First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities. Funded by connected most major cities. Funded by

states..

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

STEAMBOATSSTEAMBOATS

• NEW ORLEANS BECOMES MAJOR PORTNEW ORLEANS BECOMES MAJOR PORT• MADE 2-WAY RIVER TRAFFIC PRACTICALMADE 2-WAY RIVER TRAFFIC PRACTICAL• QUICKER THAN ROADSQUICKER THAN ROADS• DISADVANTAGES: FREQUENT FIRES, DISADVANTAGES: FREQUENT FIRES,

COLLISIONS, ICE, SANDBARSCOLLISIONS, ICE, SANDBARS

CANALSCANALS

•Even more efficient than roads for moving goods – Even more efficient than roads for moving goods – lowerlower costs & less timecosts & less time•Locks regulated the water levelLocks regulated the water level•Encouraged growth of cities & townsEncouraged growth of cities & towns•State fundingState funding•DisadvantagesDisadvantages: freeze in winter, dry up in : freeze in winter, dry up in summersummer

Erie Canal – “Clinton’s Big Ditch”

From Buffalo to Albany

Begun 1817 & completed by 1825

Erie Canal – “Clinton’s Big Ditch”

From Buffalo to Albany

Begun 1817 & completed by 1825Economic effects?

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

RAILROADSRAILROADS

• MOST PRACTICAL MOST PRACTICAL METHOD OF METHOD OF TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION– POSSIBLE IN ALL POSSIBLE IN ALL

KINDS OF WEATHERKINDS OF WEATHER– ANY KIND OF TERRAINANY KIND OF TERRAIN– FASTESTFASTEST

• VERY VERY DANGEROUS!DANGEROUS!– HIGH SPEEDSHIGH SPEEDS– FIRES & COLLISIONSFIRES & COLLISIONS– BAD BRAKESBAD BRAKES

SLOWER TO TAKEHOLD BECAUSESTATES SPENDINGMORE $ ON ROADS & CANALS

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant Immigrant laborlaborbuilt the built the Northern RRs.Northern RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the built the Southern RRs. Southern RRs.

StagecoachesThe Pony Express

• Stagecoaches traveled from MO River to California– Calling “shotgun?”

• Pony Express, 1860– Carried mail 2000

miles from MO to CA– Stations 10 miles

apart– Could make it in 10

days!– Brought to an end

by?

Clipper Ships

Why short-lived?

Clipper Ships

Why short-lived?

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

From Newfoundland to Ireland

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

Population doubling every 22 years

Population doubling every 22 years

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

• 1840s; Largest group of immigrants1840s; Largest group of immigrants• 1845 potato famine in Ireland1845 potato famine in Ireland• Very poor; Catholic; lots of whiskeyVery poor; Catholic; lots of whiskey• Stayed in North & were in direct Stayed in North & were in direct

competition with free blacks for jobscompetition with free blacks for jobs– worked in factories (over 50% of mill worked in factories (over 50% of mill

labor force by 1860) but . . . “NINA?”labor force by 1860) but . . . “NINA?”– many go into police workmany go into police work– built canals, RRsbuilt canals, RRs

THE IRISH:

• 1850s; 2nd largest group1850s; 2nd largest group• Many come to escape political persecution Many come to escape political persecution

(failed democratic revolutions of 1848)(failed democratic revolutions of 1848)• wealthier than Irish; Catholicwealthier than Irish; Catholic• settle in Midwest -- Wisconsin, etc.settle in Midwest -- Wisconsin, etc.• form their own militia, fire companies, form their own militia, fire companies,

schools, newspapers, etc.schools, newspapers, etc.• Not as politically influential as Irish – Not as politically influential as Irish –

WHY?WHY?• Levi Strauss; Henrich SteinwayLevi Strauss; Henrich Steinway• American cultural changes from the American cultural changes from the

Germans?Germans?

GERMANS:

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

NATIVISM:NATIVISM:

• Prejudice against foreigners (threats to jobs)Prejudice against foreigners (threats to jobs)• 1844 rioting between Catholics & Protestants - over 100 1844 rioting between Catholics & Protestants - over 100

injuredinjured• Samuel Morse – wrote against CatholicsSamuel Morse – wrote against Catholics• Order of the Star Spangled Banner - Order of the Star Spangled Banner - Know-NothingsKnow-Nothings, form , form

in 1849in 1849– secret, anti-immigrant societysecret, anti-immigrant society– wanted to keep immigrants out of political office, restrict wanted to keep immigrants out of political office, restrict

immigration & increase naturalization period to 21 yearsimmigration & increase naturalization period to 21 years– later become a viable political partylater become a viable political party

• Note: prejudice existed even among the immigrant groups Note: prejudice existed even among the immigrant groups themselves (Irish disliked blacks for ex.)themselves (Irish disliked blacks for ex.)

WESTWARD WE GO!WESTWARD WE GO!

• Americans continually on the move West!Americans continually on the move West!• Greatest lure was the cheap, fertile land Greatest lure was the cheap, fertile land

availableavailable• Farmers from South, farmers from Northeast Farmers from South, farmers from Northeast

& immigrants from Europe all came West& immigrants from Europe all came West• Rapidly growing towns sprang up along rivers Rapidly growing towns sprang up along rivers

where cargo was transferredwhere cargo was transferred– Cincinnati (“Queen City”)Cincinnati (“Queen City”), Louisville & , Louisville &

NashvilleNashville• New farming inventions aided the move west:New farming inventions aided the move west:

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

1 man could do the work of 5 men with a sickle

New technology/cash crop farming/leads to more debt

1 man could do the work of 5 men with a sickle

New technology/cash crop farming/leads to more debt

The Factory System The Factory System • Spreads from BR to US – slowlySpreads from BR to US – slowly• Northeast – Industry is King!Northeast – Industry is King!– Bad soilBad soil– Lots of laborLots of labor– PortsPorts– Rivers for Power!Rivers for Power!

Creating a Business-Friendly Climate

Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateSupreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings:

** Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810) ** Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward (1819) (1819) ** McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1819) ** Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) ** Charles Rivers Bridge v. WarrenCharles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) (1835)

General Incorporation LawGeneral Incorporation Law - - passed by passed by many states, such as NY, by 1848 (could many states, such as NY, by 1848 (could incorporate without a state charter)incorporate without a state charter)

Laissez faireLaissez faire - - BUT, BUT, government did government did do much to assist capitalism!do much to assist capitalism!

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

Helps break BR monopoly in

textiles

First American mill – Providence,

RI 1791

Helps break BR monopoly in

textiles

First American mill – Providence,

RI 1791Effects?

Industrial economy well-established in N

Slater’s mill & Whitney’s cotton gin

stimulate cotton economy & slave

labor system

Effects?

Industrial economy well-established in N

Slater’s mill & Whitney’s cotton gin

stimulate cotton economy & slave

labor system

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave?slave?

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave?slave?

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

So, how did Eli Whitney help bring on the Civil War AND help the North to win the

war?

What impact did the Embargo & Non-What impact did the Embargo & Non-Intercourse Acts and the War of 1812 have Intercourse Acts and the War of 1812 have

on the Industrial/Market Revolution?on the Industrial/Market Revolution?

• Capital ($) and labor that Capital ($) and labor that were involved in commerce were involved in commerce move into manufacturingmove into manufacturing

• Nationalism and necessity Nationalism and necessity spurred the production of spurred the production of American goodsAmerican goods

• After the War, BR dumped After the War, BR dumped cheap manufactured goods cheap manufactured goods on U.S. – this led to the use on U.S. – this led to the use of protective tariffsof protective tariffs

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Wash., D.C. to Baltimore – 40 Wash., D.C. to Baltimore – 40 milesmiles

““What hath God wrought?”What hath God wrought?”

Telegraph brings an end to….?

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

Women now going to factories to sew, rather than at home.

The Lowell/Waltham SystemMass Production of Cotton Cloth

The Lowell/Waltham SystemMass Production of Cotton Cloth

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time TableLowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newsletter

Early “Union” Newsletter

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s PartyWorkingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – (1842) – didn’t legalize strikes but held didn’t legalize strikes but held that labor unions were NOT that labor unions were NOT illegal conspiracies.illegal conspiracies.

• NORTHEAST Industrialmade textiles & machines for S & W

• SOUTH Cotton & Slaveryshipped to NE & BR

• WEST Breadbasket of Nationfed factory workers in NE & Europe

Regional Specialization in America by the 1850s

But….what connections?

Regional Specialization in America by the 1850s

But….what connections?

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

MARKET REVOLUTION HAS TAKEN HOLD!!MARKET REVOLUTION HAS TAKEN HOLD!!Subsistence economy of scattered farms & tiny Subsistence economy of scattered farms & tiny workshops has been transformed into a national workshops has been transformed into a national network of industry and commerce.network of industry and commerce.

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston - top 4% owned 1845 Boston - top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia - top 1% 1860 Philadelphia - top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS• Factory system & growth of Factory system & growth of

cities undermined family as cities undermined family as unit of economic productionunit of economic production

• Few women actually self-Few women actually self-supporting. Jobs in:supporting. Jobs in:– Nursing, domestic serviceNursing, domestic service– Teaching! Becomes Teaching! Becomes

totally feminized largely totally feminized largely due to Catherine Beecherdue to Catherine Beecher

• Home becomes place of Home becomes place of refuge rather than center of refuge rather than center of economic productioneconomic production

• ““Separate spheres” Separate spheres” becomes new doctrinebecomes new doctrine– ““Cult of domesticityCult of domesticity””

• Decline in birthrate - family Decline in birthrate - family becomes smaller & more becomes smaller & more child-centeredchild-centered

CULT OF DOMESTICITY& TRUE WOMANHOOD

• Separate spheres: men off to work to support family, woman’s place is in the home

• Popularized in newspapers, magazines, etc.

• What were the 4 parts of ideal womanhood?

• Why were women seen as physically inferior to men?

• Why were women seen as intellectually inferior to men?

• What strange myths arose as a result?

ALEXISALEXISde de

TOCQUEVILLETOCQUEVILLE

• French; came to study American prisonsFrench; came to study American prisons– Studies natives - 1831Studies natives - 1831– Belief that Europe is moving to Belief that Europe is moving to

democracydemocracy• ““Democracy in America,”Democracy in America,” 18351835

– Focuses on equality of conditions in USFocuses on equality of conditions in US– Notes whole society seems to have Notes whole society seems to have

turned into one middle classturned into one middle class