• I -

FLOOD OF AUGUST 1953 Of THE VICINITY OF TYLER TOWN, MISSISSIPPI

by

I. E. Anderson Jackson District

Water Resources Division U. s. Geological Survey

Jackson, Mia •·

S'l·ll AUGUST 1954

OPEN FILE RELEASE

· · --Reprinted by the Mississippi Board of Water Commissioners

1-ky 1966

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CONTENTS

mtrocluction • • • • • • ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Page

1

Cieneral feature a of Auguet 1953 atorm • • • .. • • " • • • • • • · 2

I)a~ge • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • - • • 4

Meteorologic coDditions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4

Precipitation • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

Discharge •••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••• 7

Previoue flood.a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FIGURES

Figure 1 Iaohyetal map of flood area .. • • • • • • • • • • · • • 3

Table

"·' ..

Dry Creek at Tylertown, at flood crest •••••••

3 Dry Creek at Tylertown, at flood crest • • • ••••

4 Small tributary stream to Bogue Chitto just east of bridge over Bogue Ch1tto on State

5

5

Highway 48 • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. 6

5 Ea•t Fork Hickory Flat at State Highway 24, several hours after flood crest ••••••• . . • • 6

6 Map of flood area showing places where peak discharges were determined • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

7 Relation of unit discharges to size of drainage area • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13

8 Discharge hydrograph for Bogue Chitto near Tylertown, Miss., and at Franklinton, La •••••

TABLES

14

1 Rainfall August Zl-22, 1953 .. .• • • • • • • • • • • 8-9

Maxlmwn discharges, August 22-23, 1953 • • • • 10

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FLOOD OF AUGUST 1953 IN THE VICINITY OF TYLER TOWN, MISSISSIPPI ·. · ..

INTRODUCTION

The United States Geological Survey in coopel'ation with the

Mississippi Highway Department has been studying the aul'face-water

resources and problema of Mississippi as they affect the highway pl'O•

gram. One phaa~ of this program is the determination of flood runoff

from small drainage areas.

This il the final of two reports on the August 1953 flood; the first

or preliminary report was released to the Highway Department as an

administrative report in November 1953.

Nearly every year some part of Mississippi experiences a flood

of exceptional magnitude that usually results from an intense rainfall

over a relatively small area. These storms are difficult to describe

satisfactorily, for often there are no official rainfall stations within the

region of moat intense precipitation. and supplementary rainfall informa-

tion must be obtained from local residents. Owing to the flashy catura of

the floods there is rarely an opportunity for direct measurements of

stage or discharge. Discharge rates must frequently be computed by

indirect methods, the most common of which are open-channel slope

formulas and flow through contracted openings.

Although reports dealing with cloudburst floods may be inadequate

in many respects, any available information on such floods is valuable.

A record of magnitude of these floods and a study of the history of

previous floods is of value in designing engineering structures such as

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l»ridges, levees, dams, and other controlling worka, and in planning the

complete \ltilisation of the water resources of the re1ion.

Field investi1ations incident to this report were conducted l»y

meml»ers of the staff of the District Office, u. s~ Oeolo1ical Survey,

Jackson, Mississippi under the direction of Willi&m H. Goines,

Hydraulic En1lneer. Thia report was prepared JoiDtly by Mr. Go.Uaaa

and Harry H. Barnes, Jr., Hydraulic Engineer.

OENERAL FEATURES OF AUOUST 1953 STORM

During the night of Aug. 21-2Z., 1953 heavy rains of cloudburat

intensity covered parts of Walthall, Pike, and Lincoln CoWltiea in

Misaisslppi and extended into Louisiana. A field reco~m&isaance made

Aug. ZS-Z8, 1953 revealed that the heaviest rainfall occurred in Waltball

County in the watersheds of Topisaw, Carter, Leatherwood, Union, and

Dry Creeks and other small creeks in that area. The bulk of the flow at

the gaging station on Bogue Chitto near Tylertown came from Topisaw

and Leatherwood Creeks. The area of intense rainfall is sboWII. on

figure 1.

The following is quoted from the Aug. Z7, 1953 issue of ••The

Tylertown Times,.:

Part o£ Tylertown and a wide surrounding area were inundated early Saturday morning by flash floods which followed a downpour o£ rain which had reached cloud­burst proportions.

The flood hit Tylertown about 6:00 o'clock as Dry Creek burst from its banks with stunning suddezmess. . Earlier flash floods struck four highways leading into the city •

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~· . . . UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE ltiimiOR

GEOI..oGICAL. SURVEY WATD RCSOUftCU CIVI$10N

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LOUISIANA

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LOCATION MAP

Bogalusa 1

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The floods resulted from a nightlong rain which reached its extreme between 3 and 5 o'clock. Many old time re siclenu compared the !lood with the "Fresh of 1900", stating that they bad seen nothing like it since that year, untilla•t Saturclay ....

As a result of flooding of the Tylertown Water Works the city wa•

without water from Saturday morning until 6 a. m. Swulay.

Photographs taken at and near Tylertown on the morniDg of

August ZZ, 1953 are shown a• figures Z- 5.

DAMAGE

The 1reatest damage was to road• and brid1e•a no live• were

lo•t. E•timated dollar value of the damage in Mi••i••ippi is •hown in the

following table&

Tn · of property Estimate furnished by Damage

Lincoln Co. roads and bridges Chancery Clerk $ 30,000

Pike Co. do do do do 50,000

Walthall Co. do do do Board of Superviaors 12,500

Crops - - - - - - - - - - - - Walthall County Agent z.ooo

Private property - - - - - - - do 5,600

Railroad Fernwood, Columbia, 10,000 8t Gulf Railroad

$110,100

METEOROLOGIC CONDITIONS

The following is quoted from a letter dated Sept. 15, 1953 from

George v. Fi•h. Meteorologist in Charge, u •. s. Weather Bureau.. Jacbon,

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Figure 3. -

Dry Creek at State Highway 2.7 in Tylertown. Photograph taken at crest of flood. 6 a. m. Aug. 2.2.. 1953.

Photo by Tylertown Timea •

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Dry Creek a quarter of a mile downstream from State Highway 2. 7 in Tylertown. Photograph taken at crest of flood. 6 a.m. Aug. 2.2., 1953.

Photo ,bY Tylertown Timea.

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Figure 5. -

Small stream tributary to Bo1ue Chitto Ju•t ea•t of bridge over Bogue Chitto River on State Highway 48, Aug. ZZ, 1953.

Photo by Tylertown Time ••

East Fork Hickory Flat at State Highway 24, 5 miles northwest of Tylertown. At 6 a. m. August 22, 1953 the flood crest was reported to be at Cop of car (indicated by an arrow).

Photo by Tylertown Time•.

6

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Beginning August 2.1, 1953, at about 3;00 P.M., and con­tinuing through noon August 2.2., concentrated heavy rain occur­red over the middle reach of Bogue Chitto watershed in Mississippi and Louisiana. The greatest bulk of the raiDfall occurred after midnight of August 2.1 and ended before daylight on Aug. 2.2., *** this rainfall developed from what appeared to be a relatively small and rather weak circulation aloft over South Miaaiasippi and East Louisiana. It appeared to result from a combination of air mass thunder-showers on the Z.lat and thUDdersho•·era produced by isentrophic lifting during the early morning of August 2.2.. ***·

Precipitation

Soon after the storm an extensive search was made for rainfall

information to supplement data furnished by the U. S. Weather Bureau.

Measurements made in cans, tubs, washpots, or other veasela are per-

haps not highly accurate, but they may be used with confidence when

several such measurements in the same locality are found to agree

satisfactorily. At many places in the area of intense precipitation, the

containers overflowed. These measurements are qualified by a plus

sign, for example 12./, indicates that at that point the rain waa in excess

of 12. inches.

All available rainfall data are given in table 1. Figure 1 is an

isohyetal map based on rainfall data given in table 1.

DISCHARGE RECORDS

Four indirect determinations o£ peak discharge were made at loca-

tions shown on figure 6. Results of these determinations, and discharge

at two gaging stations are given in table z.. An estimate of the peak

7

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TABLE l,

No· • Location .

1 Brookhaven, Lincoln Co •• , •••• , , , , •• z Monticello, Lawrence Co •••••••••••• 3 Ruth. Lincoln Co ••••••••••••••••••• 4 McComb, Pike Co ••••••••••••••• a ••

5 Columbia, Marion Co ••••.•••••••• ., • 6 Tylert::.wn. Walthall Co ••••••••••••• 7 Franklintown,

. · Lao• • G •. • • • • • • •• o. • o •

8 Bogalusa, La. • ••••• 0 ••••••••••• 0 ••

9 White Sand, Pearl River Co .••••••• ,. 10 Brookhaven, Lincoln Co •• 8 miles SE.

(» 11 do do 11 miles SE, 12 do 10 miles SE ••••••• , •••• 13 Ruth, Lincoln Co •• 4 miles 1-lE •• o •• o 14 McComb, Pike Co., 8 miles NE.,, •• 15 do do 7 1/2 miles NE •• 16 do do 7 miles NEE ••• 17 do do 9 miles SE ••• o 18 do do 11 miles NE •••• 19 do do 10 miles NE •••• zo do do 6 miles E ••••• Zl do do 9 miles SE •••• 2Z do do 9 miles SE •••• Z3 do do 8 miles S •••••

TABLE 1 continued on following page.

RAINFALL AUGUST "21-2Z, 1953

Total Type of gage rainfall

(inches)

u. s. Weather Bureau ••• 1. 90 do ... ZoZ9 do ••• 9.47 do ... 6.08 do ... Z.57 do .... 10.05 do ••• 4.56 do • •• 4.,64 do ... 2.90

Childs Wagon •••• , •••••• 3.1 Test-tube rain gage •••• 4.5 No. 2 washtub •••••••••• 6. 5 No. 3 washtub •• o o •••• , about 7 Washpot •••••••••••••••• 8.4

do ••••••••••••••••••• 8. 5 do ••••••••••••••••••• 10./

No. 3 washtub ••••••••••• 11.4,C do••••••••••••• 11.4/

Washpot •••••••••••••••• 10. Z,C No. 3 washtub •••••••••• 6.5 No. Z washtub •••••••••• 9.6,C Home -made rain gage ••• 11.0 No. 3 washtub •••••••••• 10.3/

Remarks

Recording gage. Non-recording gage. Recording gage. Non-recording gage.

do Recording gage. Non-recording gage.

do Recording gage. Computed equivalent depth

----Computed equivalent dept h. Tub 2/3 full. Computed equivalent dept h.

do ContaiJ,er ran over.

do do do

h. Computed equivalent dept Container ran over.

----Container ran over.

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No.

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

34 35

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

TABLE 1. (concluded) RAINFALL AUGUST 21~2z. 1953

Location Type of gage

-Swnmit, Pike Co., 4 miles E ••••••• Washpot ••••••••••••••••

do do l mile W •••••••• No. 3 washtub •••••••••• do do 3 1/2 miles N •••••• Washpot •••••••••••••• do do 4 1/Z miles W •••••• No. 3 washtub ••••••••••• do do 7 miles NE ••••• Washpot ••••••••••••••• do do 5 miles W •••••• I ---- .............

Tylertown. Walthall Co •• 8 1/2 mi1es N. Washpot •••••. ••.••••••• do do 5 miles N ••••••• No. 2 washtub ••••••••••• do do 7 milt> ... NNE •••• No. 3 washtub •••••••••• do do 13 1/Z miles NW ••• 50 lb. lard can •••••••••

do do 3 miles N •••••• Vlashpot ................ do do 4 miles N •••••• 1 011 bucket •••••••••••••

do do 3 1/Z miles N ...... Washpot •••••••••••••• do do 3 miles ••••••• No. 3 washtub ••••••••• do do 5 miles NW •••• No. 2 washtub •••••••••• do do 12 1/Z miles N •••• No. 3 washtub •••••••••• do do 4 miles SW •••• Small tub •••••••••••••• do do 12 miles NE •••• 10 quart bucket ••••••••• do do 7 miles SE •••• State Forestry rain gage •• do do 4 miles NW ••• 12" lard can do do 9 miles N~. ~ ••• Washpot

(a) Light rain reported 2 1/2 miles north. (b) 10.1 inches by 5:30 a. m •• Aug. 22.

Total rainfall Remarks (inches)

10.1 Computed equivalent depth. 11.41 Container ran over. S.l(a) Computed equivalent depth. 6.3 do

about 4 ----3 Estimated.

11./(b) Container ran over. 10.51 do 10.51 do 12.6 Straight sided can, near

small pine tree. 10 I Container ran over. 13 .J Bucket full at 6 a.m. • esti-

mate 3" more after 6 a.m. 10 I Container ran over. 10.3/ do 10.31 do 10.31 do 5.9 Computed equivalent depth. 4 Estimated. 8. 6 ----

1Z. I Container ran over. 7.4 Computed equivalent depth.

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TABLE 2: MAXIMUM DISCHARGES, AUGUST 22-23, 1953

Map Dra:lnaae Maximum Method of number Stream alld place of area diecharae Determi-OD determiDation. (aquar e u.tion ri1• 6 mile a) cfa c£a per

aq.mUe

1 Leatherwood Creek. NW 1/4 aec. 34.2 27,100 813 Slope· 26, T. 3N., R. 9E. , 1 mUe area upatream from mouth, and Z 1/4

"""wJ,-milea aoutheaat of Holmeaville, Pike County, Miaa. ~~· --~ -jJ;.. ,_- ., ~""'

z Bogue Chitto, aec. 34, T. 3N. , 50Z ~z~·· a ,too ~~~

"" llatma R. 9 E., 9 mUea NW of Tyler- . curve town, Walthall County, Miasbaippl.

3 Middle Fork Hickory Flat, on 1. 37 2,300 1,680 Cr ntl'&ct-line between aec. 5 and aec. 8, ed T. Z N., R. 10 E., 5 1/Z miles opening. NW of Tylertown, Walthall County, Mississippi.

4 Union Creek, sec. 6, T. Z N., 1Z.6 12,800 1, ozo Contractec R. 11 E. , 3 miles north of -opening Tylertown, Walthall County, Miss. plus com-

putedflow over mad

5 D . y Creek, sec. 24, T. ZN •• 8.4 9,530 1, 130 Slope-R. 10 E., at Tylertown, Walthall area County, Mississippi

6 Bogue Chitto, in SE 1/4 SE 1/4 985 38.000 38.6 Rating sec. Z6, T. Z S. • R. 10 E. • curve three quartera of a mile west of Franklinton, La.

10

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOL.OGICAL euRvEv Fik ----

WATER RUOUIU:U DIV~ION

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PEAK DISCHARGES WERE DETERMINED

0 Brookhaven

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Me Comb Holmesville

Ml SSISSIPPl 1---

LOUlSIANA

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Scale in miles

EXPLANATION

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° Franklinton

£ 2 Stream-ga9ing station at which systematic records of. sta~e and dischCJrge ore available currently

6 I Points ot which determinations of maximum discharge only ore Clvoi !ob!e

Numbers conform to those in table 2

Columbia

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dbcbarge of Bogue Chitto 5 miles northeast of McComb, at a point upatream • ·

from the area of iDtenae precipitation, waa made by eatimatinc the area from

flooclmarka, and the velocity from. appearance of cbauel. Tht. eatim&ted dia-

charge ia 1, ~00 cfa from a draiD&ge area of ~55 aqaare mile1 aDd ia liven only

to give an inclication of the runoff from the principal contaolbutina area above the

gaging atation uar Tylertown. The discharge at the 1a1lai atatlons Boaue

Chitto near Tylertown, Mhaisaippi, aDd Bogue Chitto at J'rankUn~n, Louiaiana,

waa determined fzoom rating curve a. The priDciH! contrlbudq dramaae area at

the gaging station, Bogue Chitto near Tylertown, Wiaaiaalppi, 11 the difference

in area between the point where discharge 'waa eatlmated aDd the Tylertown

station, or SOZ-ZSS • Z47 aquare mUea. The rUDolf bom thla area ia about 1io cfa per square mile.

Figure 7 ia a graph abowing the floocl diachargea, iD cfa per square mile,

which are listed in table Z, plotted against the corresponcling drainage areas.

A discharge hydrograph showing the characteriatica of the flood peak for

the flood period has been plotted for gaging station• Bo1ue Chitto near Tylertown,

Mississippi, and Bogue Chitto at Franklinton, Louiaiana, and ia shown on

figure 8. It can be seen from the plot that the rise at the Tylertown station

started at Z a. m. and rose rapidly to a peak at 7 p. m. Create on the smaller

streams occurred prior to 9 a. m. indicating that their rises were much sharp-

er than that at the Tylertown station.

PREVIOUS FLOODS

Information obtained from local residents indicates that on the smaller

drainage areas the flood of August ZZ, 1953 ia the highest since AprU 1900,

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··-· · ······· · - ~· UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

CIEOLOCIICAI. 8UJilVEY

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---· UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WATU lt&SOU..c:&a QIVI.ION

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August 19~3

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... ; aDd, i• of about the same magnitude a• that fiood. A flood of about the ... same ma.IJlitude a• the 1900 flood i• reported to have occvred in .1876.

· .. Other lDformation relative to flood of 1876 i• lackinl• ·r

.·, A cont:inuou• record of •tage and di8char1e baa been obtained at

Boaue Chitto near Tylertown. Mia•ia•ippi, from Au1uat 1944 to date.

During thia period of record the maximum di•charl•• w~ch rea~ted

from general rains over a large area, occurred on January 7 • 1950,

with a peak ducbarge of 45,700 cfe.

A continU()1la record of stage and discharge ba• been obtained G<.!

Bogue Chitto at Franklinton, La. for the period• Auguat 19~8 to

September 1931, and October 1938 to date. The u. s. Weather Bureau

has collected gage height recorda in this vicinity since February 19~~.

The maximum di8charge during period of record was 50, 000 cfs on

March ~1. 1943. The maximum stage known occurred in AprU 1900,

and was approximately 9 feet higher than in 19~3 •

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