fischer, henry g. “nbty in old-kingdom titles and names

8/2/2019 Fischer, Henry G. NBTY in Old-Kingdom Titles and Names.

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THE JOURNAL OF

EgyptianArchaeology

VOLUME 6 01 9 7 4

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T H E J O U R N A L O F

Egyptian ArchaeologyV O L U M E 6 0

P U B L I S H E D B YTH E EGYPT EXPLORA TION SOCIETY

3 D O U G H T Y M E W S , L O N D O N , W C i N 2 P G1974


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CONTENTSPAGE

EDITORIAL FOREWORD . . . . . . 1RA Y MO N D 0. FAULKNER: AN APPRECIATION H. S. Smith 5BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RA Y M O N D OLIVER FAULKNER C. H. S. Spaull 0EXCAVATIONS IN THE SACRED ANIMAL NECROPOLIS AT

NORTH SAQQARA, 1 97 2- 3: PRELIMINARY REPORT Geoffrey T . Martin 15THE PODIUM SITE AT QASR IBRIM . . . . W. H. C. Frend . 3 THE PITS OF FUST AT : PROBLEMS OF CHRONOLOGY . George T. Scanlon . 60A N EAR L Y AMETHYST VASE . . . . . Joan Crowfoot Payne 7 9A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TRIADS OF KING MYCERINUS Wendy Wood 82NBTY IN OLD-KINGDOM TITLES AND NAMES Henry G. Fischer . 9 4P OL YGAM Y IN EG Y P T IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM ? . William Kelly Simps on . 1 0 0A CONTEMPORARY OF KING SEWAH-EN-RE< . Oleg Berlev . . . . 1 0 6A N INSCRIBED AXE BELONGING TO THE ASHMOLEAN

Oleg Berlev . . . .

W. V. Davies 1 1 4TUTHMOSIS I AND THE B l B A N E L - M O L U K : SOME PROB

1 1 4

LEMS OF ATTRIBUTION . . . . . . John Romer 1 1 9U N SCARABEE INEDIT D'HATSHEPSOUT Robert Hari . . . . J 3 4A COMMEMORATIVE SCARAB OF AMENOPHIS I I I William Kelly Simp son . 1 4 0THE DEDICATORY AND BUILDING TEXTS OF RAMESSES I I IN

William Kelly Simp son . 1 4 0LUXOR TEMPLE : I : THE TEXTS . . . . Mah mud Abd El-Razik . 1 4 2

T w o MONUMENTS OF THE TIAS . . . . . Jaromir Malek 1 6 1NA K H T -TH U T Y SE R V I T O R OF SACRED BARQUES AND

GOLDEN PORTALS K. A. Kitchen 1 6 8THE CHRYSAPHA RELIEF AND ITS CONNECTIONS WITH

EG Y P T I A N ART Eleanor Guralnick . ! 7 5FRAGMENT OF A TEMPLE ACCOUNT ROLL E . A. E. Reymo nd . 1 8 9SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF PHARAONIC

EG Y P T . . . . . . . . Nial Charlton 200A TEXT OF THE BENEDICITE IN GREEK AND OLD NUBIAN

FR O M KA S R E L -W I Z Z John Barns . . . . 206QASR IBR!M, 1972 . . . . . . . J Martin Plumley and W. Y.

Adams . . . . 2 1 2A COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF'S ORDER FROM SAQQARA . E . G. Turner 2 3 9JOHN WINTOUR BALDWIN BARNS . . . . . W. V . Davies 243BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS : Th e ideographic use of ^ in a group of Old -Ki ngd om names, by Henry

G. Fischer, p. 247; A tm- n-fsdm sentence? by Mordechai Gilula, p. 249; Was there a coregencyof Ahmose with Amenophis I ? by Giinther Vittmann, p. 250; The collapse of the Meidum pyramid, by I. E. S. Edwards, p. 251 ; A further re-appraisal of the ter ms: Nhh and Dt, by Abd-el-Mohsen Bakir, p. 252; Pharaoh Nechepso, by J. D . Ray, p. 255; The archives of the SacredAnimal Necropolis at North Saqqara. A progress report, by H. S. Smith, p. 256; An additionalnote on 'Cylindrical Amulet Cases', by J. M. Ogden, p. 258; A Note on P. Lond. 854, by T. C.Skeat, p. 259; Current research for higher degrees in Egyptology, Coptic, and related studies inthe United Kingdom, by Geoffrey T. Martin and W. V. Davies, p. 261.


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v i CONTENTSREVIEWS PAGE

W . H E LCK and E. O T TO , ed., Lexikon der gyptologie . Reviewed by Kate Bosse-Griffiths . . . . 2 6 4

B . SPULER , ed. Handbuch der Orientalistik. gyptologie.Literatur . . . . . . . E. P. Uphill . . 2 6 5

S. R. K. GLANVILLE, rev. R. O. FAULKNER, Catalogue ofEgyptian Antiquities in the British Museum. II.Wooden Model Boats E . P. Uph ill . . . 2 6 6

JULIA SAMSON , Amarna, City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti:Key Pieces from the Petrie Collection . . . Geoffrey T. Martin . . 2 6 7

J. M. SALEH , Les Antiquits gyptiennes de Zagreb . Geoffrey T. Martin . . 2 6 9I. E. S. EDWARDS et al. ed. The Cambridge AncientHistory. Vol. II, Part I Geoffrey T. Martin . . 2 6 9S. W EN I G , The Woman in Egyptian Art . . . Mostafa El-Alfi . . . 2 7 0G. B JRKMAN, Kings at Karnak . . . . John Baines . . . . 2 7 0H . A. GROENEWEGEN-FRANKFORT , Arrest and Movement John Baines . . . . 2 7 2E . EDEL , Die Felsengrber der Qubbet el Hawa bei

Assuan. II . . . . . . . . C. H . S. Spaul l . . 2 7 6H . J. POLOTSKY , Collected Papers . . . . C . H . S. Spaull . . . 2 7 6K. Z i B E L i u s , Afrikanische Orts- und Vlkernamen in

hieroglyphischen und hieratischen Texten . C . H . S. Spaull . . . 2 7 7C . T. HODGE , ed . Afroasiatic. A Survey . . . C . H . S. Spaull . . . 2 7 8K. A. K I TCHEN , Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and

Biographical . . . . . . . C . H . S. Spaull . . . 2 7 9F . F I L CE LEEK , The Human Remains from the Tomb ofTutrankhamn . . . . . . David M. Dix on . . . 2 8 0

W . K. S IMPSON , ed . The Literature of Ancient Egypt . J. Gw yn Griffiths . . . 2 8 0M. I. M o u R S i , Die Hohenpriester des Sonnengottes von der

Frhzeit gyptens bis zum Ende des Neuen Reiches . J. Gwyn Griffi ths . . . 2 8 1S. MORENZ , tr. A. E. K EEP , Egyptian Religion . . J. Gw yn Griffiths . . . 2 8 1C . J. BLEEKER, Hathor and Thoth . . . . J. Gw yn Griffiths . . . 2 8 2P H . DERCHAIN , Hathor Quadrifrons . . . . J. Gwyn Griffiths . . . 2 8 2V. F . VANDERL I P , The Four Greek Hymns of Isidorus and

the Cult of Isis . . . . . . . J. Gwyn Griffiths . . . 2 8 4A. R. DAV ID , Religious Ritual at Abydos, c. 1300 B.C.. Alan B. Lloyd . . . 2 8 5ANN E BURTON , Didorus Siculus Book I. A Commentary Alan B. Lloyd . . . 2 8 7P. M. FRASER, Ptolemaic Alexandria . . . E. G. Turner . . . 2 9 0E . M. HUSSELMAN , ed., Papyri from Karanis . . J. R. Rea . . . . 2 9 2J. C . SHELTON , Papyri from the Michigan Collection . J. R. Rea . . . . 2 9 4R. H . P IERCE, Three Demotic Papyri in the Brooklyn

Museum . . . . . . . . W . J. Tait . . . . 2 9 7A. K. BOWMAN , The Town Councils of Roman Egypt J. David Thom as . . . 2 9 8Other Books Received . . . . . . C . H . S. Spaull . . . 3 0 1


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NBTY IN OLD-KINGDOM TITLES AND NAMESBy H E N RY G . F I SCH E RON E of the recurrent elements in the titularies of Old-Kingdom queens shows thefollowing variations:

De Rouge, Inscriptions, I, pi. 62. IBorchardt , Grabd. Kgs. Ne-user-re*, 109, fig. 88.Sarcophagus, Cairo J. 54935 (Mr.s-^nh I I I ) .Tomb chapel of Mr.s-^nh I I I . 2False door of Queen Nbt (fig. 1).3Statue, Boston MFA 30.1456 (Htfi-hr.s I I ) . 4

\ \ Tomb chapel of Mr.s-Cnh I I I . 5Mariet te , Mastabas, 183.

^ Mariet te , Mastabas, 225.Jequier, Pyrs. des reines, pi. 16.False door of Queen Nbt (fig. 1).

1 Similar examples of graphic metathes is are presented in the fol lowing tabulat ion w hich shows the feminine^ centred below a pair of signs; some cases also involve the graphic transposition of a tall narrow sign (d-f)or honorif ic transpositio n (g), and the femin ine ^ may be long to the f irst of the two signs above it (as in thepresent case, and a-c, e-g) or to the second sign (d, h) .

The references are as fol lows: a-b: Sethe, Die altdgyptischen Pyramidentexte, iv , p . 23; c : Hassan, Giza, 11,163, f ig. 193; d: Reisner, Hist Giza Necrop. 1, pl. 65 (b) and CG 1414 (for the no rma l writin g of i;wt{i) nfr,see Hassan, Giza, 111, 196, fig. 158; vi, pt. 3, 64, fig. 46; CG 1506) ; e : Hassan, Giza, iv, 193, fig. 141; f:M u r r a y , Saq. Mast. 1, pi. 20; g: Hassan, Giza, in , 32 , f ig. 3 1 ; iv, 13 1, f ig. 74 and 140, f ig. 8 1 ; Reisn er, Hist.Giza Necrop. 1, pi. 57 (b); h: Hassan, Giza, 11, 109, fig. 116 and i n , fig. 118.2 On the nor th wall of room C ( loc . 25) ; for this information I am indebted to Dows Dunham and Wm. K.Simpson, who are prepar ing a f inal publicat ion of the tomb.3 Presuma bly the wife of King W enis , near whose pyramid her mastaba is located; cf. Zaki Saad, ASAE 40(1941), 683-4, where the t i t le under cons iderat ion is not mentioned; my copy (not a facs imile) der ives f rom aphotograph taken by Bernard V. Bothmer in 1958, and I am obliged to him for the use of i t .4 BMFA 34 (1936), 5-5 Reisner , BMFA 25 (1927), f ig. 5, p. 67; another example, on the west wall of the same principal room, isalmost identical, only lacking (Illus. London News, July 9, 1927, p. 69 [3]).


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F I G . I . F a l s e Door o f Queen Nebe t .


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9 6 H E N R Y G . F I S C H E RIn his article 'La titulature des reines des dynasties memphites', ASAE 24 (1924),207-8, Gauthier, like Erman and Naville before him, takes \ \ \ to mean 'beloved', andthis translation is certainly applicable to the later examples which they quote, dating tothe Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties:

Nofret, queen of Sesostris II: CG 382.Hatshepsut: Naville, Deir el Bahari, 11, pi. 48.6

The feminine ending of mryt does not appear in any of the Old-K ingdom exampleshowever, and this omission is the more remarkable because the feminine t generallydoes appear in {^ (var. | J|>, 3 1 ^ ) - ^ ^ reading were mryt, the absence of thefeminine ending would seem particularly remarkable in the majority of cases wherethe passive participle is written in full as ^ (J (] or ^ (] (j P Moreover, one would expectthis adjunct, if it originally had such a meaning, to take the form ^ , as it does inMr.sink's titulary, following the titles ^5 a n ^ l ^Pf lT- 8 ^ n exceptional example ofsm?(wt) Nbty mrt-f (F) does in fact occur at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, on the falsedoor of Queen Nbt, whereas the opposite side of the same mon um ent shows the n ormalform smt(wt) mry Nbty (fig. 1); the most probable explanation is that, on the left side,this title has been assimilated to the following one, hmt-nswt mrt-f. If tnrt-f were alegitimate variant of \ (j (j, and identical in meaning to the latter, one might converselyexpect \f)(] to appear as a variant in some w ritings of the titles that normally show mrt-f.The Middle-Kingdom example of \ (] (J probably represents a reinterpretation of theolder form, wh ich permitted th e replacement of Nbty by the king's name in the MiddleKingdom and the similar replacement of Nbty by Hr in the Eighteenth Dynasty,along with the addition of the suffix pronoun to mryt.

The variable sequence of words also raises some objections to Gauthier's interpretation. It does not seem likely that variant D ends with the epithet \ (j 1}^ J^ 'aimee duroi', as he assumes, without the usual honorific transposition; nor does his interpretation of \ (j f\fitvariant E, in which on e would expect smtwt mryt rather than mryt smtwt.The one solution that most comfortably suits all the Old-Kingdom writings is to take\ (j () as a masculine participle referring to the king, in which case the translationis 'consort (lit. she who joins) him who is beloved of the Tw o Lad ies' (or less probab ly)'consort of the beloved (masc.) Two Ladies'. In the case of variant D one must thenappend '(scilicet) the king'.9 The variations in the sequence of smiwt mry Nbty may besummarized as follows, with honorific transposition indicated by parentheses andbrackets:A . (Nbty) smtwt mryB. smtwt Nbty

6 Also to be found in Sethe, Urk. iv, 225, 2; and cf . 216, 11.7 As , f or exam ple , in 2 ^ \ * I) ( j^> Junker , Giza, iv, 42, fig. 11.8 E.g. Reisner, loc. cit. and (with smrt Hr), pp. 76-7, f igs . 17-18.9 For this addit ion cf . the epi thet of a Four th-D ynas ty pr in ce: imfh hr it-f nswt, ' revered with his father, theking ' (Hassan, Giza, iv, 119, fig. 64).


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NBTY I N O L D - K I N G D O M T I T L E S A N D N A M E S 97C. smtwt (Nbty) mryD. same+wsfltfE . (Nbty [mry]) smtwtThe omission of mry in one example (B) is probably not to be regarded as an error,

but rather as an admissible variation in which Nbty is the equivalent of mry Nbty,representing the king himself.10 Another queenly title, wrt hts occasionally showsvariations with the addition of Nbwy or Nbty:entrance of chapel of Mr.s- ? ^ ( fo llowed by ^ P \ \ jwrt-hst Dhwty lit . 'great-of-praise(s) of Thoth* or possibly 'greatest of those whom Thoth praises ' . Thisoccurs above the entrance (BMFA 25 [1927], 77, fig. 18).15 Lacau and Chevr ier , Une Chapelle de Sesostris Ier , pis . 10-11.16 Op. cit. pis. 18, 34; cf . Kees, MDAIK 16 (1958), 194-5.

1038C73 H


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9 8 H E N R Y G . F I S C H E Rconsidered whether a nisbe-form is involved, the writing of which would beindistinguishable from the feminine dual on which it is based.17In the case of Old-Kingdom feminine names which are compounded with Nbtyy th euse of this term is am biguo us. If it refers to the female divinities as such, it also alludesto the relationship between these divinities and the king; if it refers to the king, thismode of reference is certainly adopted because it involves a pair of divinities that arefemale. Probably the second interpretation is more appropriate as a rule, 18 but thefirst is attested by at least two examples, both of which refer to Nbty as an entity otherthan the king. One is M ^ \ ^ > which Ranke translates: 'es glanzt der, den nb-tj(d.i. der Konig) liebt ' (P N I, 264 [10]). Since mrr is masculine, 'he whom the TwoLadies love' must refer to the king or an unidentified god, either of which mightappropriately be the subject of hci. In neither case can Nbty represent the king, and inthis particular context the first alternative is much mo re likely; indeed, th e relative formmrr Nbty might be compared with the participial mry Nbty in the title me ntioned earlier.

The second name, M*LP (P N *> 423 t

23])> evidently means 'The Two Ladiesare upon her father', and nbty must then allude to the double crown of Upper andLower Egypt , as in ^^F^**fL '^ s c r o w n *s upon him' (Pyr. 20186, 20196, and cf.7536, 2196a).19 According to the Worterbuch, Nbty is not otherw ise know n to refer to thedouble crown prior to the New Kingdom.20 It seems more than coincidental, however,that two Fifth-Dynasty 'keepers of the headdress' (try nfr-fot) are, at the same time,'priest of Nekhebet, priest of Wedjoyet'. In one example the three titles are presentedin series, ending with another closely related title'director of hairdressers' (fig. 2). 21The double priesthood evidently has much the same meaning as the Twelfth-Dynastyt i t l e 1 i ^ i ^ * H ? > ' p r i e s t of the white and red crown of Upper and Lower Egypt'(F i r th -Gunn , Teti Pyr. Gem., pi. 82).22

Nfr-htt recalls a term for the crown, nfr-hdt, as attested in a title of princesses andqueens dating from the Twelfth Dynasty down to the first half of the Eighteenth:17 Th is question is also raised by the occurrenc e of ^ amo ng the epithe ts of the Tw elfth-D yna sty official

Wh-htp (Blackman and Ap ted, Meir, vi , pi . 13); this has been trans la ted T w o Ladies , or He of the Tw o L adies '(ibid. 9, 26).

18 For the num erous cases in which Nbty may refer to the king, see Ranke, PN 1, 180 (12, 21), 189 (25, 26),190 (1, 2) , 259 (1), 423 (22), 425 (30); II , 297 (24), 302 (24) and ^ g ^ ^ Brooklyn 6 4. 148. 2.

19 T h e w h i t e c ro w n a l on e is m en t io n e d i n t h e O l d - K i n g d o m p e rs o na l n a m e | ^ , ^ | ^ (PN 1, 257 [4],Has san , Giza; iv, 117); this is paralleled by the name ^ $ ^ Q * (P N 1, 190 [1]) , but that does not mean, ofcourse , that Nbty necessarily refers to the two crowns in the latter case.

20 Wb. 11, 233, 9- 10 ; cf . Fa ulkn er, Concise Diet. 129 and quotations given by Naville, Z AS 36 (1898), 134.Middle-Kingdom texts sometimes use Widty (det. ^ ^ CG 20518 , 20683; F i r th - G unn , Teti Pyr. Cent. 2 8 1 ;Blackman, Meir, in , 2 ; & BM 839 , Hieroglyphic Texts, 11, pi. 7); cf. \


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NBTY I N O L D - K I N G D O M T I T L E S A N D N A M E S 99C^ | | * 'she who joins the w hite crown '.23 T he frequent use of this title in the M iddleand early New Kingdom suggests that it may, by an assimilation of meaning, havecaused the old title smtwt mry Nbty to be reinterpreted as strnwt mryt Nbty so that itnow meant * beloved one wh o joins th e two crowns', although eventually Nbty wastaken to embody the king: 'she who joins the Nbty, his beloved'.

F I G . 2

F I G . 3If this last point is admitted, however, it fails to explain why mry should have beenadded to the title smswt Nbty in the first place, for this addition can hardly have beenintended to eliminate an interpretation that was reinstated by changing mry to mryt.

No conclusive answer can be given, but it seems possible that the circumlocution wasintroduced because smtwt Nbty, 'she who joins the Tw o L adies', created an ambiguousor misleading impression, requiring an exceptional distinction to be made betweenNbty and the king. But it should be emphasized that no such distinction was normallymade between the king and the dual entity represented by the two crowns and by thetwo goddesses associated with them. This point is strikingly illustrated by the epithetshow n in fig. 3, wh ich is clearly to be restored as indicated by the dotte d lines.24He re the tw o crowns app arently serve as determinative for nb-s in the epithet of a Fifth-Dynasty woman who was in charge of the harim and of the diversions which it affordedthe king: 'One who beholds the beauty of her (double-crowned) lord.'2523 Examples are assembled and discussed by Brunton, ASAE 49 (1949), 99-110.24 Hassan , Giza, 11, f ig. 228, facing p. 206; the second crown is mistakenly omitted on p. 204, and by myselfin Z AS 90 (1963), 39. T he res toration of this sign explains wh y the height of the w hite crown is so comp ressed,and its restoration explains a gap that ill suits the spacing of the surrounding inscriptions.25 The pair of crowns also assume this form on at least three cylinder seals of the Old Kingdom, in eachcase fol lowed by ^^JJ : Reisner , Mycerinus, pi . A (9) , with name of Chephren; Walters Ar t Gallery 57.1748,with name of Sahure c ; Petr ie, Scarabs, pi. 9 (5.8, 1) , nam e of Re c-neferef (not Djedkare c) . The meaning may be' the two crowns, adornment of the forehead*. In any case it does not seem possible to equate hkr an d shkr asJunker proposes in Gtza, x, 80.

fischer, henry g. “nbty in old-kingdom titles and names

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