryptophyta 33% 44.2%Cryptophyta 21% 15%Chamaephyta 1.7% 6.5%Phanerophyta (including vines) 6% 7.8%Epiphyta 0.2% 0.1%The analysis of the floristic elements (geoelements)In order to show the characteristics of the Danube Deltas flora, we will refer to

the large groups of florisitic elements: Eurasian 28%; European 14%; Eastern(continental Eurasian, continental European, Pontic) 24%; South and South-Eastern(Mediterranean, Sub-Mediterranean, Balcan, Anatolic-Caucasian) 9%; Western(Atlantic, Atlantic-Mediterranean, Atlantic-Pontic) 2.3%; Circumpolar 8.4%;cosmopolitan 8.3%; adventive 4.6%; endemic 0.4%.

Compared with the situation in the Romanian flora, we emphasize the presencewithin the Danube Delta of a large number of cosmopolitan and adventive species 13%whereas within the Romanian flora these represent only 5%; secondly, there are 24%Eastern species within the Deltas flora and only 20% within the Romanian flora.

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With reference to the number of vascular species that exist within the DanubeDelta, we can say with an approximation of only 4-5% that their number is of 985species. Explanations:

- species recorded in the past and that could not be confused were notrecorded any more, but we cannot say with certainity that they are extinct;

- species recorded in the past, some very likely erroneously identified, couldnot be verified because of the lack of material.

So, new research is needed in order to elucidate some controversial matters.However, the research of the past 30 years have enriched the Danube Deltas flora withmore than 130 species and with a large number of novelties for the Romanian flora.

These are the phytotaxons recorded within the Danube Delta, in the last 20years, that are novelties for the Romanian flora: Achillea innundata, Allium albiflorum,Amaranthus emarginatus, Ambrosia coronopifolia, Bidens connata, Chenopodiumpumilio, Cyperus odoratus, Elodea nuttallii, Eleocharis mitracarpa, Lemna minuta,Linaria euxina, Lindernia dubia, Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Parapholis incurva,Ruppia cirrhosa, Sagina maritima, Sagittaria trifolia, Salicornia procumbens, S.ramosissima, Salsola collina, Suaeda confusa, Trachomitum venetum, Xanthiumorientale, Cladium mariscus subsp. martii, Plantago scabra subsp. orientalis, Plantagocoronopus subsp. stricta, Plantago maritima subsp. ciliata, Trapa natans subsp.muzzanensis. There are 23 species and 5 subspecies [7].

The large number of adventive species is obvious. The research of the last twodecades led to the record and publication of some taxons new to science: Elymusathericus subsp. deltaicus, Fumana procumbens subsp. sabulosa, Elymus elongatus var.gemminatum, Syrenia montana var. brachycarpa [5, 6, 7].

Flora protection and trends in the floras evolutionThe contemporary impact on the taxonomic diversity was highlighted by

scientists and accepted as a worldwide consensus. As a consequence the efforts fornatures conservation and for biodiversity protection have intensified.

The issue of flora and biodiversity conservation is an intrinsec part of thesegeneral measures to protect the nature and the environment.

In order to meet this major objective the conservation of biodiversity, it isnecessary to identify the periclitated species and to evaluate the status of the ecosystemsand biotops that shelter the endangered species. The making of red lists is necessary butdoes not solve the issue of biodiversity conservation.

There is one red list of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve [6]. There are alsodesignated protected areas with species that need protection as well as administrativemeasures to ensure their protection. In 1992 were GPS-localised a number of rarespecies whose evolution and population dinamics was surveyed. Unfortunately until nowthere were no field inspections made so as to record possible changes. We consider thatat least once in 5 years this kind of inspection is needed. For instance, in 1975, at Portiaand Perior, Eryngium maritimum was well represented, but dissapeared after 1980; thesame happened with Centaurium spicatum, that was recorded on the Srturile sand hill,but dissapeared a few years later.

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Within the Danube Delta the multiple actions of the human being, correlatedwith the influence of the natural factors, led to important changes on the ecosystems andbiotops and, implicitly, profound changes in the florisitc spectrum.

The ecosystems and biotops changes through dams, draining works, chemicaltreatments, forests area reductions and forests thinning through the extraction ofvaluable species, especially Quercus, grazing, tourism, etc. led to the increase of thecontinentalization level, the aridification of the Deltas land. The Danubes polution,internal and external, associated with the eutrophication, led to changes especially in theaquatic flora.

The changes in the florisitc spectrum may be evidenced through:- the reduction of taxonomic diversity; over 100 species mentioned in the

literature until around 1950 were not recorded any longer;- the enrichment of the Deltas flora with circa 130 species, partly weeds

(Sorghum halepense, Avena fatua, Bifora radians, etc.), but also adventivespecies (Ambrosia coronopifolia, Bidens connata, Cyperus odoratus, etc.),and recently recorded indigenous species (Crepis sancta, Centauriumspicatum, Camelina rumelica, Viola kitaibeliana, Carex viridula, etc.);

- the ruderalization and uniformization tendencies of the vegetal coverage,phenomena that are mainly due to grazing; we hope that the floracorresponding to biotops will recover, following the banning of grazingwithin the protected areas;

- the extension of the range of certain southern species towards the north,reaching the Danube Delta (Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Parapholisincurva, Sagina maritima, Stachys maritima, etc.);

- qualitative and quantitative changes due to pollution and eutrophication,such as: the replacement of the species Elodea canadensis that became ararity with E. nuttallii that is polution resistant; the same situation withCeratophyllum demersum, that has a remarcable development while C.submersum is a rarity;

- the numerical reduction that probably leads to the extinction from theDanube Deltas flora of species with a mountainous range within Romaniaand that presently exist as very rare individuals. Such species are: Angelicasylvestris, Comarum palustre, Cephalanthera longifolia, Dactylorrhizaincarnata, Potentilla erecta, Salvia glutinosa, etc.

The field inspection of the endangered and vulnerable species status is required(see the conspectum in the annex).

The reseach of the vernal flora based on old data is required so as to findspecies considered extinct. The research for species considered as having a certainlocation may bring data to confirm their rerecord or extinction.

Finally, we emphasize once more that the Danube Deltas flora reseach is notover and it must be continued.

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List of species. IUCN indicesThe list of species will be presented in alphabetical order. The species that were

not recorded in the last 50 years but were mentioned in the previous literature and thatwe think were correctly recorded will be considered as disappeared or likelydisappeared. These species either are very rare and were not recorded by the more recentresearch or have disappeared.

To the right of species will be abbreviated the endangerment category, inaccordance with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ex =extinct species or likely extinct; E = critically endangered species, close to extinction; V= vulnerable species that need protection; R = rare species not yet endangered but inneed of surveillance; I = species for whom we lack sufficient information to fit them inone of the previous categories. In this latter category we also include the species whosetaxonomy is controversial, as well as the species with uncertain presence within theDanube Delta. End. = endemic species and Subend. = subendemic species.

Please note that the IUCN indices refer to the species from within the DanubeDelta.

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Abutilon theophrasti Medik.Acer campestre L.Achillea asplenifolia Vent. RAchillea coarctata Poir. VAchillea collina J. Becker ex Rchb.Achillea innundata Kondrat. IAchillea millefolium L.Achillea pannonica ScheeleAchillea setacea Waldst. & Kit.Acorus calamus L VAegilops crassa Boiss. IAegilops cylindrica Host RAegopodium podagraria L.Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl.Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.

subsp. pectinatum (M. Bieb.)Tzvelev

Agrostemma githago L. RAgrostis gigantea Roth

subsp. giganteasubsp. maeotica (Klokov) Tzvelev

Agrostis stolonifera L.subsp. stoloniferasubsp. albida (Trin.) Tzvelev

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) SwingleAjuga chamaepytis (L.) Schreb.

subsp. ciliata (Briq.) SmejkalAjuga genevensis L.Ajuga reptans L.Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. VAlisma gramineum Lej.Alisma lanceolatum With.Alisma plantago-aquatica L.Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & GrandeAllium albiflorum Omelczuk IAllium guttatum Stev. VAllium podolicum Blocki ex Racib. & SzaferAllium rotundum L. RAllium scordoprasum L.Allium ursinum L.

subsp. ucrainicum Kleopow & OxnerAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.Alopecurus geniculatus L. RAlopecurus pratensis L.Althaea officinalis L.Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L.Alyssum borzaeanum E. I. Nyrdy VAlyssum desertorum Stapf.

Alyssum hirsutum M. Bieb.Alyssum minutum Schlecht.Amaranthus albus L.Amaranthus blitoides S. WatsonAmaranthus blitum L.Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thv.)

N. Terracc.Amaranthus deflexus L.Amaranthus emarginatus Uline & Bray RAmaranthus powellii S. WatsonAmaranthus retroflexus L.Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. GrayRAmmophila arenaria (L.) Link

subsp. arundinacea Lindb. Fil.ExAmorpha fruticosa L.Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. VAnagallis arvensis L.Anagallis foemina Mill.Anchusa azurea Mill. RAnchusa officinalis L.

subsp. officinalissubsp. procera (Besser) Ciocrlan

RAngelica sylvestris L. RAnthemis austriaca Jacq.Anthemis ruthenica M. Bieb.Anthericum ramosum L. RAnthriscus caucalis M. Bieb.Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv.

subsp. maritima (Klokov)Tzvelev

Apium graveolens L.Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. ExArabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. RArabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.Arabis turrita L. RArctium lappa L.Arctium minus (J. Hill) Bernh.Arctium tomentosum Mill.Arenaria rigida M. Bieb. ExArenaria serpyllifolia L.Argusia sibirica (L.) DandyAristolochia clematitis L.Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Meyer &Schreb.Artemisia absinthium L.Artemisia annua L.Artemisia austriaca Jacq.Artemisia campestris L.Artemisia santonica L.

53

subsp. santonica (subsp. patens(Neilr.) K. Persson

subsp. monogyna (Waldst. & Kit.)Leonova

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.Artemisia tschernieviana Besser VArtemisia vulgaris L.Arum maculatum L.Asarum europaeum L. RAsparagus littoralis Stev. IAsparagus pseudoscaber Grec.Asparagus officinalis L.Asparagus tenuifolius Lam.Asparagus verticillatus L. RAsperugo procumbens L.Asperula cynanchica L.Asperula setulosa Boiss. RAsperula taurina L.Asperulla tenella Heuff. ex Degen RAster linosyris (L.) Bernh. RAster tripolium L. subsp. Tripolium

subsp. pannonicus (Jacq.) SoAstragalus cicer L.Astragalus contortuplicatus L.Astragalus cornutus Pallas ExAstragalus glycyphyllos L.Astragalus varius S.G. Gmel. VAstrodaucus littoralis (M. Bieb.) DrudeEAtriplex litoralis L.Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. RAtriplex oblongifolia Waldst. & Kit.Atriplex patula L.Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC.Atriplex rosea L. RAtriplex sagittata Borkh.Atriplex tatarica L.Avena fatua L.Azolla filiculoides Lam.Ballota nigra L.Bassia hirsuta (L.) Asch.Bassia sedoides (Pallas) Asch. RBassia laniflora (S.G. Smel.) A.J. ScottBassia prostrata (L.) G. BeckBassia sieversiana (Pallas) W.A. WeberBeckmannia eruciformis (L.) HostBerberis vulgaris L.Berteroa incana (L.) DCBerula erecta (Huds.) CovilleBidens cernua L.Bidens connata H.L. Mhl. ex Willd. RBidens frondosa L.Bidens tripartita L.

Bidens vulgata E.L. Greene RBifora radians M. Bieb. RBlackstonia acuminata (Koch & Ziz) Domin

ExBolboschoenus maritimus (L.) PallasBrachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. RBrachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv.Brassica nigra (L.) KochBrassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A.R.

ClaphamBromus arvensis L.Bromus commutatus Schrad.Bromus hordeaceus L.Bromus inermis Leyss.Bromus japonicus Thunb.Bromus ramosus Huds.Bromus secalinus L.Bromus squarrosus L.Bromus tectorum L.Bryonia alba L.Bupleurum rotundifolium L.Bupleurum tenuissimum L. RButomus umbellatus L.Cakile maritima Scop.

subsp. euxina (Pobed.) E.I. NyrdyV

Calamagrostis canescens (weber ex F.H.Wigg.) Roth R

Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) RothCalamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller fil.)

KoelerCaldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl. ExCalla palustris L. ExCaltha palustris L. ICalystegia sepium (L.) R.Br.Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. ExCamelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.Camelina microcarpa Andrz.Camelina rumelica Velen. RCamelina sativa (L.) CrantzCampanula sibirica L.Camphorosma annua Pall.Cannabis sativa L.

subsp. spontanea (Vavilov) Serebr.Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.Cardamine impatiens L.Cardamine pratensis L.

subsp. dentata (Schult.) Celak.Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.Carduus acanthoides L.Carduus thoermeri Weinm.Carex acuta L.

54

Carex acutiformis Ehrh.Carex colchica GayCarex diluta M. Bieb. ICarex distans L.Carex divisa Huds.Carex elata All.Carex extensa Good. subsp. sacalinensis

CiocrlanCarex hirta L.Carex liparocarpos Gaud.Carex melanostachya M. Bieb. ex Willd.Carex otrubae Podp.Carex panicea L.Carex paniculata L. RCarex praecox Schreb.Carex pseudocyperus L.Carex riparia Curt.Carex secalina Wahlenb.

subsp. sabulosa Ciocrlan RCarex spicata Huds.Carex viridula Michx.Carex vulpina L.Carpinus betulus L.Carthamus lanatus L. RCatabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.Centaurea apiculata Ledeb.

subsp. adpressa (Ledeb.) DostlRCentaurea arenaria M. Bieb.

subsp. borysthenica (Gruner) DostlCentaurea besserana DC.Centaurea cuneifolia Sibth. & Sm.

subsp. pallida (Friv.) Hayek RCentaurea cyanus L.Centaurea diffusa Lam.Centaurea iberica Trev.Centaurea jacea L.Centaurea micranthos S.G. Gmel.Centaurea pontica Prodan & E. I. Nyrdy

R (End.)Centaurea rutifolia Sibth. & Sm.

subsp. jurineifolia (Boiss.) NymanCentaurea stereophylla BesserCentaurea stoebe L. (C. rhenana Boreau)Centaurium erythraea Rafin.

subsp. erythraeasubsp. turcicum (Velen.)

Melderis RCentaurium pulchellum (Swartz) DruceCentaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch. VCephalantera longifolia (L.) Fritsch. RCerastium dubium (Bast.) GupinCerastium glomeratum Thuill.

Cerastium gracile Dufour RCerastium semidecandrum L.Ceratocarpus arenarius L.Ceratophyllum demersum L.Ceratophyllum submersum L. RChaerophyllum temulum L.Chamaesyce canescens (L.) Prokh.

subsp. massiliensis (DC.) SojkChamaesyce maculata (L.) SmallChamaesyce peplis (L.) Prokh.Chenopodium album L.Chenopodium ambrosioides L.Chenopodium botrys L. RChenopodium chenopodioides (L.) AellenChenopodium ficifolium Sm. RChenopodium glaucum L.Chenopodium hybridum L.Chenopodium murale L.Chenopodium polyspermum L.Chenopodium pumilio R.Br. RChenopodium rubrum L.Chenopodium strictum RothChenopodium suecicum J. Murr.Chenopodium urbicum L.Chenopodium vulvaria L.Chondrilla juncea L.Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. RChrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.Cichorium intybus L.Cicuta virosa L.Cirsium alatum (S.G. Gmel.) BobrovCirsium arvense (L.) Scop.Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl

subsp. martii (Roem. & Schult.)So

Clematis vitalba L.Clinopodium vulgare L.Comarum palustre L. IConium maculatum L.Consolida orientalis (Gay) SchrdingerConsolida regalis S.F. GrayConvallaria majalis L.Convolvulus arvensis L.Convolvulus cantabrica L.Convolvulus lineatus L. ExConvolvulus persicus L. RConyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.Corispermim marschallii Steven RCorispermum nitidum Kit. in Schult.Cornus mas L.Cornus sanguinea L.

55

Coronilla varia L.Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. RCorylus avellana L.Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv. ExCotoneaster integerrimus Medik. ExCrambe maritima L. VCrateagus monogyna Jacq.Crepis foetida L.

subsp. rhoeadifolia (M. Bieb.)Celak.

Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm.Crepis setosa Hall. fill.Crepis tectorum L.Cruciata laevipes OpizCruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend.Crypsis aculeata (L.) AitonCrypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.)

Schrad.Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.Cucubalus baccifer L. RCuscuta approximata Bab. RCuscuta campestris Yunck.Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L.

subsp. epithymumsubsp. trifolii (Bab. & Gibson)

BerherCuscuta europaea L.Cynanchum acutum L.Cynodon dactylon L.Cynoglossum officinale L.Cyperus flavescens L.Cyperus fuscus L.Cyperus glaber L.Cyperus glomeratus L.Cyperus hamulosus M. Bieb.Cyperus longus L.Cyperus michelianus (L.) LinkCyperus odoratus L. (Torulinium odoratum

(L.) Hooper RCyperus pannonicus Jacq.Cyperus serotinus Rottb.Dactylis glomerata L.Dactylis polygama Horvtovszky IDactylorrhiza incarnata (L.) So VDasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy RDatura stramonium L.Daucus broteri Ten. IDaucus carota L.Daucus guttatus Sibth. & Sm.

subsp. zahariadii Heywood RDescurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex PrantlDianthus bessarabicus (Kleopov) KlokovV

Dianthus platyodon Klokov VDianthus pontederae Kerner RDichantium ischaemum (L.) RobertyDigitaria ischaemum Schreb. ex Muhl.Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

subsp. sanguinalissubsp. pectiniformis HenrardR

Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. ExDiplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.Dipsacus laciniatus L.Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. VEcballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. EEchinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.Echinops sphaerocephalus L. REchium vulgare L.Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult.Eleocharis mitracarpa Steud. REleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult.Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Link exBluff, Nes & SchauerEleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult.Elodea canadensis Michx.Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John RElymus athericus (Link) Kergulen

subsp. athericussubsp. deltaicus (Ciocrlan)

Ciocrlan R (End.)Elymus elongatus (Host) Runemark

subsp. elongatussubsp. ponticus (Podp.) MelderisR

Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderissubsp.bessarabicus(Svul.&Rayss)

Melderis EElymus hispidus (Opiz) MelderisElymus repens (L.) GouldEphedra distachya L.Epilobium hirsutum L.Epilobium parviflorum Schreb.Epilobium tetragonum L.Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser

subsp. danubialis (K. Robatsch &J. Rydlo) Ciocrlan et R.Rs. R

Epipactis palustris (L.) CrantzEquisetum arvense L.Equisetum fluviatile L. ExEquisetum hyemale L. REquisetum palustre L.Equisetum ramossisimum Desf.Eragrostis minor HostEragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv.

56

Erianthus hostii Griseb. VErianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. VErigeron acris L.Erodium ciconium (L.) LHrit. VErodium cicutarium (L.) LHrit.Erodium hoefftianum C.A. Meyer RErophila verna (L.) Chevall.Eruca sativa Mill. ExEryngium campestre L.Eryngium maritimum L. EErysimum diffusum Ehrh.Erysimum repandum L.Euonymus europaea L.Euonymus verrucosa Scop.Eupatorium cannabinum L.Euphorbia agraria Bieb. IEuphorbia amygdaloides L. IEuphorbia leptocaula Boiss. REuphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit.Euphorbia palustris L.Euphorbia paralias L. VEuphorbia peplis L. VEuphorbia seguierana Neck.Euphorbia stricta L. (E. serrulata Thuill.)IEuphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit.Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J.F. Lehm.Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. LveFallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub.Festuca arundinacea Schreb.

subsp. arundinaceasubsp. orientalis (Hack.) Tzvelev

Festuca beckeri (Hack.) Trautv.subsp. arenicola (Prodan)

CiocrlanFestuca gigantea (L.) Vill. RFestuca valesiaca Schleich. & GaudinFilago arvensis L.Filago vulgaris Lam.Filipendula vulgaris MoenchFimbristylis bisumbellata (Forskal) Bubani

VFrangula alnus Mill.Frankenia hirsuta L. RFrankenia pulverulenta L. RFraxinus angustifolia Vahl

subsp. oxycarpa (M. Bieb. ex Willd.)Franco & Rocha Afonso

Fraxinus excelsior L.Fraxinus ornus L.Fraxinus pallisiae Wilm.Fumana procumbens (Dunal) Gren & Godron

subsp. sabulosa Ciocrlan R(End.)Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Willem.Galega officinalis L.Galinsoga parviflora Cav.Galium aparine L.Galium humifusum M. Bieb.Galium mollugo L.Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.Galium palustre L.Galium rubioides L.

subsp. rubioidessubsp. dasypodum (Klokov)

CiocrlanGalium tricornutum DandyGalium wirtgenii F.W. Schultz RGenista tinctoria L.Gentiana cruciata L. EGeranium dissectum L.Geranium phaeum L. ExGeranium pusillum Burm. fil.Geum urbanum L.Glaucium flavum Crantz

subsp. flavumsubsp. leiocarpum (Boiss.) Ciocrlan

Glechoma hederacea L.Glinus lotoides L. RGlyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br.Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb.Glycyrrhiza echinata L.Gnaphalium luteo-album L.Gnaphalium uliginosum L.Gratiola officinalis L.Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. RGypsophila muralis L.Gypsophila pallasii Ikonn. (G. glomerata

auct. non Pallas) ExGypsophila muralis L.Gypsophila paniculata L.Gypsophila perfoliata L.Halimione pedunculata (L.) AellenHalimione verrucifera (M. Bieb.) AellenRHalocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb.

RHedera helix L.Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill.Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench

subsp. ponticum (Velen.) ClaphamHeliotropium curassavicum L.Heliotropium dolosum De Not. RHeliotropium europaea L.Heliotropium suaveolens M. Bieb. IHeracleum sphondylium L.

57

subsp. flavescens (Willd.) SoHesperis tristis L. RHibiscus trionum L.Hieracium bauhinii Schult.Hieracium echioides Lumn.Hieracium umbellatum L.Hippophe rhamnoides L.Hippuris vulgaris L.Holcus lanatus L.Holosteum umbellatum L.Hordeum bulbosum L.Hordeum geniculatum All. (H. hystrix Roth)Hordeum jubatum L. RHordeum marinum Huds.Hordeum murinum L.

subsp. murinumsubsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.R

Hottonia palustris L.Humulus lupulus L.Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Torr. & A.GrayHyoscyamus niger L.Hypericum elegans StephanHypericum perforatum L.Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. RInula britannica L.Inula salicina L.Iris pseudacorus L.Iris variegata L. RIsatis tinctoria L. RIsolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. RJuncus articulatus L. em. Richt.Juncus bufonius L.Juncus compressus Jacq.Juncus conglomeratus L.Juncus gerardi Loisel.Juncus hybridus Brot. RJuncus littoralis C.A. Mey.Juncus maritimus Lam.Juncus minutulus Krecz. & Gontsch. RJuncus subnodulosus Schrank IKoeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC.

subsp. glaucasubsp. rochelii (Schur) Nyman

Kohlrauschia prolifera (L.) Kunth (Petrorhagiaprolifera (L.) P.W. Ball. &Heywood)

Lactuca saligna L.Lactuca serriola L.Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey.Lamium amplexicaule L.Lamium purpureum L.

Lappula patula (Lehm.) GrckeLappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.Lapsana communis L.Lathyrus lacteus (M. Bieb.) Wissjul. (L.

versicolor auct.)Lathyrus palustris L.Lathyrus pratensis L.Lathyrus sylvestris L.Latryrus tuberosus L.Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf.Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw.Lemna gibba L.Lemna minor L.Lemna minuta KunthLemna trisulca L.Leontodon autumnalis L.Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br.Lepidium cartilagineum (J. Meyer) Thell.

subsp. crassifolium (Waldst. & Kit.)Thell. R

Lepidium latifolium L.Lepidium perfoliatum L.Lepidium ruderale L.Leucojum aestivum L. VLeymus sabulosus (M. Bieb.) TzvelevLigustrum vulgare L.Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw. RLimonium bellidifolium (Gouan) Dumort.

subsp. danubiale (Klokov) RomanR

Limonium meyeri (Boiss.) O. KuntzeLimosella aquatica L. RLinaria euxina Velen. RLinaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.Linaria vulgaris Mill.Lindernia dubia (L.) Penell RLinum austriacum L.Linum hirsutum L.Linum perenne L.Liparis loeselii Rich. ExLithospermum arvense L.

subsp. arvensesubsp. glandulosum (Velen.)

CiocrlanLithospermum officinale L.Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum L. ILolium multiflorum Lam.Lolium perenne L.Lolium rigidum Gaud.

subsp. lepturoides Sennen &Mauricio E

Loranthus europaeus Jacq.

58

Lotus corniculatus L.Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit.Lychnis flos-cuculi L.Lycium barbarum L.Lycopis arvensis L.

subsp. orientalis (L.) KuntzeRLycopus europaeus L.Lycopus exaltatus L. fil.Lysimachia nummularia L.Lysimachia punctata L. RLysimachia vulgaris L.Lythrum hyssopifolia L.Lythrum salicaria L.Lythrum thymifolia L. RLythrum tribracteatum Salzm. ex Spreng.Lythrum virgatum L.Malus sylvestris Mill.Malva neglecta Wallr.Malva pusilla Sm.Marrubium peregrinum L.Marrubium vulgare L.Marsilea quadrifolia L. EMatricaria perforata MratMatricaria recutita L.Medicago falcata L.Medicago lupulina L.Medicago marina L. EMedicago minima (L.) L.Medicago x varia MartynMelampyrum arvense L.Melampyrum cristatum L.Melica transsilvanica SchurMelilotus albus Medik.Melilotus altissimus Thuill. ExMelilotus arenarius Grec. IMelilotus dentatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers.Melilotus officinalis Lam.Melilotus polonicus (L.) Pall. IMelilotus tauricus (M. Bieb.) Ser. IMelilotus wolgicus Poir. IMelissa officinalis L.Mentha aquatica L.Mentha arvensis L.Mentha longifolia (L.) L.Mentha pulegium L.Menyanthes trifoliata L. IMerendera sobolifera C.A. Meyer RMilium vernale M. Bieb.Minuartia setacea (Thuill.) Hayek RMolinia caerulea (L.) Moench

subsp. caerulea var. salsuginosa Pavl.Ex Roshev. (M. euxina Pobed.)

Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill.Myagrum perfoliatum L.Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. ExMyosotis arvensis (L.) Hill.Myosotis scorpioides L.Myosotis sparsiflora Mikan ex PohlMyosotis stricta LinkMyosoton aquaticum (L.) MoenchMyosurus minimus L.Myriophyllum spicatum L.Myriophyllum verticillatum L.Myrrhoides nodosa (L.) Cannon ExNajas marina L.Najas minor All.Nasturtium officinale R.Br.Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. RNonea pulla (L.) DC. ExNuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm.Nymphaea alba L.Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) O. KuntzeOdontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort.

subsp. vernussubsp. serotinus (Dumort.) Corb.

Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.Oenothera biennis L.Oenothera parviflora L.Ononis arvensis L.Ononis spinosa L.Onopordum acanthium L.Onosma arenaria Waldst. & Kit.Onosma setosa Ledeb. IOnosma visianii G.C. ClementiOphioglossum vulgatum L. IOrchis coriophora L.

subsp. fragrans (Poll.) K. Richt.VOrchis laxiflora Lam.

subsp. elegans (Heuff.) SoOrchis morio L.

subsp. picta (Loisel.) K. Richt.VOriganum vulgare L.Orlaya grandiflora (L.) Hoffm.Ornithogalum amphibolum Zahar. (Subend.)

ROrnithogalum orthophyllum Ten.

subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar.Ornithogalum oreoides Zahar. (Subend.) ROrobanche alba Stephan ex Willd.Orobanche arenaria Borkh.Orobanche cernua Loefl. var. cumana (Wallr.)

G. BeckOrobanche lutea Baumg.Orobanche picridis F.W. Schultz

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Orobanche ramosa L.Orobanche reticulata Wallr.Oxalis corniculata L.Palimbia rediviva (Pall.) Thell. IPaliurus spina-christi Mill. RPapaver dubium L.

subsp. dubiumsubsp. confine (Jord.) Hrandl

Papaver hybridum L.Papaver laevigatum M. Bieb. RPapaver rhoeas L.Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb VPaspalum distichum L. IPastinaca sativa L.

subsp. pratensis (Pers.) Celak.subsp. repens (Gren. & Godr.) Celak.

Periploca graeca L.Petasites spurius (Retz.) Rchb.Petunia parviflora A.L. Juss.Peucedanum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.RPeucedanum latifolium (M. Bieb.) DC.RPhalaris arundinacea L.Phleum paniculatum Huds.

var. annuum (M. Bieb.) Westb.RPhleum phleiodes (L.) Karst.Phlomis pungens Willd.Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud.

subsp. australissubsp. chrysantha (Mabille) Sojk (subsp.altissimus (Benth.) W.D. Clayton; subsp.gigantea (Gay ex Boiss.) Bonnier &Layens)

Phytolaca americana L.Picris hieracioides L.

subsp. hieracioidessubsp. villarsii (Jordan) Nyman

Plantago altissima L. IPlantago cornuti GouanPlantago coronopus L.

subsp. coronopussubsp. stricta (Pilger) Ciocrlan

Plantago crassifolia Forssk. IPlantago lanceolata L.Plantago major L.

subsp. majorsubsp. winteri (Wirtg.) W. LudwigR

Plantago maritima L.subsp. ciliata Printz (P. salsa Pall.)

Plantago media L.Plantago scabra Moench

subsp. orientalis (So) TzvelevPlantago schwarzenbergiana Schur R

Plantago tenuiflora Waldst. & Kit RPlantago uliginosa F.W. Schmidt (P. major

subsp. intermedia (DC.) Arcang.)Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich.Poa angustifolia L.Poa annua L.Poa bulbosa L.Poa compressa L.Poa palustris L.Poa pratensis L.Poa sylvicola Guss.Poa trivialis L.Polycnemum arvense L.Polycnemum heuffelii Lng.Polygala comosa SchkuhrPolygala vulgaris L.Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf.Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.Polygonum amphibium L.Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.Polygonum arenastrum Boreau

subsp. arenastrumsubsp. calcatum

(Lindm.)WisskirchenPolygonum aviculare L.Polygonum graminifolium Wierzb. ex Heuff

RPolygonum hydropiper L.Polygonum lapathifolium L.

subsp. lapathifoliumsubsp. incanum (F.W. Schmidt)

Schbl. & MartensPolygonum maritimum L. VPolygonum mesembricum Chrtek VPolygonum minus Huds.Polygonum mite SchrankPolygonum neglectum Besser RPolygonum patulum M. Bieb. subsp.

kitaibelianum (Sadl.) Asch. & Graebn.R

Polygonum persicaria L.Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex BoreauPolypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.Populus alba L.Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm.Populus nigra L.Populus tremula L.Portulaca oleracea L.Potamogeton acutifolius LinkPotamogeton compressus L. RPotamogeton crispus L.Potamogeton gramineus L.

60

Potamogeton lucens L.Potamogeton natans L.Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & W.D.J.

Koch RPotamogeton pectinatus L.Potamogeton perfoliatus L.Potamogeton pusillus L.Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schlecht.

RPotentilla anserina L.Potentilla argentea L.Potentilla erecta (L.) Rusch. EPotentilla inclinata Vill. (P. canescens Besser)

RPotentilla pedata Willd. RPotentilla recta L.

subsp. rectasubsp. laciniosa (Kit. ex Nestl.) So

Potentilla reptans L.Potentilla supina L.Prunella vulgaris L.Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ExPuccinellia convoluta (Hornem.) Hayek

subsp. pseudobulbosa (E.I. Nyrdy)Borza

Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.Puccinellia gigantea (Grossh.) Grossh. (P.

convoluta (Hornem.) Hayek p.p.)Puccinellia limosa (Schur) Holmb.Puccinellia poecilantha (K. Koch) Grossh.

(P. brachylepis Klokov) IPulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn.Pulsatilla montana (Hoppe) Rchb. IPyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.Quercus pedunculiflora K. KochQuercus robur L.Ranunculus acris L.Ranunculus aquatilis L.Ranunculus baudotii Godr. IRanunculus circinatus Sibth.Ranunculus ficaria L.Ranunculus lingua L.Ranunculus peltatus Schrank RRanunculus polyanthemos L.

subsp. polyanthemoides (Boreau)Ahlfv. R

Ranunculus repens L.Ranunculus rionii LaggerRanunculus sardous CrantzRanunculus sceleratus L.Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix

Raphanus raphanistrum L.Rapistrum perenne (L.) All. RReseda lutea L.Rhamnus cathartica L.Rorippa amphibia (L.) BesserRorippa austriaca (Crantz) BesserRorippa palustris (L.) BesserRorippa prolifera (Heuff.) Neilr.Rorippa sylvestris (L.) BesserRosa canina L. s.l.Rosa jundzillii BesserRosa pseudoscabriuscula (Keller) Henker et G.

Schulze RRubus caesius L.Rumex acetosa L.Rumex acetosella L.Rumex conglomeratus MurrayRumex crispus L.Rumex dentatus L.

subsp. halacsyi (Rech.) Rech. fil.Rumex hydrolapatum Huds.Rumex maritimus L.Rumex obtusifolius L.

subsp. transiens (Simonk.) Rech. fil.Rumex palustris Sm.Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb.Rumex tuberosus L. RRuppia cirrhosa (Petagna) GrandeSagina maritima G. Don RSagittaria sagittifolia L.Sagittaria trifolia L. VSalicornia europaea L.

var. patula (Duval-Jouve) Crp.var. prostrata (Pall.) Rchb.

Salicornia procumbens Sm.Salicornia ramosissima WoodsSalicornia veneta Pign. & Lausi. ISalix alba L.Salix aurita L.Salix cinerea L.Salix fragilis L.Salix petandra L.Salix purpurea L.Salix rosmarinifolia L.Salix x rubens Schrenk (S. alba x fragilis)Salix triandra L.Salsola collina Pall.Salsola kali L. subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) So

subsp. tragus (L.) NymanSalsola soda L.Salvia aethiopis L.Salvia austriaca Jacq. R

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Salvia glutiosa L. ExSalvia nemorosa L. subsp. tesquicola (Klokov

& Pobed.) SoSalvia natans (L.) All.Sambucus ebulus L.Sambucus nigra L.Samolus valerandi L.Sanicula europaea L. ExSaxifraga tridactylites L.Scabiosa argentea L.Scabiosa ochroleuca L.Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) PallaSchoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) PallaSchoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla (Isolepis

supina (L.) R.Br.)Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.)

PallaSchoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla RSchoenus nigricans L.Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) SojkSclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv.Scolymus hispanicus L.Scorzonera hispanica L. RScorzonera laciniata L. (Podospermum

laciniatum (L.) DC.)Scorzonera parviflora Jacq.Scrophularia nodosa L.Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort. IScutellaria galericulata L.Scutellaria hastifolia L.Secale sylvestre HostSenecio erucifolius L.Senecio jacobea L. subsp. borysthenicus (DC.)

CiocrlanSenecio paludosus L.Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit.Senecio vulgaris L.Seseli arenarium M. Bieb.Seseli campestre Besser ISetaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.Sideritis montana L.Silene borysthenica (Gruner) WaltersSilene chersonensis (Zapal.) KleopowSilene conica L.Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter

& BurdetSilene multiflora (Waldst. & Kitt.) Pers. RSilene viscosa (L.) Pers.Silene vulgaris (Moench) GarckeSinapis arvensis L.

Sisymbrium altissimum L.Sisymbrium loselii L.Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.Sisymbrium orientale L.Sisymbrium polymorphum (Murray) RothSium latifolium L.Sium sisarum L.Solanum alatum Moench RSolanum dulcamara L.Solanum nigrum L.Solanum retroflexum Dumort. RSonchus arvensis L.

subsp. arvensissubsp. uliginosum (M. Bieb.) Nyman

Sonchus asper L.subsp. asper (L.) Hillsubsp. glaucescens (Jordan) Ball R

Sonchus oleraceus L.Sonchus palustris L. RSorghum halepense (L.) Pers.Sparganium emersum Rehm.Sparganium erectum L.

subsp. erectumsubsp. neglectum (Beeby) K. Richt.

Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl.Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl. & C. Presl.Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.Spirodella polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.Stachys annua (L.) L.Stachys atherocalyx K. Koch. RStachys maritima Gouan VStachys palustris L.Stachys recta L.Stellaria media (L.) Vill.Stemmacantha serratuloides (Georgi)

M. Dittrich (Leuzea salina Spreng.) ExStipa capillata L.Stipa pennata L.

subsp. sabulosa (Pacz.) Tzvelev RStipa pulcherrima K. Koch IStratiotes aloides L.Suaeda confusa IljinSuaeda maritima L.Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. RSuaeda splendens (Pourr.) Gren. & Godr. ISymphytum officinale L.Symphytum tanaicense StevenSyrenia montana (Pall.) KlokovTamarix ramosissima Ledeb.Tanacetum serotinum (L.) Schultz-Bip.

(Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev)V

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Tanacetum vulgare L.Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.) Hand.-

Mazz.Taraxacum officinale Weber ex WiggersTaraxacum serotinum (Waldst. & Kit.) Poir.

RTetragonolobus maritimus (L.) RothTeucrium chamaedrys L.Teucrium scordium L.

subsp. scordiumsubsp. scordioides (Schreb.) Arcang.

Thalictrum flavum L.Thalictrum lucidum L.Thalictrum minus L.Thelypteris palustris SchottThesium arvense Horv.Thlaspi arvense L.Thlaspi perfoliatum L.Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ.Tilia cordata Mill.Tilia tomentosa MoenchTordylium maximum L. RTorilis arvensis (Huds.) LinkTrachomitum venetum (L.) Woodson

(Apocynum venetum L.) ETragopogon dubius Scop.Tragopogon floccosus Waldst. & Kit. R

subsp. floccosussubsp. podolicus (DC.) Ciocrlan

Tragus racemosus (L.) All.Trapa natans L. V

subsp. natanssubsp. muzzanensis (Jggi) Schinz

Tribulus terrestris L.Trifolium arvense L.Trifolium campestre Schreb.Trifolium diffusum Ehrh. RTrifolium dubium Sibth. RTrifolium filiforme L. (T. micranthum Viv.)

ExTrifolium fragiferum L.

subsp. fragiferumsubsp. bonannii (C. Presl) Sojk

Trifolium hybridum L.subsp. hybridumsubsp. elegans (Savi) Asch. &Graebn.

Trifolium pratense L.Trifolium repens L.Trifolium suffocatum L. ITriglochin maritima L.Triglochin palustre L.

Trigonella gladiata Steven RTrigonella monspeliaca L. RTrigonella procumbens (Besser) Rchb.Tussilago farfara L.Typha angustifolia L.Typha latifolia L.Typha laxmannii Lepech.Ulmus minor Mill.Ulmus laevis Pall.Urtica dioica L.Urtica kioviensis Rogow.Urtica urens L.Utricularia australis R.Br.Utricularia bremii HeerUtricularia minor L. ExUtricularia vulgaris L.Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert RValeriana officinalis L.Valerianella carinata Loisel. RValerianella coronata (L.) DC. RValerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. em. BetckeVallisneria spiralis L.Verbascum banaticum Schrad.Verbascum blattaria L.Verbascum lychnitis L.Verbascum nigrum L.Verbascum phlomoides L.Verbascum phoeniceum L.Verbena officinalis L.Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.Veronica anagalloides Guss.Veronica arvensis L.Veronica beccabunga L.Veronica catenata PennellVeronica chamaedrys L.Veronica hederifolia L.Veronica longifolia L.Veronica orchidea CrantzVeronica persica Poir.Veronica prostrata L.Veronica scardica Griseb.Veronica scutellata L.Veronica triphyllos L.Viburnum opulus L.Vicia angustifolia L.Vicia biennis L.Vicia cracca L.Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. GrayVicia pannonica CrantzVicia villosa RothVincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.

subsp. hirundinaria

63

subsp. nivale (Boiss. & Heldr.)Markgraf

Vincetoxicum scandens Sommier & LevierEx

Viola arvensis Murr.Viola hirta L.Viola kitaibeliana Roem. & Schult. RViola odorata L.Viola palustris L. RViscum album L.Vitis sylvestris C.C. Gmel.Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Hork. ex WimmerXanthium italicum MorettiXanthium orientale L.Xanthium saccharatum Wallr.Xanthium spinosum L.Xanthium strumarium L.Xeranthemum annuum L.Zannichellia palustris L.

subsp. palustrissubsp.pedicellata (Wahlenb. & E.Rosn) Arcang.

Zygophyllum fabago L. R

64

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