flame detection system
DESCRIPTION
FDSTRANSCRIPT
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JSCELECTRONSTANDARTPRIBOR FireDetectionIntroduction
JSCELECTRONSTANDARTPRIBOR,RUSSIA
JSCELECTRONSTANDARTPRIBOR28,Zatsepa
street.,Moscow,RUSSIA,115054Tel.(495)6332244Fax.(495)6332244
Email:[email protected]
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FireDetectionIntroduction TableofContents
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FireDetection
TableofContents
1.
Whatisfiredetection?2.
Whatclassesoffiredetectorsareavailableinthe
market? Smoke Heat Gas Flame
3.
Classesofflamedetectors SingleUVdetectors IR/UVdetectors MultiSpectrumIRdetectors Visualflameimagingdetectors
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FireDetection
TableofContents
4.
Performancecharacteristicsofflame detectors
5.
Fieldofview
6.
Potentialfalsealarm
sources
7.
Howtochooseflamedetectortypesand locations
8.
Motivatorstoinstallfire/flamedetectors
9.
Competitivesummarymatrix
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Whatisfiredetection?
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Whatisfiredetection?
Theobjectiveofafiredetectionforthe
petroleumindustryistorapidly detectafirewherepersonnel,high
value,andcriticalequipmentmaybe involved.Oncedetected,executive
actionisinitiatedtoalertpersonnel forevacuationwhilesimultaneously controllingandsuppressingthefire
incident.
Hydrocarbonvaporsimmediatelyburn
withflametemperaturesthatare considerablyhigherthanthatof
ordinarycombustibles.Forthis reasondamagefromahydrocarbon
fireismuchmoreseverethanfrom anordinarycombustiblefire.
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Mainchemicalreactionis
HC+O2
=CO2
+H2
O
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ClassesofFireDetectorsOffered intheMarket
SmokeDetectors ThermalorHeatDetectors GasDetectors FlameDetectors
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SmokeDetectorsSmokedetectorsareemployedwherethe
typeoffireanticipatedandequipment
protectionneedsafasterresponsetime
thanheatdetectors.Asmokedetector
willdetectthegenerationoftheinvisible
andvisibleproductsofcombustionbefore
temperaturechangesaresufficientto
activateheatdetectors.Theabilityofa
smokedetectortosenseafireis
dependentontherise,spread,rateof
burn,coagulationandairmovementof
thesmokeitself.Wherethesafetyof
personnelisaconcern,itiscrucialto
detectafireincidentatitsearlystages
becauseofthetoxicgases,lackofoxygen
thatmaydevelop,andobscurationof
escaperoutes.Smokedetectionsystems
shouldbeconsideredwhenthesefactors
arepresent.
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ThermalorHeatDetectors
Heatdetectorsareslowerthanothertypesof
detectiondevicestorespondtoafire,since
theyrespondtotheheatofafire.
Therearetwocommontypesofheatdetectors
fixedtemperatureandrateofrise.Bothrelyon
theheatofthefireincidenttoactivateasignal
device.Fixedtemperaturedetectorssignal
whenthedetectionelementisheatedtoa
predeterminedtemperaturepoint.Rateofrise
detectorssignalwhenthetemperaturerisesat
arateexceedingapredeterminedamount.
Rate
ofrisedevicescanbesettooperate
rapidly,areeffectiveacrossawiderangeof
ambienttemperatures,usuallyrecyclerapidly
andcantolerateaslowincreaseinambient
temperatureswithouteffectinganalarm,and
recycleautomaticallyonadropinambient
temperature.
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TypesofHeatDetectors
FixedTemperature
Signaldeviceisactivatedbythe heatofthefirewhenthe
detectionelementisheatedtoa predeterminedtemperature
point.
RateofRise
Signaldeviceisactivatedbythe heatofthefirewhenthe
temperaturerisesatarate exceedingapredetermined
amount. Canbesettooperaterapidlyand
usuallyrecyclesrapidly. Hasawiderangeofambient
temperatureeffectiveness Slowincreasesinambient
temperaturesaretolerated withoutraisinganalarm.
Adropinambienttemperature causesanautomaticrecycle.
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ThermalorHeatDetectorsThehigherreliabilityfactorofheatdetectorsleadstofewerfalsealarmsthan
withothertypesoffiredetection.However,astheyareslower
toactivatethan
otherdetectiondevicesanddonotsendsmokeandvisibleflame,
theyshould
beinstalledonlywherespeedofactivationisnotconsideredcritical,or
installedasabackupforotherfiredetectionsystems.Heatdetectorscanbeusedasspotdetectors,orstrungasalinedeviceto
protectanextendedpath,andtheyaresuitableforoutdoorapplications.Commonissuesafterinstallation:
Thedevicetendstobepaintedover.
Thedeviceissusceptibletodamage.
Longinstallationmaycausethefusibleelementtosufferchangesin
activationtemperature.
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GasDetectors
Gasdetectorsrecognizethe conditions
necessaryfora
fireorexplosiontooccur, ratherthantheactual
fire.Thedevice accomplishesthisby
trackingtheamountof flammablevaporsor
gasesinanarea.
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FlameDetectors PrinciplesofOperationInfrared(IR)andUltraviolet(UV)spectroscopyandvisualflame
imagingaretheopticalmethodsmostflamedetectorsuseto identifyflames.Flamedetectors,designedtosensetheabsorption
oflightatspecificwavelengths,candiscriminatebetweenflames andfalsealarms.
Example:Typically,theflamesatarefineryarefueledby
hydrocarbonsthatproduceheat,carbondioxide,andother combustionproductsinthepresenceofoxygenandanignition
source.Thiscreatesemissionsofvisible,IR,andUVradiation detectablebyflamedetectors.
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FlameSensingTechnologies
Thefourprimaryopticalflamesensing
technologiesbeingusedbyflame detectorstodayare:
Ultraviolet(UV)
Infrared/Ultraviolet(IR/UV)
Multispectruminfrared
Visualflameimaging
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FlameSensingTechnologies
Allflamesensingtechnologiesare basedonlineofsightdetection ofradiationemittedbyflamesin theUV,visible,andIRspectral
bands.Flamedetectorsofferarangeof
technologiestofitthe requirementsofmonitoring
applications.Theseincludefield ofview(FOV),responsetime,
detectionrange,andparticular immunitytocertainfalsealarm sources.
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Acontinuousspectral descriptioncurvedisplay
fromheatedsolidsand liquids.
Narrowdistribution moleculetype
characteristicsdisplayed byflamesandelectrical
discharges.
FlameDisplays
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FlameRadiationSpectrum
235HzCharacteristicFlickering
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Thevisibleredyellowseeninafireis
causedbycarbon.
TheinvisibleIRpartofthefireis
experiencedasheat.
NonHydrocarbonse.g.Hydrogen,burns
lightbluetransparent(nocarbonin theflame).
Also,itdoesnothavetheCO2
peakat
4.4
andcanthereforebedetected
inadifferentway.
TheCO2
peakinthefirerepresentsless
then2%ofthetotalfireenergy.
FlameRadiationSpectrum
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BlackbodyRadiationInfraredsensorsarealsoaffectedbyinfraredradiation
notoriginatingfromafire.Thefiremaybemasked
bythisblackbodyradiation.
DualorMultiInfrareddetectorssuppresstheeffectof
blackbodyradiationbysensingenergyjustbeside
theCO2
radiationpeake.g.on4.1m.Theprinciple
isbasedonthefactthatarealHydrocarbonfire
causesadifferencebetweenthesensors.
Theremustbealargerdifferenceinsensoroutputthan
thebackgroundradiationpresent.Thatis,the
detectorcanbedesensitizedwhenblackbody
radiationispresent.
Everyobjectthathasatemperaturehigherthan0o
Kelvin(or2730C)radiatesenergyand,atroom
temperature,theenergyisalreadydetectableby
themostsensitiveInfraredsensors.Sometimes,a
movinghandclosetothesensorisenoughto
generateanalarm.At700K,ahotobjectalready
startstosendoutvisibleenergy(glowing).
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HowOpticalFlameDetectionWorks Selectsoneormorespectralbands
Analyzesflickeringfrequency(235Hz)
Determinesradiationintensitythresholds
EmploysDetectionAlgorithm(includingmathematicaltechniques
suchasratios,ANDgatecomparisons,correlationsand
autocorrelations).
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OpticalFlameDetection
Advantages: Detectiondistance Sensitivity Speedofresponse Reliability
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ComparisonofFireDetectorsTypeof
Detection
DetectorType Speed Cost
Human
Human Moderate Expensive
Telephone Moderate Moderate
PortableRadios Moderate ModeratetoExpensive
MPS/MAC Moderate Moderate
SmokeIonization Fast Moderate
PhotoElectric Fast Moderate
VESDA VeryFast High
Heat
FusibleLink LowtoModerate Moderate
PlasticTube LowtoModerate Low
FusibleTube LowtoModerate Moderate
Quartzoid
Bulb LowtoModerate Moderate
OpticalFiber LowtoModerate Moderate
BimetallicWire LowtoModerate LowtoModerate
HeatAct/ROR LowtoModerate Moderate
Optical
UV VeryFast HighIRIR VeryFast High
IR/UV VeryFast High
MultiBand VeryFast High
VideoCamera Fast Expensive
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ClassesofFlameDetectors
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UVFlameDetection
Advantages: Unaffectedbysolar
radiation Unaffectedbyhotobjects
Disadvantages: Subjecttofalsealarms
fromUVsources(arc welding,electricalsparks,
halogenlamps) Blindedbythicksmoke
vapors,greaseandoil depositsonthedetectors
windowReferenceFire
100ft(30m)
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UVFlameDetection
UVflamedetectorradiationresponseinthespectral rangeisapproximately180260nanometers.
Wavelengthresponsetolowenergylevelsoutsidethe rangeofsunlightandnormalhumanvisibilityis
between0.185and0.245microns.Becausetheyreacttohalogenlamps,electrical
dischargessuchaslightning,andarcwelding,UVflame detectorsaregenerallyusedindoors,wheretheir
sensitivityandquickresponsetimeincomparatively shortranges(050feet)makethemagoodchoice.
Failurescanbecausedbythicksootysmoke.
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Advantages: Allpurposegeneraldetectorthatrespondsat
differentratestomostburningmaterials.
Extremelyfast lessthanafewmilisecondsfor
specialapplications(e.g.,explosivehandling).
Depositsoficeonthelensdonotgreatlyaffectit.
Notgenerallyaffectedbyhotblackbodysources.
Blindtomostformsofartificiallight,including
solarradiation.
Generallyindifferenttophysicalcharacteristicsof
flames meetssignalinputfunctionswithout
requiringa"flicker."
Specialmodulesavailableforuseinhigh
temperatureapplicationsupto125C(257F).
Canspecifyanautomaticselftestingfacility.
Fordistancesofmorethan32.8feet(10meters)
fromthedetector,ahandheldsourcecanbeused
fortesting.
Canfieldadjustmostmodelsforeithertimedelay
functionorflamesensitivity.
Limitations: Smokereducesthesignallevelseenduringa
fire. Reactstoelectricalarcsfromwelding.
Mayproducefalsealarmfromlightningwith
longdurationstrikesorotherformsof
radiation(suchasNDToperations).
Maybeaffectedbydepositsofgreaseandoil
onthelens. Signalattenuationmayresultfromsome
vapors(typicallyvaporswithunsaturated
bonds).
UVFlameDetection
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IR/UVFlameDetectors
TheprincipleofIR/UVopticalflame detectorsissimplevoting.This
typeincorporatesasolarblind UVsensorandanIRsensor
selectedfromthefollowing: 4.3mIRsensor(detectsCO2
radiation)
ReferenceFire
100ft(30m)
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Detectionofthesimultaneousexistenceofcharacteristic
infraredandultravioletradiation
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IR/UVFlameDetectors
Advantages: Falsealarmrateisvery
low. Detectorisnotaffected
bysolarradiation.Disadvantages:
Thedetectorcanbe blindedbyvapors,thick
smoke,andoiland greasedepositonits
window.
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IR/UVFlameDetectors
IntegrationofanIRsensorwiththeUVopticalsensor producesadualbanddetectorsensitivetotheIRand
UVradiationemittedbyaflame,makingitsuitablefor bothindoorandoutdooruse.Thedetectorresponds
withmoderatespeedandoffersincreasedfalsealarm immunityovertheUVdetector.However,heavy
smokemayreducetheunit'sdetectionrange.ThetwotypesofdetectorsclassifiedasIR/UVboth
respondtofrequenciesintheUVwavelengthandIRin theCO2
wavelength.Togenerateanalarm,bothtypes requirethesimultaneouspresenceofIRandUV
signals,andtheymustmeettheratiorequirement betweenlevelsofIRandUVsignals.
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Advantages: Respondreadilytowiderangeof
hydrocarbonfires. Notsusceptibletomostformsofartificial
lightortosolarradiation. Ignorearcweldingandelectricarcs;minor
issueswithotherformsofradiation. Notaffectedbyblackbodysources.
Canfieldadjustsimplevotingdetectorfor
flamesensitivity. Respondtofireinthepresenceofahigh
backgroundIRsource.
Limitations:
Smokeandsomechemicalvaporsreduce
thesignallevelduringafire. IceparticlesonthelenscanblocktheIR
channel;oilandgreaseonthelenscan
blocktheUVchannel.
InitiationofanIRsignalinputdependson
aflickeringflame.
IR/UVFlameDetectors
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MultiSpectrumIRFlameDetectors
Advantages: Greatestimmunityto
falsealarms Greatestsensitivity Longestdetectionrange
ReferenceFire
210ft (64m)
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MultiSpectrumIRFlameDetectors
MultispectrumIRflamedetectorsperformwellinlocationswherecombustionsourcesproduce
smokyfires.Multipleinfraredspectralregionsenhancedistinctionbetweenflamesources
andnonflamebackgroundradiation.Thesedetectorsaresuitableforbothindoorsand
outdoors,operatingatamoderatespeedwitharangeofupto210feetfromtheflame
source.Theyproviderelativelyhighimmunitytohotobjects,e.g.,sunlight,infraredradiation
fromarcwelding,andlightning.Bymeansofphotocellstomonitorseveralwavelengthsofpredominantfireradiation
frequencies,microprocessingisusedtocomparethemeasurementstonormalambient
frequencies,alarmingwhenthefrequenciesreachabovecertainlevels.
Advantages:
Highlysensitive. Verystable. Themicroprocessorcanbeprogrammedtorecognizecertainfiretypes.
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DetectionoftheflamescharacteristicCO2
emissionline
bytheuseofthreewavelengthbands
MultispectrumIRFlameDetectors
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VisualFlameImagingFlameDetectors
Visualflamedetectorsestablishthepresenceofafire
throughflamedetectionalgorithmsandstandard
chargedcoupledevice(CCD)imagesensors.To
differentiatebetweenflameandnonflame
sources,thelivevideoimagefromtheCCDarrayis
processedbytheimagingalgorithmstoanalyzethe
shapeandprogressofapparentfires.
Fordetectionoffires,thedevicesdonotdependon
emissionsfromwater,carbondioxide,orother
productsofcombustion.Therefore,whereaflame
detectorisrequiredtodifferentiatebetweenafire
resultingfromanaccidentalreleaseofcombustion
materialandaprocessfire,thisdetectorisnot
commonlychosen.
Limitations:
Cannotdetectflamesthatareunseenbythenaked
eye,e.g.,hydrogenflames.
Theunit'sabilitytodetectfirecanbeimpairedby
heavysmoke.
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PerformanceCharacteristics ofFlameDetectors
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PerformanceCharacteristics ofFlameDetectors
Whenconfiguringaflamedetectionsystemforaplantand evaluatingthevariousflamedetectiontechnology
alternativesavailabletoday,itisusefultoconsiderthe followingflamedetectorperformancecriteria:
FalseAlarmImmunity DetectionRange ResponseTime FieldofView SelfDiagnostics
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PerformanceCharacteristics ofFlameDetectors
FalseAlarmImmunityTheabilitytodiscriminatebetweenactualflamesandfalsealarmsourcesisone
ofthemostimportantconsiderationsinselectingaflamedetector.False alarmscanbecostlyandinterferewithproductivity.Itisthereforeessential
thatflamedetectorsdiscriminatebetweenactualflamesandradiationfrom sunlight,lightning,arcwelding,hotobjects,andothernonflamesources.
DetectionRangeandResponseTimeAflamedetectorsmostbasicperformancecriteriaaredetectionrangeand
responsetime.Dependingonaspecificplantapplicationenvironment,eachof thealternativeflamedetectiontechnologiesrecognizesaflamewithina
certaindistanceandadistributionofresponsetimes.Typically
thegreaterthe
distanceandtheshorterthetimethatagivenflamesensingtechnology requirestodetectaflame,themoreeffectiveitisatsupplyingearlywarning
againstfiresanddetonations.
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PerformanceCharacteristics ofFlameDetectors
FieldofView
Thegreaterthefieldofview,thebroadertherangeofthedetector,whichmayalso
reducethenumberofflamedetectorsforcertainapplications.Fieldsofviewof about90
to120
arecommonformostoftodaysmodels.
SelfDiagnostics
Tomaintainthereliabilityoftheflamedetectors,theopticaldevicesareautomatically
selftestedforradiationtransmission.Programmedtoactivateabout
onceevery
minute,thisselfcheckensuresthatthedetectorisfunctioning,theopticalpath
is
clear,andtheelectroniccircuitryisoperational.Iftheselfcheckfindsafault,it alertsviathe020mAoutputorbyadigitalcommunicationsprotocolsuchas
Modbus.
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FireSizeandMaximum DetectionDistances
Dependingonthetypeoffuel,thesizeofthefireisdefineddifferently instandardtests.
LiquidFuel Bysteelpanfiresize,e.g.,0.09m2
(1ft2)gasolinepanfire
GaseousFuel Byflameheight,orificesize,pressure,e.g.,0.5m(20")CH4
plume fire(3/8"ODorifice@3psi)
SolidFuel Byweight,sizeandpreignitionconfiguration,e.g.,woodcribfire
arrangedin20x20cmsquarestack
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FireSizeandMaximum DetectionDistances
Theresponsetimeandmaximumdetectiondistanceofthe detectorarerelatedtothesizeofthefire.
Theperformanceofthedetectorisusuallystatedwith respecttoastandardfire,e.g.,1ft2
gasolinepanfire.
Thedetectorcanbefurtherdefinedbythedistanceat whichitwilldetectthestandardfiresizeandbythe
specifiedresponsetime.
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ESPSafetyFlameDetector Characteristics
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IPESIR3Flameresponse,falsestimuli,fieldof
view,hazardouslocationratingsand environmentalratings:
Operatingtemperaturerating:40oCto
+85oC(40oFto+185oF)
ExplosionElectricalequipmentverified
perFM3615
AutomaticFireAlarmSignaling
PerformanceverifiedperFM3260(2000)
RadiantEnergySensingFireDetectorsfor
AutomaticFireAlarmSignalingverified
perANSI/NFPA72(2002)
ExplosionProofforClassI,Div1,Groups
B,C,andD,T4Ta=40oCto+85oC(40oF
to+185oF),IP66HazardousLocationsper
FM3615
ExplosionProofEnclosuresforUsein
ClassIHazardousLocationsverifiedper
CSAC22.2No.301986(Reaffirmed2003)
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IPESIR3ResponseCharacteristics(ConfirmedbytestingbyFMApprovals)
Veryhighsensitivity
Fuel PanSize Distance,feet(m) Averageresponsetime(seconds)
nHeptane 1x1foot 211(64.3) 9JP4 1x1foot 201(60) 12JP4 2x2foot 206(62.8) 8
Gasoline 1x1foot 200(60) 14Gasoline 2x2foot 196(60) 4Kerosene 1x1foot 164(50) 11Kerosene 2x2foot 196(60) 6Diesel 1x1foot 151(46) 15Diesel 2x2foot 151(46) 10
Methanol 1x1foot 151(46) 9Ethanol 1x1foot 151(46) 11
MethanePlumeDiameter
3/8in,height3
foot
151(46) 10
MethaneMethanesand
burner1x2foot
151(46) 10
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IPESIR3ResponseCharacteristics(ConfirmedbytestingbyFMApprovals)
Highsensitivity
Fuel PanSize Distance,feet(m) Averageresponsetime(seconds)
nHeptane 1x1foot 143(43.5) 5
IsopropylAlcohol 1x1foot 99(30) 6
JP4 2x2foot 115(35) 12
MediumSensitivity
Fuel PanSize Distance,feet(m) Averageresponsetime(seconds)
nHeptane 1x1foot 108(32.9) 5
IsopropylAlcohol 1x1foot 87(26.5) 5
JP4 1x1foot 60(18.2) 6
JP4 2x2foot 95(29) 7
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IPESIR3ResponseCharacteristicsinthePresenceofFalseAlarmSources
Veryhighsensitivity
Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m) FireSource Distance,feet(m)Averageresponsetime(seconds)unmodulated modulated
1.5kWheater 16(5)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
82(25) 2.0 2.0
100Wincandescent
light
16(5)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
82(25) 2.1 2.2
500Whalogenlight 16(5)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
82(25) 2.3 2.3
Arcwelding(100A,
#7118,3/16')
16(5)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
82(25) 2.0 2.1
Two20Wfluorescent
lights
16(5)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
82(25) 2.0 2.1
Sunlightexposure
(direct,reflect)
nHeptane
(1x1foot)
82(25) 2.0 2.2
Mediumsensitivity
Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m) FireSource Distance,feet(m)Averageresponsetime(seconds)unmodulated modulated
1.5kWheater 10(3)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
108(32.9) 10.4 5.2
100Wincandescent
light
10(3)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
108(32.9) 3.1 3.4
500Whalogenlight 10(3)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
108(32.9) 3.7 5.2
Arcwelding(100A,
#7118,3/16')
10(3)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
108(32.9) 6.2 5.5
Two20Wfluorescent
lights
10(3)nHeptane
(1x1foot)
108(32.9) 6.0 5.9
Sunlightexposure
(direct,reflect)
nHeptane
(1x1foot)
82(25) 2.0 2.2
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IPESIR3FalseAlarmImmunityVeryhighsensitivity
Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m)Modulated
responseUnmodulated
response
1.5kWheater 3(0.9) Noalarm NoalarmArcwelding(100A,#7118,
3/16') 9(2.7) Noalarm Noalarm
100Wincandescentlight 1(0.3) Noalarm Noalarm500Whalogenlight 3(0.9) Noalarm Noalarm
Two20Wfluorescentlights 0(0) Noalarm NoalarmSunlightexposure(direct,
reflect) Noalarm Noalarm
Highsensitivity
Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m)Modulated
responseUnmodulated
response
1.5kWheater 3.2(1) Noalarm NoalarmArcwelding(100A,#7118,
3/16') 10(3) Noalarm Noalarm
100Wincandescentlight 3.2(1) Noalarm Noalarm500Whalogenlight 6.5(2) Noalarm Noalarm
Two20Wfluorescentlights 0.25(0.008) Noalarm NoalarmSunlightexposure(direct,
reflect) Noalarm Noalarm
Mediumsensitivity
Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m)Modulated
responseUnmodulated
response
1.5kWheater 7.3(2.2) Noalarm NoalarmArcwelding(100A,#7118,
3/16') 10(3) Noalarm Noalarm
100Wincandescentlight 3.2(1) Noalarm Noalarm500Whalogenlight 6.5(2) Noalarm Noalarm
Two20Wfluorescentlights 0.25(0.008) Noalarm NoalarmSunlightexposure(direct,
reflect) Noalarm Noalarm
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IPESIR3FieldofView
Veryhighsensitivity
Fuel SizeDistance
feet(m)
Horizontal
(degrees)
Avg.horiz.
responsetime
(seconds)
Vertical
(degrees)
Avg.vert.
responsetime
(seconds)
nHeptane 1x1foot 105(32)45 4.4 45 5.945 6.4 45 8.5
JP4 1x1foot 98(30)45 4.2 45 4.345 13.5 45 7.5
Gasoline 1x1foot 98(30)45 5.7 45 4.945 10.4 45 5.5
Kerosene 1x1foot 98(30)45 6.3 45 7.045 18.9 45 14.0
Diesel 1x1foot 75(23)45 6.5 45 5.245 18.6 45 8.9
Methanol 1x1foot 75(23)45 2.7 45 3.045 4.2 45 3.1
Ethanol 1x1foot 75(23)45 3.0 45 2.445 3.7 45 2.6
Methane
Plume
Diameter
3/8in,
height3foot
75(23)
45 2.5 45 2.6
452.8
452.8
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IPESIR3FieldofView
Highsensitivity
Fuel SizeDistance
feet(m)
Horizontal
(degrees)
Avg.horiz.
responsetime
(seconds)
Vertical
(degrees)
Avg.vert.
responsetime
(seconds)
nHeptane 1x1foot 71.5(22)45 6.8 45 6.445 13.6 45 8.5
Isopropyl
Alcohol
1x1foot 50(15)45 5.7 45 4.2
45 8.2 45 4.2
Mediumsensitivity
Fuel SizeDistance
feet(m)
Horizontal
(degrees)
Avg.horiz.
responsetime
(seconds)
Vertical
(degrees)
Avg.vert.
responsetime
(seconds)
nHeptane 1x1foot 60(18)45 4.8 45 17.445 4.5 45 3.8
Isopropyl
Alcohol
1x1foot 44(14)45 19.5 45 7.345 7.3 45 6.9
JP4 1x1foot 30(9)45 20.9 45 20.8
45 11.9 45 12.8
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IPESIR3
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetfornHeptaneat
inMetersfornHeptaneat
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforJP4at
inMetersforJP4at
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
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IPESIR3
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforgasolineat
inMetersforgasolineat
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforkeroseneat
inMetersforkeroseneat
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
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IPESIR3
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetfordieselat
inMetersfordieselat
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetformethanolat
inMetersformethanolat
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
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IPESIR3
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforethanolat
inMetersforethanolat
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforMethaneplumeat
inMetersforMethaneplumeat
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(3/8inch,3feet)
VeryHigh
Sensitivity(3/8inch,3feet)
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IPESIR3
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetfornHeptaneat
inMetersfornHeptaneat
High
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
High
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforIsopropylat
inMetersfornHeptaneat
High
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
High
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
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IPESIR3
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetfornHeptaneat
inMetersfornHeptaneat
Medium
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
Medium
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforJP4at
inMetersforJP4at
Medium
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
Medium
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
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IPESIR3
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance
inFeetforIsopropylat
inMetersforIsopropylat
Medium
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
Medium
Sensitivity(1x1foot)
-
FieldofView
-
FieldofView
ESPSafetysdetectors havea90o
fieldofview.
Whenplaced downwardsatanangle
of~45,thedetectoris abletoseeboth
straightaheadand straightdown.This placementtrapsthe leastamountofdirt.
-
FieldofView
TypicalfieldofviewfortheIR3 detector
Blindspotsinthedesigncan resultfromreducedsensitivity
attheedgesofthefieldof view.
Thedetectorwouldneeda largerfieldofviewinorderto
respondtoafire.
Inactualoperation,thefield ofviewshouldbeupto4
timeslargerthanonthe centralaxis.
-
HorizontalFieldofView 90o
-
VerticalFieldofView 90o
-
FieldofView
Keepinmindthattheconeisthreedimensional
-
FieldofView
Thefieldofviewforflamedetectors rangesfrom70120.
Theassertionthatalargerareacan becoveredbyawiderfieldof
viewisatbestmisleading,andin manycasesisincorrect.
TheIR3detector,witha90
fieldof view,candetecta1footsquare fireat65meters.Tocoverthe
sameareawouldrequireupto7 15mdetectorswith120
fieldof
view.
15m
60m
-
FieldofView
Thedifferencebetween 15mand65m:
One
60meter
IR3 detector
VERSUS
Seven
15meter
IR/UV detectors
-
IR3 FieldofViewPlacingtheflamedetectorin
thecornerofastructure allowsmaximumcoverage
alongbothwallsandinto theareatobeprotected.
However,inthesecond illustration,2030
ofthis
120
detectorisoutsidethe wallsofthebuildingand
notavailabletoprovide coverage,thusneutralizing
theareaofadditional protection.
-
InverseSquareLaw
Thesizeofthefiredeterminesthe detectorssensitivityand
detectionrange.
Ifthedetectorislocatedfarther from(orcloserto)thesourceof
thefire,thedetectablefiresize willvaryaccordingtotheInverse
SquareLaw.
Ifthedetectiondistanceisdoubled, only25%oftheradiantenergy
willreachthedetector,i.e.,the sizeofthefirewouldneedtobe 4timeslargerforthesame
responsetime.
-
InverseSquareLaw
Example:AnIR/UVdetector candetecta0.1m2
gasoline
fire@15m.
Toprovidethesameresponse timeatdifferentdistances:
30m
Minimumfiresize wouldneedtobe0.4m2.
5m
Minimumfiresize wouldneedtobeonly
~0.01m2.
-
EnvironmentalConditions
ESPSafetysIPESdetectorsaredesignedforharsh environmentswithextremetemperatureranges,from
40Fto+185F(40Cto+85C).
AlldetectorsmeetIP66/67(NEMA2506P)forweather resistance.
ESPSafety'sdetectorsarerigorouslytestedforshock, vibration,temperatureandhumidity.
Despitethisenvironmentalrange,itisimportanttoselecta detectorthatissuitedtotheenvironmentalconditions.
-
PotentialFalseAlarm Sources
-
PotentialFalseAlarm
Sources
TheSun HighIntensity UniqueRadiationPeaks
Mostofthetremendous energygeneratedbythe
sunisabsorbedbythe atmosphere.However, sunlightcanstillbea
potentialfalsealarm source.
Infraredflamedetectorsusing 4.4
wavelengthsare
renderedsolarblind,since sunlightisfilteredaround
4.4
andcoldCO2intheair absorbs4.4
energy.
-
PotentialFalseAlarm
Sources
HeatSources(e.g.,radiators, electricalheaters)
NoUV,weakvisible,mediumIR radiation
Stableradiation
Arc(e.g.,lightning,welding) HighintensityUVradiation WeakIRradiation Unstableradiation(similarto
flickeringfire)
-
PotentialFalseAlarm
Sources
Environment(e.g.,warmobjectssuchaspeople
orobjectsinthesurroundingarea)
Stableradiation IRradiationofmediumintensity,e.g.a
standardfireat30m.
NegligibleUVradiation,assumingthelackof
highvoltagetransformersnearby
LightSources(e.g.,Mercury,tungsten,halogen) Stableradiation(exceptwhenthepoweris
beingturnedonandoff)
Highintensityvisiblelight,weakIR,e.g.,
standardfire1 10%
UVradiationofamediumintensity(for
unshieldedhalogentams),e.g.,astandard
fireapproximately10%
-
PotentialFalseAlarm
Sources
FriendlyFire(e.g.,Acetylene welding,matches,fluxburningin
arcwelding) Unstableradiation IRemissionspectrumresembling
fire LowintensityIRradiation UVradiation(usuallyofhigher
intensitythanfire)
-
FlameSpectralAnalysis
ThreemajorspectralareasforFlameDetection
-
Determinewhether interferents
arepresent
Knowingwhetherinterferents
arepresentorcouldpossiblyemergefromafireisvital.
Examplesofinhibitorsthatcanblindthedetectorare:UVDetectors
Hydrocarbonvapors(e.g.Toluene,Xylene)
Oil/greaseonthelens
Chloridevapors
IRDetectors
Anyofthefollowingonthelens:
Water
Fog
Ice
Salt
MultiIRDetectors
Blackbodyradiationfromhotmachinery
-
RadiationAbsorbingMaterials
Flamedetectorsensitivityisaffectedbyavarietyof materials:
Material
Effect
Grease,dust,dirt
IR&UVabsorber
Water,ice,steam
IR&UVabsorber
Oil
UVabsorber
Standardwindowglass
UVabsorber
Plasticfilms
UVabsorber
-
NuisanceAlarmSources
Source
Affects Welding(arc&gas)
IR&UV
Coronaandarcing
UV Electricmotorarmatures
UV
Combustionenginebackfire
IR&UV Blackbodyradiation
IR
Xray,nuclearradiation
UV Hotturbines,reactors,boilers
IR
Flarestacks
IR&UV
-
HowtoChooseFlameDetector TypesandLocations
-
IdentifytheChallenges
Thefollowingshouldbecarefullyconsideredtohelp determinethetypeofdetectorneeded:
Whatmaterials/fuelsarepotentialsourcesoffire/risk?
Whatisthesizeofthefiretobedetected?
Whatdetection/distancerangeisrequired?
Whatresponsespeedisrequired?
Whatsourcesoffalsealarmradiationarepresent?
Whatenvironmentalconditionsarepresent?
-
FuelTypes
Indeterminingthetypeofflamedetectortouse,thefollowingshould beconsidered:
Whichfuels/materialsarepresentthatcouldrepresentapotential firehazard?
Arethefuelshydrocarbonbasedornonorganic? Arethefuelsliquid,gaseous,orsolid?
Furtherconsiderations:
Anypotentialsourcesoffalsealarmsthatcouldaffectthedetector. Anyenvironmentalfactorspresentthatcouldaffectthedetector,
e.g.,weatherextremes,grease.
-
Makesurethedetector canseethefire
Thewaythedetectorisinstalledstronglyinfluencestherangeof flamedetection.Thefollowingshouldbeconsidered:
Determinewhatthedetectorcan"see."
Isthedetectormountedsothattheobjects/areathatneed protectionarecovered?
Arethereanypotentialfalsealarmsourcesinthefieldofview (e.g.,flares,engine,orturbineexhaust)?
-
Makesurethe angleiscorrect!
-
PreventBlindSpots
Onewaytopreventblindspotswhileprovidingbackup coverfortheflamedetectoristolocateanother
detectorintheoppositecorner
-
IdentifyAnyPossible FalseAlarmSources
Inorderforthedetectortooperatereliablyandcontinuetomerittheuser'sconfidence,it's
importanttodetermineifanyfalsealarmsourcesarepresent.Thefollowingareexamplesof
falsealarmssources:
UVDetectors
Arcweldingradiation
Halogenorhighpressuremercurylamps(withoutprotectiveglass)
Coronaandstaticarcs
IRDetectors
Choppedblackbodyradiation
Directchoppedsunlight(insomecases)
MultiIRDetectors
Lesssusceptibletochoppedsunlightorblackbodyradiation
Canbecomeinsensitive
-
MotivatorstoInstallFire/Flame Detectors
-
DetectorType Applications Advantages Disadvantages
TripleIR(IR3)
Moderatespeed
AffectedbyIRsourcesonlyat
shortrangeincertainrarefire
scenarios
Hydrocarbonfires Highestsensitivity
Indoors/outdoors Highimmunitytofalsealarms
Longerdetectionrange
Unaffectedbysolarradiation
MultiIRHydrocarbonand
Hydrogenfires AswithIR3,butwithhydrocarbon
andhydrogenfiredetection
AsIR3Indoors/outdoors
CCTV(IR3+Video)
AswithIR3butwithcolorvideo
AsIR3Hydrocarbonfires Moreinformation&recordofthe
protectedareabefore,duringand
afterfirescenario
Indoors/outdoors
SingleI(IR)
ModeratespeedSubjecttofalsealarms(inthe
presenceofflickeringIR
sources)
Hydrocarbonfires Moderatesensitivity
Indoors Unaffectedbysolarradiation
Lowcost
SingleUltraviolet(UV)
Hydrocarbon,Hydrogen,Silane,
Ammonia,otherhydrogenbased
fuelfiresandmetalfires
FalsealarmsfromUVsources
(arcwelding,electricalsparks,
halogenlamps)
Highspeed
Moderatesensitivity
Unaffectedbysolarradiation
UnaffectedbyhotobjectsBlindedbythicksmoke,
greaseandoildepositsonthe
detectorwindow
Lowcost
Indoors
-
WhyInstallFire/ FlameDetectors?
Legalrequirements FireDepartmentrequirements Fearofactualloss Catastrophicloss Businessinterruption/lossofrevenue Insurancepremiumbenefit Recognitionofrisk Preventivemeasure
-
ApplicationofFixedFireDetectionDevicesLocationorFacility Hazard
FixedDetector
TypeOptions
Reference
OfficeOrdinaryCombustibles MPS
NFPA101,Section263.4.1.ElectricalFire
HeatSmoke
AccommodationOrdinaryCombustibles MPS NFPA101,Section183.4.1
&Section203.4.1.ElectricalFire Smoke
Kitchensand
Cafeterias
Cooking MPS NFPA101,Section83.4.1ElectricalFire Heat NFPA96,Section73.1.4
ControlRooms ElectricalFireMPS
NFPA75,Section6.2Smoke
SwitchgearRooms ElectricalFireMPS
NFPA850,SectionSmoke
TurbinePackageElectricalFire Heat
NFPA30,Section55.5.1.HydrocarbonFire Optical
ProcessUnits HydrocarbonFireMPS
NFPA30,Section55.5.1.HeatOptical
PumpStations HydrocarbonFireMPS
NFPA30,Section55.5.1.HeatOptical
LoadingFacilities HydrocarbonFireMPS
NFPA30,Section55.5.1.HeatOptical
TankorVessel
Storage
HydrocarbonFireMPS
NFPA30,Section55.5.1.HeatOptical
OffshoreDrillingor
ProductionFacility
HydrocarbonFire
MPSAPIRP14G
SmokeHeat
NFPA30,Section55.5.1.Optical
Laboratories HydrocarbonFireMPS
NFPA45,Section41.1&4.5Heat
-
WhatDoes theCustomerExpect?
Thecustomerwantsadetectorthat:
Detectsfires Detectsonlyfires,notfalsealarms Respondsanytimethereisafireanywhere Hasarapidresponsetime Announcesfaultconditions
-
CompetitiveSummaryMatrix
-
CompetitiveSummaryMatrix
ESP Dettronics GeneralMonitors Spectrex
IPESIR3 X3301 FL4000 20/20ST40/40I
IPESIR/UV X5200 FL3100 40/40LLB40/40L4L4B20/20LLB
-
TheEnd
JSCElectronstandartpribor28,Zatsepa
street,Moscow,Russia,115054Tel.(495)6332244Fax.(495)6332244
Email:[email protected]
JSC ELECTRONSTANDART-PRIBORFire Detection IntroductionFire Detection IntroductionTable of ContentsFire Detection - Table of ContentsFire Detection - Table of ContentsWhat is fire detection?What is fire detection? 7Classes of Fire Detectors Offered in the MarketSmoke Detectors Thermal or Heat DetectorsTypes of Heat DetectorsThermal or Heat DetectorsGas DetectorsFlame Detectors Principles of OperationFlame-Sensing TechnologiesFlame-Sensing Technologies 17Flame Radiation SpectrumFlame Radiation SpectrumBlackbody RadiationHow Optical Flame Detection WorksOptical Flame DetectionComparison of Fire DetectorsClasses of Flame DetectorsUV Flame DetectionUV Flame Detection 27IR/UV Flame Detectors 29IR/UV Flame DetectorsIR/UV Flame Detectors 32Multi-Spectrum IR Flame DetectorsMulti-Spectrum IR Flame Detectors 35Visual Flame Imaging Flame DetectorsPerformance Characteristics of Flame Detectors Performance Characteristics of Flame DetectorsPerformance Characteristics of Flame DetectorsPerformance Characteristics of Flame DetectorsFire Size and Maximum Detection DistancesFire Size and Maximum Detection DistancesESP Safety Flame Detector CharacteristicsIPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3Field of ViewField of ViewField of ViewHorizontal Field of View 90oVertical Field of View 90oField of ViewField of ViewField of ViewIR3 Field of ViewInverse Square LawInverse Square LawEnvironmental ConditionsPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesFlame Spectral AnalysisDetermine whether interferents are presentRadiation-Absorbing MaterialsNuisance Alarm SourcesHow to Choose Flame Detector Types and LocationsIdentify the ChallengesFuel TypesMake sure the detectorcan see the fire 83Prevent Blind SpotsIdentify Any PossibleFalse Alarm SourcesMotivators to Install Fire/Flame Detectors 87Why Install Fire /Flame Detectors?Application of Fixed Fire Detection DevicesWhat Does the Customer Expect?Competitive Summary MatrixCompetitive Summary MatrixThe End