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Flood Risk ReportESSEX COUNTY, MA

City of Beverly, City of Gloucester, City of Lynn, City of Newburyport, City of Peabody, City of Salem, Town of Danvers, Town of Essex, Town of Georgetown, Town of Hamilton, Town of Ipswich, Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea, Town of Marblehead, Town of Nahant, Town of Newbury, Town of Rockport, Town of Rowley, Town of Saugus, Town of Swampscott, Town of Wenham, Town of West Newbury

Report Number 0017/29/2013

Draft

ESSEX COUNTY, MA PMR COASTAL STUDY UPDATES FLOOD RISK REPORT i

Project Area Community List

Community Name

CITY OF BEVERLY

TOWN OF DANVERS

TOWN OF ESSEX

TOWN OF GEORGETOWN

CITY OF GLOUCESTER

TOWN OF HAMILTON

TOWN OF IPSWICH

CITY OF LYNN

TOWN OF MANCHESTER-BY-THE-SEA

TOWN OF MARBLEHEAD

TOWN OF NAHANT

TOWN OF NEWBURY

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT

CITY OF PEABODY

TOWN OF ROCKPORT

TOWN OF ROWLEY

CITY OF SALEM

TOWN OF SAUGUS

TOWN OF SWAMPSCOTT

TOWN OF WENHAM

TOWN OF WEST NEWBURY

ESSEX COUNTY, MA COASTAL PMR FLOOD RISK REPORT 2

Preface

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning (Risk MAP) program provides states, tribes, and local communities with flood risk information and tools that they can use to increase their resilience to flooding and better protect their citizens. By pairing accurate floodplain maps with risk assessment tools and planning and outreach support, Risk MAP has transformed traditional flood mapping efforts into an integrated process of identifying, assessing, communicating, planning for, and mitigating flood-related risks.

This Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides non-regulatory information to help local or tribal officials, floodplain managers, planners, emergency managers, and others better understand their flood risk, take steps to mitigate those risks, and communicate those risks to their citizens and local businesses.

Because flood risk often extends beyond community limits, the FRR provides flood risk data for the entire Flood Risk Project as well as for each individual community. This also emphasizes that flood risk reduction activities may impact areas beyond jurisdictional boundaries.

Flood risk is always changing, and there may be other studies, reports, or sources of information available that provide more comprehensive information. The FRR is not intended to be regulatory or the final authoritative source of all flood risk data in the project area. Rather, it should be used in conjunction with other data sources to provide a comprehensive picture of flood risk within the project area.

Approximately 488 miles of shoreline in Essex County were studied by detailed coastal analysis to develop flood hazard parameters. This study covers only the flood risk from the Essex County Coastal Physical Map Revision (PMR) and does not include all flood risks within the communities located within Essex County.


Table of Contents

1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................61.1 About Flood Risk..............................................................................................................6

1.1.1 Calculating Flood Risk..............................................................................................61.1.2 Risk MAP Flood Risk Products.................................................................................6

1.2 Uses of this Report............................................................................................................71.3 Sources of Flood Risk Assessment Data Used.................................................................81.4 Related Resources.............................................................................................................9

2 Flood Risk Analysis...............................................................................................................112.1 Overview.........................................................................................................................112.2 Analysis of Risk..............................................................................................................11

2.2.1 Changes Since Last FIRM.......................................................................................112.2.2 Flood Depth and Analysis Grids..............................................................................132.2.3 Coastal-Specific Datasets..........................................................................................142.2.4 Estimated Flood Loss Information..........................................................................15

3 Flood Risk Analysis Results..................................................................................................173.1 Flood Risk Map...............................................................................................................183.2 Essex County, MA Coastal PMR Summary...................................................................20

3.2.1 Overview..................................................................................................................203.2.2 Flood Risk Datasets.................................................................................................22

3.3 Communities...................................................................................................................243.3.1 City of Beverly Summary (CID 250077)................................................................253.3.2 City of Gloucester Summary (CID 250082)............................................................283.3.3 City of Lynn Summary (CID 250088).....................................................................313.3.4 City of Newburyport Summary (CID 250097)........................................................343.3.5 City of Peabody Summary (CID 250099)...............................................................373.3.6 City of Salem Summary (CID 250102)...................................................................403.3.7 Town of Danvers Summary (CID 250079).............................................................433.3.8 Town of Essex Summary (CID 250080).................................................................463.3.9 Town of Georgetown Summary (CID 250081).......................................................49


3.3.10 Town of Hamilton Summary (CID 250084)...........................................................523.3.11 Town of Ipswich Summary (CID 250086)..............................................................553.3.12 Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea Summary (CID 250090).....................................583.3.13 Town of Marblehead Summary (CID 250091).......................................................613.3.14 Town of Nahant Summary (CID 250095)...............................................................643.3.15 Town of Newbury Summary (CID 250096)............................................................673.3.16 Town of Rockport Summary (CID 250100)............................................................703.3.17 Town of Rowley Summary (CID 250101)..............................................................733.3.18 Town of Saugus Summary (CID 250104)...............................................................763.3.19 Town of Swampscott Summary (CID 250105).......................................................793.3.20 Town of Wenham Summary (CID 250107)............................................................823.3.21 Town of West Newbury Summary (CID 250108)..................................................85

4 Actions to Reduce Flood Risk...............................................................................................884.1 Types of Mitigation Actions...........................................................................................88

4.1.1 Preventative Measures.............................................................................................884.1.2 Property Protection Measures..................................................................................884.1.3 Natural Resource Protection Activities...................................................................894.1.4 Structural Mitigation Projects..................................................................................894.1.5 Public Education and Awareness Activities............................................................894.1.6 Emergency Service Measures..................................................................................90

4.2 Identifying Specific Actions for Your Community........................................................914.3 Mitigation Programs and Assistance...............................................................................92

4.3.1 FEMA Mitigation Programs and Assistance...........................................................924.3.2 Additional Mitigation Programs and Assistance.....................................................93

5 Acronyms and Definitions.....................................................................................................945.1 Acronyms........................................................................................................................945.2 Definitions.......................................................................................................................95

6 Additional Resources.............................................................................................................99

7 Data Used to Develop Flood Risk Products........................................................................101


FLOOD RISK REPORT

1 Introduction

1.1 About Flood RiskFloods are naturally occurring phenomena that can and do happen almost anywhere. In its most basic form, a flood is an accumulation of water over normally dry areas. Floods become hazardous to people and property when they inundate an area where development has occurred, causing losses. Mild flood losses may have little impact on people or property, such as damage to landscaping or the generation of unwanted debris. Severe flooding can destroy buildings, ruin crops, and cause critical injuries or death.

1.1.1 Calculating Flood Risk

It is not enough to simply identify where flooding may occur. Just because one knows where a flood occurs does not mean they know the risk of flooding. The most common method for determining flood risk, also referred to as vulnerability, is to identify the probability of flooding and the consequences of flooding. In other words:

Flood Risk (or Vulnerability) = Probability x Consequences; where

Probability = the likelihood of occurrence

Consequences = the estimated impacts associated with the occurrence

The probability of a flood is the likelihood that a flood will occur. The probability of flooding can change based on physical, environmental, and/or contributing engineering factors. Factors affecting the probability that a flood will impact an area range from changing weather patterns to the existence of mitigation projects. The ability to assess the probability of a flood and the level of accuracy for that assessment are also influenced by modeling methodology advancements, better knowledge, and longer periods of record for the water body in question.

The consequences of a flood are the estimated impacts associated with the flood occurrence. Consequences relate to humans activities within an area and how a flood impacts the natural and built environments.

1.1.2 Risk MAP Flood Risk Products

Through Risk MAP, FEMA provides communities with updated Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and Flood Insurance Studies (FISs) that focus on the probability of floods and that show where flooding may occur as well as the calculated 1% annual chance flood elevation. The 1% annual chance flood, also known as the base flood, has a 1% chance


Which picture below shows more flood risk?

Even if you assume that the flooding in both pictures was the same

probability—let’s say a 10-percent- annual-chance flood—the

consequences in terms of property damage and potential injury as a result of the flood in the bottom picture are much more severe.

Therefore, the flood risk in the area shown in the bottom picture is

higher.

Flooding is a natural part of our world and our communities.

Flooding becomes a significant hazard, however, when it intersects with the built

environment.

of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. FEMA understands that flood risk is dynamic—that flooding does not stop at a line on a map—and as such, provides the following flood risk products:

Flood Risk Report (FRR): The FRR presents key risk analysis data for the Flood Risk Project.

Flood Risk Map (FRM): Like the example found in Section 3.1 of this document, the FRM shows a variety of flood risk information in the project area. More information about the data shown on the FRM may be found in Section 2 of this report.

Flood Risk Database (FRD): The FRD is in GIS format and houses the flood risk data developed during the course of the flood risk analysis that can be used and updated by the community. After the Flood Risk Project is complete, this data can be used in many ways to visualize and communicate flood risk within the Flood Risk Project.

These Flood Risk Products provide flood risk information at both the Flood Risk Project level and community level (for those portions of each community within the Flood Risk Project). They demonstrate how decisions made within a Flood Risk Project can impact properties downstream, upstream, or both. Community-level information is particularly useful for mitigation planning and emergency management activities, which often occur at a jurisdictional level.

1.2 Uses of this ReportThe goal of this report is to help inform and enable communities and tribes to take action to reduce flood risk. Possible users of this report include:

Local elected officials

Floodplain managers

Community planners

Emergency managers

Public works officials

Other special interests (e.g., watershed conservation groups, environmental awareness organizations, etc.)

State, local, and tribal officials can use the summary information provided in this report, in conjunction with the data in the FRD, to:

Update local hazard mitigation plans. As required by the 2000 Federal Stafford Act, local hazard mitigation plans must be updated at least every five (5) years. Summary information presented in Section 3 of this report and the FRM can be used to identify areas that may need additional focus when updating the risk assessment section of a local hazard mitigation plan. Information found in Section 4 pertains to the different mitigation techniques and programs and can be used to inform decisions related to the mitigation strategy of local plans.


Whether or not an area might flood is one consideration. The

extent to which it might flood adds a necessary dimension to that

understanding.

Update community comprehensive plans. Planners can use flood risk information in the development and/or update of comprehensive plans, future land use maps, and zoning regulations. For example, zoning codes may be changed to better provide for appropriate land uses in high-hazard areas.

Update emergency operations and response plans. Emergency managers can identify low-risk areas for potential evacuation and sheltering and can help first responders avoid areas of high-depth flood water. Risk assessment results may reveal vulnerable areas, facilities, and infrastructure for which planning for continuity of operations plans (COOP), continuity of government (COG) plans, and emergency operations plans (EOP) would be essential.

Develop hazard mitigation projects. Local officials (e.g., planners and public works officials) can use flood risk information to re-evaluate and prioritize mitigation actions in local hazard mitigation plans.

Communicate flood risk. Local officials can use the information in this report to communicate with property owners, business owners, and other citizens about flood risks, changes since the last FIRM, and areas of mitigation interest. The report layout allows community information to be extracted in a fact sheet format.

Inform the modification of development standards. Floodplain managers, planners, and public works officials can use information in this report to support the adjustment of development standards for certain locations. For example, structures built in areas with a moderate wave hazard could benefit from the same building standards as those built in high wave hazard areas.

The Flood Risk Database, Flood Risk Map, and Flood Risk Report are “non-regulatory” products. They are available and intended for community use but are neither mandatory nor tied to the regulatory development and insurance requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). They may be used as regulatory products by communities if authorized by state and local enabling authorities.

1.3 Sources of Flood Risk Assessment Data UsedTo assess potential community losses, or the consequences portion of the “risk” equation, the following data is typically collected for analysis and inclusion in a Flood Risk Project:

Information about local assets or resources at risk of flooding

Information about the physical features and human activities that contribute to that risk

Information about where the risk is most severe

For most Flood Risk Projects, FEMA uses the following sources of flood risk information to develop this report:

Hazus estimated flood loss information


Vulnerability of infrastructure is another important consideration.

Buildings with foundations that withstand wave action are more likely

to survive coastal flooding.

New engineering analyses (e.g., hydrology and hydraulic modeling) to develop new flood boundaries

Locally supplied data (see Section 7 for a description)

Sources identified during the Discovery process

1.4 Related ResourcesFor a more comprehensive picture of flood risk, FEMA recommends that state and local officials use the information provided in this report in conjunction with other sources of flood risk data, such as those listed below.

FIRMs and FISs. This information indicates areas with specific flood hazards by identifying the limit and extent of the 1-percent-annual-chance floodplain, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance floodplain, Primary Frontal Dunes, and wave hazards (VE Zones and the Limit of Moderate Wave Action (LIMWA)). FIRMs and FIS Reports do not necessarily identify all floodplains in a Flood Risk Project. The FIS Report includes summary information regarding other frequencies of stillwater (storm surge) flooding. In rural areas and areas for which flood hazard data are not available, the 1-percent-annual-chance floodplain may not be identified.

Hazus Flood Loss Estimation Reports. Hazus can be used to generate reports, maps and tables on potential flood damage that can occur based on new/proposed mitigation projects or future development patterns and practices. Hazus can also run specialized risk assessments, such as what happens when a dam or levee fails. Flood risk assessment tools are available through other agencies as well, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Other existing coastal or watershed reports may have a different focus, such as water quality, but may also contain flood risk and risk assessment information. See Section 6 for additional resources.

Flood or multi-hazard mitigation plans. Local hazard mitigation plans include risk assessments that contain flood risk information and mitigation strategies that identify community priorities and actions to reduce flood risk. This report was informed by any existing mitigation plans in the Flood Risk Project.

Hurricane Evacuation Studies. Produced through a joint effort by FEMA, NOAA, and USACE, Hurricane Evacuation Studies provide tools and information to the state and county emergency management offices to help determine who should evacuate during hurricane threats, and when those evacuations should occur. The information can be used to supplement or update hurricane evacuation plans and operational procedures for responding to hurricane threats.

Tsunami Inundation Maps. Maps depicting tsunami inundation hazard zones are produced for coastal areas exposed to tsunami threats, typically those on with Pacific Ocean coasts. The mapping


FEMA data can be leveraged to identify and measure

vulnerability by including local building information (i.e. building

type). The examples above show various ways to display

flooding intersecting with buildings.

is accomplished through efforts coordinated by FEMA, NOAA, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), USACE, and numerous state and local agencies. The maps can be used by communities to supplement or update emergency management and evacuation plans.

FEMA Map Service Center (MSC). The MSC has useful information, including fly sheets, phone numbers, data, etc. Letters of Map Change are also available through the MSC. The user can view DFIRM databases and the National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) Database.


2 Flood Risk Analysis

2.1 OverviewFlood hazard identification uses FIRMs, and FIS Reports identify where flooding can occur along with the probability and depth of that flooding. Flood risk assessment is the systematic approach to identifying how flooding impacts the environment. In hazard mitigation planning, flood risk assessments serve as the basis for mitigation strategies and actions by defining the hazard and enabling informed decision making. Fully assessing flood risk requires the following:

Identifying the flooding source and determining the flood hazard occurrence probability

Developing a complete profile of the flood hazard including historical occurrence and previous impacts

Inventorying assets located in the identified flood hazard area

Estimating potential future flood losses caused by exposure to the flood hazard area

Flood risk analyses are different methods used in flood risk assessment to help quantify and communicate flood risk. Coastal flood risk analysis can be performed on a large scale (state, county) level and on a very small scale (parcel, census block). Advantages of large-scale coastal flood risk analysis, especially at county level, include identifying how actions and development in one community can affect surge and wave propagation of adjacent coastal areas. On the parcel or census block level, flood risk analysis can provide actionable data to individual property owners so they can take appropriate mitigation steps.

2.2 Analysis of RiskThe FRR, FRM, and FRD contain a variety of flood risk analysis information to help describe and visualize flood risk within the coastal study area. For Essex County, MA this information includes the following elements:

Changes Since Last FIRM

Wave Height Grids

Coastal Flood Risk Assessments

Coastal Wave Hazard Severity Areas

2.2.1 Changes Since Last FIRM

The Changes Since Last FIRM (CSLF) dataset, stored in the FRD and shown in Section 3 of this report, illustrates where changes to flood risk may have occurred since the last FIRM was published for the subject


State and Local Hazard Mitigation Plans are required to have a comprehensive all-hazard risk assessment. The flood risk analyses in the FRR, FRM, and FRD can inform the flood hazard portion of a community’s or state’s risk assessment. Further, data in the FRD can be used to develop information that meets the requirements for risk assessments as it relates to the hazard of flood in hazard mitigation plans.

Flooding impacts non-populated areas too, such as agricultural

lands and wildlife habitats.

area. Communities can use this information to update their mitigation plans, specifically quantifying “what is at risk” and identifying possible mitigation activities.

The CSLF dataset identifies changes in the Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) since the previous FIRM was developed. These datasets quantify land area increases and decreases to the coastal SFHA, as well as areas where the flood zone designation has changed (e.g., Zone A to AE, AE to VE, shaded Zone X protected by levee to AE for de-accredited levees).

The CSLF dataset is created in areas that were previously mapped using digital FIRMs. The CSLF dataset for this project area includes:

Floodplain and/or Zone Break Boundary Changes: Any changes to the existing floodplain or zone boundaries are depicted in this dataset

Floodplain Designation Changes: This includes changed floodplain designations (e.g., Zone AE to Zone VE).

CSLF Information: Within this dataset additional information is provided to help explain the floodplain and floodway boundary changes shown on the FIRM. This information is stored as digital attributes within the CSLF polygons and may include some or all of the following:

o Changes in 1% SWEL

o Changes in computed wave setup elevation

o Changes to the modeling methodology (e.g., storm surge modeling)

o New shore-protection structures (e.g., seawall, revetment etc.)

o Changed to the Primary Frontal Dune (PFD) boundary delineation due to sedimentation and/or erosion

It should be noted that reasons for the floodplain and floodway changes (also known as Contributing Engineering Factors) are intended to give the user a general sense of what caused the change, as opposed to providing a reason for each and every area of change.

Count of Affected Structures: The total estimated count of affected buildings within the area of change. The data is only made available because the local jurisdiction was able to provide accurate building footprint data indicating the location of structures in and adjacent to the identified floodplains).

Count of Affected Population: The total estimated affected population within the area of change. The data is only made available because the local jurisdiction was able to provide population data that accompanied the structure data noted above.


CSLF data can be used to communicate changes in the

physical flood hazard area (size, location) as part of the release of

new FIRMS. It can also be used in the development or update of

hazard mitigation plans to describe changes in hazard as part of the

hazard profile.

CSLF data is shown in the FRR, and underlying data is stored in

the FRD.

Floodplain maps have evolved considerably from the older paper-based FIRMs to the latest digital

products and datasets.

2.2.2 Flood Depth and Analysis Grids

Grids are FEMA datasets provided in the FRD to better describe the risk of the flood hazard. While the FIRM and FIS Report describe “what” is at risk by identifying the hazard areas, water surface, flood depth, and analysis grids can help define “how bad” the risk is within those identified areas. These grids are intended to be used by communities for additional analysis, enhanced visualization, and communication of flood risks for hazard mitigation planning and emergency management. The Flood Depth and Analysis Grids provide an alternative way to visualize how a particular flood characteristic (depth, wave heights, etc.) vary within the floodplain. Since they are derived from the engineering modeling results, they are typically associated with a particular frequency-based flooding event (e.g., 1% annual chance event). Grids provided in the FRD for Essex County, MA include the following:

Flood Depth Grid (for the 1% annual chance flood frequency): A Flood Depth Grid is created during the course of a Flood Risk Project. These grids communicate flood depth as a function of the difference between the calculated water surface elevation and the ground.

Coastal flood depth grids are created for areas where the dominant wave hazard is overland wave propagation. The grid depicts the difference in elevation between the wave crest elevation and the ground. For Essex County, MA the depth grid for the 1-percent-annual-chance (base) flood for which overland wave propagation results are produced as a part of the FIS is provided in the FRD.

Depth grids form the basis for refined Hazus loss estimates (as presented in a table in Section 3 of this report) and are used to calculate potential flood losses for display on the FRM and for tabular presentation in this report. Depth grids may also be used for a variety of ad-hoc risk visualization and mitigation initiatives.

Coastal Wave Height Grid: This dataset represents the controlling wave height for a given flood frequency. It depicts the exposure to the wave hazard component of coastal flooding. This raster reflects the controlling wave height typically computed along transects by the Wave Height Analysis for Flood Insurance Studies (WHAFIS) model for the 1-percent-annual-change (base) flood. Wave impacts are known to be a significant cause of damage to structures in the coastal zone.


Grid data can make flood mapping more informative. The top image is a

flood depth grid showing relative depths of water in a scenario flood

event. The bottom image is a percent annual chance of flooding grid, which

shows inundation areas of various frequency floods.

Grid data can be used to communicate the variability of

floodplains, such as where floodplains are particularly deep or hazardous, where residual risks lie behind levees, and where losses may be great after a flood event. For mitigation planning, grid data can inform the hazard profile and

vulnerability analysis (what is at risk for different frequencies) and can

be used for preliminary benefit-cost analysis screening. For floodplain management, higher regulatory standards can be developed in

higher hazard flood prone areas (i.e., 10-percent-chance floodplains

or deep floodplains).

Grid data is stored in the FRD, and a list of available grid data is

provided in the FRR. Visualizations of grids (maps) are not provided.

Coastal-specific flood risk datasets help identify and communicate the hazards that are unique to coastal

communities.

2.2.3 Coastal-Specific Datasets

Unique hazards are present in communities and locations along the coast. Because of the low and mildly sloping topography, some coastal communities may be exposed to large increases in inundated areas from only minor increases in water levels. Certain areas along the coast may also be more vulnerable to storm-induced coastal erosion, depending on the size and condition of coastal dunes. The following datasets provide information that help communicate some of these coastal-specific risks.

Coastal Wave Hazard Severity Areas

This dataset represents the relative level of wave hazard severity within the 1-percent-annual-chance floodplain. Areas designated as coastal high hazard areas, Zone V or VE, including the primary frontal dune if present, are assigned a hazard rating of “High”. A “Moderate” rating is given to non-V Zone areas with wave heights between 1.5 – 3 feet. This “Moderate” area is especially beneficial to identify since FEMA encourages adoption of VE Zone NFIP regulations in these areas and provides CRS credit for doing so. In addition, if Essex County, MA has adopted building codes requiring higher building standards in Coastal A Zones, these could apply in “Moderate” hazard areas. A “Minimal” rating is given to non-V Zone areas with wave heights less than 1.5 feet. Additionally, if a community has building footprint information, this dataset can store a count of the number of structures located within each wave hazard classification polygon.

Coastal Increased Inundation Areas

The increased inundation dataset, stored in the FRD, illustrates the areas that would be exposed to flooding by flood levels that exceed a given flood frequency. The polygon dataset depicts areas that would be flooded by additional 1, 2, or 3 feet of flooding above the total water level elevation (stillwater plus waves) for a specified flood frequency. This product helps to communicate “what if” scenarios, e.g., what if a flood event exceeds the X-percent-annual-chance level by Y-feet, or, what if sea level rise causes flood levels to increase for the X-percent-annual-chance level, by highlighting the areas that would be inundated if flood levels increased.

Primary Frontal Dune and Erosion Areas

This polygon dataset depicts areas that were identified during the study as likely to be affected by storm-induced erosion during the 1-percent-annual-chance (base) flood. Information is provided for each polygon indicating whether it is anticipated that the dune will be entirely eroded by the base flood or whether the dune is of sufficient size to remain as a barrier to flooding. Dunes that remain as barriers should still be expected to lose significant volume and the dune face should be expected to retreat landward, creating a scarp and potentially undermining buildings that are built on top of the dune. The footprint of FEMA’s regulatory Primary Frontal Dune (PFD) will also be identified within this dataset. The landward limit of the PFD area is defined by the dune heel, per 44 CFR 59.1.


2.2.4 Estimated Flood Loss Information

Flood loss estimates provided in the FRR were developed using a FEMA flood loss estimation tool, Hazus. Originally developed for earthquake risk assessment, Hazus has evolved into a multi-hazard tool developed and distributed by FEMA that can provide loss estimates for floods, earthquakes, and hurricane winds. Hazus is a nationally accepted, consistent flood risk assessment tool to assist individuals and communities to create a more accurate picture of flood risk. Some benefits of using Hazus include the following:

Outputs that can enhance state and local mitigation plans and help screen for cost-effectiveness in FEMA mitigation grant programs

Analysis refinement through updating inventory data and integrating data produced using other flood models

Widely available support documents and networks (Hazus Users Groups)

Files from the FRD can be imported into Hazus to develop other risk assessment information including:

Debris generated after a flood event Dollar loss of the agricultural products in a study region

Utility system damages in the region Vehicle loss in the study region

Damages and functionality of lifelines such as highway and rail bridges, potable water, and wastewater facilities

Scenario-Based Flood Loss Estimates:

Scenario-based flood losses have been calculated using Hazus for the 10-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood events. In this report, these losses are expressed in dollar amounts and are provided for the Flood Risk Project area only.

Loss estimates are based on best available data, and the methodologies applied result in an approximation of risk. These estimates should be used to understand relative risk from flood and potential losses. Uncertainties are inherent in any loss estimation methodology, arising in part from approximations and simplifications that are necessary for a comprehensive analysis (e.g., incomplete inventories, demographics, or economic parameters).

Flood loss estimates are being provided at the project and community levels for multiple flood frequencies including:

Residential Asset Loss: These include direct building losses (estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building) for all classes of residential structures including single family, multi-family, manufactured housing, group housing, and nursing homes. This value also includes content losses.


Hazus is a loss estimation methodology developed by FEMA

for flood, wind, and earthquake hazards. The methodology and

data established by Hazus can also be used to study other hazards.

Hazus is a loss estimation methodology developed by FEMA

for flood, wind, and earthquake hazards. The methodology and

data established by Hazus can also be used to study other hazards.

Commercial Asset Loss: These include direct building losses for all classes of commercial buildings including retail, wholesale, repair, professional services, banks, hospitals, entertainment, and parking facilities. This value also includes content and inventory losses.

Other Asset Loss: This includes losses for facilities categorized as industrial, agricultural, religious, government, and educational. This value also includes content and inventory losses.

Essential Facility Losses: Essential facilities are defined in Hazus as facilities which provide services to the community and should be functional after a flood, including schools, police stations, fire stations, medical facilities, and emergency operation centers. These facilities would otherwise be considered critical facilities for mitigation planning purposes. Estimated damages (in terms of loss of function) for essential facilities are determined on a site-specific basis according to latitude and longitude. For this report, Hazus calculates the types and numbers of essential facilities impacted.

Infrastructure: For analysis of infrastructure, Hazus supports the analysis of transportation systems and lifeline utility systems. Transportation systems include highways, railways, light railways, busses, ports and harbors, ferries, and airport systems. Utility systems include potable water systems, wastewater, oil, natural gas, electric power, and communication systems. For this report, Hazus calculates the types of infrastructure impacted.

Business Disruption: This includes the losses associated with the inability to operate a business due to the damage sustained during the flood. Losses include inventory, income, rental income, wage, and direct output losses, as well as relocation costs.

Annualized Losses: Annualized losses are calculated using Hazus by taking losses from multiple events over different frequencies and expressing the long-term average by year. This factors in historic patterns of frequent smaller floods with infrequent but larger events to provide a balanced presentation of flood damage.

Loss Ratio: The loss ratio expresses the scenario losses divided by the total building value for a local jurisdiction and can be a gage to determine overall community resilience as a result of a scenario event. For example, a loss ratio of 5 percent for a given scenario would indicate that a local jurisdiction would be more resilient and recover more easily from a given event, versus a loss ratio of 75 percent which would indicate widespread losses. An annualized loss ratio uses the annualized loss data as a basis for computing the ratio. Loss ratios are not computed for business disruption. These data are presented in the FRR.

Hazus Flood Risk Value: On the FRM, flood risk is expressed in the following five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high for census blocks that have flood risk. It is based on the 1-percent-annual-chance total asset loss by census block.


Hazus-estimated loss data can be used in many ways to support local decision making and explanation of flood risk. For mitigation planning purposes, loss data can be used to help meet requirements to develop loss information for the hazard of flood. Also, the FRM can show where flood risk varies by geographic location. For emergency management, Hazus data can help forecast losses based on predicted events, and resources can be assigned accordingly. Loss information can support floodplain management efforts, including those to adopt higher regulatory standards. Also, awareness of exposed essential facilities and infrastructure encourages mitigation actions to protect citizens from service disruption should flooding occur.

Hazus estimated loss data is summarized in the FRR and on the FRM and stored in the FRD.

3 Flood Risk Analysis Results

The following pages provide summary flood risk results for the Flood Risk Project as follows:

Flood Risk Map (FRM). Within the Flood Risk Project the FRM displays base data reflecting community boundaries, major roads, and stream lines; potential losses that include both the 2010 Flood Average Annualized Loss (AAL) Study supplemented with new Hazus runs for areas with new or updated flood modeling; new Flood Risk Project areas; a bar chart summarizing community per capita loss; and graphics and text that promote access and usage of additional data available through the FRD, FIRM, and National Flood Hazard Layer and viewers (desktop or FEMA website, etc.). This information can be used to assist in Flood Risk Project-level planning as well as for developing mitigation actions within each jurisdiction located within the Flood Risk Project.

Flood Risk Project Summary. Within the Flood Risk Project area, summary data for some or all of the following datasets are provided for the entire project area and also on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis:

o Changes Since Last FIRM (CSLF). This is a summary of where the floodplain and flood zones have increased or decreased (only analyzed for areas that were previously mapped using digital FIRMs).

o Flood Depth and Analysis Grids. A general discussion of the data provided in the FRD, including coastal analysis grids furnished as part of the project.

o Flood Risk Assessment Information. A loss estimation of potential flood damages based on the 2010 Average Annualized Loss (AAL) flood loss study.


The FRM provides a graphical overview of the Flood Risk Project which highlights areas of risk that

should be noted, based on potential losses, exposed facilities,

etc., based on data found in the FRD. Refer to the data in the FRD

to conduct additional analyses.

3.1 Flood Risk MapThe Flood Risk Map for this Flood Risk Project is shown below. In addition to this reduced version of the map, a full size version is available within the FRD.


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3.2 Essex County, MA Coastal PMR Summary

3.2.1 Overview

Essex County, Massachusetts is a county located in the northeastern part of the State of Massachusetts and is adjacent to Rockingham County, New Hampshire to the north, the Atlantic Ocean (specifically the Gulf of Maine and Massachusetts Bay) to the east, Suffolk County to the south, and Middlesex County to the west. The county has a total area of 828.53 square miles, of which 327.86 square miles is water. The following communities in Essex County, Massachusetts are impacted by the coastal study:

Community Name

CID

*Total Communit

y Population

Percent of Population

in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)

Percent of Land Area

in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

CITY OF BEVERLY

250077 39,862 44 16.7 44 Y N/A Y

CITY OF GLOUCESTER

250082 30,273 100 31.9 100 Y N/A Y

CITY OF LYNN 250088 89,050 39 12.0 39 Y N/A Y

CITY OF NEWBURYPOR

T250097 17,189 37 9.9 37 Y N/A Y

CITY OF PEABODY

250099 48,129 14 16.8 14 Y N/A Y

CITY OF SALEM 250102 40,407 2 11.3 2 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF DANVERS

250079 25,212 13 14.2 13 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF ESSEX

250080 4,693 99 15.9 99 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF GEORGETOWN

250081 7,377 3 13.1 3 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF HAMILTON

250084 8,315 16 15.0 16 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF IPSWICH

250086 17,148 66 38.2 66 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF MANCHESTER-

BY-THE-SEA250090 5,228 2 9.5 2 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF MARBLEHEAD

250091 20,377 2 6.8 2 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF NAHANT

250095 3,632 4 2.8 4 Y N/A Y


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_County,_New_Hampshire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(US)

Community Name

CID

*Total Communit

y Population


in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF NEWBURY

250096 6,717 90 26.3 90 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF ROCKPORT

250100 13,373 2 9.2 2 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF ROWLEY

250101 6,934 60 20.1 60 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF SAUGUS

250104 26,078 46 11.8 46 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF SWAMPSCOTT

250105 14,412 100 3.7 100 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF WENHAM

250107 4,440 0 8.1 0 Y N/A Y

TOWN OF WEST

NEWBURY250108 4,149 1 14.8 1 Y N/A Y

*Based on 2000 Census.

Community-specific results are provided on subsequent pages. Data provided below and on subsequent pages only includes areas located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR Flood Risk Project and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals.

Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).


3.2.2 Flood Risk Datasets

As a part of this Flood Risk Project, flood risk datasets were created for inclusion in the Flood Risk Database. Those datasets are summarized for this Flood Risk Project below:


Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within Essex County, MA were updated due to new coastal analysis. The updated modeling produced new flood zone areas and new base flood elevations. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the project area.

Area of Interest Total Area (mi2) Increase (mi2) Decrease (mi2) Net Change (mi2)

Area within SFHA 79.8 8.1 .05 7.6

Area within High Hazard Velocity Zones

79.6 1.6 1.9 -0.3

Section 2 of this report provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop this table.

o Evidence of actual flood losses can be one of the most compelling factors for increasing a community’s flood risk awareness. During this Risk MAP project, FEMA confirmed several areas within Essex County as having mitigation potential and encourages all communities to continue working with the State Hazard Mitigation Officer to further identify and mitigate these high-risk areas and structures. Specific areas within each jurisdiction are detailed within the individual community summaries.

Flood Depth and Analysis Grids

o The FRD contains datasets in the form of depth grids for the entire Flood Risk Project that can be used for additional analysis, enhanced visualization, and communication of flood risks for hazard mitigation planning and emergency management. The data provided within the FRD should be used to further isolate areas where flood mitigation potential is high and may be helpful in planning and implementing mitigation strategies. Properties located in areas expected to experience some depth of water should seriously consider mitigation options for implementation. Section 2 of the FRR provides general information regarding the development of and potential uses for this data.

Flood Risk Results Information

o Essex County, MA Coastal PMR flood risk analysis incorporates results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were estimated as well as potential loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.


Estimated Potential Losses for Flood Event ScenariosTotal Inventory 10% (10-yr) 2% (50-yr) 1% (100-yr) 0.2% (500-yr) Annualized ($/yr)

Estimated Value % of Total Dollar Losses5 Loss Ratio1,6 Dollar Losses5 Loss Ratio1,6 Dollar Losses5 Loss Ratio1,6 Dollar Losses5 Loss Ratio1,6 Dollar Losses5 Loss Ratio1,6

Residential Building/Contents

$25,000,000 68% $76,500,000 307% $137,600,000 551% $183,300,000 734% $244,600,000 980% $10,400,000 42%

Commercial Building/Contents

$7,600,000 21% $57,700,000 757% $96,600,000 1268% $113,900,000 1495% $168,100,000 2206% $7,500,000 99%

Other Building/Contents$4,300,000 12% $34,600,000 812% $55,200,000 1295% $69,500,000 1632% $111,000,000 2605% $4,700,000 111%

Total Building/Contents2

$36,800,000 100% $168,800,000 458% $289,300,000 786% $366,600,000 995% $523,700,000 1422% $22,700,000 62%

Business Disruption3 N/A N/A $7,800,000 N/A $11,600,000 N/A $15,100,000 N/A $22,800,000 N/A $900,000 N/A

TOTAL4$36,800,00

0 N/A $176,600,000 479% $300,900,000 817% $381,700,000 1036% $546,500,000 1484% $23,600,000 64%

Source: Hazus analysis results stored as the Flood Risk Assessment Dataset in the Flood Risk Database. 1Loss ratio = Dollar Losses / Estimated Value 2Total Building/Contents Loss = Residential Building/Contents Loss + Commercial Building/Contents Loss + Other Building/Contents Loss. 3Business Disruption = Inventory Loss + Relocation Cost + Income Loss + Rental Income Loss + Wage Loss + Direct Output Loss. 4Total Loss = Total Building/Contents + Business Disruption 5Losses shown are rounded to nearest $10,000 for values under $100,000 and to the nearest $100,000 for values over $100,000. 6Loss Ratios rounded to nearest integer percent.


3.3 CommunitiesThe following sections provide an overview of the community’s floodplain management program as of the date of this publication, as well as summarize the flood risk analysis performed for each project area in Essex County, MA.


3.3.1 City of Beverly Summary (CID 250077)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the City of Beverly.

3.3.1.1. Overview

A resort, residential, and manufacturing community on the Massachusetts North Shore, the City of Beverly is relatively urbanized. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Danvers River, the Bass River, Salem Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal

Community Population


in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

CITY OF BEVERLY

250077 39,862 44 16.7 44 Y N/A Y

Participating in City of Beverly, MA Hazard Mitigation Plan 2012 Update, which expires on 3/20/2017.

Past Federal Disaster Declarations for flooding = 21

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) policy coverage (policies/values) = 352 policies totaling approximately $85,202,200

Data provided below only includes areas within the City of Beverly that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).

3.3.1.2. Community Analyses and Results

Results for each of the Flood Risk Datasets developed for this Flood Risk Project are summarized below:


Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the City of Beverly were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.

Area of Study Total Area (mi2) Increase (mi2) Decrease (mi2) Net Change (mi2)

Within SFHA 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.1


1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0




o See the FRD for the following depth and analysis grid data (Section 2 of the FRR provides general information regarding the development of and potential uses for this data):

Wave Height Grids (1-percent-annual-chance flood events)

o Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further isolate these and other areas where flood mitigation potential is high. The FRD includes data which may be helpful in planning and implementing mitigation strategies. Properties located in areas expected to experience some depth of water should seriously consider mitigation options for implementation.

Hazus Estimated Loss Information

o The City of Beverly’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$2,200,000 67% $3,500,000 157% $6,500,000 290% $7,500,000 336% $12,400,000 555% $500,000 24%


$700,000 20% $13,100,000 1921% $21,400,000 3144% $25,000,000 3668% $41,500,000 6095% $1,900,000 277%

Other Building/Contents$400,000 12% $800,000 182% $1,400,000 338% $1,800,000 424% $2,600,000 633% $100,000 28%

Total Building/Contents2 $3,300,000 100% $17,300,000 520% $29,300,000 878% $34,200,000 1027% $56,500,000 1695% $2,500,000 76%

Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $700,000 N/A $1,100,000 N/A $1,300,000 N/A $2,100,000 N/A $90,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $3,300,000 N/A $18,000,000 541% $30,400,000 911% $35,600,000 1066% $58,600,000 1759% $2,600,000 79%

Source: Hazus analysis results stored as the Flood Risk Assessment Dataset in the Flood Risk Database. 1Loss ratio = Dollar Losses / Estimated Value 2Total Building/Contents Loss = Residential Building/Contents Loss + Commercial Building/Contents Loss + Other Building/Contents Loss. 3Business Disruption = Inventory Loss + Relocation Cost + Income Loss + Rental Income Loss + Wage Loss + Direct Output Loss. 4Total Loss = Total Building/Contents + Business Disruption 5Losses shown are rounded to nearest $10,000 for values under $100,000 and to the nearest $100,000 for values over $100,000. 6Loss Ratios rounded to nearest integer percent


3.3.2 City of Gloucester Summary (CID 250082)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the City of Gloucester.

3.3.2.1. Overview

The City of Gloucester is an important center of the fishing industry and a popular summer destination on the Massachusetts North Shore. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Annisquam River and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

CITY OF GLOUCESTER

250082 30,273 100 31.9 100 Y N/A Y

Participating in Merrimack Valley Region Natural Hazards Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan.



Data provided below only includes areas within the City of Gloucester that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the City of Gloucester were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 10.7 0.7 0.1 0.6


10.7 0.2 0.3 -0.1








o The City of Gloucester’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$3,100,000 68% $2,200,000 72% $3,900,000 127% $4,400,000 144% $5,200,000 170% $300,000 8%


$900,000 20% $1,400,000 152% $1,800,000 204% $2,100,000 232% $2,300,000 257% $200,000 18%

Other Building/Contents$600,000 12% $400,000 65% $700,000 122% $700,000 131% $900,000 157% $50,000 9%

Total Building/Contents2 $4,500,000 100% $3,900,000 87% $6,400,000 141% $7,200,000 160% $8,400,000 185% $500,000 10%

Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $100,000 N/A $200,000 N/A $200,000 N/A $200,000 N/A $10,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $4,500,000 N/A $4,100,000 90% $6,600,000 145% $7,400,000 164% $8,600,000 190% $500,000 11%



3.3.3 City of Lynn Summary (CID 250088)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the City of Lynn.

3.3.3.1. Overview

The City of Lynn is a former industrial center located north of downtown Boston. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Saugus River, Nahant Bay, Broad Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

CITY OF LYNN 250088 89,050 39 12.0 39 Y N/A Y

Participating in MAPC Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan North Shore.



Data provided below only includes areas within the City of Lynn that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the City of Lynn were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 1.7 0.8 0.0 0.8


1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The City of Lynn's flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$3,700,000 68% $5,600,000 153% $10,600,000 288% $13,300,000 363% $21,300,000 581% $800,000 22%


$1,100,000 20% $3,400,000 305% $6,200,000 561% $9,000,000 813% $16,200,000 1467% $500,000 50%

Other Building/Contents$600,000 12% $7,700,000 1195% $13,800,000 2144% $20,500,000 3195% $41,600,000 6478% $1,300,000 198%


Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $1,300,000 N/A $2,400,000 N/A $4,000,000 N/A $8,100,000 N/A $200,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $5,400,000 N/A $17,900,000 331% $33,000,000 609% $46,800,000 865% $87,200,000 1612% $2,900,000 53%



3.3.4 City of Newburyport Summary (CID 250097)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the City of Newburyport.

3.3.4.1. Overview

Part of the Massachusetts North Shore, the City of Newburyport is a historic seaport with a vibrant tourism industry. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Merrimack River and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT

250097 17,189 37 9.9 37 Y N/A Y

Participating in Newburyport, MA Hazard Mitigation Plan.



Data provided below only includes areas within the City of Newburyport that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the City of Newburyport were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0


1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The City of Newburyport’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$800,000 47% $10,300,000 1250% $15,300,000 1860% $19,200,000 2344% $22,800,000 2774% $1,300,000 164%


$500,000 30% $13,100,000 2517% $16,400,000 3147% $17,500,000 3360% $26,000,000 4990% $1,500,000 285%

Other Building/Contents$400,000 23% $10,200,000 2575% $13,900,000 3492% $16,900,000 4246% $23,700,000 5960% $1,300,000 324%


Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $2,200,000 N/A $2,800,000 N/A $3,500,000 N/A $4,300,000 N/A $300,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $1,700,000 N/A $35,800,000 2060% $48,300,000 2779% $57,100,000 3285% $76,700,000 4411% $4,400,000 251%



3.3.5 City of Peabody Summary (CID 250099)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the City of Peabody.

3.3.5.1. Overview

Located along the Massachusetts North Shore, the City of Peabody is a historic farming and milling community. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Ipswich River, the Danvers River and the Waters River.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

CITY OF PEABODY

250099 48,129 14 16.8 14 Y N/A Y




Data provided below only includes areas within the City of Peabody that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the City of Peabody were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0


0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The City of Peabody’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$1,300,000 58% $300,000 21% $400,000 31% $500,000 36% $700,000 50% $30,000 2%


$500,000 22% $400,000 83% $600,000 118% $700,000 136% $1,000,000 204% $50,000 9%

Other Building/Contents$400,000 20% $600,000 131% $900,000 193% $1,000,000 222% $1,500,000 333% $70,000 15%



TOTAL4 $2,300,000 N/A $1,400,000 60% $2,000,000 88% $2,300,000 102% $3,400,000 150% $200,000 7%



3.3.6 City of Salem Summary (CID 250102)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the City of Salem.

3.3.6.1. Overview

The City of Salem is a residential and tourist area and was once one of the most significant seaports in early America. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Danvers River, the North River, the Forest River, Salem Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

CITY OF SALEM

250102 40,407 2 11.3 2 Y N/A Y

Participating in City of Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan 2012 Update, which expires on 3/26/2018.



Data provided below only includes areas within the City of Salem that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the City of Salem were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 4.4 0.7 0.1 0.7


4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The City of Salem’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$3,500,000 64% $4,600,000 132% $7,100,000 203% $8,100,000 234% $10,200,000 293% $600,000 17%


$1,400,000 25% $3,300,000 239% $4,400,000 325% $4,900,000 357% $6,600,000 482% $400,000 27%

Other Building/Contents$600,000 11% $3,400,000 577% $4,400,000 742% $4,500,000 759% $6,300,000 1049% $400,000 66%



TOTAL4 $5,400,000 N/A $11,800,000 216% $16,500,000 304% $18,200,000 334% $23,900,000 440% $1,400,000 25%



3.3.7 Town of Danvers Summary (CID 250079)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Danvers.

3.3.7.1. Overview

Originally and agricultural town, the Town of Danvers is located halfway between Boston and the New Hampshire state border. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Danvers River, the Ipswich River, the Porter River, the Crane River and the Waters River.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF DANVERS

250079 25,212 13 14.2 13 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Danvers Hazard Mitigation Plan, which expires on 2/27/2018.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Danvers that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Danvers were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.1


0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Danvers’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$400,000 60% $7,200,000 1765% $12,100,000 2989% $14,600,000 3585% $22,100,000 5434% $1,000,000 252%


$200,000 28% $2,400,000 1236% $3,900,000 2036% $4,900,000 2584% $8,300,000 4347% $300,000 176%


Total Building/Contents2 $700,000 100% $12,000,000 1777% $20,100,000 2981% $24,600,000 3652% $38,500,000 5713% $1,700,000 253%

Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $400,000 N/A $700,000 N/A $900,000 N/A $1,400,000 N/A $40,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $700,000 N/A $12,400,000 1837% $20,700,000 3079% $25,400,000 3779% $39,800,000 5917% $1,700,000 259%



3.3.8 Town of Essex Summary (CID 250080)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Essex.

3.3.8.1. Overview

Once home to a prosperous shipbuilding trade, the Town of Essex is now well-known for its shellfish industry, seafood restaurants and tourism. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Essex River, Essex Bay and Ipswich Bay.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF ESSEX

250080 4,693 99 15.9 99 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Essex MA Hazard Mitigation Plan, which expires on 8/2/2017.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Essex that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Essex were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 7.0 0.5 0.0 0.5


7.0 0.0 0.5 -0.5








o The Town of Essex’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$300,000 62% $2,500,000 750% $6,400,000 1914% $13,000,000 3875% $17,600,000 5270% $500,000 159%


$100,000 24% $2,400,000 1901% $7,900,000 6213% $9,300,000 7313% $11,900,000 9303% $500,000 418%




TOTAL4 $500,000 N/A $5,900,000 1098% $17,600,000 3253% $25,800,000 4772% $33,900,000 6267% $1,300,000 235%



3.3.9 Town of Georgetown Summary (CID 250081)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Georgetown.

3.3.9.1. Overview

The Town of Georgetown is home to small industry and is mostly residential in nature. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Parker River, Mill River, Penn Brook, Wheeler Brook and Jackman Brook.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF GEORGETOWN

250081 7,377 3 13.1 3 Y N/A Y




Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Georgetown that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Georgetown were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Georgetown’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$20,000 84% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A


$0 7% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A

Other Building/Contents$0 9% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $10,000 291% $0 N/A

Total Building/Contents2 $20,000 100% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $10,000 26% $0 N/A

Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A

TOTAL4 $20,000 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $10,000 26% $0 N/A



3.3.10 Town of Hamilton Summary (CID 250084)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Hamilton.

3.3.10.1. Overview

A rural-suburban town, the Town of Hamilton is located on the North Shore of Massachusetts and provides easy access to the Atlantic seashore with its reservations, beaches and boating. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Ipswich River and the Miles River.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

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y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF HAMILTON

250084 8,315 16 15.0 16 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Hamilton Hazard Mitigation Plan, which expires on 4/2/2017.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Hamilton that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Hamilton were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 1.4 0.7 0.1 0.6


1.2 0.2 0.3 -0.1








o The Town of Hamilton’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$50,000 80% $200,000 376% $200,000 394% $200,000 424% $300,000 467% $10,000 26%


$10,000 16% $100,000 1136% $300,000 2696% $300,000 2820% $300,000 2954% $20,000 157%

Other Building/Contents$0 4% $100,000 4927% $200,000 7880% $200,000 8039% $200,000 8304% $20,000 621%

Total Building/Contents2 $70,000 100% $500,000 678% $700,000 1057% $700,000 1107% $800,000 1173% $50,000 71%

Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $40,000 N/A $70,000 N/A $70,000 N/A $70,000 N/A $0 N/A

TOTAL4 $70,000 N/A $500,000 737% $800,000 1161% $800,000 1212% $900,000 1281% $50,000 78%



3.3.11 Town of Ipswich Summary (CID 250086)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Ipswich.

3.3.11.1. Overview

The Town of Ipswich is a coastal town and residential community with a vibrant tourism industry. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Ipswich River, the Rowley River, Plum Island Sound and Ipswich Bay.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF IPSWICH

250086 17,148 66 38.2 66 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Ipswich Hazard Mitigation Plan, which expires on 4/11/2018.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Ipswich that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Ipswich were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 15.7 1.1 0.1 1.0


15.7 0.2 0.4 -0.2








o The Town of Ipswich’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$800,000 66% $7,300,000 891% $12,200,000 1481% $20,400,000 2486% $27,500,000 3342% $1,100,000 131%


$200,000 20% $2,900,000 1197% $5,700,000 2325% $6,300,000 2560% $11,000,000 4499% $500,000 187%



Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $500,000 N/A $600,000 N/A $800,000 N/A $1,200,000 N/A $40,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $1,300,000 N/A $13,000,000 1033% $21,900,000 1746% $31,200,000 2489% $45,800,000 3651% $1,900,000 149%



3.3.12 Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea Summary (CID 250090)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea.

3.3.12.1. Overview

Located along the North Shore of Massachusetts Bay, the Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea was originally a fishing community. It is home to several beaches, islands and coves. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include Manchester Harbor, Manchester Bay and Sawmill Brook.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF MANCHESTER-BY-THE-SEA

250090 5,228 2 9.5 2 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea Hazard Mitigation Plan, which expires on 10/17/2017.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.1


2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$700,000 72% $3,500,000 501% $6,000,000 873% $8,100,000 1168% $12,500,000 1798% $500,000 74%


$200,000 21% $2,100,000 1060% $3,200,000 1609% $4,300,000 2122% $6,200,000 3117% $300,000 142%




TOTAL4 $1,000,000 N/A $6,600,000 687% $10,800,000 1117% $14,700,000 1526% $22,200,000 2298% $900,000 96%



3.3.13 Town of Marblehead Summary (CID 250091)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Marblehead.

3.3.13.1. Overview

The Town of Marblehead is on the coast of the Massachusetts North Shore and has roots in commercial fishing and yachting. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Forest River, Salem Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF MARBLEHEAD

250091 20,377 2 6.8 2 Y N/A Y

Participating in Marblehead, MA All Hazards Mitigation Plan.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Marblehead that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Marblehead were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 2.8 0.1 0.0 0.1


2.8 0.1 0.0 0.1








o The Town of Marblehead’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$2,500,000 76% $300,000 13% $500,000 19% $600,000 23% $700,000 27% $30,000 1%


$600,000 18% $40,000 8% $50,000 9% $60,000 10% $70,000 13% $0 N/A

Other Building/Contents$200,000 7% $40,000 16% $40,000 19% $50,000 21% $50,000 24% $0 N/A

Total Building/Contents2 $3,300,000 100% $400,000 12% $600,000 17% $700,000 20% $800,000 24% $30,000 1%

Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $10,000 N/A $0 N/A

TOTAL4 $3,300,000 N/A $400,000 13% $600,000 17% $700,000 21% $800,000 24% $30,000 1%



3.3.14 Town of Nahant Summary (CID 250095)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Nahant.

3.3.14.1. Overview

The Town of Nahant is primarily a residential community and is the smallest municipality in the State of Massachusetts. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include Nahant Bay, Broad Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF NAHANT

250095 3,632 4 2.8 4 Y N/A Y




Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Nahant that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Nahant were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0


2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Nahant’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$400,000 84% $11,300,000 2617% $18,600,000 4291% $21,300,000 4911% $25,700,000 5926% $1,600,000 357%


$50,000 10% $3,200,000 6168% $4,600,000 8784% $5,100,000 9774% $6,200,000 11882% $400,000 764%




TOTAL4 $500,000 N/A $15,700,000 3035% $25,000,000 4812% $28,400,000 5468% $34,400,000 6632% $2,100,000 402%



3.3.15 Town of Newbury Summary (CID 250096)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Newbury.

3.3.15.1. Overview

Lying just south of the Merrimack River, the Town of Newbury was once home to a variety of mills and manufacturers, but is now primarily a residential community. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Parker River, the Little River, the Merrimack River and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF NEWBURY

250096 6,717 90 26.3 90 Y N/A Y




Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Newbury that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Newbury were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 12.8 1.6 0.0 1.6


12.8 0.1 0.0 0.1








o The Town of Newbury’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$700,000 76% $23,500,000 3426% $44,800,000 6535% $56,700,000 8280% $68,900,000 10056% $2,800,000 402%


$100,000 14% $7,800,000 6330% $17,200,000 14013% $20,400,000 16694% $24,300,000 19863% $700,000 594%



Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $900,000 N/A $1,300,000 N/A $1,500,000 N/A $1,800,000 N/A $30,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $900,000 N/A $34,400,000 3798% $68,100,000 7510% $84,600,000 9328% $102,500,000 11304% $3,800,000 416%



3.3.16 Town of Rockport Summary (CID 250100)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Rockport.

3.3.16.1. Overview

Surrounded by water on three sides and with its rocky beaches and seaside parks, the Town of Rockport is primarily a suburban residential and tourist town, but it is still home to a number of lobster fishermen and artists. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include Mill Brook, Sawmill Brook, Sandy Bay, Ipswich Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF ROCKPORT

250100 13,373 2 9.2 2 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Rockport Hazard Mitigation Plan.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Rockport that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Rockport were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0


3.2 0.1 0.0 0.1








o The Town of Rockport’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$1,000,000 80% $7,900,000 774% $13,000,000 1275% $15,800,000 1542% $22,800,000 2227% $1,100,000 108%


$200,000 14% $4,300,000 2429% $6,800,000 3834% $7,800,000 4416% $10,300,000 5817% $600,000 326%

Other Building/Contents$90,000 7% $500,000 638% $900,000 1037% $1,000,000 1193% $1,400,000 1682% $70,000 83%



TOTAL4 $1,300,000 N/A $13,100,000 1017% $21,200,000 1647% $25,200,000 1957% $35,200,000 2742% $1,800,000 138%



3.3.17 Town of Rowley Summary (CID 250101)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Rowley.

3.3.17.1. Overview

Mainly a residential town, the Town of Rowley has many protected areas, wildlife refuges and state forests. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Parker River, the Mill River, the Rowley River, Mud Creek, Plum Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF ROWLEY

250101 6,934 60 20.1 60 Y N/A Y




Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Rowley that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Rowley were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 6.9 1.0 0.0 1.0


6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Rowley’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$300,000 64% $900,000 346% $2,800,000 1120% $4,900,000 1932% $6,500,000 2567% $200,000 81%


$90,000 22% $200,000 284% $600,000 667% $800,000 938% $1,000,000 1200% $40,000 49%

Other Building/Contents$60,000 15% $200,000 353% $500,000 850% $600,000 1053% $700,000 1287% $30,000 60%

Total Building/Contents2 $400,000 100% $1,300,000 333% $3,900,000 982% $6,300,000 1588% $8,200,000 2083% $300,000 71%

Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $20,000 N/A $70,000 N/A $100,000 N/A $100,000 N/A $0 N/A

TOTAL4 $400,000 N/A $1,300,000 340% $3,900,000 1000% $6,400,000 1613% $8,300,000 2114% $300,000 71%



3.3.18 Town of Saugus Summary (CID 250104)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Saugus.

3.3.18.1. Overview

Just inland from Massachusetts Bay at the southern end of Essex County, the Town of Saugus is nine miles northeast of Boston and is primarily a residential community. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Pines River, the Saugus River, Fiske Brook and Rumney Marsh.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF SAUGUS

250104 26,078 46 11.8 46 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Saugus Hazard Mitigation Plan.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Saugus that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Saugus were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 2.1 0.1 0.1 0.0


2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Saugus’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$1,600,000 75% $8,400,000 539% $15,100,000 969% $20,000,000 1285% $28,800,000 1850% $1,300,000 81%


$400,000 18% $7,400,000 1962% $10,500,000 2794% $13,000,000 3461% $17,900,000 4779% $900,000 252%



Business Disruption3 $0 N/A $700,000 N/A $900,000 N/A $1,200,000 N/A $1,600,000 N/A $70,000 N/A

TOTAL4 $2,100,000 N/A $20,100,000 965% $31,300,000 1499% $40,200,000 1926% $56,800,000 2725% $2,700,000 130%



3.3.19 Town of Swampscott Summary (CID 250105)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Swampscott.

3.3.19.1. Overview

A former summer resort on Massachusetts Bay, the Town of Swampscott is today a residential community known for its quiet suburban character and beaches. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include Nahant Bay, Massachusetts Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF SWAMPSCOTT

250105 14,412 100 3.7 100 Y N/A Y




Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Swampscott that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Swampscott were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.1


0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Swampscott’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$1,600,000 75% $4,200,000 271% $7,600,000 484% $12,600,000 808% $21,700,000 1391% $700,000 44%


$400,000 18% $1,800,000 468% $2,700,000 711% $5,700,000 1508% $11,500,000 3014% $300,000 73%




TOTAL4 $2,100,000 N/A $6,900,000 335% $11,800,000 571% $20,800,000 1005% $37,600,000 1813% $1,100,000 53%



3.3.20 Town of Wenham Summary (CID 250107)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of Wenham.

3.3.20.1. Overview

Since its incorporation the Town of Wenham has retained much of its historic character and rural scenery, including parks, playgrounds and recreational lands. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Miles River, the Ipswich River and the Salem Beverly Waterway Canal.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

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y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF WENHAM

250107 4,440 0 8.1 0 Y N/A Y

Participating in Town of Wenham Hazard Mitigation Plan, which expires on 4/30/2017.



Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of Wenham that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of Wenham were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1


0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of Wenham’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$0 54% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A


$0 1% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A

Other Building/Contents$0 46% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A

Total Building/Contents2 $0 100% $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A


TOTAL4 $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A $0 N/A



3.3.21 Town of West Newbury Summary (CID 250108)

The following pages include Flood Risk data for the Town of West Newbury.

3.3.21.1. Overview

Situated on the Merrimack River, the Town of West Newbury has developed from a rural farming town into a growing residential community. Hydrographic features that affect flood risk include the Merrimack River, the Artichoke River, the Indian River and Beaver Brook.

Community Name

CIDTotal



in Watershed

Total Communit

y Land Area (sq

mi)


in Watershe

d

NFIP

CRSRatin

g

Mitigation Plan

TOWN OF WEST NEWBURY

250108 4,149 1 14.8 1 Y N/A Y




Data provided below only includes areas within the Town of West Newbury that are located within the Essex County, MA Coastal PMR, and do not necessarily represent community-wide totals. Section 2 of the Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides more information regarding the source and methodology used to develop the information presented below. Datasets used toward the generation of results of this project are described in Section 7 of the FRR and are found in the Flood Risk Database (FRD).




Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries within the Town of West Newbury were updated due to new coastal analysis. The table below summarizes the increases, decreases, and net change of SFHAs for the community.


Within SFHA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Within Floodway 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0








o The Town of West Newbury’s flood risk analysis uses results from a FEMA-performed Hazus analysis which accounts for newly modeled areas in the Flood Risk Project and newly modeled depths for certain flood events. Potential losses were compared with locally provided tax data to estimate loss ratios for multiple scenarios. Additional information and data layers provided within the FRD should be used to further analyze potential losses and areas where they are likely to occur.





$0 93% $10,000 223% $90,000 3747% $90,000 3747% $90,000 3747% $0 150%


$0 3% $0 5838% $10,000 9868% $10,000 9868% $10,000 9868% $0 710%

Other Building/Contents$0 4% $10,000 8258% $10,000 12511% $10,000 12511% $10,000 12511% $0 1053%

Total Building/Contents2 $0 100% $20,000 703% $100,000 4270% $100,000 4270% $100,000 4270% $10,000 202%


TOTAL4 $0 N/A $20,000 733% $100,000 4312% $100,000 4312% $100,000 4312% $10,000 205%



4 Actions to Reduce Flood Risk

In order to fully leverage the Flood Risk Datasets and Products created for this Flood Risk Project, local stakeholders should consider many different flood risk mitigation tactics, including, but not limited the items shown in the sub-sections below. In particular, each community’s Hazard Mitigation Plan should be consulted to focus on projects that have already been identified for this area.

4.1 Types of Mitigation ActionsMitigation provides a critical foundation on which to reduce loss of life and property by avoiding or lessening the impact of hazard events. This creates safer communities and facilitates resiliency by enabling communities to return to normal function as quickly as possible after a hazard event. Once a community understands its flood risk, it is in a better position to identify potential mitigation actions that can reduce the risk to its people and property.

The mitigation plan requirements in 44 CFR Part 201 encourage communities to understand their vulnerability to hazards and take actions to minimize vulnerability and promote resilience. Flood mitigation actions generally fall into the following categories:

4.1.1 Preventative Measures

Preventative measures are intended to keep flood hazards from getting worse. They can reduce future vulnerability to flooding, especially in areas where development has not yet occurred or where capital improvements have not been substantial. Examples include:

Comprehensive land use planning

Zoning regulations

Subdivision regulations

Open space preservation

Building codes

Floodplain development regulations

Stormwater management

Purchase development rights or conservation easements

Participation in the NFIP Community Rating System (CRS)


NFIP’s CRS is a voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements. As a result, flood insurance premium rates are discounted to reflect the reduced flood risk resulting from community actions meeting the three goals of the CRS: to reduce flood losses, to facilitate accurate insurance rating, and to promote the awareness of flood insurance.

For CRS participating communities, flood insurance premium rates are discounted in increments of 5%; i.e., a Class 1 community would receive a 45% premium discount, while a Class 9 community would receive a 5% discount. (A Class 10 is not participating in the CRS and receives no discount.)

Building to Prevent Future Loss

The elevated building pictured above withstood Hurricane Katrina.

Communities will need to prioritize projects as part of the planning

process. FEMA can then help route federal mitigation dollars to fund these

projects.

4.1.2 Property Protection Measures

Property protection measures protect existing buildings by modifying the building to withstand floods, or by removing buildings from hazardous locations. Examples include:

Building relocation

Acquisition and clearance

Building elevation

Barrier installation

Building retrofit

4.1.3 Natural Resource Protection Activities

Natural resource protection activities reduce the impact of floods by preserving or restoring natural areas such as floodplains, wetlands, and dunes and their natural functions. Examples include:

Wetland protection

Living Shorelines

Habitat protection

Erosion and sedimentation control

Beach nourishment

Primary frontal dune protection

4.1.4 Structural Mitigation Projects

Structural mitigation projects lessen the impact of floods by modifying the environmental natural progression of the flooding event. Structural protection such as upgrading dams/levees for already existing development and critical facilities may be a realistic alternative. However, citizens should be made aware of their residual risk. Examples include:

Reservoirs, retention, and detention basins

Levees, floodwalls and coastal shoreline protection structures

4.1.5 Public Education and Awareness Activities

Public education and awareness activities advise residents, business owners, potential property buyers, and visitors about floods, hazardous areas, and mitigation techniques they can use to reduce the flood risk to themselves and their property. Examples include:

Readily available and readable updated maps

Outreach projects

Libraries

Technical assistance

Real estate disclosure


For more information regarding hazard mitigation techniques, best practices, and potential grant funding sources, visit

www.fema.gov or contact your local floodplain manager,

emergency manager, or State Hazard Mitigation Officer.

Environmental education

Risk information via the nightly news

4.1.6 Emergency Service Measures

Although not typically considered a mitigation technique, emergency service measures minimize the impact of flooding on people and property. These are actions commonly taken immediately prior to, during, or in response to a hazard event. Examples include:

Hazard warning system

Emergency response plan

COOP and COG planning

Critical facilities protection

Health and safety maintenance

Post flood recovery planning

Table 4.1 below identifies possible mitigation actions for each AoMI to consider.Table 4-1. Mitigation Actions for Areas of Mitigation Interest

AoMI Possible Actions to Reduce Flood Risk

Levees (accredited and non-accredited) and significant levee-like structures

Engineering AssessmentLevee upgrades and strengtheningEmergency Action PlanPurchase of flood insurance for at-risk structures

Coastal Structures Jetties Groins Seawalls Other structures

Engineering assessmentStructural upgrades and strengtheningBeach nourishment and dune constructionIncrease coastal setbacks for construction

Natural Resource Protection Living Shorelines Wetland Protection/Restoration

Wetland restoration and mitigation banking programsHabitat restoration programsLiving shoreline engineering design and construction

Past Claims and IA/PA Hot Spots

AcquisitionElevationRelocationFloodproofing

Major Land Use Changes (past 5 years or next 5 years)

Higher regulatory standardTransfer of Development rights

Key Emergency Routes Overtopped During Frequent Flooding Events

ElevationCreation of alternate routes

Areas of Significant Coastal Erosion

Relocation of buildings and infrastructureRegulations and planningNatural vegetationIncrease coastal setbacks for constructionBeach nourishment and dune constructionDune grass planting, dune walkovers, and other protective measuresCoastal armoring or stabilization structures


AoMI Possible Actions to Reduce Flood Risk

Areas of Mitigation Success Promoting successes to encourage future actions

4.2 Identifying Specific Actions for Your CommunityAs many mitigation actions are possible to lessen the impact of floods, how can a community decide which ones are appropriate to implement? There are many ways to identify specific actions most appropriate for a community. Some factors to consider may include the following:

Site characteristics. Does the site present unique challenges (e.g., significant slopes or erosion potential)? Review the Primary Frontal Dune (PFD) Erosion Areas data in the Flood Risk Database to see areas with retreat or removal potential. These areas may be good candidates for beach nourishment or dune construction.

Flood characteristics. Are the flood waters affecting the site fast or slow moving? Is there debris associated with the flow? How deep is the flooding? Review the 1%-annual-chance depth grid in the Flood Risk Database to see the depth of flooding. Review the Coastal Wave Height Grid to see a detailed analysis of the wave heights associated with the 1%-annual-chance flood event or the Coastal Wave Hazard Severity Areas to see which areas in Essex County, MA are likely to experience wave hazards. Review the Limit of Moderate Wave Action (LiMWA) on the FIRM to see areas where potentially damaging waves can occur in the Coastal A Zone. Structural retrofits or elevation may be potential mitigation solutions for areas with high wave hazard risks.

Social acceptance. Will the mitigation action be acceptable to the public? Does it cause social or cultural problems? Talk to FEMA’s outreach specialists for a tailored outreach plan for Essex County, MA. Use the Flood Risk Database to “show” the public the potential risks for a particular area.

Technical feasibility. Is the mitigation action technically feasible (e.g., making a building watertight to a reasonable depth)? Work with engineers or other certified professionals when designing mitigation activities.

Administrative feasibility. Is there administrative capability to implement the mitigation action? Review each community’s Hazard Mitigation Plan to see which specific mitigation projects already receive administrative support. Use the Flood Risk Database to match planned mitigation projects with the highest risk areas to help prioritize future projects.

Legal. Does the mitigation action meet all applicable codes, regulations, and laws? Public officials may have a legal responsibility to act and inform citizens if a known hazard has been identified.

Economic. Is the mitigation action affordable? Is it eligible under grant or other funding programs? Can it be completed within existing budgets?


Refer to FEMA Mitigation Planning How To Guide #3 (FEMA 386-3) “Developing the Mitigation Plan - Identifying Mitigation Actions and

Implementation Strategies” for more information on how to identify

specific mitigation actions to address hazard risk in your community.

FEMA in collaboration with the American Planning Association has released the publication, “Integrating Hazard Mitigation

into Local Planning.” This guide explains how hazard mitigation can be incorporated into several different types of local planning programs. For more information

go to www.planning.org. or http://www.fema.gov/library.

Environmental. Does the mitigation action cause adverse impacts on the environment or can they be mitigated? Is it the most appropriate action among the possible alternatives?

Each studied community’s local Hazard Mitigation Plan is a valuable place to identify and prioritize possible mitigation actions. The plan includes a mitigation strategy with mitigation actions that were developed through a public and open process. You can then add to or modify those actions based on what is learned during the course of the Risk MAP project and the information provided within this FRR.

Also review the Flood Risk Database products to see areas with a high risk such as areas with PFD erosion potential or high wave height potential. The Coastal Increased Inundation Areas product can help for planning for the future or for more extreme scenarios. These products can help the community understand which areas have a higher risk, allowing Essex County, MA to focus resources on these areas.

4.3 Mitigation Programs and AssistanceNot all mitigation activities require funding (e.g., local policy actions such as strengthening a flood damage prevention ordinance), and those that do are not limited to outside funding sources (e.g., inclusion in local capital improvements plan, etc.). For those mitigation actions that require assistance through funding or technical expertise, several state and federal agencies have flood hazard mitigation grant programs and offer technical assistance. These programs may be funded at different levels over time or may be activated under special circumstances such as after a presidential disaster declaration.

4.3.1 FEMA Mitigation Programs and Assistance

FEMA awards many mitigation grants each year to states and communities to undertake mitigation projects to prevent future loss of life and property resulting from hazard impacts, including flooding. The FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) programs provide grants for mitigation through the programs listed in Table 4.2 below.

Table 4-2. FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance Programs

Mitigation Grant Program Authorization Purpose

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)

Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency

Assistance Act

Activated after a presidential disaster declaration; provides funds on a sliding scale formula based on a percentage of the total federal assistance for a disaster for long-term mitigation measures to reduce vulnerability to natural hazards

Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA)

National Flood Insurance Reform Act Reduce or eliminate claims against the NFIP

Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Disaster Mitigation Act National competitive program focused on mitigation project

and planning activities that address multiple natural hazards

Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC)

Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance

Reform Act

Reduce flood claims against the NFIP through flood mitigation; properties must be currently NFIP insured and have had at least one NFIP claim


Communities can link hazard mitigation

plans and actions to the right FEMA grant programs to fund flood risk

reduction. More information about FEMA HMA programs can be found at http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/

hma/index.shtm.

Mitigation Grant Program Authorization Purpose

Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL)Bunning-Bereuter-

Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act

Reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of flood damage to SRL residential structures currently insured under the NFIP

The HMGP and PDM programs offer funding for mitigation planning and project activities that address multiple natural hazard events. The FMA, RFC, and SRL programs focus funding efforts on reducing claims against the NFIP. Funding under the HMA programs is subject to availability of annual appropriations, and HMGP funding is also subject to the amount of FEMA disaster recovery assistance provided under a presidential major disaster declaration.

FEMA’s HMA grants are awarded to eligible states, tribes, and territories (applicant) that, in turn, provide sub-grants to local governments and communities (sub-applicant). The applicant selects and prioritizes sub-applications developed and submitted to them by sub-applicants and submits them to FEMA for funding consideration. Prospective sub-applicants should consult the office designated as their applicant for further information regarding specific program and application requirements. Contact information for the FEMA Regional Offices and State Hazard Mitigation Officers (SHMO) is available on the FEMA website (www.fema.gov).

4.3.2 Additional Mitigation Programs and Assistance

Several additional agencies including USACE, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and others have specialists on staff and can offer further information on flood hazard mitigation. The State NFIP Coordinator and SHMO are state-level sources of information and assistance, which vary among different states.


The Silver Jackets program, active in several states, is a partnership of

USACE, FEMA, and state agencies. The Silver Jackets program provides a state-based strategy for an interagency approach to planning and implementing

measures for risk reduction.

5 Acronyms and Definitions

5.1 Acronyms

AAAL Average Annualized LossALR Annualized Loss RatioAoMI Areas of Mitigation Interest

BBCA Benefit-Cost AnalysisBFE Base Flood Elevation BMP Best Management Practices

CCFR Code of Federal Regulations CHHA Coastal High Hazard AreasCOG Continuity of Government PlanCOOP Continuity of Operations Plan CRS Community Rating SystemCSLF Changes Since Last FIRM

D

DHS Department of Homeland SecurityDMA 2000 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

EEAP Emergency Action PlanEOP Emergency Operations Plan

FFEMA Federal Emergency Management AgencyFIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FIS Flood Insurance Study FMA Flood Mitigation AssistanceFRD Flood Risk DatabaseFRM Flood Risk MapFRR Flood Risk ReportFY Fiscal Year

GGIS Geographic Information System

HHMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance


HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant ProgramIIA Individual Assistance

NNFIA National Flood Insurance ActNFIP National Flood Insurance Program NRCS Natural Resource Conservation Service

PPA Public AssistancePDM Pre-Disaster MitigationPFD Primary Frontal DunePMF Probable Maximum Flood

RRFC Repetitive Flood ClaimsRisk MAP Mapping, Assessment, and Planning

SSFHA Special Flood Hazard AreaSHMO State Hazard Mitigation OfficerSRL Severe Repetitive Loss

UUSACE U.S. Army Corps of EngineersUSGS U.S. Geological Survey

5.2 Definitions0.2-percent-annual-chance flood – The flood elevation that has a 0.2-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded each year. Sometimes referred to as the 500-year flood.

1-percent-annual-chance flood – The flood elevation that has a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded each year. Sometimes referred to as the 100-year flood.

Annualized Loss Ratio (ALR) – Expresses the annualized loss as a fraction of the value of the local inventory (total value/annualized loss).

Average Annualized Loss (AAL) – The estimated long-term weighted average value of losses to property in any single year in a specified geographic area.

Base Flood Elevation (BFE) – Elevation of the 1-percent-annual-chance flood. This elevation is the basis of the insurance and floodplain management requirements of the NFIP.

Berm – A small levee, typically built from earth.


Cfs – Cubic feet per second, the unit by which discharges are measured (a cubic foot of water is about 7.5 gallons).

Coastal High Hazard Area (CHHA)—Portion of the SFHA extending from offshore to the inland limit of a primary frontal dune along an open coast or any other area subject to high velocity wave action from storms or seismic sources.

Consequence (of flood) – The estimated damages associated with a given flood occurrence.

Crest – The peak stage or elevation reached or expected to be reached by the floodwaters of a specific flood at a given location.

Dam – An artificial barrier that has the ability to impound water, wastewater, or any liquid-borne material, for the purpose of storage or control of water. Design flood event – The greater of the following two flood events: (1) the base flood, affecting those areas identified as SFHAs on a community’s FIRM; or (2) the flood corresponding to the area designated as a flood hazard area on a community’s flood hazard map or otherwise legally designated.

Erosion – Process by which floodwaters lower the ground surface in an area by removing upper layers of soil.

Essential facilities – Facilities that, if damaged, would present an immediate threat to life, public health, and safety. As categorized in Hazus, essential facilities include hospitals, emergency operations centers, police stations, fire stations, and schools.

Flood – A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from (1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters or (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source.

Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) – An official map of a community, on which FEMA has delineated both the SFHAs and the risk premium zones applicable to the community. See also Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map.

Flood Insurance Study (FIS) Report – Contains an examination, evaluation, and determination of the flood hazards of a community, and if appropriate, the corresponding water-surface elevations.

Flood risk – Probability multiplied by consequence; the degree of probability that a loss or injury may occur as a result of flooding. Sometimes referred to as flood vulnerability.

Flood vulnerability – Probability multiplied by consequence; the degree of probability that a loss or injury may occur as a result of flooding. Sometimes referred to as flood risk.

Flood-borne debris impact – Floodwater moving at a moderate or high velocity can carry flood-borne debris that can impact buildings and damage walls and foundations.


Floodwall – A long, narrow concrete or masonry wall built to protect land from flooding.Floodway (regulatory) – The channel of a river or other watercourse and that portion of the adjacent floodplain that must remain unobstructed to permit passage of the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height (usually 1 foot).

Floodway fringe – The portion of the SFHA that is outside of the floodway.

Freeboard – A factor of safety usually expressed in feet above a flood level for purposes of flood plain management. “Freeboard” tends to compensate for the many unknown factors that could contribute to flood heights greater than the height calculated for a selected size flood and floodway conditions, such as wave action, bridge openings, and the hydrological effect of urbanization of the watershed (44CFR§59.1).

Hazus – A GIS-based risk assessment methodology and software application created by FEMA and the National Institute of Building Sciences for analyzing potential losses from floods, hurricane winds and storm surge, and earthquakes.

High velocity flow – Typically comprised of floodwaters moving faster than 5 feet per second.

Levee – A human-made structure, usually an earthen embankment, designed and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices to contain, control, or divert the flow of water so as to provide protection from temporary flooding. (44CFR§59.1)

Loss ratio – Expresses loss as a fraction of the value of the local inventory (total value/loss).

Mudflow – Mudslide (i.e., mudflow) describes a condition where there is a river, flow or inundation of liquid mud down a hillside usually as a result of a dual condition of loss of brush cover, and the subsequent accumulation of water on the ground preceded by a period of unusually heavy or sustained rain. A mudslide (i.e., mudflow) may occur as a distinct phenomenon while a landslide is in progress, and will be recognized as such by the Administrator only if the mudflow, and not the landslide, is the proximate cause of damage that occurs. (44CFR§59.1)

Primary frontal dune (PFD)—A continuous or nearly continuous mound or ridge of sand with relatively steep seaward and landward slopes immediately landward and adjacent to the beach and subject to erosion and overtopping from high tides and waves during major coastal storms. The inland limit of the primary frontal dune occurs at the point where there is a distinct change from a relatively steep slope to a relatively mild slope.

Probability (of flood) – The likelihood that a flood will occur in a given area.

Risk MAP – Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning, a FEMA strategy to work collaboratively with state, local, and tribal entities to deliver quality flood data that increases public awareness and leads to action that reduces risk to life and property.

Riverine – Of or produced by a river. Riverine floodplains have readily identifiable channels.


Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) – Portion of the floodplain subject to inundation by the 1-percent-annual or base flood.Stafford Act – Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL 100-707, signed into law November 23, 1988; amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93-288. This Act constitutes the statutory authority for most federal disaster response activities especially as they pertain to FEMA and FEMA programs.

Stillwater –Projected elevation that flood waters would assume, referenced to National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, North American Vertical Datum of 1988, or other datum, in the absence of waves resulting from wind or seismic effects.

Stream Flow Constrictions – A point where a human-made structure constricts the flow of a river or stream.


6 Additional Resources

ASCE 7 – National design standard issued by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, which gives current requirements for dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, ice, and earthquake loads, and their combinations, suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents.

ASCE 24-05 – National design standard issued by the ASCE, Flood Resistant Design and Construction, which outlines the requirements for flood resistant design and construction of structures in flood hazard areas.

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), www.floodsmart.gov

FEMA, www.fema.gov

ASCE, 2010. So, You Live Behind a Levee! Reston, VA.

FEMA Publications – available at www.fema.gov

FEMA, 1985. Manufactured Home Installation in Flood Hazard Areas, FEMA 85. Washington, DC, September 1985.

FEMA and the American Red Cross, 1992. Repairing Your Flooded Home, FEMA 234/ARC 4476. Washington, DC, August 1992.

FEMA, 1996. Addressing Your Community’s Flood Problems, FEMA 309. Washington, DC, June 1996.

FEMA, 1998. Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting, FEMA 312. Washington, DC, June 1998.

FEMA, 1999. Protecting Building Utilities from Flood Damage, FEMA 348. Washington, DC, November 1999.

FEMA, 1999. Riverine Erosion Hazard Areas Mapping Feasibility Study. Washington, DC, September 1999.

FEMA, 2003. Interim Guidance for State and Local Officials - Increased Cost of Compliance Coverage, FEMA 301. Washington, DC, September 2003.

FEMA, 2000. Above the Flood: Elevating Your Floodprone House, FEMA 347. Washington, DC, May 2000.

FEMA, 2001. Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses, FEMA 386-2. Washington, DC, August 2001.

FEMA, 2002a. Getting Started: Building Support for Mitigation Planning, FEMA 386-1. Washington, DC, September 2002.

FEMA, 2002b. Integrating Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning, FEMA 386-7. Washington, DC, September 2002.

FEMA, 2003a. Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying Mitigation Actions and Implementing Strategies, FEMA 386-3. Washington, DC, April 2003.

FEMA, 2003b. Bringing the Plan to Life: Implementing the Hazard Mitigation Plan, FEMA 386-4. Washington, DC, August 2003.


http://www.fema.gov/

http://www.fema.gov/

http://www.floodsmart.gov/

FEMA, 2004a. Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds, FEMA 424. Washington, DC, January 2004.

FEMA, 2004b. Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety: Emergency Action Planning for Dam Owners, FEMA 64. Washington, DC, April 2004.

FEMA, 2005. Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations into Hazard Mitigation Planning, FEMA 386-6. Washington, DC, May 2005.

FEMA, 2006a. Multi-Jurisdictional Mitigation Planning, FEMA 386-8. Washington, DC, August 2006.

FEMA, 2006b. Using the Hazard Mitigation Plan to Prepare Successful Mitigation Projects, FEMA 386-9. Washington, DC, August 2008.

FEMA, 2006c. “Designing for Flood Levels Above the BFE,” Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisory 8, Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast: Building Performance Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance, FEMA 549, Appendix E. Washington, DC, July 2006.

FEMA, 2007a. Property Acquisition Handbook for Local Communities, FEMA 317. Washington, DC, September 2007.

FEMA, 2007b. Public Assistance Guide, FEMA 322. Washington, DC, June 2007.

FEMA, 2007c. Using Benefit-Cost Review in Mitigation Planning, FEMA 386-5. Washington, DC, May 2007.

FEMA, 2007d. Design Guide for Improving Critical Facility Safety from Flooding and High Winds: Providing Protection to People and Buildings, FEMA 543. Washington, DC, January 2007.

FEMA, 2007e. Selecting Appropriate Mitigation Measures for Floodprone Structures, FEMA 551. Washington, DC, March 2007.

FEMA, 2007f. Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds: Providing Protection to People and Buildings, FEMA 577. Washington, DC, June 2007.

FEMA, 2008. Reducing Flood Losses Through the International Codes: Meeting the Requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, FEMA 9-0372, Third Edition. Washington, DC, December 2007.

FEMA, 2009. Local Officials Guide for Coastal Construction, FEMA P-762. Washington, DC, February 2009.

FEMA, 2009. Recommended Residential Construction for Coastal Areas: Building on Strong and Safe Foundations, FEMA P-550, Second Edition. Washington, DC, December 2009.

FEMA, 2010. Home Builder’s Guide to Coastal Construction, FEMA P-499. Washington, DC, December 2010.

FEMA, 2011. Coastal Construction Manual: Principles and Practices of Planning, Siting, Designing, Constructing, and Maintaining Residential Buildings in Coastal Areas, Fourth Edition, FEMA P-55. Washington, DC, August 2011.

USGS National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project. http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/


http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/

7 Data Used to Develop Flood Risk Products

GIS base map information was acquired from the following sources:

2000 U.S. Census Block data – United States Census Bureau Changes Since Last Firm – FEMA Essex County Flood Risk Database Political Boundaries – FEMA Essex County Preliminary DFIRM Database Roads – FEMA Essex County Preliminary DFIRM Database Watershed Boundaries – United States Geological Survey Wave Heights – FEMA Essex County Preliminary DFIRM Database


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