five years after lehman’s collapse: where are we going to?

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Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to? Luis M. Linde Governor XCVII MEETING OF CENTRAL BANK GOVERNORS OF THE CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN MONETARY STUDIES São Paulo 28 April 2014

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Page 1: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

Luis M. Linde Governor XCVII MEETING OF CENTRAL BANK GOVERNORS OF THE CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN MONETARY STUDIES

São Paulo

28 April 2014

Page 2: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

LEHMAN BROTHERS:

Lehman was not one of the biggest failed banks

… but it was one of the biggest and more complex firms to be orderly liquidated by traditional channels

691.1

103.9 91.1 80.5 65.5 61.4

0100200300400500600700800

LehmanBrothers (2008)

WorldCom (2002) GeneralMotors (2009)

CITGroup (2008)

Enron (2001) Conseco(2002)

MAIN LIQUIDATIONS OF FINANCIAL ENTITIESASSET SIZEbln$

Lehman Brothers (2008)

3,744.5

1,750.31,359.0 1,302.2 1,049.9 896.3 639.4 399.0 309.7 229.8 227.4

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

RBS Lloyds HBOS ABNAmro

AIG Dexia LehmanBrothers

BearSterans

WashingtonMutual

Bankia NorthernRock

MAIN FINANCIAL ENTITIES INTERVENED ASSET SIZE BEFORE INTERVENTION

bln$

Lehman Brothers

1

MAIN LIQUIDATIONS: LEHMAN VERSUS OTHER BANKRUPTCIES ASSET SIZE

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
La quiebra de Lehman, puso de manifiesto con toda virulencia la vulnerabilidad intrínseca en este sistema. Esta vulnerabilidad ya se había manifestado en varios episodios previos como Northern Rock, Bear Sterns o ABN Amro, sin embargo, la crisis de Lehman, supuso un verdadero punto de inflexión en la preocupación acerca de la verdadera situación en la que se encontraba el sistema financiero y la necesidad de realizar una reforma de amplio calado conforme se fuese superando la crisis. Esta dimensión histórica en la quiebra de esta entidad vino motivada no tanto por el tamaño de la entidad (Lehman Brothers contaba con 639 m.m. de activos, ligeramente superior a los de Bear Sterns pero prácticamente la mitad que los de ABN Amro) sino porque su proceso de liquidación puso de manifiesto las interconexiones que existían en los mercados financieros y la dificultad real de liquidar de forma eficiente y no traumática este tipo de entidades con los instrumentos existentes en ese momento. Es decir dejo patente el carácter sistémico que tenían entidades com Lehman Brothers. Para ilustrar este punto déjenme destacarles algunas cifras que recoge un artículo reciente de la Reserva Federal de Nueva York: la resolución de Lehman Brothers afectó directa o indirectamente a más de un billón de dólares (trillones americano) de títulos de crédito, involucró cuatro regímenes distintos de liquidación en Estados Unidos y hubo que tener en cuenta a más de ochenta regímenes de liquidación internacionales. Según este estudio, la tasa de recuperación promedio de los deudores con Lehman se sitúo por debajo del 21%, cifra muy inferior a la que se hubiera obtenido si hubiese existido un régimen de liquidación ordenado y específico para este tipo de entidades.
Page 3: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

and reduced cross border financial flows

Lehman’s liquidation revealed how demanding was to solve complex and interconnected financial firms

Something that exacerbated global uncertainty

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VIX (S&P 500 volatility)

VSTOXX (Euro Stoxx volatility)

VOLATILITY INDICES

January 2006 = 100

-4,000-3,000-2,000-1,000

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000

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Cross border bank claims

Total financial claims (excluding other investment)bln $

FINANCIAL FLOWS AFTER THE BANKRUPTCY OF LEHMAN BROTHERS

2

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Como por todos es sabido, la quiebra de Lehman Brothers tuvo un fuerte impacto en los mercados financieros de EEUU, y también se transmitió rápidamente a los mercados internacionales. Los canales de transmisión son diversos. Pero querría destacar cómo además de la habitual incertidumbre o aversión al riesgo que activan estos episodios, habia importantes interconexiones financieras entre esta entidad, y otras del resto del mundo. Por ello hubo un reflejo inmediato en forma de contracción de capitales o posiciones transfronterizas, reflejo del desapalancamiento al que se vieron abocadas numerosas entidades financieras
Page 4: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

Public authorities reacted with all the available tools to avoid a financial collapse

… at the risk of validating expectations that failed systemic banks will eventually be bailed out

With conventional and unconventional monetary policies…

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3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

US ECB Japan UK

OFFICIAL INTEREST RATES

%

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

20-feb-0827-oct-0804-jul-0911-mar-1016-nov-1024-jul-1130-mar-1205-dic-1212-ago-13

FED BALANCE SHEET COMPOSITION , ASSET SIDETerm auction credit (a) CP funding faclityCB liquidity swaps Rest of liquidity facilitiesAgencies MBS Agencies' debtTreasuries Total assets (c)Total liquidity facilities (b)

bln. $

3

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
En definitiva este episodio puso de manifiesto el elevado coste y la imposibilidad práctica de liquidar este tipo de entidades y, por tanto, la urgencia de desarrollar una estrategia de apoyo al sector financiero, que se plasmó en un apoyo implícito y explícito a las entidades financieras mediante el apoyo decidido por parte de las autoridades moentarias meidante medidas de carácter convencional y no convencional. Al mismo tiempo, se inició una verdadera transformación en el marco regulatorio que debía contener no solo una revisión de las medidas preventivas para evitar futuras crisis, sino que también debía contener un importante grado de cooperación internacional tanto en materias de supervisión y prevención como en las de resolución bancaria The Failure resolution of Lehman Brothers. Marzo 2014 FRBNY. Economic Policy Review
Page 5: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER

International Monetary Fund

• Strengthened surveillance

• Quadrupling of resources

• New lending policy

• Governance

World Bank

• Increased resources

• Enlarged lending policy

• Governance

4

Financial Stability Board (FSB)

(Sep. 2008- April 2009)

Regulation Supervision

G-20 G-7

Reform of Bretton Woods IFIs New pillar of the International Economic Order

Page 6: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

FSB. – PRIORITY AREAS OF THE REGULATORY REFORM

FSB (in coordination with other

International Committees and Organisations)

Assessment of vulnerabilities

(“EWEs”)

Information gathering (Data gaps, shadow banking

monitoring)

Leadership and coordination of

financial regulatory reform in response to the 2007-2008 crisis

Priority Areas

Building resilience of financial institutions

“Basel III”

SIFIs Project (Systemically Important Financial Institutions)

Ending Too-Big-To-Fail (TBTF)

Shadow Banking

OTC derivatives market reforms

Other areas of the regulatory reform: Reform of compensation practices

Enhancement and convergence of accounting standards

Reducing reliance on CRA’s ratings

Macro-prudential supervisory frameworks and tools

Underwriting practices for residential mortgages, etc.

Monitoring of implementation of

internationally agreed standards and

recommendations

Peer Reviews

5

Page 7: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

FSB. – “ENDING TOO-BIG-TO-FAIL” PROJECT

•TARGET: Reducing probability of failure of a G-SIFI • Annual publication of the list of G-SIBs (Global Systemically Important Banks) • Capital surcharges, 5 buckets: 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 2,5% and a 5th “empty bucket” with a 3,5% surcharge (to avoid that firms become more systemic)

Identification of G-SIFIs capital surcharges

•TARGET: Reducing the impact in case of failure of a G-SIFI • Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes (“KA”) New international standard for the resolution of financial institutions

Resolution

•TARGET: Reducing probability of failure of a G-SIFI • Supervisory Independence and Resources • Enhancing supervisory practices of systemic groups.

Intensity and Effectiveness of

Supervision

6

Page 8: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

FSB – “ENDING TBTF” – RESOLUTION OF SYSTEMIC INSTITUTIONS

Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes

(FSB, October 2011)

Legislative Reforms “bail-in”

Recovery and Resolution Plans (“RRP”)

Resolution Strategies

“SPE” Single Point of

Entry

“MPE” Multiple Point

of Entry

Resolvability Assessments

(“RAP”)

GLAC Gone-concern Loss Absorbing Capacity

7

Page 9: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

STRUCTURAL REFORM PROPOSALS

A comparison of selected structural reform proposals

Volcker Liikanen Vickers

Broad approach

Institutional separation commercial banking and investment activities have to be separated

Subsidiarisation Proprietary and high-risk trading activity in separate legal entities

Ring-fencing Structural separation of activities via a ring fence for retail banks

• Alternative domestic initiatives

• Need for international coordination

7 bis

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
The Comprehensive assessment consists of two main phases: an asset quality review and stress test.��The object of the whole exercise is twofold. On the one hand, to improve transparency on the position of institutions whose supervision will be taken over by the SSM; on the other hand, to bring about the recapitalization of viable entities that show inadequate solvency levels. This should help to strengthen confidence in the soundness of European banks .��In the first phase of the exercise, the asset quality review, will assess banks’ balance sheets, taking the balance sheets at December 31 2013 as a reference. This process is already underway and will run until early August. Among other things, it will involve a review of the accounting classification of assets, of the criteria for the recognition of impairments and of the adequacy of provisions, as well as a review of asset valuation methods for certain assets.��The stress test will be performed in collaboration with the EBA . The objective of this exercise is to analyze the ability of institutions to maintain adequate solvency levels in two different scenarios : a central scenario and an alternative adverse scenario with very small probability of occurrence. The implementation of the exercise will begin in May.� The relevant thresholds for the exercise have already been established. In particular, banks will have to comply with a 8% Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio in the baseline scenario with a minimum of 5.5% CET1 ratio under the adverse scenario. Banks with capital shortfalls according to this criteria will have to prepare their respective recapitalization plans. �The publication of the results of the whole exercise is expected in late October 2014 , before the ECB takes over the supervision of significant institutions on 4 November��I
Page 10: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

FIVE YEARS AFTER LEHMAN’S COLLAPSE: WHERE ARE WE GOING TO?

Regulatory and supervisory initiatives in response to the international

financial crisis (in particular after Lehman failure)

New institutions + significative reform of existing ones

New rules, especially for internationally active banks

A credible and effective global resolution regime for SIFIs

Advances but still some key aspects under discussion

Impact of regulatory and supervisory changes in financial intermediation

Financial stability, financial complexity and financing of growth

Perspectives for bank businesses

Structural reforms

8

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
The Comprehensive assessment consists of two main phases: an asset quality review and stress test.��The object of the whole exercise is twofold. On the one hand, to improve transparency on the position of institutions whose supervision will be taken over by the SSM; on the other hand, to bring about the recapitalization of viable entities that show inadequate solvency levels. This should help to strengthen confidence in the soundness of European banks .��In the first phase of the exercise, the asset quality review, will assess banks’ balance sheets, taking the balance sheets at December 31 2013 as a reference. This process is already underway and will run until early August. Among other things, it will involve a review of the accounting classification of assets, of the criteria for the recognition of impairments and of the adequacy of provisions, as well as a review of asset valuation methods for certain assets.��The stress test will be performed in collaboration with the EBA . The objective of this exercise is to analyze the ability of institutions to maintain adequate solvency levels in two different scenarios : a central scenario and an alternative adverse scenario with very small probability of occurrence. The implementation of the exercise will begin in May.� The relevant thresholds for the exercise have already been established. In particular, banks will have to comply with a 8% Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio in the baseline scenario with a minimum of 5.5% CET1 ratio under the adverse scenario. Banks with capital shortfalls according to this criteria will have to prepare their respective recapitalization plans. �The publication of the results of the whole exercise is expected in late October 2014 , before the ECB takes over the supervision of significant institutions on 4 November��I
Page 11: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

EURO AREA : CRISIS AND AUTHORITIES’ RESPONSE

Page 12: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

THE EUROPEAN SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS

10

- The Greek crisis expanded to Euro area countries that had accumulated

macroeconomic imbalances and vulnerabilities. - Fragmentation of financial markets - Sovereign and banking risk link

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TEN YEARS SOVEREIGN SPREADS OVER GERMANY

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
Tras la adopción de la moneda única en 1999 se produjo una progresiva convergencia de las rentabilidades de la deuda de los distintos Estados miembros de la Eurozona. Con el resultado de una década en la que los diferenciales de la deuda pública respecto a los países del núcleo fueron prácticamente nulos. En este contexto la búsqueda de mayores rentabilidades propició un considerable aumento de los flujos de capital desde los países del núcleo de la Eurozona hacia los de la periferia. Así en estos países se incrementó significativamente el endeudamiento público y/o privado. Al mismo tiempo, estos flujos se reflejaron en divergencias en las balanzas por cuenta corriente de los países de la Eurozona. Los persistentes déficits corrientes en los países receptores de capitales podrían haberse traducido en una mayor convergencia económica si los fondos se hubieran destinado a inversiones en capital para mejorar la productividad. Sin embargo, en muchos casos se destinaron a financiar desarrollos inmobiliarios insostenibles. Al mismo tiempo se registraban diferencias de competitividad entre los países de la zona del Euro. No obstante, fueron años de bonanza económica y abundante financiación que enmascararon estas vulnerabilidades. La crisis financiera internacional que comenzó en julio-agosto de 2007 supuso un shock de efectos asimétricos para la eurozona. Inicialmente la atención se centró en la estabilidad de los sistemas bancarios, permaneciendo relativamente calmados los mercados de deuda soberana en 2008 y en 2009. Aunque a partir de la quiebra de Lehman ya se atisbaba un incremento de diferenciales en los países más afectados por la paralización de los mercados internacionales, aquellos más dependientes de la financiación exterior. En octubre de 2009 se desveló la grave situación de las finanzas de Grecia que solicitó ayuda financiera en mayo de 2010. A partir de entonces se propagó la crisis de deuda soberana a los países de la Eurozona con vulnerabilidades debido a su dependencia de la financiación exterior y a los desequilibrios acumulados. Los inversores, que no habían discriminado suficientemente entre países prestatarios dentro de la Eurozona, comenzaron a cuestionar la sostenibilidad de la deuda pública de los países más vulnerables. La reevaluación del riesgo implicó fuertes incrementos en los diferenciales soberanos, caídas bursátiles, rebajas en las calificaciones crediticias y dificultad de acceso a los mercados internacionales para estos países. La desconfianza provocó una renacionalización de los mercados financieros que ha impedido una transmisión eficaz de la política monetaria. A la vez que se creaba un pernicioso vínculo entre riesgo soberano y riesgo bancario que en una situación de crisis genera un círculo vicioso de incrementos de costes financieros para ambos. Este vínculo resulta reforzado por la arquitectura institucional de la UME, que deja la supervisión bancaria en manos nacionales y por tanto los costes de reestructuración y resolución bancaria son soportados por los gobiernos nacionales.      Tras la adopción de la moneda única en 1999 se produjo una progresiva convergencia de las rentabilidades de la deuda de los distintos Estados miembros de la Eurozona. Con el resultado de una década en la que los diferenciales de la deuda pública respecto a los países del núcleo fueron prácticamente nulos. La crisis financiera internacional que comenzó en julio-agosto de 2007 supuso un shock de efectos asimétricos para la eurozona. Inicialmente la atención se centró en la estabilidad de los sistemas bancarios, permaneciendo relativamente calmados los mercados de deuda soberana en 2008 y en 2009. Aunque a partir de la quiebra de Lehman ya se atisbaba un incremento de diferenciales en los países más afectados por la paralización de los mercados internacionales, aquellos más dependientes de la financiación exterior. En octubre de 2009 se desveló la grave situación de las finanzas de Grecia que solicitó ayuda financiera en mayo de 2010. A partir de entonces se propagó la crisis de deuda soberana a los países de la Eurozona con vulnerabilidades debido a su dependencia de la financiación exterior y a los desequilibrios acumulados. Los inversores, que no habían discriminado suficientemente entre países prestatarios dentro de la Eurozona, comenzaron a cuestionar la sostenibilidad de la deuda pública de los países más vulnerables. La reevaluación del riesgo implicó fuertes incrementos en los diferenciales soberanos, caídas bursátiles, rebajas en las calificaciones crediticias y dificultad de acceso a los mercados internacionales para estos países. La desconfianza provocó una renacionalización de los mercados financieros que ha impedido una transmisión eficaz de la política monetaria. A la vez que se creaba un pernicioso vínculo entre riesgo soberano y riesgo bancario que en una situación de crisis genera un círculo vicioso de incrementos de costes financieros para ambos. Este vínculo resulta reforzado por la arquitectura institucional de la UME, que deja la supervisión bancaria en manos nacionales y por tanto los costes de reestructuración y resolución bancaria son soportados por los gobiernos nacionales.      
Page 13: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

BANKING UNION

11

Single Supervisory Mechanism

Council Regulation 1024/2013 (SSMR)

ECB: macro and micro prudential tasks

CRD IV- CRR EBA - Single Rule Book

SSM A mechanism integrated by the

ECB and the NCAs

Single Resolution Mechanism

Banking Resolution Directive (BRRD)

Agreement: December 2013

Approval: April 2014

(pending final revision)

SRM Single Resolution Mechanism

and National Resolution Authorities

Deposit Guarantee

Scheme Deposit Guarantee Scheme

Directive (DGS)

Harmonization of Deposit Guarantee Schemes

Agreement: February 2014

Approval: April 2014

(pending final revision)

European System of Deposit Guarantee Schemes

Lega

l Fr

amew

ork

Inst

itutio

nal

Fram

ewor

k

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
La Unión Bancaria es una apuesta decidida por la estabilidad financiera a nivel europeo. Aspira a mejorar la calidad de la supervisión, a promover la integración de los mercados, a romper el círculo vicioso entre riesgo de los bancos y riesgo soberano, y a contribuir, en definitiva, a los objetivos del Mercado Único.  Asimismo la Unión Bancaria se ha completado con la ceración de una agencia europea de resolución (MUR) y el establecimiento de mecanismos de mutualziación del riesgo bancario a nivel europeo que garantizan garantice un trato equivalente a los distintos depositantes o acreedores bancarios, diluyen la posible confusión que podría provocar ante la ciudadanía la atribución de las funciones de supervisión y de resolución a autoridades de distinto ámbito geográfico y minimiza posibles incentivos desalineados. El mecanismo único de supervisión es una nueva autoridad, no simplemente un mero sistema de coordinación entre supervisores nacionales. El poder de decisión, planificación de los trabajos, definición de procedimientos, y dirección residirá en el Banco Central Europeo y la participación de las autoridades nacionales se centrará en la asistencia, cooperación, y el desarrollo de determinados trabajos de supervisión. Este engranaje de las autoridades nacionales en el Mecanismo Único de Supervisión exige encontrar el equilibrio entre la responsabilidad en la decisión por el Banco Central Europeo y la recursos, experiencia y conocimiento que aportan los supervisores nacionales. No se puede concebir un arranque desde cero.
Page 14: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

SINGLE SUPERVISORY MECHANISM (MICRO PRUDENTIAL SUPERVISION)

SSM = ECB supported by National Competent Authorities (NCAs)

Perimeter: euro zone plus opt-in non euro countries

Significant banks

Size: Assets > €30 billion

Importance: > 20% GDP

Cross-border activities

The three most significant credit institutions in each jurisdiction

Micro prudential supervision

Significant Banks ECB Direct supervision Joint Supervisory Teams

Other Banks ECB indirect supervision NCAs

Joint Supervisory Teams (JST)

ECB Coordinator

National Subcoordinators

Supervisors ≈ 1 BCE by 3,3 NCAs

Significant Banks 130 banks, 85% euro assets

Governing Council

Joint Supervisory Teams ECB staff NCA staff

ECB General Directorates I, II, III & IV

Supervisory Board

12

Page 15: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

• Two main elements: Asset Quality Review and Stress Test

• Objective twofold: improve transparency and recapitalize viable banks with inadequate solvency levels final objective: strengthen confidence in the soundness of European banks

• The Asset quality Review will examine the asset side of bank balance sheets as at 31 December 2013

• The stress test is a forward-looking exercise, which analysis the ability of institutions to maintain adequate solvency levels in stressed scenarios

• The relevant thresholds already established: 8% CET1 in the baseline scenario ; 5.5% under the adverse scenario

• Publication of the results in late October, before the ECB takes over the supervision of significant institutions on 4 November

13

Moderador
Notas de la presentación
The Comprehensive assessment consists of two main phases: an asset quality review and stress test.��The object of the whole exercise is twofold. On the one hand, to improve transparency on the position of institutions whose supervision will be taken over by the SSM; on the other hand, to bring about the recapitalization of viable entities that show inadequate solvency levels. This should help to strengthen confidence in the soundness of European banks .��In the first phase of the exercise, the asset quality review, will assess banks’ balance sheets, taking the balance sheets at December 31 2013 as a reference. This process is already underway and will run until early August. Among other things, it will involve a review of the accounting classification of assets, of the criteria for the recognition of impairments and of the adequacy of provisions, as well as a review of asset valuation methods for certain assets.��The stress test will be performed in collaboration with the EBA . The objective of this exercise is to analyze the ability of institutions to maintain adequate solvency levels in two different scenarios : a central scenario and an alternative adverse scenario with very small probability of occurrence. The implementation of the exercise will begin in May.� The relevant thresholds for the exercise have already been established. In particular, banks will have to comply with a 8% Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio in the baseline scenario with a minimum of 5.5% CET1 ratio under the adverse scenario. Banks with capital shortfalls according to this criteria will have to prepare their respective recapitalization plans. �The publication of the results of the whole exercise is expected in late October 2014 , before the ECB takes over the supervision of significant institutions on 4 November��I
Page 16: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

MACROPRUDENCIAL POLICY IN THE EU

Microprudential policy was not enough , there is a need to address system-wide risks

Risks across the banking sector: Size, interconnections, complexity, etc.

Cyclical risks: Excessive credit growth, possibly concentrated (eg: real estate), excessive maturity mismatch, misaligned incentives, excessive leverage, etc.

Identification of systemic risk sources

Macroprudential instruments

Dynamic provisions, countercyclical capital buffer, capital surchages for

systemic institutions

EU institutional framework

ESRB: Macroprudential oversight of the financial system within the EU

ECB: Share macroprudential powers with SSM national authorities

National Authorities: Implement macroprudential policies at national level

14

Page 17: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

SINGLE RESOLUTION MECHANISM (SRM)

Geographical Scope: as the SSM

Single Resolution Board (SRB): Plenary Board General Rules

Executive Board: 5 members and the National Resolution Authority on an ad-hoc basis For a specific bank

Single Resolution Fund (SRF) Industry contributions ranging from €55-60

billion

National buckets

Progressive mutualization from 40% in 2016 up to 100% in 2023

Decision process: as in the SSM SSM Significant banks and cross border

entities Direct Resolution by the SRB

Other entities National Authorities

Resolution steps 1. Bail- in: minimum 8% assets

2. Single Resolution Funds

1st National buckets

2nd Other buckets (mutualization calendar)

3. Additional industry contributions, or national public backstop

RESOLUTION

FUNDING Single

Resolution Fund

RULES Banking

Resolution Directive

BRDD

INSTITUTION European Resolution

Board

15

Page 18: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM FIVE YEARS AFTER LEHMAN BROTHERS

International Coordination: How much international coordination of financial regulation is needed? Are

we making (un)even progress depending on the topic at stake? Are there any areas requiring further harmonization? Is the system becoming too complex?

Banks versus other intermediaries and their role in financial intermediation: Implications for financial stability and economic growth.

Is there a need for greater cooperation and harmonization on entities’ supervision and resolution?

16

Page 19: Five Years after Lehman’s Collapse: Where are we going to?

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION