flood mapping t c f safety and m o ... · march 2019. d. eep v. s. hallow. s. ensors. deep channel...
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March 2019
INTRODUCTION TO BATHYMETRIC LIDAR
Dushan Arumugam
FLOOD MODELLING AND MAPPING
THE CORNERSTONE OF FLOOD SAFETY AND MANAGEMENT IN ONTARIO
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March 2019
DUSHAN ARUMUGAM
EducationBSc Geomatics Engineering
University of Calgary (1996)
ASCM Certified Hydrographer
Work ExperienceGeomatics Data Solutions Inc.
GDS, Canada (April 2009 - Present)
Project Manager Bathymetric Lidar (HawkEye II)Blom Aerofilms Ltd, Cheddar, UK (May 2008 - April 2009)
Lead Hydrographer / Party Chief Lidar (SHOALS-1000T)Fugro Pelagos, Inc., San Diego, California (2004 - 2008)
Lead Hydrographer NOAA ProjectsFugro Pelagos, Inc., San Diego, California (1999 - 2004)
Offshore Surveyor, Racal Survey USA, Houston, TX (1996 - 1999)
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March 2019
GEOMATICS DATA SOLUTIONS
+ Small, specialized company of highly trained and technical staff
+ Airborne lidar (bathymetric and topographic)
+ Vessel based sonar (multibeam, singlebeam, sidescan and scanning)
+ Supporting survey requirements (GNSS control, tidal datum determination)
+ Offices in Calgary, Alberta and Hillsboro, Oregon
+ Projects worldwide
+ Canadian Hydrographic Service: Haida Gwaii, Lake Superior, Newfoundland/Labrador
+ Halifax Regional Municipality: Coastal and inland Nova Scotia
+ Tonga: Nautical charting program teamed with iXblue for LINZ
+ US Public Sector: NOAA, USGS, NGA, Bureau of Reclamation
+ Klamath River, Oregon/California: Dam removal reservoir and river surveys
+ Snake River, Idaho: Snake River and high-resolution scanning for Idaho Power
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March 2019
BATHYMETRIC LIDAR HISTORY1st Generation (early 70’s)
US: PLADSAustralia: WRELADS IUSSR, Sweden, Canada: Ship-borne lidar
2nd-3rd Generation (mid 70’s – late 80’s)US: AOL, HALS, ALARMSAustralia: WRELADS II, RAN LADSUSSR: GOI, Chaika, Markel-IISweden: OWL, FLASH-1Canada: CCRS, LARSEN-500, China: BLOL
Operational systems (early 90’s – today)US/Canada: SHOALS, EAARLAustralia: LADSSweden: HawkEye
Current SensorsOptech: CZMIL, TitanLeica: HawkEye 4x, Chiroptera 4xFugro LADS: LADS Mk III, RAMMSRiegl: VQ820-G, VQ880-G
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March 2019
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
+ Consistent swath widths
+ More efficient coverage in very shallow water (<5 – 15m)
+ Eliminates safety concerns of boat operations in shallow uncharted water
+ Can be combined with multibeam for optimal survey results, efficiency & safety
Sample Project >200km2
+ Very Shallow Depths (3m on average)
+ Understand limitations
Technology Time to Survey
Full Coverage Multibeam 1 year
100% Sidescan Sonar(with singlebeam or skunk striped bathy)
60 days
Bathy Lidar 2 days
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March 2019
CURRENT SENSORS
+ Traditional / High-Power
(Deep Channel Systems)+ Optech CZMIL
+ Fugro LADS Mk III
+ Fugro RAMMS
+ Leica HawkEye 4x
+ Low-Power
(Topo-Bathy or Shallow Channel Systems)+ EAARL-B
+ Optech Titan?
+ Leica Chiroptera 4x
+ Riegl VQ820-G / VQ880-G
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March 2019
DEEP V SHALLOW SENSORS
Deep Channel Sensor Shallow Channel Sensor
Flying Speed (knots) 120-180 120-180
Flight Altitude (m) 200 - 600 200 - 600m
Swath Width (m) 60 - 585 ~ 290m
Sounding Density (m) 0.4 to 0.05 pts /m2 1.5 to >10 pts /m2
PRF 1 – 10 kHz (70kHz shallow for CZMIL)
Up to 550 kHz
Min Depth (m) 0 / 0.2m / 1.5m 0m
Max Depth (m) * ~ 50 – 80m2 – 3.5 x Secchi Depth
~ 15m1.5 x Secchi Depth
Depth Accuracy IHO Order 1 or Better IHO Order 1 or Better
Horizontal Accuracy IHO Order 1 or Better IHO Order 1 or Better
Power 50A – 100A @ 28 VDC ~30A @ 18-32 VDC
Weight 190 – 500 kg < 100kg
Nominal Footprint Size 2 – 3m ~ 40cm
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March 2019
BATHY LIDAR THEORY
+ Frequency Doubled ND:YAG Class IV Laser output orIndependent Lasers:
+ Infrared (1064nm)
+ Visible Green (532nm)
+ Laser fires against a scanning mirror or circular palmer scanner to create a swath of points.
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March 2019
BATHY LIDAR THEORY
Green (532nm)sea surface, water column & seafloor
IR (1064nm)sea surface
Seafloor
Sea surface
Intensity
Seafloor
Sea surface
Intensity
Raman Return (Red 640 to 670nm)sea surface, upper water column
Seafloor
Sea surface
Intensity
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March 2019
CONCEPTUAL GREEN WAVEFORM
(Guenther et al., 2000)
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March 2019
SENSOR COMPARISONS – SCAN PATTERN
Line Scanninge.g. LADS Mk III
Arc Scanninge.g. SHOALS, Riegl VQ-820-G
Elliptical Scanninge.g. CZMIL, HawkEye,Chiroptera,
Riegl VQ-880-G
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March 2019
2 - 3 m
2 - 3 m
SHOALS / LADS
CZMIL
2.5 - 3 m
~ 0.5 m
~ 0.5 m
SHOALS
LADS HAS NO IR
Chiroptera 4x /
HawkEye 4xRiegl VQ-820-G
~1.2m0.4m
~ 0.2 m
~ 2 m
CHANGES IN FOOTPRINT CONCEPT: SEGMENTED DETECTION
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March 2019
SHALLOW WATER DISCRIMINATION
Images Courtesy of JALBTCX (2012)
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March 2019
SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Depth [m]
Retu
rn s
ignal [a
.u.]
Actual Chiroptera waveform at 1.2meters depth (blue) versus simulatedwaveform with a 20 ns response time(green)
Chiroptera
20 ns waveform
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March 2019
DESIGN TRADE OFF
Fixed Power
PRF
Depth Penetration
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March 2019
REAL WORLD ACCURACY STATISTICS
Comparing Lidar and Acoustic Bathymetry Using TPU and the CUBE Algorithm, ILMF (2008) , C. Lockhart, D. Lockhart, J. Martinez
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March 2019
SENSORS
Riegl VQ880-G Riegl VQ820-G
Image provided courtesy of QSI
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March 2019
SENSORS
Optech CZMIL
Control Rack Thermal Rack
Laser RackOperator Rack
Lidar Sensor Head
T-4800 Camera
CASI-1500
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March 2019
LEICA MODULAR SENSOR DESIGN
Topo Lidar Survey(Single or Dual-Head)
Shallow Bathy~1.5 x Secchi depth
Deep Bathy~3 x Secchi depth
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March 2019
CHIROPTERA II / HAWKEYE III SENSOR HEADS
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March 2019
DUAL HEAD DRAGONEYE / CHIROPTERA II INSTALLATION
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March 2019
HAWKEYE III INSTALLATION
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March 2019
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: IS LIDAR A SUITABLE TOOL?
+ Water Clarity / Turbidity
+ Seasonal
+ Daily (tides / currents)
+ Seabed Reflectivity
+ Bed type, Vegetation
+ Weather
+ Temperature
+ Rain
+ Wind
+ Cloud Ceiling
+ Sea State
+ Expected Terrain & Expected Depths
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March 2019
SURVEY DEPTH / WATER CLARITY
+ Depth penetration depends on:
+ Turbidity
+ Seafloor reflectanceSecchi Disk
Monthly AquaMODIS: 490nm
High Power = 2 to 3 x Secchi Depth Low Power = 1 x Secchi Depth
+ Seasonal Assessment+ Tides/Currents
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March 2019
WEATHER
+ Temperature
+ Wind
+ Rain
+ Cloud Ceiling
+ Sea State
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March 2019
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
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March 2019
ADDITIONAL OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
+ Flight Planning Considerations Include:
+ Tide range, high/low tide times
+ Water quality / weather & time of year to survey
+ Shape of survey area (Coastal strip or Large polygon)
+ Size of survey area (maximum line lengths)
+ Flying height and local terrain (Aircraft Type; Deep / Shallow Power System)
+ Expected Depths (Deep / Shallow Power System)
+ GPS stations and tide gauges (Single / Multi-base, SmartBASE, PPP, Tide Plan)
+ Air traffic in the survey area
+ Restricted airspace / special flight permits
+ Operations base airport and logistics
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March 2019
COST CONSIDERATION
+ Mobilization
+ Shape of Rivers
+ Project size
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March 2019
STEEP SLOPES WELL DEFINED; SEAMLESS TOPO-BATHY
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March 2019
ELLIPTICAL SCAN / MULTIPLE RETURNS ALLOW BATHY RETURNS UNDER VEGETATION
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March 2019
ELLIPTICAL SCAN / MULTIPLE RETURNS ALLOW BATHY RETURNS UNDER VEGETATION
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March 2019
SEAMLESS MODEL
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March 2019
ELLIPTICAL SCAN AND WAVE ACTION / SEAMLESS TOPO-BATHY
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March 2019
SAMPLE SHALLOW BATHYMETRY DETAIL
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March 2019
SAMPLE SHALLOW BATHYMETRY DETAIL
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March 2019
ELEVATION - POEL, BALTIC SEA
+ 8 lines
+ 0.13m - 7.5m Depth
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March 2019
SEAGRASS DELINEATION
Corrected Intensity
Classified Image
Raster to Vector
Classify LAS
Raw Intensity
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March 2019
INTENSITY - POEL, BALTIC SEA
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March 2019
CROSS SECTION - POEL, BALTIC SEA
+ 20x Vertical Exaggeration
+ Seagrass is approximately 25cm high
Colored by Flight Line
Colored by Class
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March 2019
RCD30 EXAMPLES
RGBN Color InfraredNDVI (Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index)
+ GSD dependent on altitude: 3cm (0.1ft) to 18cm (0.6ft)
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March 2019
DATA PROCESSING