Fish ID Project 05/13/14

Bailey West

Title: Saltwater/Marine Fish species# 1 Scientific Name: Centropomus undecimalis Common name: Common snook

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Centropomidae

Geography / Habitat: Common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, range from the coastal mid-Atlantic regions of the United States through the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean to parts of Central and South America. Common snook are amphidromous fish, moving between fresh and salt water during their life, but not for the purpose of breeding.

Life Strategy: Although common snook can occupy both freshwater and marine environments, they must

spawn in saltwater, as sperm can only become active in saline conditions.

Food / Feed Strategy: Common snook are pelagic feeders. Daily feeding peaks occurrs 2 hours before

sunrise and 2 to 3 hours after sunset. Their feeding behavior is affected by the tidal cycle, and feeding activity

noticeably increases with an increase in water flow following a period of standing flood or ebb tides

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Centropomus_undecimalis/

Title: species# 2 Scientific Name: Mola mola Common name: Ocean Sunfish

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Tetraodontiformes

Family: Molidae

Geography / Habitat: Ocean sunfish, Mola mola, are found in the temperate and tropical regions of the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans (Wheeler, 1969; Sims and Southall, 2002; Houghton et al., 2006). Adult ocean sunfish are found in temperate and tropical oceans across the globe.

Life Strategy: Little is known about the mating systems of ocean fish, although they are thought to have

paired courtship (Muus,1964; Hutchins, 2004). Some individuals are thought to spawn in the Sargasso Sea.

(Hutchins, 2004; Muus, 1964)

Food / Feed Strategy: Ocean sunfish primarily feed on jellyfish and gelatinous zooplankton, such as ctenophores, salps, and medusae.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Mola_mola/

Title: species# 3 Scientific Name: Hypsypops rubicundus Common name: Garibaldi

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Pomacentridae

Geography / Habitat: primarily found off the coast of California. lives in cooler temperate waters as opposed to tropical reefs.

Life Strategy: rubicundus spawn from mid-March through July

Food / Feed Strategy: rubicundus feeds primarily on small sessile sponges, bryozoans, and plankton that are found in and around the kelp forests

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hypsypops_rubicundus/

Title: species# 4 Scientific Name: Dermatolepis dermatolepis Common name:Grouper

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Serranidae

Geography / Habitat: Dermatoplepis dermatolepis has a wide range that covers mostl of the Eastern Central Pacific and the Southeast Pacific. Leather bass live in reef areas with a depth between 4 to 40 m in the subtropics

Life Strategy: Leather bass assemble at dusk to mate. They locate a spot high on the reef, and then gather by

the hundreds to spawn. The males and females pair off and hurry towards the surface, releasing a cloud of

eggs and sperm. ("PBS Online", 2004)

Food / Feed Strategy: Leather bass can be found hovering above rocky reefs during the day searching for food. They feed on small benthic fishes that are disturbed when foraging grazers come to feed in an area.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dermatolepis_dermatolepis/ Title: species# 5 Scientific Name: Mugil cephalus Common name: Flathead Mullet

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Mugiliformes

Family: Mugilidae

Geography / Habitat: occurs in the coastal waters of the tropical and subtropical zones of all seas they are found in highly salty to fresh waters that are warm or temperate from 8 to 24 C.

Life Strategy: Striped mullet are catadromous, that is, they spawn in saltwater yet spend most of their lives

in freshwater.

Food / Feed Strategy: Mullet are diurnal feeders, consuming mainly zooplankton, dead plant matter, and

detritus. Mullet have thick-walled gizzard-like segments in their stomach along with a long gastrointestinal

tract that enables them to feed on detritus.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Mugil_cephalus/ Title: species# 6 Scientific Name: Chromis cyanea Common name:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Pomacentridae

Geography / Habitat: Blue chromis are found primarily in the western portion of the Atlantic Ocean. Blue chromis are found in lagoons and reef communities at depths of 3 to 60 meters; they are found most commonly at depths of 10-20 meters, where food and shelter are most abundant.

Life Strategy: Blue chromis are promiscuous, with multiple females visiting and laying eggs at many nests

and males mating with multiple females.

Food / Feed Strategy: Blue chromis feed mainly on plankton suspended in the water column.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chromis_cyanea/

Title: species# 7 Scientific Name: Pomacanthus annularis Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: live in the Indo-Pacific region ranging from Sri Lanka to the Solomon Islands and from the Philippines to the northern tip of Australia. Is a tropical, marine (salt water) fish that lives around coastal rocky coral reefs and other hard bottom coastal areas

Life Strategy: For members of the genus Pomacanthus, spawning normally begins with the onset of dusk and

is thought to be triggered by the decrease in light.

Food / Feed Strategy: omnivorous, eating benthic invertebrates such as zooplankton, sponges, tunicates and coral polyps.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pomacanthus_annularis/

Title: species# 8 Scientific Name: Coris aygula Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: the clown wrasse is found primarily near Eastern Africa and Southern Asia. Is a marine reef-associated fish, inhabiting rocky reef and coral areas. It lives in depth from 2 to 30 meters.

Life Strategy: When spawning, wrasses gather in loose aggregations where one dominant male oversees

many females within a general territory.

Food / Feed Strategy: eat shelled mollusks, hermit crabs, other crabs, and sea urchins.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Coris_aygula/

Title: species# 9 Scientific Name: Sebastes caurinus Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Copper rockfish are found in waters along the Pacific coast ranging from Baja, California up to Kehui, Alaska. Copper rockfish are demersal, preferring the ocean bottom near low-profile rocks and reefs.

Life Strategy: No information could be obtained describing the mating behaviors of copper rockfish or any of

the various rockfish species.

Food / Feed Strategy: Copper rockfish are opportunistic carnivores that feed mainly on organisms present near the ocean floor.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Sebastes_caurinus/

Title: species# 10 Scientific Name: Coryphaena hippurus Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Tropical and subtropical areas of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. In pelagic regions, Coryphaena hippurus is commonly found near floating objects, apparently because its prey seek refuge under the objects (Palko, et al. 1982).

Life Strategy: Males and females are sexually mature in their first year, usually by 4-5 months old. Spawning

can occur at body lengths of 20 cm. Females may spawn two to three times per year, and produce between

80,000 and 1,000,000 eggs per event.

Food / Feed Strategy: They feed on teleosts, cephalopods, and crustaceans, with a positive correlation between dolphin size and prey size.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Coryphaena_hippurus/

Title: species# 11 Scientific Name: Albula vulpes Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Bonefish are found in warm tropical waters from the southern coast of Florida, through the Bahamas and along the eastern coast of South America. Bonefish are found in varying water depths.

Life Strategy: Reproduction occurs seasonally in bonefish, spawning mainly occurs from November to late

May or early June.

Food / Feed Strategy: They feed on many small mollusks and crustaceans in shallow water.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Albula_vulpes/

Title: species# 12 Scientific Name: Anarrhichthys ocellatus Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Wolf-eels are found in the temperate North Pacific in coastal waters from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan to the Aleutian islands and along the western coast of North America to Baja California. Wolf-eels are exclusively marine, found in shallow, cold, coastal waters.

Life Strategy: Males and females form monogamous pairs at about 4 years old, or 91.4 cm in length. Some

evidence suggests they mate for life. (Sempier, 2003).

Food / Feed Strategy: Wolf-eels use their robust jaws and teeth to eat hard-shelled invertebrates, such as crabs up to 114 mm in width, snails, sand dollars, sea urchins, mussels, clams, and abalone.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Anarrhichthys_ocellatus/

Title: species# 13 Scientific Name: Synchiropus splendidus Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: is found in much of the western Pacific including the Philippines, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Australia, and New Guinea (Delbeek, 1989). Mandarin fish are tropical, marine fish found in waters with a temperature range of 24 to 26ºC.

Life Strategy: Spawning occurs on areas of the reef where small groups of males and females gather during

the night.

Food / Feed Strategy: Mandarin fish feed on the bottom. They eat small crustaceans such as amphipods and isopods, small worms and protozoans.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Synchiropus_splendidus/

Title: species# 14 Scientific Name: Chaetodon auriga Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Threadfin butterflyfish are found throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Threadfin butterflyfish are found in tropical coral reef habitats (Nelson 1984; Herald 1975; Jobling 1907).

Life Strategy: are monogamous, they mate with one partner and maintain this partnership for many years

(Jobling 1995; Paxton and Eschmeyer 1998; Roberts and Ormond 1992).

Food / Feed Strategy: benthic feeding fish that feed mostly on plankton (Pratchett 2001). However, they are omnivorous, and also feed on coral polyps, algae, shrimp, gastropods, nemertime worms, and polychaetes (Steene 1977).

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chaetodon_auriga/

Title: species# 15 Scientific Name: Zebrasoma flavescens Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Yellow tangs, Zebrasoma flavescens, are reef fish found in the waters west of Hawaii and east of Japan in the Pacific Ocean. Yellow tangs are reef-associated fish.

Life Strategy: can spawn in groups or in pairs. When in groups, females release eggs and males release sperm

into open water where fertilization occurs.

Food / Feed Strategy: Yellow tangs have a long, down-turned mouth with small teeth that are specialized for grazing on algae.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Zebrasoma_flavescens/

Title: species# 16 Scientific Name: Acanthurus triostegus Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Convict tangs are found throughout the Indo-Pacific region, as well as the eastern Pacific Ocean from the lower Gulf of California to Panama. Convict tangs are surgeonfish that prefer to occupy coral reefs, but are also found in tidepools and other nearshore habitats such as shallow, low current beach communities.

Life Strategy: Convict tangs spawn in resident spawning aggregations.

Food / Feed Strategy: Convict tangs are herbivores, grazing on algae found on rocks and corals.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Acanthurus_triostegus/

Title: species# 17 Scientific Name: Scarus rivulatus Common name:

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Geography / Habitat: Scarus rivulatus are distributed throughout the western Pacific. Scarus rivulatus inhabit coral reefs and are most abundant in the mid-shelf region.

Life Strategy: Initial and terminal phase males have different mating behaviors. Initial males usually mate in

large spawning groups made up of several males and females.

Food / Feed Strategy: S. rivulatus, as are all other scarids, are herbivores. They feed on many types microscopic algae that grow on calcareous material, such as coral skeletons.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Scarus_rivulatus/

Title: species# 18 Scientific Name: Dasyatis centroura Common name: rough-tailed stingray

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Geography / Habitat: Roughtail stingrays, Dasyatis centroura, reside in tropical and temperate waters of the coastal Atlantic Ocean, ranging from the coast of Massachusetts to Brazil, the Mediterranean Sea, the Bay of Biscay, and Angola. During summer months, roughtail stingrays are more prevalent in bays, estuaries and coastal waters. Roughtail stingrays usually reside in benthic environments and in marine and brackish water.

Life Strategy: Little is known about the natural mating behavior and mating system of roughtail stingrays.

Food / Feed Strategy: Roughtail stingrays are opportunistic carnivores, adapting their diet to include the most available prey.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dasyatis_centroura/

Title: species# 19 Scientific Name: Eleotrida Common name: Sleepers

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Geography / Habitat: Eleotrids can be found worldwide between the 40th parallels (tropical and subtropical regions), reaching farther south in New Zealand. Eleotrids occupy mostly fresh and brackish water.

Life Strategy: No information was found that addresses mating systems specifically in eleotrids

Food / Feed Strategy: Eleotrids are carnivores that feed on crustaceans and other benthic invertebrates, small fishes, and insects.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Eleotridae/

Title: species# 20 Scientific Name: Rhinobatos productus Common name: Guitarfish

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Geography / Habitat: Shovelnose guitarfish are found along the Southwestern coast of North America, This species is usually found in the surf zone and in shallow coastal waters (average depth 13 m), though individuals have been observed at depths of up to 91 m.

Life Strategy: Shovelnose guitarfish mate once a year and are monogamous.

Food / Feed Strategy: Shovelnose guitarfish feed nocturnally on infaunal organisms such as worms, crabs, clams, and smaller fish. In Elkhorn Slough, California, their preferred prey is yellow shore crabs.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Rhinobatos_productus/

Title: species# 21 Scientific Name: Amphiprion perideraion Common name: Pink anemonefish

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Geography / Habitat: throughout tropical regions in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. These fish are found in lagoons and seaward reefs (Fautin and Allen, 1992; Myers, 1991).

Life Strategy: are monogamous fish where only two of the representatives of a group are actually involved in

the mating.

Food / Feed Strategy: use suction feeding. The maxilla pushes the premaxilla forward, which causes an area

of low pressure inside the mouth, resulting in suction.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Amphiprion_perideraion/

Title: species# 22 Scientific Name: Diodon hystrix Common name: Giant porcupinefish

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Geography / Habitat: Spot-fin porcupinefish are found in the Pacific Ocean. Adults are generally found in holes and crevices in inshore areas including lagoons, caves, shipwrecks, reefs, and ledges, and are also found in seamount areas.

Life Strategy: This species is a broadcast spawner; males and females mate promiscuously during spawning

events.

Food / Feed Strategy: Spot-fin porcupinefish are durophagous and carnivorous, having strong jaws and teeth that are fused together, specializations for eating hard-shelled creatures.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Diodon_hystrix/

Title: species# 23 Scientific Name: Thunnus thynnus Common name: horse mackerel

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Geography / Habitat: Bluefin tuna are distributed throughout the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in subtropical and temperate waters. Bluefin tuna are marine fishes, they occupy both coastal and pelagic waters.

Life Strategy: Bluefin tuna form spawning aggregations. Males and females synchronously produce eggs and

sperm (milt), resulting in mating among many individuals at the same time.

Food / Feed Strategy: Bluefin tuna chase down their prey using their ability to swim at very high speeds. They can also use modified filter feeding to catch small, slow moving organisms. They have also been known to eat kelp.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Thunnus_thynnus/

Title: species# 24 Scientific Name: Dactyloscopidae Common name: Sand stargazers

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Geography / Habitat: Dactyloscopids, or sand stargazers, are found in tropical and warm temperate waters of the western hemisphere. Dactyloscopids live buried in the sand with only the eyes, along with the snout and sometimes the top of the head, uncovered.

Life Strategy: No information was found on mating systems in Dactyloscopidae.

Food / Feed Strategy: Sand stargazers are carnivorous, lying in wait under the sand to attack small fishes

and invertebrates. (Allen and Robertson, 1994; Wheeler, 1985).

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dactyloscopidae/

Title: species# 25 Scientific Name: Anguilla rostrata Common name: Common eel

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Geography / Habitat: is a catadromous species that spawns in the Atlantic Ocean and ascends streams and rivers in North and South America. live in freshwater as adults, usually in larger rivers or lakes, primarily swimming near the bottom in search of food.

Life Strategy: a catadromous species, living most of its life in freshwater, but spawning in saltwater (Sumich,

1999).

Food / Feed Strategy: Feeding habits of A. rostrata vary with level of maturity.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Anguilla_rostrata/

Title: species# 26 Scientific Name: Chauliodus sloani Common name: Manylight viperfish

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Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Stomiiformes

Family: Stomiidae

Geography / Habitat: commonly called Sloane’s viperfish or Sloane’s fangfish, are known to inhabit almost all marine waters in the temperate and tropical zones. are primarily bathypelagic fish. The bathypelagic region extends from 1000 to 2000 meters below the surface in the open ocean.

Life Strategy: Hardly anything is known about the mating system of Chauliodus sloani.

Food / Feed Strategy: Sloane’s viperfish have some characteristics typical of deep-water fishes which aid in acquiring food in regions of low light.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chauliodus_sloani/

Title: Freshwater fishes Species #: 27 Common Name: catfish Scientific Name: Icturlurus punctatus

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Silfurifomes

Family: Ictalurida

Geography / Habitat: The native range of Ictalurus punctatus is the Neartic in Lower Canada and

throughout the Midwest of the United States. Channel catfish have been introduced in the Palearctic in

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain (Elvira, 2001) as well as Malaysia (FFRC, 2004). ("The

Department of Fisheries Malaysia and FFRC", 2004; Elvira, 2001) Channel catfish can live in both fresh and

salt water and brackish water yet they are generally found in freshwater environments.

Life Strategy: The life expectancy of a channel catfish is around 14 years old but they can exceed this

number. In captivity the channel catfish is generally harvested after 2 years (Wellburn, 1988). (Wellburn,

1988)

Food / Feed Strategy: Ictalurus punctatus can be thought of as one large mouth because there are taste buds

located all over their body. The olfactory system is used mostly in consumption of food. Adult channel catfish,

over 45 cm, consume fishes such as yellow perch and sunfish. The diet of adults consists of snails, algae,

snakes, frogs, insects, aquatic plants, and even birds occasionally. Younger channel catfish are more

consistently omnivorous, eating a large variety of plants and animals (Northwest, 2004). ("Northwest Power

and Conservation Council-Subbasin Planning", 2004; Wellburn, 1988)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ictalurus_punctatus/pictures/collections/contributors/usfws/channelcatfish

Title: Freshwater fishes Species #: 28 Common Name: Common eel Scientific Name: Anguilla Rostrata

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinoperygii Order: Angulliformes

Family: Angullida

Geography / Habitat: common eel is a catadromous species that spawns in the Atlantic Ocean and ascends streams and rivers in North and South America. Found in Atlantic, Great Lakes, Mississippi, the Gulf Basin, and south to South America. Habitat live in freshwater as adults, usually in larger rivers or lakes, primarily swimming near the bottom in search of food. The species prefers to hunt at night and resides in crevices or other shelter from the light during the day, often times burying themselves in the substrate, whether mud, sand or gravel (Landau, 1992) Life Strategy: is a catadromous species, living most of its life in freshwater, but spawning in saltwater (Sumich, 1999). Sexually mature adults migrate to the Sargasso Sea, to spawn and supposedly die. Eels may reside in freshwater systems for up to 20 years before leaving to spawn at sea. The female lays up to 4 million buoyant eggs, which are fertilized by the male. Despite the use of technologically advanced SONAR tracking methods, adult eels are yet to be conclusively observed or captured in the presumed spawning areas in the Sargasso Sea (Sumich, 1999).

Food / Feed Strategy: Feeding habits of A. rostrata vary with level of maturity. The leptocephalus is

planktivorous as it drifts to coastal waters and develops into an elver, which feeds on aquatic insects, small

crustaceans, and dead fish (Landau, 1992). Yellow and Silver eels are primarily nocturnal carnivorous

feeders, consuming insects, crustaceans, clams, worms, fish and frogs. Eels at this stage will also eat dead

animal matter. Adult eels use rotational feeding to tear portions from prey by causing a twist in their bodies

and spinning to generate force to remove pieces of food (Helfman et al., 1999). This behavior actually wastes

large portions of food in eel aquaculture systems (Landau, 1992).

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Anguilla_rostrata Title: Freshwater fishes Species #: 29 Common Name: StoneCat Scientific Name: Noturus Flavus

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinoperygii Order: Silifuriforms

Family: Anguillida

Geography / Habitat: Stonecat are native to the Neartic region. They occur throughout the upper

Mississippi Basin, much of the Great Lakes drainage. Stonecats live in freshwater environments. They are

found in large creeks and small rivers. They occasionally occur in tiny creeks or rivers as large as the lower

Mississippi (Etnier and Starnes, 1993). Stonecats occupy gently- to fast-moving riffle areas that have a rocky

substrate. Stonecats spend the majority of their time in moderate moving, shallow riffles. They can also be

found in deeper water in the 2 to 3 meter range. Stonecats also occur in natural lakes such as Lake Erie. There

they prefer rock and gravel bars that are subject to a lot of wave action. (Branson and Batch, 1974; Etnier and

Starnes, 1993; Hammerson, 2005; Kline and Morgan, 2000)

Life Strategy: Stonecats form monogamous pairs for breeding

Food / Feed Strategy: Stonecats are primarily invertivores. The young will feed upon the larvae of mayflies

(Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera) caddisflies (Trichoptera), and midges (Chironomidae). Adult

stonecats will feed on mainly mayfly larvae and crayfish (Astacoidea), but they will also take small darters

and minnows. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Hammerson, 2005)

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● Citation http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Noturus_flavus/

Title Freshwater fishes species# 30 Common Name: yellow madtom Scientific Name: Noturus Flavipinnis

Kingdom: animala Phylum: chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Siluriformes

Family: Ictaluridae

Geography / Habitat: yellowfin madtom can be found only in the upper portion of the Tennessee River

drainage, in the Powell River and Citico Creek in Tennessee, and in Copper Creek in Virginia. Inhabits pools

and backwaters of streams, where it can find cover beneath tree roots, sunken leaves, brush piles, or bedrock

ledges. Individuals can be found in shallow pools less than one meter deep, and are usually not found further

down than two meters in deeper pools. The streams where Noturus flavipinnis can be found are clean, with

little siltation. Spawning habitat may be in the cleaner substrate of quicker currents than their usual habitat.

(Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Page and Burr, 2005; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996; Virginia Tech Fish and

Wildlife Information Exchange, 1996)

Life Strategy: reproduces from late May to mid July. Females may be able to spawn twice per season, and as the male guards the nest, mating is probably polyandrous, with no pair bonds formed. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Virginia Tech Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange, 1996)

Food / Feed Strategy: Feeding by Noturus flavipinnis takes place mainly at night. It may, however,

sometimes feed during the day. Its diet consists mostly of aquatic insect larvae, but crayfish may also be

eaten. This species may exhibit some preferences in diet, but it is also an opportunistic feeder. It is also

known to be a benthic feeder. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996; Virginia Tech Fish and Wildlife

Information Exchange, 1996)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Noturus_flavipinnis/

Title: Freshwater fishes species# 31 Common Name: yellow bullhead Scientific Name: Ameiurus Natalis

Kingdom: animalia Phylum: chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Siluriformes

Family: Ictauridae

Geography / Habitat: Yellow bull range throughout the eastern United States, extending north to southeastern Canada and west to the Great Plains and Rio Grande drainage

Life Strategy: Yellow bullhead males dig nests, which may range from a shallow depression in muddy

sediment to a deep burrow in the stream bank. Protected nest sites near rocks and stumps with dense

vegetation are preferred. Nest sites attract females for mating. ("Ameiurus natalis (LeSueur)", 2005;

Armstrong, 1962; Eddy and Surber, 1943; Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Hubbs and Lagler, 1958; Klossner, 2005)

Food / Feed Strategy: Like all other catfish species, yellow bullheads are opportunistic feeders. Yellow

bullheads feed at night. They have been known to eat minnows, crayfish, insects and insect larvae, aquatic

invertebrates, and worms. Compared to the other two bullheads, the yellow bullheads consume more aquatic

vegetation. The young will feed on aquatic invertebrates. (Eddy and Surber, 1943; Eddy and Underhill, 1974;

Hubbs and Lagler, 1958; Trautman, 1981)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ameiurus_natalis/ Title: Freshwater fish species# 32 Common Name: Brown catfish Scientific Name: Ameiurus nebulosus

Kingdom: animalia Phylum: chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Siluriformes

Family: Ictalurideae

Geography / Habitat: Brown bullheads are native to freshwater habitats in Canada and the United States from 25° to 54° north latitude . Brown bullhead are found in pools and slower-moving runs of creeks and rivers, reservoirs, ponds, and lakes. They are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions, including water temperatures up to 36 degrees Celsius and oxygen levels to 0.2 ppm. They prefer habitats with vegetation and substrate. They survive well in domestically and industrially polluted waters. They are bottom dwelling fish. (Barnes and Hicks, 2003; Becker, 1983; Blazer, et al., 2009a; Blazer, et al., 2009b; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2010; Froese and Pauly, 2010; Page and Burr, 1991)

Life Strategy: Brown bullhead are monogamous during the breeding season. Blumer (1985) and Becker

(1983) were unable to determine how pairing occurred. Courtship, occurring near nesting sites, involves

holding the partners jaw, tail, or head with the mouth, head butting, nibbling bodies, and caressing barbels.

Side-by-side swaying has also been observed. Pairs settle over nests and face away from each other during

gamete release. (Becker, 1983; Blumer, 1985; Encyclopedia of Life, 2010)

Food / Feed Strategy:Brown bullhead are benthic, opportunistic omnivores. In aquarium settings they eat

most food given to them. Juveniles eat zooplankton, including chironomids, cladocerans, ostracods, and

amphipods, insects, including mayfly larvae and caddisfly larvae, and plants. Adults feed on insects, small fish,

fish eggs, mollusks, plants, leeches, worms, and crayfish. They typically are nocturnal feeders, but have been

observed feeding during the day. They use their barbels to locate food. (Barnes and Hicks, 2003; Becker,

1983; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2010; Froese and Pauly, 2010; Kline and Wood, 1996; Raney and

Webster, 1940)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ameiurus_nebulosus/ Title: freshwater fish species# 33 Common Name: Sheephead Scientific Name: aplodinotus grunniens

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Periformes

Family: Sciaenidae

Geography / Habitat: Freshwater drum are the only members of the family Sciaenidae that inhabit

freshwater. They have a vast distribution range that extends from as far north as the Hudson Bay to their

extreme southern range in the Rio Usumacinata Basin of Guatemala. Freshwater drum inhabit backwaters

and areas of slack current in a wide range of habitats including deep pools in medium to large rivers and

large, deep to shallow lacustrine environments. They are a benthic fish that particularly like silty to rocky

substrates.

Life Strategy: Freshwater drum breed seasonally in open water. The eggs are fertilized and left floating near

the surface of the water, where the eggs, and subsequently the larvae, are carried by currents. This unique

characteristic is thought to be the explanation of their wide distribution. Freshwater drum are seemingly

promiscuous because males and females disperse eggs and sperm into the water column where fertilization is

rather random. However scientific evidence to justify this statement has not been documented. (Minnesota

Department of Natural Resources, 2005)

Food / Feed Strategy: Freshwater drum feed on prey at all hours of the night. They peruse the bottom in

schools in search of many different items. They generally root around and move rocks and other substrates to

flush their prey. Adults feed primarily on aquatic insects such as mayflies,

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Aplodinotus_grunniens/ Title: Freshwater Fish species# 34 Common Name: Longtail Knifewish Scientific Name: Sternopygus macrurs

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: gymnotiformes

Family: Sternopygidae

Geography / Habitat: It is known to inhabit the area from the Magdalena River to the Sao Francisco River and western Ecuador. It is also found in the Catatumbo River and the Amazon in Peru. (Ortega and Vari 1986) Sternopygus macrurus is most common in benthopelagic and freshwater bodies such as swamps, creeks, and rivers with lentic waters. The pH range for S. macrurus is 6.0 to 6.5 and the dH range is 4.0 to 15.0. (Ortega and Vari 1986)

Life Strategy: The male Sternopygus macrurus defends a territory. Just before or during the rainy season, the

male will attract a female passing though his territory as a spawning partner. He attracts a female using

electric signal from his electric organ. A single mating results in over 6000 eggs. (Hopkins 1972; Provenzano

1984; Kirschbaum 1995)

Food / Feed Strategy: is a predator of small invertebrates. Its diet is mainly composed of aquatic insect

larvae. (Planquette, Keith, and LeBail 1996)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Sternopygus_macrurus/

● Title: Freshwater fish species# 35 Common Name: Asian Seabass Scientific Name: Lates Calcarifer

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Periformes

Family: Latidae

Geography / Habitat: Barramundi are catadromous, spending most of their life in fresh water and migrating

to salt water in order to breed. Smaller fish are found in rivers and streams and larger fish are found in the

ocean and estuaries (Pender, 1996; FAO, 1999). There are exceptions to this patter, however, with

populations of all sizes of fish found throughout their natural range. Pender and Griffin confirmed through

chemical analysis that there are populations that spend their entire life cycle in salt water, in brackish water,

or in fresh water (Pender, 1996). Barramundi can survive in a wide range of salinities, but must be

introduced slowly to a new salinity to avoid shock (Webster, 2002). Barramundi generally prefer to hide

under logs or other objects. (Pender and Griffin, 1996; UN Fish and Agricultural Organization, 1999; Webster

and Lim, 2002)

Life Strategy: Barramundi spawn seasonally (Moore, 1982). Since they are broadcast spawners (Luna, 2008;

Moore, 1982), it can be inferred that there is very little social interaction among individuals. Males and

females congregate for the purpose of spawning. Spawning events tend to take place at the mouths of

estuaries on or near a full moon, after which tides draw the eggs up into the estuaries (Luna, 2008). (Luna,

2008; Moore, 1982)

Food / Feed Strategy: They eat microcrustaceans such as copepods and amphipods as juvenile fish under 40 mm. As larger juveniles they eat macrocrustaceans like Penaeidae and Palaemonidae.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Lates_calcarifer/ Title: Freshwater fish species# 36 Common Name: American pike Scientific Name: Esox Lucius

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Esociformes

Family: Esocidae

Geography / Habitat: They are found from Labrador west to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Missouri and

Nebraska. In Europe they are found throughout northern and western Europe, south throughout Spain and

east to Siberia. They are found in almost every type of freshwater, from cold deep lakes, to warm shallow

ponds, to muddy rivers.

Life Strategy: Northern pike are considered random spawners not nest builders. Spawning occurs in the

shallows when the water temperature reaches 4-7 degrees Celsius (40-45 degrees Fahrenheit). Spawning

lasts for 5 to 10 days after which the female leaves. Males remain in the spawning area for several weeks, but

do not protect the eggs. At this stage the eggs are vulnerable to predators. The eggs that do survive hatch in

about 2 weeks. With their insatiable eating habits young E. lucius grow rapidly in both length and weight.

Males become sexually mature at 2-3 years-old and females at 3-4 years-old.

Food / Feed Strategy: Esox lucius are a carnivorous fish. Equipped with sharp teeth and very complex skull and jaw structures they are predators of smaller fish, frogs, crayfish, small mammals and birds.

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● Citation:http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Esox_lucius/pictures/collections/contributors/william_fink/esox_lucius/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 37 Common Name: Bluntnose minnow Scientific Name:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes

Family: Cyprinida

Geography / Habitat: The bluntnose minnow is widely distributed in small and medium-sized streams in

North America. They occur from southern Quebec and Manitoba south to Louisiana, west to the Mississipi

River drainage (but not the Mississippi River itself).(Froese and Pauly, 2002; State of Iowa DNR, 2001)

Bluntnose minnows prefer clear, rocky streams and creeks that are small to medium in size. They also occur

in natural and man-made lakes.

Life Strategy: During breeding season the males use at least two methods of communication. First, their

physical appearance changes (as described in the reproductive section). Second, males make a variety of

pulsed sounds when acting aggresively with other males. It is not known if these sounds are also used in

courtship or spawning.

Food / Feed Strategy: Bluntnose minnows eat algae, aquatic insect larvae, diatoms, and small crustaceans

called entomostracans. Occasionally they will eat fish eggs or small fish. (State of Iowa DNR, 2001)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pimephales_notatus/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 38 Common Name: Gemfish Scientific Name: Atractosteus spatula

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinoopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Gempylidae

Geography / Habitat: Alligator gars are found in large lakes, rivers, and bayous. Typically they are found in

backwaters and bottomland swamps. They are found in both freshwater and brackish waters, they rarely

enter marine waters (Etnier, 1993; Knopf, 2002). (Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Knopf, 2002)

Life Strategy: Female alligator gars lay eggs that are dark green or red and stick to rocks and vegetation. The

eggs are poisonous if eaten. Alligator gar may take many years to reach sexual maturity, although little is

known about reproduction in this species. (Goddard, 2005; Schultz, 2004)

Food / Feed Strategy: Alligator gars are opportunistic carnivores and sit-and-wait predators. They appear to

be sluggish, but can ambush prey with short bursts of speed (Goddard, 2005). They feed on almost anything,

including fish, ducks, turtles, small mammals, and carrion (Schultz, 2004). (Goddard, 2005; Schultz, 2004)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Atractosteus_spatula/ Title: Freshwater fish species# 39 Common Name: Blackfish Scientific Name: Gadopsis Marnoratus

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Labridae

Geography / Habitat: River blackfish (Gadopsis marmoratus) have a relatively limited range, inhabiting

freshwater rivers in southeastern Australia. They are found both north and south of the Great Dividing Range,

a mountainous geographic barrier that divides Victoria into two separate regions. (Barnham, 2007) Although

river blackfish can be found in both slower and faster flowing waters, they prefer to stay in low-velocity (0 to

20 cm/s), highly sheltered pools of lowland rivers.

Life Strategy: River blackfish reproduce sexually, but their mating system is unknown. Fertilization of eggs occurs outside of the mother’s body, and eggs are normally laid inside hollow logs. Egg deposition has also been observed inside of man-made structures (e.g., hollow pipes), which may simulate the conditions of hollow logs. (Barnham, 2007; Jackson, 1978a; Jackson, 1978b

Food / Feed Strategy: River blackfish are carnivorous, ambush predators. They prefer to ambush prey areas

of cover in order to most efficiently use their short, quick bursts of speed. They have a diverse diet. Prey items

include insects, mollusks, crustaceans, small fish, and terrestrial invertebrates that fall into the water. Of all

their prey items, larval mayflies are most important, comprising 50% of the diet. Terrestrial insects make up

the second greatest portion of the blackfish diet, 10% of their overall intake. (Barnham, 2007; Jackson, 1978a;

Jackson, 1978b)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Gadopsis_marmoratus/ Title: Freshwater fish species# 40 Common Name: Eel Sucker Scientific Name: Petromyzon Marinus

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Hyperoartia Order: Petromyzontiformes

Family: N/A

Geography / Habitat: Sea lampreys are native to the Atlantic Ocean. Between the months of March and October, they can be found along the coast of the United States as far north as Massachusetts and as far south as South Carolina. Sea lampreys are anadromous, and migration is triggered by changes in water temperature. In general, they prefer shallow coastal areas, though they are found at depths between 0.91 and 4.57 m.

Life Strategy: Little is known about the mating systems of sea lampreys. It is thought that male sea lampreys

emit a pheromone composed of bile acids that alerts ovulating females to their presence. This signal may also

be related to mating preferences and may be sent over large distances. Male sea lampreys selectively dig

holes into river or stream bottoms and fertilize eggs once the female has laid them. This external fertilization

allows multiple males to fertilize eggs. (Bryan, et al., 2005; "The Great Lakes Fishery Commission", 2000;

Lavis, et al., 2001; Lavis, et al., 2003; Lesinski, 1996; Li, et al., 2003; Rohde, et al., 1994; Trautman, 1981)

Food / Feed Strategy: Newly hatched larval sea lampreys are freshwater filter-feeders that consume

detritus, algae, and other organic material found at river bottoms. Once in a saline environment (or in the

Great Lakes), sea lampreys develop parasitic abilities, attach themselves to a fish and ingest their blood and

skin. Sea lampreys ultimately break down the fish while the fish is still alive. This species is capable of

attaching itself to a variety of species of fish and does not seem to have a preference of host species. Once sea

lampreys reach sexual maturity, they no longer feed. (Bryan, et al., 2005; Lavis, et al., 2001; Lavis, et al., 2003;

Somervill, 2008)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Petromyzon_marinus/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 41 Common Name: Coast rainbow Trout Scientific Name: Oncorhynchus mykiss

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Salmoniformes

Family: Salmonidae

Geography / Habitat: Oncorhynchus mykiss are only native to the Pacific Coast of North America, extending from Alaska down to the border between California and Mexico. However, they have been introduced throughout the United States. Freshwater, brackish, or marine waters of temperate zones. The anadromous form, called steelhead, spawn and complete their early development in freshwater mountain streams, then migrate to spend their adult life in the ocean.

Life Strategy: Female fish find suitable nest sites while their male mate guards the site from other interested males and predators. The female digs the nest (called a redd) with her anal fin and then descends upon it to position her vent and anal fin into the deepest part of the redd. The male joins her in a parallel position so that their vents are opposite each other. The male and female open their mouths, arch their backs, and deposit the eggs and milt (fish sperm) at the same time. The eggs are enveloped in a cloud of milt and are fertilized. Only a few seconds elapse from the time the female drops into the redd and fertilization occurs. The female then covers the nest with gravel and repeats the process again a few times until she has deposited all of her eggs. ("The Life Histories of the Steelhead Rainbow Trout and Silver Salmon", 1954

Food / Feed Strategy: Rainbow trout and steelhead are insectivorous and piscivorous. Resident rainbow

trout tend to eat more fish than steelhead. Both species primarily feed on invertebrate larvae drifting in mid-

water to conserve energy that would be expended if they were foraging for food in the substrate. Young

rainbow trout and steelhead eat insect larvae, crustaceans, other aquatic invertebrates, and algae. (Behnke,

1992; Delaney, 2005; Klontz, 1991; "Steelhead: Oncorhynchus Mykiss", 2005; Smith, 1991; Van Hulle, 2005)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 42 Common Name: Blackmouth Scientific Name:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:

Class: Order:

Family:

Geography / Habitat: Chinook Salmon are found natively in the Pacific from Monterey Bay, California to the Chukchi Sea, Alaska in North America and from the Anadyr River, Siberia to Hokkaido, and Japan in Asia. The Chinook Salmon is anadromous– born in freshwater, migrating to the ocean, and returning as mature adults to their natal streams to spawn. Freshwater streams, estuaries, and the open ocean are all important habitats.

Life Strategy: The Chinook Salmon have seasonal runs in which all adults return to their natal streams and

spawn at approximately the same time of year. Sexual maturity can be anywhere from 2-7 years, so within

any given run, size will vary considerably. Salmon are semalparous, and shortly after spawning they die.

Food / Feed Strategy: While in freshwater, Chinook Salmon fry and smolts feed on plankton and then

terrestrial and aquatic insects, amphipods and crustaceans. After migrating to the ocean, the maturing adults

feed on large zooplakton, herring, pilchard, sandlance and other fishes, squid, and crustaceans. Once the adult

salmon have re-entered freshwater, they do not feed. In the Great Lakes, Chinook Salmon were introduced to

control the invasive alewife population (National Wildlife Federation, 2002; Delaney and ADFG, 1994;

Government of Canada, 2002).

Body Form or Style:

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● Mouth Position Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Oncorhynchus_tshawytscha/ Title: Freshwater fish species# 43 Common Name: Sleepers Scientific Name: Eleotridae

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Eleotridae

Geography / Habitat: Eleotrids can be found worldwide between the 40th parallels (tropical and subtropical regions), reaching farther south in New Zealand. Eleotrids occupy mostly fresh and brackish water.

Life Strategy: No information was found that addresses mating systems specifically in eleotrids, but Thresher

(1984) includes Eleotridae in his general account of reproduction in the suborder Gobioidei. Gobies exhibit a

wide variety of mating systems but most seem to be promiscuous, either organized into a hierarchical social

system or small territories maintained by individuals. At least one species of eleotrid (Thalasseleotris adela)

is usually found in pairs. In gobies, a typical mating sequence begins with nest preparation by the male, which

involves clearing and cleaning the area where eggs will be deposited. The female’s readiness for spawning is

evidenced by her swollen ventral area. The male swims back and forth between the female and the nest site

and in some cases he will nudge her with his snout. Eleotrid courtship behavior probably follows a similar

pattern, with some males assuming intense courtship colors and leading females to the nest. (Berra, 2001;

Kuiter, 1993; Thresher, 1984)

Food / Feed Strategy: Eleotrids are carnivores that feed on crustaceans and other benthic invertebrates,

small fishes, and insects. Many species pass through a marine larval stage during which they feed on

plankton. (Allen and Robertson, 1994; Berra, 2001; Graham, 1997; Helfman, et al., 1997)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Eleotridae/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 44 Common Name: Mountain Perch Scientific Name: Macquaria australasica

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:

Class: Order:

Family:

Geography / Habitat: Macquaria australasica is only found in Australia. This freshwater species lives in

rivers and stream, preferring deep, rocky pools. (Reide, 2004). They also favor cool and clear water with

slow-moving riffles or shallow running water. Macquaria australasica spawn in lakes and above holes in

faster moving riffles at depths of 0 to 4 meters. (DEH, 2005). (Department of the Environment and Heritage,

2005; Merrick and Schmida, 1984; Reide, 2004)

Life Strategy: Breeding fish migrate upstream and gather in schools which can last for several weeks. Males

nudge the female vent region which causes the release of eggs and then fertilization. Females are oviparous

and mate each year. (Merrick and Schmida, 1984). (Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005;

Merrick and Schmida, 1984)

Food / Feed Strategy: The bulk of their diet consists of aquatic invertebrates such as caddisfly, stonefly and

mayfly species, with a small quantity of terrestrial insects taken as well. Adults feed at the bottom of lakes and

rivers. Young are zooplanktivores, and eat water fleas, rotifers and water mites by sucking them up into their

mouths. (Merrick and Schimda, 1984). (ACT Government, 1999; Department of the Environment and

Heritage, 2005; Merrick and Schmida, 1984; Paxton, et al., 1989)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Macquaria_australasica/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 45 Common Name: Candira Scientific Name: Vandellia cirrhosa

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Siluriformes

Family: Trichomycteridae

Geography / Habitat: Candiru are found exclusively in the upper Amazon River and Orinoco River basins in

northern South America. ("Vandellia cirrhosa: Candiru", 2012; Berra, 2007; Cheng, 1986; Spotte, 2002;

Uhlenbroek, 2011) Candiru live in shallow, slow moving, acidic waterways with muddy or sandy bottoms.

These demersal fish can be found burrowed in the riverbed most of the time, only emerging to feed or mate.

(Froese and Torres, 2012; Piper, 2007; Spotte, 2002; Uhlenbroek, 2011)

Life Strategy: Mating behaviors of candiru have not been observed in the wild. There is only one recorded instance of these fish spawning in captivity. In this record, a male fish swam around a female, driving her down toward the substrate. Eggs and sperm were released when the fish were in direct lateral contact with each other. (Kik, 2010; Spotte, 2002) Food / Feed Strategy: Candiru are parasites, feeding on the blood of other fish. When a candiru locates a host , it heads towards the gills, where it either forces itself under the operculum or waits for it to open naturally.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vandellia_cirrhosa/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 46 Common Name: Black river stingray Scientific Name: potamotrygon motoro

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Mylioatitiformes

Family: Potamotrygonidae

Geography / Habitat: Ocellate river stingrays are endemic to, and widespread throughout, several South American river systems. Ocellate river stingrays are habitat generalists of tropical (24°C-26 C) freshwater rivers. As a bethopelagic animal, habitat depth varies with the depths of the rivers they inhabit; studies have found these stingrays at depths of 0.5-2.5 meters in the upper Paraná River, but at depths of 7-10 meters in the Uruguay River. Life Strategy: Mate location methods have not been studied in this species. Information on mating systems has been observed in a captive population, and may exhibit differences from wild populations. Copulation occurs mainly at night. A male attaches himself to a female by firmly clamping his jaws onto the posterior margin of her disk, sometimes leaving prominent bite marks.

Food / Feed Strategy: Food types consumed depend on age and environment. Shortly after birth, young eat

plankton and juveniles add small mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic insect larvae to their diets. Adults are

primarily consumers of fish, including loricariids, Astyanax species, and graceful pimelodellas (Pimelodella

gracilis), as well as crustaceans (Palaemonidae sp.). They are also known to eat gastropods (Ampullariidae

and Hydrobiidae sp.), aquatic insects (Baetidae, Chironomidae, Elmidae, and Naucoridae sp.), and flying

insects (Pyralidae, Corduliidae, Gomphidae, Hydropsychidae, Leptoceridae, and Odontoceridae sp.). (Silva and

Uieda, 2007; Torres and Sampang, 2012)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Potamotrygon_motoro/

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Title: Freshwater fish species# 47 Common Name: Bass Scientific Name: Micropterus Dolomica

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Centrarchidae

Geography / Habitat: The native range of Micropterus dolomieu encompasses the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway drainages from southern Quebec and New Hampshire to North Dakota, and the Mississippi River drainage as far south as Alabama (Page and Burr, 1998). Typically is found in cooler rivers and lakes, with rocky or sandy substrates (Berra, 2001).

Life Strategy: Like other centrarchids, the male will excavate and guard a small, round nest. Suitability for

nest-building is maximized between 1-2.5 m in depth, with particle size of substrate near 30 mm (Clark et al.,

1998). Several females may spawn in the nest of one male (Etnier and Starnes, 1993). Individual females may

also spawn in the nests of several males. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Clark, et al., 1998; Etnier and Starnes,

1993)

Food / Feed Strategy: Fry and juvenile diets consist primarily of zooplankton and insect larvae. Adults have

a more diverse palate, subsisting on such varied foods as crayfish, amphibians, insects, and other fish (Scott

and Crossman, 1973; Etnier and Starnes, 1993). Adults also cannibalize young of other parents (Scott and

Crossman, 1973). (Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Scott and Crossman, 1973)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Micropterus_dolomieu/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 49 Common Name: Barbel Scientific Name: Clarias Gariepines

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: chordata

Class: Order:

Family:

Geography / Habitat: North African catfish have been widely introduced around the world. They are found as far south as South Africa and north into northern Africa. North African catfish live in a variety of freshwater environments, including quiet waters like lakes, ponds, and pools. They are also very prominent in flowing rivers, rapids, and around dams

Life Strategy: This species participates in mass spawning.

Food / Feed Strategy: North African catfish are omnivores. They are not specific in their food requirements.

They are known to feed on insects, plankton, snails, crabs, shrimp, and other invertebrates. They are also

capable of eating dead animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, small mammals, other fishes, eggs, and plant

matter such as fruit and seeds. Because they are mobile on land, they are able to prey on terrestrial

organisms. This species may also hunt in packs on occasion by herding and trapping smaller fish. They are

also refered to as sharptooth catfish because of fine, pointed bands of teeth (Skelton 1993). (Skelton, 1993)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Clarias_gariepinus/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 50 Common Name: Black head minnow Scientific Name: Pimephales promelas

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes

Family: Cyprinidae

Geography / Habitat: Fathead minnows are native to the Nearctic region. The northern limits of their geographic ranges extends from Quebec to Alberta and Northwest Territories, Canada. Their southern limites of their geographic range extends as far southward as Alabama, Texas, and New Mexico. In addition to small rivers and ponds,fFathead minnows are commonly found in muddy pools of headwaters and creeks. Life Strategy: Fathead minnows are polygynandrous and spawn between the months of May and September, producing anywhere from 1000 to 10000 offspring per season. Food / Feed Strategy: Fathead minnows are opportunistic omnivores that can be characterized as benthic filter feeders, sifting through mud and silt in order to find food. Freshwater sediments often contain a large abundance of algae and protozoans, which represent a significant proportion of the fathead minnow diet. Secondary prey items include diatoms, filamentous algae, small crustaceans, and insect larvae.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pimephales_promelas/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 51 Common Name: American shad Scientific Name: Alosa sapidissima

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Clueiformes

Family: Clupedia

Geography / Habitat: American shad are restricted to temperate climates and spend the majority of their lives in coastal areas of the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean. Adult American shad are predicted to swim over 19,000 km in their lifetime, during which they are found in many habitats.

Life Strategy: In the late months of winter, American shad enter freshwater rivers of the United States,

Canada, and Mexico to spawn. One or more males chase a female up a river and may also nudge her belly until

the female releases her eggs in open water. The pursuing males then fertilize the eggs. The eggs separate from

each other and may drift many kilometers before they hatch. This mobility of eggs may increase survival

rates, as eggs are not all at risk in one location if discovered by a predator. (Page, 1991; Wiley, 1986)

Food / Feed Strategy: Juvenile American shad are omnivores with a diet consisting of mostly zooplankton

and insect larvae. Juveniles eat more once they have left spawning areas. As they get older, American shad

broaden their diet to include small fish, crustaceans, plankton, worms, and occasionally fish eggs. During

migration in the late months of winter, American shad eat very little food, if any. However, as water

temperatures increase in spring, their diet returns to normal. (Weiss-Glanz,, 1972)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Alosa_sapidissima/

Title: species# 52 Scientific Name: Dasyatis centroura Common name: rough-tailed stingray

Kingdom: Phylum:

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Geography / Habitat: Roughtail stingrays, Dasyatis centroura, reside in tropical and temperate waters of the coastal Atlantic Ocean, ranging from the coast of Massachusetts to Brazil, the Mediterranean Sea, the Bay of Biscay, and Angola. During summer months, roughtail stingrays are more prevalent in bays, estuaries and coastal waters. Roughtail stingrays usually reside in benthic environments and in marine and brackish water.

Life Strategy: Little is known about the natural mating behavior and mating system of roughtail stingrays.

Food / Feed Strategy: Roughtail stingrays are opportunistic carnivores, adapting their diet to include the most available prey.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dasyatis_centroura/

Title: species# 54 Scientific Name: Rhinobatos productus Common name: Guitarfish

Kingdom: Phylum:

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Geography / Habitat: Shovelnose guitarfish are found along the Southwestern coast of North America, This species is usually found in the surf zone and in shallow coastal waters (average depth 13 m), though individuals have been observed at depths of up to 91 m.

Life Strategy: Shovelnose guitarfish mate once a year and are monogamous.

Food / Feed Strategy: Shovelnose guitarfish feed nocturnally on infaunal organisms such as worms, crabs, clams, and smaller fish. In Elkhorn Slough, California, their preferred prey is yellow shore crabs.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Rhinobatos_productus/ Title: species# 55 Scientific Name: Anguilla rostrata Common name: Common eel

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Geography / Habitat: is a catadromous species that spawns in the Atlantic Ocean and ascends streams and rivers in North and South America. live in freshwater as adults, usually in larger rivers or lakes, primarily swimming near the bottom in search of food.

Life Strategy: a catadromous species, living most of its life in freshwater, but spawning in saltwater (Sumich,

1999).

Food / Feed Strategy: Feeding habits of A. rostrata vary with level of maturity.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Anguilla_rostrata/

Title: species# 56 Scientific Name: Chauliodus sloani Common name: Manylight viperfish

Kingdom: Phylum:

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Stomiiformes

Family: Stomiidae

Geography / Habitat: commonly called Sloane’s viperfish or Sloane’s fangfish, are known to inhabit almost all marine waters in the temperate and tropical zones. are primarily bathypelagic fish. The bathypelagic region extends from 1000 to 2000 meters below the surface in the open ocean.

Life Strategy: Hardly anything is known about the mating system of Chauliodus sloani.

Food / Feed Strategy: Sloane’s viperfish have some characteristics typical of deep-water fishes which aid in acquiring food in regions of low light.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chauliodus_sloani/

Title: species# 57 Scientific Name: Zebrasoma veliferum Common name: Eastern sailfin tang

Kingdom: Phylum:

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Acanthuridae

Geography / Habitat: found in the Pacific Ocean from Indonesia and Christmas Island to the Hawaiian and Tuamotu Islands, north to southern Japan, and south to the southern Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia, and Rapa. This species can be found inhabiting lagoons and seaward reefs from the lower surge zone to a depth of 30 m or more.

Life Strategy: Both paired and group spawning have been documented among this species. As with other

acanthurids, group spawning is the most common.

Food / Feed Strategy: primarily a diurnal herbivore and feeds on benthic algae. Zebrasoma veliferum also feeds on zooplankton when it is abundant.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Zebrasoma_veliferum/ Title: species# 58 Scientific Name: Manta birostris Common name: Atlantic manta

Kingdom: Phylum:

Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Rajiformes

Family: Myliobatidae

Geography / Habitat: Manta rays are found in tropical and warm temperate coastal regions of the world's oceans, generally between 35 degrees north and south latitude. Unlike most other rays, are found near the surface of the ocean and to depths of 120 meters.

Life Strategy: The mating season of sexually mature manta rays occurs from early December to late April.

Food / Feed Strategy: Manta rays are filter feeders and primarily planktivores. They often slowly swim in vertical loops.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Manta_birostris/

Title:Saltwater fish Species #:59 Common Name:Round Stingray Scientific Name: Urobatis Halleri

Kingdom: Animilia Phylum: Urobatis

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Percitforems

Family: Urolophidae

Geography / Habitat: this stingray originated from the eastern pacific and prefers to live in a 180 gallon tank with a water temperature of 72-78 degrees. Caution should be taken when nesting this fish or when it is not visible and maintenance is preformed in the tank. Life Strategy: it likes to cover itself on the soft substrate as camouflage. It will eat any crustacean or mollusk in the aquarium. Food / Feed Strategy: feeding may be difficult in the beginning when first introduced into the aquarium small pieces of cleaned squid or live saltwater feeder shrimp should be used to entice this fish to eat.

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Mouth Position:sub terminal Citation: http//: animaldiversity.uumz Title:Saltwater fish Species #:60 Common Name: Spotted Grouper Scientific Name: Epinephelus Summana

Kingdom: animilia Phylum: epinephelus

Class: actinopterygii Order: perciformes

Family: serranidae

Geography / Habitat: this fish originated in the pacific indo pacific and prefers to live in a 70 gallon tank of water with a temperature of 72-78 degrees. This fish is know and located by its dark brown to black body marked by white poka-dots. Life Strategy: it is an extremely aggressive fish and may eat its tank mates as well as many types of crustaceans. Food / Feed Strategy: the spotted grouper prefers a diet of meaty foods such as krill shrimp and other small fish.

Body Form or Style: Fusiform

Swim / Locomotion Style: cargangiform

Mouth Position: terminal Citation: http//: animaldiversity.uumz

Title:Saltwater fish Species #:61 Common Name: Starcki Damsel Scientific Name: Chrysiptera Starcki

Kingdom: animilia Phylum: Chrysiptera

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Pomacentridae

Geography / Habitat: this fish originated from Australia java and Vanuatu and prefers to live in a 30 gallon tank with water temperature 72-78 degrees. It comes from the reef of the Coral Sea. This is a very active fish that will add movement to any marine tank. Life Strategy: It will ignore invertebrate in the tank and feed on zooplankton and algae which makes it a good fish for a reef aquarium these damsels are aggressive towards their own kind and only one per aquarium should be kept unless the tank is very large. Food / Feed Strategy: a varied diet of meaty items such as shrimp and vitamin enriched brine shrimp should be offered.

Body Form or Style: Depressiform

Swim / Locomotion Style: Carangiform

Mouth Position: terminal Citation: http//: animaldiversity.uumz Title: species# 62 Scientific Name: Rhinobatos productus Common name: Guitarfish

Kingdom: Phylum:

Class: Order:

Family:

Geography / Habitat: Shovelnose guitarfish are found along the Southwestern coast of North America, This species is usually found in the surf zone and in shallow coastal waters (average depth 13 m), though individuals have been observed at depths of up to 91 m.

Life Strategy: Shovelnose guitarfish mate once a year and are monogamous.

Food / Feed Strategy: Shovelnose guitarfish feed nocturnally on infaunal organisms such as worms, crabs, clams, and smaller fish. In Elkhorn Slough, California, their preferred prey is yellow shore crabs.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Rhinobatos_productus/

Title: species# 63 Scientific Name: Chauliodus sloani Common name: Manylight viperfish

Kingdom: Phylum:

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Stomiiformes

Family: Stomiidae

Geography / Habitat: commonly called Sloane’s viperfish or Sloane’s fangfish, are known to inhabit almost all marine waters in the temperate and tropical zones. are primarily bathypelagic fish. The bathypelagic region extends from 1000 to 2000 meters below the surface in the open ocean.

Life Strategy: Hardly anything is known about the mating system of Chauliodus sloani.

Food / Feed Strategy: Sloane’s viperfish have some characteristics typical of deep-water fishes which aid in acquiring food in regions of low light.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chauliodus_sloani/

Title: species# 65 Scientific Name: Pterois antennata Common name: Ragged-finned firefish

Kingdom: Phylum:

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Scorpaeniformes

Family: Scorpaenidae

Geography / Habitat: Broadbarred firefish (Bloch, 1787) are found in the Indo-West Pacific region. Broadbarred firefish are inhabitants of near and offshore coral and rocky reefs to depths of 50 meters.

Life Strategy: Information regarding specifics of the mating system of broadbarred firefish is currently

unavailable.

Food / Feed Strategy: Broadbarred firefish are important predators in many coral reef environments, feeding mostly on crustaceans, as well as other invertebrates, and small fishes, including juveniles of their own species.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pterois_antennata/

Title: species# 66 Scientific Name: Acanthuridae Common name: Surgeonfishes

Kingdom: Phylum:

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Acanthuridae

Geography / Habitat: Acanthurids are exclusively marine-dwelling and can be found in all tropical and

subtropical seas but are absent from the Mediterranean. (Johnson and Gill, 1998; Nelson, 1994). Acanthurids

inhabit offshore coral reefs as adults but larvae are carried by the currents inshore where they quickly sink to

the bottom and begin transformation to the juvenile form.

Life Strategy: Acanthurids spawn by forming individual pairs or groups of pairs, but in some species, both

paired and group spawning have been observed.

Food / Feed Strategy: Acanthurids have small mouths and incisor-like, lobate teeth used to probe the reef for small animals (zooplankton) and plants.

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● Mouth Position: Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Acanthuridae/ Title: Freshwater fish species# 67 Common Name: Candira Scientific Name: Vandellia cirrhosa

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Siluriformes

Family: Trichomycteridae

Geography / Habitat: Candiru are found exclusively in the upper Amazon River and Orinoco River basins in

northern South America. ("Vandellia cirrhosa: Candiru", 2012; Berra, 2007; Cheng, 1986; Spotte, 2002;

Uhlenbroek, 2011) Candiru live in shallow, slow moving, acidic waterways with muddy or sandy bottoms.

These demersal fish can be found burrowed in the riverbed most of the time, only emerging to feed or mate.

(Froese and Torres, 2012; Piper, 2007; Spotte, 2002; Uhlenbroek, 2011)

Life Strategy: Mating behaviors of candiru have not been observed in the wild. There is only one recorded instance of these fish spawning in captivity. In this record, a male fish swam around a female, driving her down toward the substrate. Eggs and sperm were released when the fish were in direct lateral contact with each other. (Kik, 2010; Spotte, 2002) Food / Feed Strategy: Candiru are parasites, feeding on the blood of other fish. When a candiru locates a host , it heads towards the gills, where it either forces itself under the operculum or waits for it to open naturally.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vandellia_cirrhosa/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 68 Common Name: Black river stingray Scientific Name: potamotrygon motoro

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Mylioatitiformes

Family: Potamotrygonidae

Geography / Habitat: Ocellate river stingrays are endemic to, and widespread throughout, several South American river systems. Ocellate river stingrays are habitat generalists of tropical (24°C-26 C) freshwater rivers. As a bethopelagic animal, habitat depth varies with the depths of the rivers they inhabit; studies have found these stingrays at depths of 0.5-2.5 meters in the upper Paraná River, but at depths of 7-10 meters in the Uruguay River. Life Strategy: Mate location methods have not been studied in this species. Information on mating systems has been observed in a captive population, and may exhibit differences from wild populations. Copulation occurs mainly at night. A male attaches himself to a female by firmly clamping his jaws onto the posterior margin of her disk, sometimes leaving prominent bite marks.

Food / Feed Strategy: Food types consumed depend on age and environment. Shortly after birth, young eat

plankton and juveniles add small mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic insect larvae to their diets. Adults are

primarily consumers of fish, including loricariids, Astyanax species, and graceful pimelodellas (Pimelodella

gracilis), as well as crustaceans (Palaemonidae sp.). They are also known to eat gastropods (Ampullariidae

and Hydrobiidae sp.), aquatic insects (Baetidae, Chironomidae, Elmidae, and Naucoridae sp.), and flying

insects (Pyralidae, Corduliidae, Gomphidae, Hydropsychidae, Leptoceridae, and Odontoceridae sp.). (Silva and

Uieda, 2007; Torres and Sampang, 2012)

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Potamotrygon_motoro/

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Title: Freshwater fish species# 69 Common Name: Greenside darter Scientific Name: Etheostoma blennioides

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:

Class: Order:

Family:

Geography / Habitat: Geographic Range Etheostoma blennioides, the greenside darter, is restricted to a few major watersheds of North America. Its range extends from New York and the Potomac River drainage west to Kansas and south to Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi and Alabama, mostly within the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Greenside darters are benthic organisms and spend their lives associated with the substrate. They live in deep riffle habitats consisting of cobble and loose boulders covered by filamentous green algae, upon which they lay their eggs

Life Strategy: Both sexes of greenside darters reach sexual maturity and spawn in the spring 1 year after hatching. Breeding only occurs when the water temperature has reached and remained at at least at 10.6 degrees Celsius for several days.

Food / Feed Strategy: In general, greenside darters feed on immature benthic insects in the 1-6 mm range (Wynes and Wissing, 1982), although this diet varies with season and prey availability (Gray et al., 1997).

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Etheostoma_blennioides/ Common Name: Arapaima #70 Scientific Name: Arapaima gigas

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:

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Geography: exclusively inhabits the Amazon River Basin of South America. Within the Amazon basin, A. gigas

is found in several different types of habitat, such as the floodplain lakes of this region.

Life Strategy: lays it's eggs during the months of February, March, and April when the water levels are low.

Food / Feed Strategy: is a predator that mainly eats other fish/

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Arapaima_gigas/

Title: Freshwater fish species# 71 Common Name: American burbot Scientific Name: Lota lota

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Gadiformes

Family: Lotidae

Geography / Habitat: Burbot, Lota lota, are a holarctic species native to the cold fresh waters of the Nearctic

and Palearctic regions found between 40 and 70 degrees North latitudes. (Cohen, et al., 1990). Burbot are

demersal fish found in deep temperate lake bottoms and slow moving cold river bottoms between 4 and 18

degrees C.

Life Strategy: Burbot breed once per year in the winter, migrating to shallow water or to a smaller stream to spawn (Cohen 1990). Food / Feed Strategy: Newly hatched burbot are completely planktivorous, and remain so even when they are no longer gape limited (Ghan and Sprules 1993).

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Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Lota_lota/ Title: species# 72 Scientific Name: Mola mola Common name:Ocean Sun Fish

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Tetraodontiformes

Family: Molidae

Geography / Habitat: Ocean sunfish, Mola mola, are found in the temperate and tropical regions of the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans (Wheeler, 1969; Sims and Southall, 2002; Houghton et al., 2006). Adult ocean sunfish are found in temperate and tropical oceans across the globe.

Life Strategy: Little is known about the mating systems of ocean fish, although they are thought to have

paired courtship (Muus,1964; Hutchins, 2004). Some individuals are thought to spawn in the Sargasso Sea.

(Hutchins, 2004; Muus, 1964)

Food / Feed Strategy: Ocean sunfish primarily feed on jellyfish and gelatinous zooplankton, such as ctenophores, salps, and medusae.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Mola_mola/

Title: species# 73 Scientific Name: Pomacanthus annularis Common name: Blue ring angelfish

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Pomacanthidae

Geography / Habitat: live in the Indo-Pacific region ranging from Sri Lanka to the Solomon Islands and from the Philippines to the northern tip of Australia. Is a tropical, marine (salt water) fish that lives around coastal rocky coral reefs and other hard bottom coastal areas

Life Strategy: For members of the genus Pomacanthus, spawning normally begins with the onset of dusk and

is thought to be triggered by the decrease in light.

Food / Feed Strategy: omnivorous, eating benthic invertebrates such as zooplankton, sponges, tunicates and coral polyps.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pomacanthus_annularis/

Title: species# 74 Scientific Name: Coris aygula Common name:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Chordata

Order: Perciformes

Family: Labridae

Geography / Habitat: the clown wrasse is found primarily near Eastern Africa and Southern Asia. Is a marine reef-associated fish, inhabiting rocky reef and coral areas. It lives in depth from 2 to 30 meters.

Life Strategy: When spawning, wrasses gather in loose aggregations where one dominant male oversees

many females within a general territory.

Food / Feed Strategy: eat shelled mollusks, hermit crabs, other crabs, and sea urchins.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Coris_aygula/

Title: species# 75 Scientific Name: Anarrhichthys ocellatus Common name: Wolf eel

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes

Family: Anarhichadidae

Geography / Habitat: Wolf-eels are found in the temperate North Pacific in coastal waters from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan to the Aleutian islands and along the western coast of North America to Baja California. Wolf-eels are exclusively marine, found in shallow, cold, coastal waters.

Life Strategy: Males and females form monogamous pairs at about 4 years old, or 91.4 cm in length. Some

evidence suggests they mate for life. (Sempier, 2003).

Food / Feed Strategy: Wolf-eels use their robust jaws and teeth to eat hard-shelled invertebrates, such as crabs up to 114 mm in width, snails, sand dollars, sea urchins, mussels, clams, and abalone.

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● Citation: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Anarrhichthys_ocellatus/