Fish biodiversity and food supply: Species numbers in the wild and exploited;

Importance to document the aquatic genetic resources (stocks, populations, strains)

AFBC 2014, Penang Malaysia13 Feb. 2014

Nicolas BAILLY, Douglas BEARE, John A.H. BENZIE WorldFish

n.bailly@cgiar.org

Messages

For sustainable fish food supply

• Taxonomy is important for biodiversity management

• Aquatic genetic resources are important to document at global scale

Outline

• Fish species numbers• Some notes: classification, subspecies

• Genetics to species: Taxonomy matters

• Species to genetics: Aquatic genetic resources matter

• Documenting Aquatic Genetic Resources:an old unresolved issue

• Suggestions to move forward

• Conclusion: aquatic food supply

Fish species numbers

Database versions

• FishBase (FB): www.fishbase.org 31 January 2014

• Catalog of Fishes (CofF) W.N. Eschmeyerresearch.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp

05 February 2014

32,780 species-group taxa; 99 species have 150

subspecies 32,630 species[CofF February 2014: 33,065] 93,833 “synonyms”[86,771 names + 7,062 misappl.] 302,953 common names in 333 languages for 259 “countries”

180,531 country rec. for 295 “countries” 31,648 subcountry rec. for 171 “subcountries” for 6 “countries”

129,060 ecosystem records for 856 “ecosystems” 59,316 FAO area records for 27 areas 18,467 morphology records 1,666 identification keys for 8,196 species 53,686 fish images for 18,099 species 49,743 bibliographic references[592,724 citation rec.]

(~3 million rec.; >200 tables, ~60 main)

FB drown by numbers (as of 31 January 2014)

CofF (as of 05 February 2014)

• Orders: 64 (28 suborders)

• Families: 554 (272 subfamilies)

• Genera: 10,849 Total / 5,078 Valid• Species: 57,871 Avail./ 33,065 Valid• References: 27,007

• Recent work on family-level authorship

For the most updated numbers

Refer to the page in CofF“Species by

Family/Subfamily”

Number of valid species by milieu

Total: 32,780 Fresh: 16,338 (49.8%) Brackish: 2,983 (9.1%)Marine: 17,111 (52.2%)

Brackish only: 95 (0.3%)

Number of species described per year

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 20000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

SppAll (59,889) SppValid (32,315)

Number of species described per year (1982-2011)

9,654 described (322 / yr); 9,051 valid603 already put in synonymy, 6.2% - comp 46% total

1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 20120

100

200

300

400

500

600

SppAll (59,889) SppValid (32,315)One new fish species described per day for the

last 15 years

Cumulated number of species described per year

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 20000

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

SppAll (59,889) SppValid (32,315)

http://wp.worldfish.de/?page_id=44

Note on the classification of bony fisheswww.deepfin.org/

• Betancur-R, R., E. Wiley, M. Miya, G. Lecointre, N. Bailly, and G. Ortí. 2013.New and Revised Classification of Bony Fishes Version 2(http://www.deepfin.org/Classification_v2.htm).

• Betancur-R., R., R.E. Broughton, E.O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, J.A. Lopez, C. Li, N.I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. Cureton, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. Campbell, T. Rowley, J.A. Ballesteros, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life. 2013 Apr 18.

A call for collaboration

Note on subspecies in ichthyology

• No more subspecies in ichthyology … PLEASE

• Issues in matching name in GBIF, and IUCN

• Remains a number of subspecies in FishBase: to be treated case by case

• Number of discrepancies between FB and CofF are due to subspecies issues

Number of species per ocean and some seas

283

145

6,41610,030

5,091

177

201

1,1161,8841,208

3,704

725

1,566

1,561

560

Number of species per FAO area

3458

1803

5246

5448

884

755

7

145

11091100

24011685

778

1753

1744

249

4265

4654

40806332

22191893

170

5208

699

240

Freshwater Marine

Genetics Species

Barcode: some studies in progress

• Brazil: Potentially 3,7 times more spp. identified through barcode than morphologically recognized (Oliveira, FishBoL Conf. 2012);

• Kenya: 3 times more (Nyingi, Bart et coll. TDWG Conf. 2013)

• France: Gobio sp. 1 4 spp. (Kottelat, Doadrio et al.); Confirmed by barcode (Denys)

• West Africa: Hepsetus 1 sp. 4/5 spp. separated by basins from Senegal to Gabon Decru, Vreven et coll.)

Gobio gobio

Gobio lozanoi

Gobio occitanae

Gobio alverniae

Gobio gobio

Gobio lozanoi Gobio occitaniae

Gobio alverniae

Maps from IUCN

Consequences

• Estimation of number of spp.:33,000 valid spp. today

(7,500 exploited, 22.5%)

3 times more potentially with Barcode

Should we expect 100,000 spp. in final ???

• Flaws in this estimation: – “Potential” not confirmed yet;– Only in freshwaters (but think about Mugil cephalus

that could be a complex 14 different spp. around the world; Durand et coll.)

Taxonomy matters

• If 100,000 spp. 22,500 species are potentially exploitable (using the same current ratio 33,000 spp. with 7,500 exploited)

• Some are already exploited,but we did not know they were different spp.or worse, we still don’t know

• Consequences for biodiversity management both for exploitation and conservation

Species Genetics

Species Genetics

Fisheries

• 4,661 spp. used from subsistence to industrial fisheries: 270 stocks with info in FB.

• Characterize populations/stocks (population dynamics parameters)

• Population/stocks are trans-boundary• Analysis of global trends

(“Fishing down marine food webs”) at species rank only

• Need for documentation in accessible databases required

Aquaculture

• 364 farmed spp.: 74 strain stocks in FB.• Characterize strains• Characterize populations/stocks (growth

parameters, disease resistance, environmental plasticity) as genetic ressource

• GIFT tilapia: result of hybridization of wild populations. Will it still possible in the future for other commodities?

• The agriculture community has still to fully recognize that genetic resources matters also for aquatic environment (not only cattle, plants, forest, bacteria)

Population/Genetic “rank”

“Rank” “Stock” # Spp #cultured strain 74 8

hybrid 10 6subspecies 51 30wild stock/population 270 91

… for 125 species …

Different goals between fresh and marine water

• In freshwater basins, interest will be in characterizing species and populations for potential farming.

• while in the sea the main focus will be on characterizing population and stocks for adapted catch fisheries management plans.

Genetics and climate change

• Which species are the winners?Which ones the loosers?

• Hotspots• Requires a database at regional/global levels

to refine the prediction crudly based on occurrences and environmental parameters (so-called niche-modeling)

2010

2050

23 hotspots in Coral Triangle seas in 20102010

29 hotspots in Coral Triangle seas in 20502050

Adaptation to climate change

• Depends on genetics diversity• For example, for respiration and digestion

systems that impact growth• Use phylogeography linked to genetic diversity

analysis• Requires databases linking traits and genes• Extend the predictions only based on

occurrences and environmental parameters (so-called niche-modeling)

Bleaching in Anilao area

Bleaching in Anilao area

Documenting Aquatic Genetic Resources(AqGR)

A global database for Aquatic Genetic Resources

• CGFRA: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO) [SGRP, INGA, SINGER, …]

• Aquatic organisms barely recognized as animals (or all gathered under “fish”)

• No global database like for cattle, crops, …• Rejection by the commission of all projects

submitted for the past 20 years (last attempt in 2013)

An old issue• Pullin, R.S.V., D.M. Bartley and J.Kooiman, eds. 1999.

Towards policies for conservation and sustainable use of aquatic genetic resources. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 59, 277pp.

• Bartley, D.M.; Harvey, B.J.; Pullin, R.S.V. eds. 2007. Workshop on Status and Trends in Aquatic Genetic Resources: a Basis for International Policy. 8–10 May 2006, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. FAO Fisheries Proceedings. No. 5. Rome, FAO. 179p.

• Reviews in Aquaculture: Special Issue: Special Issue on Use and Exchange of Genetic Resources of Cultured Aquatic Organisms. Volume 1, Issue 3-4, Sep.–Dec. 2009

• Halwart M., Hett K., García Gómez R., eds. 2012. Aquaculture Service (. Improving the Information Base for Aquatic Genetic Resources for The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources FAO International Expert Workshop. Madrid, Spain, 1–4 March 2011. Rome, 57 pp.

• www.fao.org/fishery/publications/search/en

Preparing the Status of the World of the AqGR

• Strengthening national data compilation capacity• Implement a correct framework for data sharing

– National and international standard procedures– Training on standard operating procedures– Improvement of FAO databases– Improvement of AqGR resource identification at

species level– Improvement and linking to the ongoing efforts to

the FAO fisheries and aquaculture questionnaires

Preparing the Status of the World of the AqGR

• Provision of additional resources to key databases for AqGR• Additional capacity building opportunities in data handling, archiving,

collation and dissemination.• Compilation of scattered information on AqGR through expert

consultancies• Standardization of the collection of primary and secondary data• Development of key targets and indicators necessary to determine the

effectiveness of actions and to monitor progress in tracking the state of the world’s AqGR

• Targeted introductions of changes to data collections to industry sectors or countries of particular importance (e.g. because of the volume of production or trade, the threatened nature of the resource, or particular lack of information).

• Specific actions to collate information in areas for which information in existing databases is inadequate.

Suggestions

• Data are scattered in many publications:It requires a massive effort for data entry

• FishBase and SeaLifeBase are structured to accommodate population/genetics entries (See poster on FB data encoding training)

• Advocacy for AqGR to your national delegate in FAO

• Start by regional scale in addition to national like in Portugal

Atlas of fish genetic diversity

Portugalwww.fishatlas.net/atlas.htm

Achondrostoma occidentaleAchondrostoma oligolepisAnaecypris hispanicaIberochondrostoma almacaiIberochondrostoma lemmingiiIberochondrostoma lusitanicumLuciobarbus bocageiLuciobarbus comizoLuciobarbus microcephalusLuciobarbus sclateriPseudochondrostoma duriensisPseudochondrostoma polylepisPseudochondrostoma willkommiiSqualius aradensisSqualius carolitertiiSqualius pyrenaicusSqualius torgalensis

Conclusions

Exploitation and conservation must be balanced for sustainable fish food supply.

Dedicated information systems such as FishBase are fundamental for reaching this goal for the biodiversity part.

Remains to link to socio-economics systems.

A key issue is education at all level of society.

Acknowledgements

iMarine http://www.i-marine.eu (Contract No. 283644)

for AquaMaps, and

for hotspots study

Funded under the of the EuropeanFramework Programme 7 Commission

BioFresh for maintaing the freshwater taxonomy in FB (through FADA) www.freshwaterbiodiversity.eu(Contract No. 226874)

Maraming Salamat Po

Other initiatives

• BoLD, GenBank, IUCN, ZooBank, CoL, ITIS, WoRMS, FADA , IRMNG , GBIF, OBIS, BioFresh

• Importance to keep system separate with different goals

• Difficulty to organise the synchronization• Necessity for research on webservices