fitoremediasi sawah tercemar logam kromium di … · without npk fertilizers-compost-ramie...
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FITOREMEDIASI SAWAH TERCEMAR LOGAM KROMIUM
DI KECAMATAN KEBAKKRAMAT KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR
SEBAGAI UPAYA MENUJU PERTANIAN SEHAT RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
TESIS
Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Sebagian Persyaratan Mencapai Derajat Magister
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan
Oleh
Alfian Chrisna Aji
A131508002
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2017
vi
RINGKASAN
Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Fitoremediasi Sawah Tercemar Logam
Kromium di Kecamatan Kebakkramat Kabupaten Karanganyar Sebagai Upaya
Menuju Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan. Tesis. Magister Ilmu Lingkungan.
Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Agustus 2017.
Kebakkramat adalah salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Karanganyar yang
wilayahnya memiliki beberapa kegiatan industri yang menghasilkan limbah cair
mengandung logam kromium dibuang ke sungai. Limbah logam kromium dapat
mencemari tanah sawah karena digunakan sebagai sumber air irigasi dan sangat
merugikan karena dapat merusak tanah serta berbahaya bagi lingkungan. Alternatif solusi
penyelesaian pencemaran logam kromium secara ramah lingkungan adalah fitoremediasi
menggunakan tanaman rami (Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa)
dikombinasikan dengan Agrobacterium sp. I3, dan bahan organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk 1). mengetahui kemampuan rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong (Fimbristylis
globulosa) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator dalam menyerap logam kromium;
2). mendapatkan perlakuan yang efektif dalam menyerap logam kromium ke dalam
jaringan tanaman; 3). mengetahui pengaruh rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong
(Fimbristylis globulosa) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator terhadap penurunan
kadar logam kromium dalam tanah; dan 4). mengetahui sikap petani terhadap sistem
pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan setelah fitoremediasi.
Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) dengan
desain percobaan faktorial, data abiotik, biotik, dan sosial diambil secara purposive
sampling. Data abiotik dan biotik dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA uji F taraf 5%.
Apabila perlakuan berpengaruh nyata terhadap variabel yang diamati, dilanjutkan dengan
uji DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) dibantu SPSS versi 16. Data sosial dianalisis
dengan statistik inferensial. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain 1). analisis serapan logam
kromium oleh rami, serapan logam kromium oleh akar tertinggi pada perlakuan kontrol
(P0B0T1), yaitu 7,17 µg dan tajuk tertinggi pada perlakuan pupuk NPK-tanpa khelator-
rami (P1B0T1), yaitu 317,04 µg. Sedangkan, pada mendong, serapan logam kromium
oleh akar tertinggi pada perlakuan kontrol (P0B0T2), yaitu 40,35 µg dan tajuk tertinggi
pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong (P0B1T2), yaitu 148,27
µg; 2). perlakuan terbaik serapan logam logam kromium ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan
pupuk NPK-tanpa khelator-rami (P1B0T1): 317,04 µg; tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium
sp. I3-rami (P0B1T1): 221,75 µg; pupuk NPK-kompos-rami (P1B2T1): 194,88 µg; dan
tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong (P0B1T2): 159,02 µg; 3). analisis
kadar logam kromium terendah di dalam tanah terjadi pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-
Agrobacterium sp. I3-rami (P0B1T1) dan tanpa pupuk NPK-kompos-rami (P0B2T1),
yaitu 1,37 µg.g-1 dengan penurunan sebesar 42,01 % dibandingkan tanah awal (2,36 µg.g-
1), serta perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-kompos-mendong (P0B2T2) dan pupuk NPK-
kompos-mendong (P1B2T2), yaitu 1,39 µg.g-1 dengan penurunan sebesar 41,27 %
dibandingkan tanah awal (2,36 µg.g-1); dan 4). petani mendukung sistem pertanian sehat
ramah lingkungan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini antara lain 1). serapan logam kromium oleh
rami dan mendong yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator tergolong tinggi, berperan
dalam proses fitoekstraksi, dan dapat dikatakan sebagai tanaman hiperakumulator; 2).
terdapat beberapa perlakuan yang efektif dalam menyerap logam kromium ke dalam
jaringan tanaman rami dan mendong > 100 ppm; 3). fitoremediasi dengan rami dan
mendong yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator berpengaruh dalam menurunkan
vii
kadar logam kromium tanah; dan 4). petani mendukung sistem pertanian sehat ramah
lingkungan, maka Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar perlu mengeluarkan
kebijakan khusus, sehingga rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat diberikan kepada
Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar sebagai upaya menuju pertanian sehat ramah
lingkungan adalah pertanian yang pengolahannya bebas polutan dan hasilnya aman
dikonsumsi yang disebut Environmentally Healthy Agriculture System (EHAS)
Kata Kunci: Boehmeria nivea, environmentally healthy agriculture system,
Fimbristylis globulosa, fitoremediasi, logam kromium, sikap petani.
viii
ABSTRACT
Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Phytoremediation of Rice Fields Contaminated by
Chromium Metals in Kebakkramat Subdistrict Karanganyar Regency as an Effort
towards Environmentally Friendly Healthy Agriculture. Thesis. Master of
Environmental Science. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. August 2017.
Kebakkramat is one of the subdistricts in Karanganyar Regency whose territory has
some industrial activities which produces liquid waste containing chromium metal
dumped into the river. Chromium metal wastes can contaminate rice fields because they
are used as irrigation water sources and it is very harmful because it can damage the soil,
also harmful to the environment. An alternative solution to the chromium metal
contamination in an environmentally friendly manner are phytoremediation using ramie
(Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) combined with Agrobacterium sp.
I3, and organic matters. This research aims 1). to know ability of ramie (Boehmeria nivea)
and mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to absorb
chromium metals; 2). obtain an effective treatment in absorbing chromium metals into
plant tissues; 3). to know the influence of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) and mendong
(Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to decrease of chromium
metals content in soil; and 4). to know farmers attitude towards environmentally friendly
healthy agriculture after phytoremediation.
This research using randomized completely block design with experimentation
design type of factorial, abiotic, biotic, and social data were taken by purposive sampling.
Abiotic and biotic data were analyzed using F test ANOVA of 5 % level. If the treatment
had significant effect on the observed variables, followed by DMRT test (Duncan
Multiple Range Test) assisted by SPSS version 16. Social data was analyzed with the help
of inferential statistic. Results of this research are showed 1). analysis of chromium metals
uptake by ramie, chromium metals uptake by the highest roots of control treatment
(P0B0T1), i.e. 7,17 μg and the highest shoots in the treatment of NPK fertilizers-without
chelating agents-ramie (P1B0T1), i.e. 317,04 μg. Whereas, at mendong, chromium metals
uptake by the highest roots in control treatment (P0B0T2), i.e. 40,35 μg and the highest
shoots in treatment without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong (P0B1T2), i.e.
148.27 μg; 2). best treatments of chromium metals uptake are showed by the treatment of
NPK fertilizers-without chelating agents-ramie (P1B0T1): 317,04 μg; without NPK
fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-ramie (P0B1T1): 221,75 μg; NPK fertilizers-compost-
ramie (P1B2T1): 194,88 μg; and without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-mendong
(P0B1T2): 159,02 μg; 3). analysis of the lowest chromium metals content in soil occurred
in the treatment without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I3-ramie (P0B1T1) and
without NPK fertilizers-compost-ramie (P0B2T1), i.e. 1,37 μg.g-1 with a decrease of
42,01 % compared to the initial soil (2,36 μg.g-1), as well as treatments of without NPK
fertilizers-compost-mendong (P0B2T2) and NPK fertilizers-compost-mendong
(P1B2T2), ie 1.39 μg.g-1 with a decrease of 41.27 % compared to the initial soil (2.36
μg.g-1); and 4). farmers support environmentally friendly healthy farming system.
Conclusions of this research are 1). the uptake of chromium metal by ramie and mendong
in combination with chelating agents are high, play a role in phytoextraction process, and
can be regarded as hyperaccumulator plants; 2). There are some effective treatments in
absorbing chromium metals into plant tissues of ramie and mendong > 100 ppm; 3).
phytoremediation with ramie and mendong are combined with chelating agents has an
effect on lowering the soil chromium metals content; and 4). farmers support
ix
environmentally friendly healthy farming system, the Local Government of Karanganyar
Regency need to issuing a special policy, so the policy recommendation that can be given
to Local Government of Karanganyar Regency as an effort toward environmentally
friendly healthy farming is agriculture which in processing is free from pollutants and this
products are safe to be consumed which called Environmentally Healthy Agriculture
System (EHAS)
Keywords: Boehmeria nivea, chromium metals, environmentally healthy agriculture
system, farmers attitude, Fimbristylis globulosa, phytoremediation.
x
MOTTO
Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Apabila dikatakan kepadamu, “Berilah kelapangan di
dalam majelis-majelis”, maka lapangkanlah, niscaya Allah akan memberi kelapangan
untukmu. Dan apabila dikatakan, “Berdirilah kamu”, maka berdirilah, niscaya Allah
akan mengangkat (derajat) orang-orang yang beriman di antaramu dan orang-orang
yang diberi ilmu beberapa derajat. Dan Allah Maha Mengetahui terhadap apa yang
kamu kerjakan
-Q.S. Al Mujaddalah: 11-
Orang besar menempuh jalan ke arah tujuan melalui rintangan dan kesukaran yang
hebat
-Nabi Muhammad S.A.W.-
Bila kau tidak tahan lelahnya belajar, maka kau harus menahan perihnya kebodohan
-Imam Asy-Syafi’i-
Man Jadda Wa Jadda (Siapa yang bersungguh-sungguh akan berhasil)
Man Shabara Zhafira (Siapa yang bersabar akan beruntung)
Man Sara Darbi ‘Ala Washala (Siapa yang berjalan di jalan-Nya akan sampai)
-Muslim Quotes-
Awali segala suatu dengan membaca Bismillahirrohmaanirrohiim dan berdoa, diikuti
ikhtiar dari segenap fisiologi tubuh, serta diakhiri tawakal dan Alhamdulillah
-AL-
Seluruh organisme, khususnya mikroorganisme bersama dengan lingkungan fisik
menghasilkan sistem kontrol yang menjaga keadaan bumi sesuai untuk kehidupan
-Hipotesis Gaia-James Lovelock-
The best revenge is massive success
-Frank Sinatra-
xi
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL .................................................................................. i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................... ii
PENGESAHAN PENGUJI TESIS ............................................................. iii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS DAN PUBLIKASI ......................... iv
PRAKATA ................................................................................................. v
RINGKASAN ............................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... viii
MOTTO ...................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .............................................................................. xvi
DAFTAR RUMUS ..................................................................................... xvii
DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN ................................................. xviii
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................... 1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................. 1
B. Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................... 4
C. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 4
D. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 4
BAB II. LANDASAN TEORI ...................................................................... 6
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................. 6
1. Pencemaran Logam Berat ......................................................... 6
a. Pencemaran Logam Berat ................................................... 6
b. Penanganan Pencemaran Logam Berat .............................. 6
2. Logam Kromium (Cr) ............................................................... 7
a. Sifat Umum Logam Kromium ............................................ 7
b. Dampak Logam Kromium Bagi makhluk Hidup ............... 8
3. Fitoremediasi ............................................................................ 9
a. Pengertian Fitoremediasi .................................................... 9
b. Fitoekstraksi ........................................................................ 10
xii
c. Fitostabilisasi ...................................................................... 10
d. Agrobacterium sp. I3 ........................................................... 11
4. Tanaman untuk Fitoremediasi .................................................. 11
a. Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ..................................................... 12
b. Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ..................................... 13
5. Parameter Sifat Tanah ............................................................... 15
a. Keasaman Tanah (pH) ......................................................... 15
b. Carbon Organik-Bahan Organik Tanah ............................. 15
c. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ................................ 16
d. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah .............................................. 16
6. Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan .......................................... 16
7. Azas Lingkungan ...................................................................... 18
a. Azas 3 (Sumber Daya Alam) ............................................... 18
b. Azas 5 (Sumber Daya Alam) .............................................. 18
c. Azas 7 (Keanekaragaman) ................................................... 19
B. Penelitian Relevan .......................................................................... 19
C. Kerangka Berpikir .......................................................................... 21
D. Hipotesis ......................................................................................... 22
BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................ 23
A. Tempat Penelitian ............................................................................ 23
B. Waktu Penelitian .............................................................................. 23
C. Tata Laksana Penelitian .................................................................. 25
1. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ................................................ 25
2. Alat dan Bahan ......................................................................... 26
3. Populasi dan Sampel ....................................................................... 27
4. Teknik Pengambilan Sampel .................................................... 27
5. Variabel Penelitian ..................................................................... 28
6. Pelaksanaan Penelitian ................................................................... 28
7. Teknik Analisis Data ................................................................ 35
BAB IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................... 36
A. Deskripsi Umum Lokasi Penelitian ................................................. 36
B. Analisis Karakteristik Kimia dan Biologi Tanah ............................. 37
xiii
1. Kemasaman Tanah (pH) ............................................................ 37
2. C-Organik Tanah ........................................................................ 39
3. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ............................................ 41
4. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ..................................................... 42
C. Kemampuan Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis
globulosa) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator dalam
Menyerap Logam Kromium (Cr) ke Jaringan Tanaman ................ 45
1. Karakteristik Tanaman Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ...................... 45
2. Karakteristik Tanaman Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ....... 53
D. Pengaruh Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis
globulosa) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator Terhadap
Penurunan Kadar Logam Cr Tanah ................................................ 60
1. Kadar Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah .......................................... 60
2. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah ............ 62
E. Sikap Petani Terhadap Sistem Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan
Setelah Fitoremediasi ..................................................................... 63
1. Informasi Kegiatan Pertanian ..................................................... 63
2. Persepsi Petani Terhadap Fitoremediasi dan Sistem Pertanian
Sehat Ramah Lingkungan ......................................................... 65
3. Rekomendasi Kebijakan Kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten
Karanganyar ............................................................................... 71
F. Pembahasan Umum ......................................................................... 75
G. Diseminasi dan Publikasi Hasil Penelitian ...................................... 78
BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .................................................... 79
A. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................... 79
B. Saran ............................................................................................... 80
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................. 81
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................... 91
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
1. Penelitian Relevan .................................................................................. 19
2. Jadwal Penelitian .................................................................................... 23
3. Rancangan Penelitian .............................................................................. 25
4. Analisis Sampel Tanah Akhir, Tanaman, dan Data Sosial ..................... 35
5. Diseminasi dan Publikasi Hasil Penelitian ............................................. 78
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
1. Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ........................................................................ 12
2. Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ......................................................... 14
3. Kerangka Berpikir .................................................................................. 21
4. Peta Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................ 24
5. Denah Lahan Penelitian ......................................................................... 32
6. Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah .................................................................... 37
7. Kadar C-Organik Tanah ......................................................................... 39
8. Kapasitas Tukar Kation Tanah ............................................................... 41
9. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah Perlakuan Khelator .................................. 43
10. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ................................................................ 44
11. Berat Kering Boehmeria nivea ............................................................ 46
12. Kadar Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ...................................................... 48
13. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Boehmeria nivea .......................................... 50
14. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Boehmeria nivea ......................................... 51
15. Serapan Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ................................................... 52
16. Berat Kering Fimbristylis globulosa ................................................... 54
17. Kadar Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa ............................................. 55
18. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Fimbristylis globulosa ................................. 58
19. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Fimbristylis globulosa ................................ 59
20. Serapan Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa .......................................... 59
21. Kadar Logam Kromium Tanah ............................................................ 61
22. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium Tanah ............................. 63
23. Kebermanfaatan Fitoremediasi di Lahan Pertanian ............................. 65
24. Potensi Rami dan Mendong Secara Ekologi dan Ekonomi .................. 66
25. Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan .................................................... 67
26. Sistem Irigasi Terintegrasi ................................................................... 68
27. Potensi Pertanian Organik .................................................................... 69
28. Urgensi Monitoring dari Pemerintah Daerah ...................................... 70
29. Partisipasi Masyarakat Terhadap EHAS ............................................. 72
30. Model Kolaborasi Pengelolaan EHAS ................................................ 73
31. Bagan Usulan Kebijakan EHAS .......................................................... 74
xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
1. Tingkat Kemasaman (pH) Aktual Tanah ................................................. 91
2. Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ................................................................. 92
3. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ..................................................... 93
4. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah .................................................................. 94
5. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Rami dari BALINGTAN .............. 95
6. Biomassa Kering Rami ........................................................................... 96
7. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Rami ................................... 97
8. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Mendong dari BALINGTAN ....... 98
9. Biomassa Kering Mendong .................................................................... 99
10. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Mendong ............................ 100
11. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Tanah dari BALINGTAN ............. 101
12. Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ...................................................... 103
13. Pertanyaan dan Hasil Jawaban Kuesioner (Data Sosial) ......................... 106
14. Dokumentasi Penelitian dan Surat Terkait Tesis ..................................... 112
xvii
DAFTAR RUMUS
Rumus Halaman
1. Analisis Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ......................................... 29
2. Analisis Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ................................................... 29
3. Analisis Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ...................................... 30
4. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Rami ................................................................... 32
5. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Mendong ............................................................ 32
6. Dosis Pupuk Perlakuan Kontrol .............................................................. 32
7. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium Tanah ................................ 62
xviii
DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN
Singkatan Satuan Keterangan (Besaran Pokok)
Ha Hektar Produksi (Massa per luas)
kg Kilogram Massa/bobot
g Gram Massa/bobot
mg Miligram Massa/bobot
µg Mikrogram Kadar
mL Mililiter Volume
km Kilometer Panjang
Simbol Arti
° Derajat, umumnya dalam celcius
' Menit (dalam koordinat)
" Detik (dalam koordinat)
- Sampai
% Persen (per seratus)
Singkatan Arti
LS Lintang Selatan
BT Bujur Timur
NAB Nilai Ambang Batas
BML Baku Mutu Lingkungan
B3 Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun
pH Potential of Hydrogen
Cr Kromium
KTK Kapasitas Tukar Kation
AAS Atomic Absoption Spectrophotometer
UU Undang-Undang
PP Peraturan Pemerintah
LB Luria Bertani
N Nitrogen
P Phospat
K Kalium
RAKL Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap
sp Spesies
FP Fakultas Pertanian
DMRT Duncan Multiple Range Test
RT Rukun Tetangga
RW Rukun Warga
BPS Badan Pusat Statistik
ctka Contoh Tanah Kering Angin
mdpl Meter di Atas Permukaan Laut
81
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