first steps towards quality improvement: a simple guide to … · 2018-06-22 · first steps...

A simple guide toimproving services

First steps towards quality improvement:

IMPROVEMENT. PEOPLE. QUALITY. STAFF. DATA.STEPS. LEAN. PATIENTS. PRODUCTIVITY. IDEAS.REDESIGN. MAPPING. SOLUTIONS. EXPERIENCE.SHARE. PROCESSES. TOOLS. MEASURES.INVOLVEMENT. STRENGTH. SUPPORT. LEARN.CHANGE. TEST. IMPLEMENT. PREPARATION.KNOW-HOW. SCOPE. INNOVATION. FOCUS.ENGAGEMENT. DELIVERY. DIAGNOSIS. LAUNCH.RESOURCES. EVALUATION. NHS. PLANNING.TECHNIQUES. FRAMEWORK. AGREEMENT.UNDERSTAND. IMPLEMENTATION. SUSTAIN.

CONTENTSIntroduction

Chapter 1 - Improvement models

Chapter 2 - Defining the change idea and developing aims

Chapter 3 - Managing a successful project

Chapter 4 - Levers and drivers – framing the work for a wider audience

Chapter 5 - Getting the right people involved

Chapter 6 - Involving patients and carers in service redesign

Chapter 7 - Communicating the right things to the right people

Chapter 8 - Improvement tool: Process mapping

Chapter 9 - Improvement tool: Plan, do, study, act cycles

Chapter 10 - Measuring your efforts

Chapter 11 - Improvement tool: Using statistical process control charts

Chapter 12 - Human dimensions of change

Chapter 13 - Sharing your success

Acknowledgements

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FIRST STEPS TOWARDS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT: A SIMPLE GUIDE TO IMPROVING SERVICES

Before implementing a solution and changing your service, it is

essential to understand your current system by mapping the

process, collecting and analysing the service data, along with

asking patients and staff for their views, in order to determine

where improvements can be made. Don’t rush into

implementing whole system changes without testing and

measuring small incremental changes. Learn from experience

and be prepared to be flexible as your first idea may not be the

best or the right solution.

This resource is not intended as a complete guide but provides a

short overview with the most relevant tools and other resources

signposted for further exploration.

If you want to deliver sustainable improvements with greater

speed and confidence, this resource will help you take the first

steps.

INTRODUCTION

F IRST STEPS TOWARDS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT: A SIMPLE GUIDE TO IMPROVING SERVICES

If you are involved at any level in improving health or

social care, this resource will provide the information

you need for your first steps towards making quality

improvements, giving your improvement project the

best possible chance of success.

Whether you are experienced at running improvement

projects or not, this blend of project management and

improvement tools, combined with practical know-how

and first hand experience gained from working with NHS

teams, should prove invaluable.

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Every system is

perfectly designed

to get the results it

achieves”

“

Paul Batalden

CHAPTER 1Improvement modelsThere are many models which can supportyour improvement project; however, wepromote two such models: a five stepapproach to successfully manage the change project from initial concept tocompletion, and the Model for Improvementto provide a framework for developing,testing and implementing changes.

Five step improvement approach A five step improvement approach has beendefined to provide a systematic frameworkfrom the beginning to the end of yourimprovement project which will give yourproject a greater chance of sustainablesuccess.

• Preparation • Launch • Diagnosis• Implementation• Evaluation

The preparation phase incorporateseverything you need to do before the official start of your project. This includesdefining your project aims and objectives,collecting baseline data for your service,

understanding what you are going toaccomplish, identifying a core team toundertake the work and a team to supportthe direction of the work along withidentifying patients and carers to beinvolved. Work should be aligned to bothlocal and national objectives together withstructured plans to measure improvements.

The launch phase is the official start of theproject. The team should be formed; projectplans, communication plans and datacollection plans should be in place and anexecutive sponsor identified to support theproject.

The diagnosis phase is aboutunderstanding the current process,dispelling assumptions, using data to definethe problem and to build upon the baselinedata.

The implementation phase tests andmeasures potential solutions using a plan,do, study, act (PDSA) cycle (chapter 9),implements the best solution and introducesstandard work and mistake proofing for aquality sustainable process.

The final phase is evaluation whereachievements are celebrated, learning andprinciples are captured and theimprovement becomes the norm.


Do I really need a model to improve things?

Very often, it is clear that we need toget on and improve things and youmay be tempted to leap in and do so.However, a very high proportion ofprojects fail, and one way to increasethe chances of your own projectsucceeding is to adopt a moresystematic, tried and tested approachsuch as those outlined on this page.Quality improvement requires the will,the ideas and the execution of thoseideas to succeed – very often, we havethe will to make things happen, but byusing models such as these, we canensure we develop the best possiblechange ideas and approachimplementation in a planned andsystematic way to enhance ourchances of success.

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The Model for ImprovementThe model for improvement is incorporatedinto the five step approach and wasdesigned to provide a framework fordeveloping, testing and implementingchanges that lead to improvement. Toachieve improvements we need to take thetime to plan change and test it out andresist the temptation to rush into wholesalechanges to systems. This way, we will knowwhat is working well, and what is not sosuccessful. Small scale changes can beundone and replaced by alternative ideas.

The sum of all of the change ideas that aretested and successfully implemented will bethe effective redesign of processes or waysof working.

The framework, which was developed by ateam at the Institute for HealthcareImprovement in the USA, includes three keyquestions to ask before embarking on achange programme, supported by a processfor testing change ideas using plan, do,study, act (PDSA) cycles.

What are we trying to accomplish?• Clear and focused goals that focus on

problems that cause concern for patients and staff • Consistent with local and national

outcomes, plans and frameworks• Bold and aspirational• With clear numerical targets.

How will we know if a change is animprovement?• What can we measure that will change if

the system is improved? • How can we obtain this data? Is it

available in existing information systems, or will we need to collect this manually? • What is the best way to display the data

we collect so that we can decide whether we are improving the system and whetherthe improvement is sustainable? • Measure the baseline – how is the process

or system performing before the change is made?

• Measure regularly during testing – what is the impact immediately, and what is the impact over a period of time? • Continue to measure after the

improvement is implemented, to ensure that the change is sustained.

What changes can we make that willresult in improvement?• Many change ideas are generated at

process mapping events (See Chapter 8)• Use techniques of creative thinking and

innovation to generate ideas and to sort them into those to be tested• Learn from your colleagues – we know

that there are many examples of good practice currently available.

The Model for Improvement is a tried andtested approach for implementing anyaspect of change in health services. Addressthe three questions before embarking onservice redesign, to keep the work focusedand relevant and to ensure that you canmeasure the impact of changing the system.Use PDSA cycles (chapter 9) to test out ideason a small scale and to win commitmentbefore implementing changes across wholedepartments, processes and systems.

Further explanation of the Five StepApproach and Model for Improvement isdetailed in later chapters.

Model for Improvement

PLAN

DO

ACT

STUDY

What are we trying to accomplish?

How will we know that a change is an improvement?

What changes can we make that willresult in the improvements that we seek?

CHAPTER 2Defining the change idea anddeveloping aimsA clear and accurate project definition is oneof the most important tasks to ensure thesuccess of any improvement project.

When starting out, begin by focusing on theproblem you are trying to solve, rather thana solution you are trying to implement - noone likes change for change sake!

Analyse the problem by talking and listeningto those involved, collect baseline data andrecognise the impact of not changinganything at all. Once you have a clearunderstanding of the problem, it is vital toobtain agreement and support from thoseinvolved as you will find that differentpeople have different knowledge based ontheir past experiences. Agreement will alsoincrease team engagement and will providea stable platform to take the next step indeveloping the scope of your project withfocused aims and objectives.

Project scopeWhen defining your change idea, take timeto consider and clearly document what iswithin the scope of your project as well aswhat is out of scope.

Examples of poorly written project aims

We will improve cancer servicesThis aim doesn’t clearly state what thechange will actually improve and who wouldbe responsible in improving the services. Arethe improvements for every cancer patientor just patients with certain types of cancer(e.g. breast cancer) or for all types of cancersfor a specific group of patients (e.g. childrenand young people)? The project aim muststipulate how much the service is going tobe improved, when it is going to becompleted and what is the impact of theimprovement.


If you don’t know whereyou are going, you are likely to end upsomewhere else!”

“

Yogi Berra

What is the purpose of a clear aimor objective?

To ensure everyone is workingtowards the same goal and everyonehas the same expectations. It isimportant to define this clearly, sothat you can also identify what it isrelevant to measure and to help avoidproject creep as your work progresses.A good aim statement can help tomotivate people about your project asbeing something worthwhile,measurable and achievable.

The scope should include information aboutthe project boundaries and key deliverables.However, be cautious of the size of theproject scope. A large wide ranging projectscope may mean the work does not haveenough focus or detail, or may achieve verylittle by trying to do too much; whereas anarrow focused scope may lead to a projectthat does not make a significant differenceand cannot be transferable or able to scaleup.

A well defined project scope is critical toprevent a project creeping out of control.‘Project creep’ is when the scope of aproject grows from its original parametersinto something more or different from theoriginal intention. Implications of achanging scope could include project failure,unclear deliverables, confusion, increasedbudgets and expanding timeframes.

Project aimA project aim should be aspirational,measureable and consistent with local andnational priorities and plans.

A good aim statement should include:• What we are trying to achieve• For whom• How much• By when• Compared to what• And why?

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We will achieve a 20% reduction inemergency admissions for heart failurepatients by March 2017This example does provide a clear anumerical target to aim for, but what is the20% measured against? Is it 20% reductionfrom the previous year? Is it realistic? Couldit be achieved?

All practices need to use a care planningapproach for all patients with a longterm condition‘Need to’ is not an improvement aim. Is thisall practices across the country or allpractices in the consortia? Which careplanning approach should be used? Whenshould this be completed and what will itachieve?

A good aim may look like this100% of patients on our list with aconfirmed diagnosis of COPD will have acomprehensive review and will have anindividualised care plan developed with thelead GP or practice nurse by March 2017.This will ensure that they are optimally caredfor and better able to manage theircondition, thereby reducing the frequencyand severity of exacerbations and the needfor possible future hospital admissions.

Ensure your scope and aim is clear toeveryone involved. The language we use inthe NHS is sometimes ambiguous and canbe interpreted in different ways by differentpeople, for example ‘self management plan’- is this a piece of paper with genericinformation given to all symptomaticpatients or a personalised care plan for eachpatient? It is really important that you areclear in your aim and don’t leave anything tochance.

Why should I get consensus aboutthe problem before starting theproject?

There are numerous reasons why youshould discuss the problem andachieve a consensus before startingyour project. Different people willhave different ideas about theproblem, so it is important that youunderstand their perspective (as youmight learn something new) and forothers to understand your perspective.See the elephant analogy in Chapter 3.Very few people will understand thefull story as their perspective is basedon their own experiences. This processof gaining consensus, talking andlistening to the people involved in theprocess will assist with engagementand support for the project.

An adaptation of a Hindi proverbFive visually impaired people touch an elephant to learnwhat it is like. Each one feels a different part.

"Hey, the elephant is like a tree trunk," said thefirst man who touched the elephant’s leg.

"Oh, no! The elephant is like a snake" said thesecond man who felt the trunk.

"Oh, no! It is like a rope," said the third man whotouched the tail.

"It is like a brush" said the fourth man whorubbed the elephant ear.

And the fifth man said "It’s soft and mushy…"

They began to argue about the elephant and they allinsisted they were right. They all were right in what theywere saying as they had all developed an understandingbased on their own experiences and perspective. However,they did not have an understanding of the whole elephant.

Imagine the elephant to be a patient. Differentclinicians and health care staff see the patient indifferent ways, all of them correct, but by not seeingthe whole patient pathway, their understanding islimited. Make sure you understand the entireprocess/patient pathway before starting anyimprovement project.

CHAPTER 3Managing a successful projectStarting out on any improvement project isan exciting time, and you are likely to be fullof enthusiasm and optimism. However,things don’t always go entirely to plan and itcan be hard to maintain impetus andprogress with enthusiasm alone.

For a project to be successful, it is importantthat an adequate amount of time is spenton managing the project.

Spending time getting the preparatory workright first time will be beneficial later in theproject. Preparatory work includes:

• Getting the right team (Chapter 5)• Having a good relationship with your

executive sponsor (Chapter 5)• Having a solid project plan (Chapter 3)• Having a robust communication plan

(Chapter 7)• Understanding the current service

(Chapter 2 and 8)

• Collecting baseline data and having a data collection plan (Chapter 10 and 11)• Understanding your customer

requirements (Chapter 6).

A project plan is fundamental to theestablishment of the project. It sets thecontract for improvement and establishesthe mandate, priorities and resourceavailability. In other words, it spells outclearly what, how and when is to be done,so that everyone is aware of theircommitments and how they will impact onthe project’s success. It can be tempting toignore this element as ‘bureaucratic’ or‘administrative’, but it is an essential tool forensuring there is clarity about the projectand that expectations are managed. Thisneed not be an onerous process, but theplan does need to clearly spell out the keyareas.

The plan is developed in the preparationphase of the project and enables decisionsto be made with regard to modifying orcancelling the initiative in situations wherethe required support for the project eitherchanges or is lacking. The plan is usedthroughout the project for monitoring and control.


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What makes successful projects?

• Getting the right people involved from the start of the project• Having a clear aims statement• Planning, monitoring and control• Having a real understanding of the current issue or problem• Measurable improvements which are achievements not just activities• Having clear links to local and national objectives i.e. a clear reason to do it• Involving patients and carers, (ideally) from the beginning• Displaying effective communication.

A project plan should specify:• Aims and objectives• Background to the project• Scope of project • Expected deliverables • Timescale• Analysis of risk • Resources • Budget• Method/process• Accountability• Identification of the project sponsor• Data and measures• Dependencies (i.e. links between one

action and another)• How the work is going to be sustained

and spread to other areas.

Project plans come in many different styles,but each should set out all the actions thathave to occur to achieve the improvement, aswell as clearly stating when these will happenand who is responsible for doing them.


Is my work a project?A project is a temporary piece of workwith a defined start and finish, and willnot continue indefinitely. Project workis also designed to deliver a definedoutcome or benefit from doing thework.

Does someone need to projectmanage for a project to besuccessful?Yes, within the project team, someoneneeds to be responsible for the role.Without someone to undertake thisrole, it is unlikely that even the smallestproject team will deliver what it setsout to achieve within the agreedparameters.

Why do projects fail?

• Project aims and objectives not clearly defined or articulated• Little or no top level support and leadership for the project• Lack of effective engagement with key players and patients• Poorly planned projects• Inadequately monitored, controlled and managed• Failure to take account of local and national priorities• Poor communication • Failure to divide the project intosmall manageable tasks • Unable to collect and analyse data.

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Isn’t project management justunnecessary bureaucracy andadministration?Good project management is not justbureaucracy. It is about ensuring thereis consistent co-ordination, drive andevaluation of the project so that itremains focused and effective. Nothaving someone to manage theproject usually means that no onetakes overall responsibility for ensuringthat all the components are beingdelivered – and the project may thenfalter or fail.

What is the role of a projectmanager?The role of a project manager is tohave oversight of the entire projectand take responsibility for controllingand monitoring each aspect, alongwith reporting the successes, learningand failures of the project. Not everyproject needs a dedicated projectmanager, but every project requiressomeone to undertake the roles andresponsibilities of a project manager(see Chapter 5).

What is the difference between aresearch and improvement project?An improvement project is abouttesting ways to implement evidencebased care and find out the best wayfor a service to be organised anddelivered. It is about testing innovationor new ways of working and notabout testing whether treatments orinterventions actually work.

CHAPTER 4Levers and drivers - framing thework for a wider audienceChanging established systems of any kind isdifficult. It is particularly challenging withinhealthcare because of the complexrelationships between a wide range oforganisations, professionals, patients andcarers.

Certain factors may help to foster anenvironment that is conducive to changeand improvement. An organisation wherethere is strong leadership and everyone isfocused on improving patient care is morelikely to develop motivated staff with adesire for continuous quality improvement.However, barriers to changing establishedpractice may prevent or impede progress inall organisations, whatever the culture.

Sometimes a great idea can be presentedwith various barriers and challenges tochange. Often taking time to identify thebarriers in order to overcome these isessential to securing engagement andsustainability of the work. It is alsoimportant to look at the context of workyou may be undertaking in terms ofunderstanding both the local and nationaldrivers for change and levers for improvement.


What levers and drivers could berelevant to my work?You might need to do some researchabout local and national priorities. Quiteoften these are obvious and you canbegin to ‘frame’ your work to align tothese. For example, you might beundertaking a project in primary care toreduce the number of emergencyadmissions to hospital where the localpriority is to reduce bed days. Therewould be a clear link to the localinitiative and the work you would thenundertake.

How do I link my work to local priorities?Talk to the local stakeholders about the work you propose and understand how it fits in. Anumber of these stakeholders may already be part of your project steering group, so taketime to discuss and explore this further with them.

Drivers are those forces for change that areoutside the projects scope of control.Drivers derive from a variety of sources,including policy, that will change the way inwhich the service may operate. Levers arethose forces for change and improvementthat are within the projects scope of control.

In parallel, linking with what is first seen asprimarily a small improvement project withlocal and national drivers for change canenable a project to be further supported,successful and sustainable. Quite oftenteams undertaking improvement projectsfocus purely on delivering isolated outcomesfor their work areas. Levers such asreducing admissions or length of stay maybe a local priority for a number oforganisations in your area. It will help raisethe profile of your improvement work if thework is aligned to such initiatives, howeversmall.

Look for similar current work alreadyunderway within your organisation.Consider framing your work to otherimprovement initiatives in terms of qualityimprovement, innovation, productivity gainsand prevention work. You may be surprisedby the impact on efficiency and productivityby focussing improvement work on qualityand safety.

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How can I get wider engagement tosupport my work?Raising the profile of the work,particularly if the work is aligned to localpriorities will increase the chances ofwider engagement and support for thework. Talk to the service stakeholdersand try to secure project sponsorshipfrom the chief executive or board leveldirector within your organisation. Alsodiscuss the work with othermanagement and clinical colleagues butremember that these individuals mayspan wider than your immediate projectgroup and include, primary care, socialcare, acute care, commissioners and theambulance service where relevant. Yourlocal clinical network may also be able toassist with wider engagement and supportfor your work.

What is a network?Networks can be made up of individualswith a special interest in a particulartopic, or be groups of local NHSorganisations made up of clinicians,managers and commissioners who worktogether to improve care. They provide aforum to share multi professional advice,influence and learning, to maximiseknowledge and deliver better outcomesfor patients. They do this by bringingtogether primary care, secondary care,commissioners, patients, social care andother stakeholders with a commoninterest, to enable the local NHS to workin a collaborative and co-ordinated wayfor its population, to best meet localneeds and priorities.

How can a network help?Networks focus on solving problems forpatients wherever they are in the system,stepping outside organisationalboundaries and seeking instead a wholesystem approach to qualityimprovement. Networks will also shareinformation, best practice, guidelines,and clinical learning to achieve greaterimpact than would otherwise bepossible. They can also influencecommissioning decisions about priorities,availability and use of resources, todeliver optimum care to local people. If your project demonstrates significantscope to improve care, efficiency andoutcomes a network can help youspread and sustain your work.

There are a number of local and nationalinitiatives looking to improve local servicesincluding calls for case study examples ofgood practice. It is worth spending sometime investigating what drivers are alignedto your work, similar work within yourorganisation and opportunities to gainadditional support where it may beappropriate.

CHAPTER 5Getting the right peopleinvolved

Some of the biggest risks to any project cancome from within the team. It is importantthat the team has people with the right skillsand abilities to do the job and will be able togive continued support to the improvementinitiative.

Having the right people involved from thebeginning with the right expertise will giveyour project the best chance of sustainablesuccess. If the right people are not involvedfrom the start, it will be much harder toengage and involve these people at a laterdate.

A project sponsor and involvement fromthe top of your organisation (Chief Executiveor Executive Team) is necessary to championyour project and provide strategic directionto the project. This type of involvement alsoprovides support to discuss issues, celebrateachievement and provide access to humanresources, finance, analysts,communications, estates and IT teams whenrequired.


Why do I need an executive sponsor?Executive sponsors should be chosenfrom the top of your organisation, ideallythe chief executive or someone from theexecutive team. This person willchampion your project, provide strategicsupport to the project, help to discussand resolve issues, celebrateachievement and provide access to HR,Finance and IT teams when required.

Why is clinical and managerialleadership important for my work?Clinicians and managers providedifferent perspectives, experience andsupport to your project. They will helpensure that your project is appropriatelytargeted and relevant. Also they canensure that the changes you are testingare practically supported and promotedacross different staff groups.

How do I keep colleaguesengaged?

Once you have built the relationshipand engagement has been achieved,continue to work at it by:

• Staying in regular contact• Keeping people involved and updated• Having meetings with a purpose, actions and outcomes• Delivering what you have agreed to do.

Every project should have someone with anoverview of the project who is responsiblefor the role of project manager. Youmight be fortunate to have a dedicatedproject manager to support your project,however a project member may be requiredto take on the responsibilities of this rolewhere this is not possible. It is advisable forjust one person to be accountable and haveownership to lead the project, ensuringdecisions are made, actions taken, andmeasurable, timely progress is made.

Within the project team it is necessary tohave a variety of individuals, some whoserole will be to make decisions and others tocarry out actions.

When establishing a project team, considerindividuals or groups who are interested andenthusiastic about the work, and those whoare in a position of power and influence. Itis also worth involving people or groupswho do not have direct interest in yourproject but have a key position of power or authority to make decisions.

Involve all stakeholders and grades of staff(clinical staff, GPs, porters, commissioners,reception staff, managers, pharmacists,clinical support staff, data analyst, medicalsecretaries etc) as they will have differentexperiences, knowledge, skills, opinions,ideas and concerns.

The involvement of patients, carers andcharities is vital as they will be able to give adifferent perspective on your service andproposed improvement plans.

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CHAPTER 6Involving patients and carersin service redesign

Patients and their carers are the reasonthe health service exists and thereforethey should be at the heart of ourservices.

Quality improvement and redesign generates opportunities to involve users and their carers who can provide a differentperspective to enable a betterunderstanding of whether ourimprovements make any difference.

A patient’s experience of our service can bevery different to what we intend or assumeit to be and they can tell us what works,what doesn’t and what could be donebetter. We might ‘know’ we are doing agood job, but it needs to meet the patient’srequirements.

Only when we understand a patient’s needs– by asking them, not second guessing –can we work in a way that meets thoseneeds and ensures they get maximumbenefit from our service.


[email protected]

Why should I involve patientswhen I know what I need to do?

Patients’ experience of what we say,do or mean can be very different tothat which we intend. By activelyinvolving patients, we can find outhow what we do actually affectsthem, what really happens day to dayand what we could do to improvepatients’ experience, reduce wastefulprocesses and improve quality.

Why should patients and carers beinvolved in the improvement ofservices?• Raised awareness of how the service really

runs from the patient point of view, not just how the service providers think it runs• Different perspective on improvements

and priorities• Opportunity to discover what really makes

a difference to a patient’s experience• Understanding what makes it difficult or

easier for the patient to manage their condition effectively• Suggestions to make things quicker,

cheaper, easier or better to improve services and experience for patients and carers• Learning more about the patient’s actual

experience and so providing a better understanding of their needs and priorities• Improved service user relationships with

healthcare professionals• Opportunity to raise issues of importance

to patients, carers and the public• Improved and increased staff morale from

providing care to patients that they want, in a way they want.

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Planning before involvingPlanning is imperative to ensure that thehealthcare provider fully understands whatthey want from the interaction and howthey are going to meaningfully involvepatients and carers.

The following planning steps should beundertaken before interaction with patientsand carers: • Be clear about what you want from

interaction and what you are trying to achieve• Address any staff concerns about patient

involvement/engagement• Consider what previous patient

involvement has taken place and if this was successful. If not, why not?• Decide on the type of patient – someone

who is well informed about their condition, newly diagnosed patient, recently discharged etc. • Decide where are you going to enlist this

type of patient?• Decide on the level and method of

involvement you are going to use – i.e. direct, indirect questioning• Ensure you have enough resources in

place, e.g. time, finances, training• Consider any practical arrangements that

need to be made• Test the method you propose to use, then

amend where necessary • Establish plans for evaluating your

approach.

Where can I find patients and carerswho may support my work?There are many ways in which you caninteract and contact patients and carers whowould like to be involved in qualityimprovement work. You can approachpeople in your clinic, through hospitaldepartments, nurse specialists and patientgroups.

You could also try contacting your localHealthwatch (www.healthwatch.co.uk).


• Charitable organisations such as the Stroke Association, MacMillan Cancer Support and Asthma UK (find local information on the charity websites)• Local support groups• Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS).

You may also like to consider advertisingyour improvement work and asking forvolunteers through:• Posters in GP surgeries, outreach clinics,

hospitals or other NHS settings• Posters in libraries and pharmacies• Social networking sites such as Facebook

and MySpace.

What are the considerations forinvolving patients and carers?Sensitivity – the patients actually sufferfrom and live with their conditions / illnessesand sometimes service redesign work maytake a depersonalised approach. This shouldbe considered if patient representativesattend meetings or improvement events.

[email protected]

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Cost – undertaking some forms of patientinvolvement may incur a cost for thepatient. It is reasonable to expect thatpatients and carers should receivereimbursement for the costs they incur –travel, parking etc.

Representative sample – there is often achallenge in finding patients who arerepresentative of the service you areworking to improve. For example, ifmeetings are arranged during workinghours it is highly unlikely that people ofworking age would be able to attendbecause of other life commitments such aswork and children. If you wish your patientsto be truly representative you may have toconsider a number of methods.

A range of opinions – patient engagementmay elicit a different or even opposingopinion to the work you are undertaking. Itis important to know from the outset howto manage expectation realistically but alsoto genuinely incorporate views and makechange.

Top tips for involving patients• Listen• Find ways to involve the seldom heard groups, those who find it difficult to access health services or people who may not routinely get involved so that you get a real understanding of different experiences• Take time to understand the issues, don’t assume you know the answer orthe solution• Use appropriate language, not jargon• Be clear about why you are undertaking involvement work and how you will deal with what it reveals• Be clear about any areas that can not be changed or are not for discussion (e.g. national guidance), this ensures that the valuable time is spent discussing what can be changed and that patients expectations are not unduly heightened • Always provide feedback to the patient and what has happened as a result?

Direct methods

Interviews

Focus groups

Workshops

Face to face meetings with individuals

Patient representatives on project groups

Patients attending quality improvement events

Indirect methods

Questionnaires

Surveys

Suggestion boxes

Analysis of complaints

Public meetings/open days

Social networking

Examples of techniques to involve patients and carers

CHAPTER 7Communicating the rightthings to the right people

Communication not only keepseveryone up-to-date on the projectprogress, but raises the profile of yourproject and facilitates engagement andownership of the vision and servicechanges. To ensure the success of aproject, information including the aims,objectives, expectations, deliverables,timescales, progress, risks, challenges andachievements need to be communicated ona regular basis.

Through two way communication, you will probably find that the staff who work in the area are fully aware of changes thatcan improve the service. Throughinvolvement, empowerment and listening,staff generated ideas and solutions aregenerally most effective and sustainable.Following meetings with staff, make sureyou take action and communicate theprogress you have made. Smallimprovements can ignite momentum for theproject and start to get people interested.


How often are you going tocommunicate? • Daily, weekly, monthly.

Who is going to be responsible for thecommunication?• Project manager• Executive sponsor• Named people• Everyone.

You can have brilliantideas, but if you can'tget them across, yourideas won't get youanywhere.”

“

Lee Lacocca

Why should I invest time to communicate what I know?

Don’t assume that other people(including your staff and colleagues)know what you know. Everyoneconnected to the service needs tounderstand what you are doing andwhy, and the impact it is having.

Keeping the improvement at theforefront of people’s minds whenthings are going well will ensure theyremain engaged and committedwhich will make it easier for you togain support when you need it.

Don’t expect people to dropeverything to help you if they haveheard nothing from you for the lastsix months! By communicating whatyou are doing to others in yourdepartment or organisation, youmight also find out informationwhich you were not already aware ofthat may have a positive or negativeimpact on your work.

The first step to effectivecommunication is to understand whoyou need to communicate with• Who do you need to keep informed and

obtain information from? Staff/patients/ carers/executive board?• Who needs to know what is happening/

changing?• Who do you require support from?• Who will be directly and indirectly

affected?

What do you need to tell or ask? Whatdoes your audience need to know?• What the current service looks like • The vision, aim, deliverables• The problems, issues, risks• Changes to the project• The benefits.

How are you going to communicate toall the relevant people?• Regular meetings • Internal and external newsletters• Memos• Local press• Websites• Emails• Letters• Reports• Presentations• Support from the communications

department?

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What is the best way tocommunicate the progress andoutcomes of my work?

Remember that you will need toadopt different approaches and stylesfor different audiences andstakeholders. Try not to develop awhole industry of reporting aroundyour project but use existing channelswherever possible. Involve your localcommunications team as they will beable to suggest some possibilities.Regular reports to your executivesponsor, board or managementcommittee are useful at the higherlevel, but make sure you also uselocal newsletters, forums andmeetings to provide ongoingupdates.

Communication planA communication plan is an easy way toactively address the interests and concernsof the key stakeholders and ensures this isdone in a timely manner.

In a changing environment withorganisational structures being transformedand staff moving roles, a documentedcommunication plan will support theprogression of an improvement project.

Who are you goingto communicatewith?e.g. Project teams,exec sponsor, NHSImprovement, steeringgroup, stakeholders,patients etc.

What are you goingto communicate tothem?e.g. Improvements,risks and issues,measures, data,project scope, newsetc.

How are yougoing tocommunicate?e.g. Weeklymeetings,presentations,events, email,letters, handoutsetc.

When are yougoing tocommunicate it?e.g. Daily, weekly,fortnightly,monthly, annually

Who is responsiblefor communicatingthe message?Name and role

Example of how a team at HinchingbrookeHospital communicated their work in thelocal press

Communication PlanTeam: Completed by: Date:

CHAPTER 8Improvement tool: ProcessmappingA process is made up of series of actions orsteps taken to achieve a specific result.Process mapping is a technique used toidentify all the interconnected pathway stepsand decisions in a process and coverts thisinformation into a highly visualdiagrammatic form.

Process maps can cover a short and simplesequence of actions by one person (such aspoint of care testing or phelbotomy) or itcould be a complex set of activities involvingmany different people over time, (such asthe end of life patient pathway).

What are the benefits of mapping the process?• An overview of the complete process from

beginning to end, helping staff to understand, often for the first time, how complicated the system can be for patients• Allows staff to see the pathway from the

patient’s perspective• A starting point for your improvement

project


People’s views about the process tend tochange and develop following a processmapping exercise as individuals have an idea(a ‘mental map’) of the process, but as theprocess map is developed, it becomes clearthat their personal view is different fromthat of others in the same process. The mapof the current process may differ from themental maps that individuals in that processhave always believed. Agreeing the current

process is an important step in movingforward to redesign and developing a newprocess that will work better for patientsand staff.

What does a process map look like?The map below is of a diagnostic pathwayfor chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and asthma.

GP referral tocommunity nurse

specialist team

Referral triaged bycommunity specialist

team

If referral doesn’t meet set standards,more information is requested from GPor if does not meet the triage standards,

letter back to GP

400mg salbutamol(via volumatic)

20 minute wait(for medication

to work)

Repeat spirometryx3

Explain resultsto patient

Results takenback to secondary

care

If spirometryconducted by band

2 staff resultsinterpreted by

band 6

Indication andcomments

documented andprinted

Communicationletter sent to

patient with PIL

Community teambook secondary careto staff to run clinics

Clinic referralssent to secondary

care

Secondary caremanager (band 6)arranges staff to

cover clinics

Patient contactedby community team

to arrange anappointment whichis close to patients

home

Secondary careattended for clinic

Patient calledinto clinic

Results sent toprimary care nurse

specialist team

Review andinterpretation

Decisions fortreatment andmanagement

Write to GP andpatient for

management

Check heightand weight

Checkdemographics

Checkmedication

Measure oxygensats

Spirometry x3 (which need to be

within 5%) by band2 or 6 staff

COPD and Asthma Diagnosis

• The opportunity to bring together people from primary, secondary, tertiary and social care from all roles and professions• Identifies problems, delays, areas for error

and confusion, blockages and bottlenecks• A point to create a culture of ownership,

responsibility and accountability for improving the process• An aid to help plan where to test ideas for

improvements that are likely to have the most impact on services • Draws out ideas to help redesign the

pathway – which particularly from members of staff who don’t normally havethe opportunity to contribute to service planning, but who really know how things work • An interactive event that gets people

involved, motivated and talking to each other• An end product – the process map –

documents who does what, when, and how long it takes, is highly visual and easyto understand.

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Once the above map was completed, the team could see that the process was over-complicated, and included many unnecessary steps, bottlenecks, wasteful activities andavoidable delays. The process was redesigned following the mapping exercise the newprocess below was created. As well as being simpler, the new process is much quicker forthe patient, takes less administrative and clinical time and costs less.

How to organise an event and generate a process map

Preparation• Define the objectives, scope (start and end

points and level of detail) and the focus ofthe process mapping workshop• Start is with a process that involves high

numbers of patients• Organise a half day event to draw the

map and a half day to analyse and look for improvement opportunities. You can run these together as a full day event or as two half days but not more than two weeks apart

• Meet with managerial, clinical and service leaders beforehand so that they feel involved in the process. Use these meetings to agree the scope that you will work on and the three or four basic steps that you will explore in detail at the workshop• If you have the opportunity, an

independent facilitator, not connected with the pathway, can be really useful. Choose someone with service redesign skills and experience.

GP referral tocommunity nurse

specialist team

Referral triaged bycommunity specialist

team

If referral doesn’tmeet set standards,more information

is requested from GPor if does not meet

the triage standards,letter back to GP

Communicationletter sent topatient with a

patient informationand instruction

leaflet

Spirometry withreversablility, SpO2by secondary care

team

Interpretation insecondary care byband 6 or above

Interpretation andresults explained

to patient

Indication andcomments

documented and sent to primary care specialistnurse team

Proactive approachto treatment and

management whichmay include tier 3clinic attendance,MDT discussions

Patient contactedby community team

to arrange anappointment which

is convenient inproximity and time

Community Spirometry Management

Band 2 staff

Band 6 staffor above


Who and how to invite• You need to invite people who support,

deliver and manage the entire scope of the process you wish to map. This might include people from primary, secondary, tertiary and social care from all roles, grades and professions• Consider how staff will be released from

their job for the mapping event • You may wish to invite patients and carers

to give their perspective and ideas• The invitation should come from your

project sponsor• The invite include information on the

background to the event, aim of the event,expectations, scope of the mapping etc• It is advisable to request that the invited

participants walk through the pathway which is going to be mapped before the event.

Venue• Arrange a suitable venue, preferably off-

site, as this will provide a neutral setting and people are less likely to be interruptedand it will be easier to concentrate on the task in hand. Don’t forget to organise some refreshments – process mapping canbe thirsty work!

Equipment• You will need a long roll of paper

(wallpaper lining or a roll of brown paper),coloured post-it notes, lots of marker pens, sticky tape and two flip charts, preferably with stands.

• Write each step on an individual post-it note and stick them to the backing paper.The benefit of post-it notes is that you canmove them around if you need to add some extra steps• Concentrate on what happens ‘most of

the time’ rather than what occasionally happens• If problems or issues are raised which

cannot be resolved in the room or in a defined timescale, e.g. 10 minutes, write them on your ‘Car Park’ flipchart ready to be addressed at a later date.

What level of detail?You may map a process at ‘high level’ to obtain a clear outline of the major steps involved:

Or at a more detailed level to identify the complex steps in one or more stages of the journey.

Put kettle on Get cup Put tea bagin cup

Put waterin cup

Removetea bag

Add milk Drink tea

Put kettle on Get cup Put tea bagin cup

Put waterin cup

Opencupboard

Choose cup Selecttea bag

Warm cup Add tea bagto cup

I’ve already process mapped - Do I need to do this again?

Review your map. Is it valid? Have youchecked with all those involved,including patients? What changes didyou make after you completed yourmap? Sometimes process mapping isseen as an end in itself – it is not. Youneed to use your map as a tool toidentify where and how you can startto make changes and how you canevaluate their impact.

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Set up • Use a roll of brown paper or wallpaper,

fixed firmly to the wall• Write ‘ideas’ on one flip chart. This flip

chart can be used to capture all ideas that arise throughout the mapping exercise• Write ‘Car Park’ on the other flip chart.

This is used to capture all issues that can not be resolved in a defined amount of time or are not directly relevant to the map but need to be addressed.

Start of event• Ask one of the lead clinicians or your

project sponsor to open the event, emphasising their own commitment to the event and redesigning the process• If everyone doesn’t already know each

other, have a round of introductions • Set some ground rules – these may include;

listening to each other, no opinion is wrong, no blame will be cast, it’s the process not individuals that is at fault.

Mapping the process• Review the agreed start and end of the

process• Agree the level of detail. It is best to start

at a very high level and then drill down to the detail where necessary• Start with some main headings mapped

out on the paper – these might include: ‘presenting symptoms’, ‘referral’, ‘diagnosis’ etc. – the ‘high level’ steps in the process. This can help to remind people that the purpose of the event is to map the whole of the journey, not just theelements they are familiar with

Analysing your map• From your process map you will be able to

identify where the significant problems occur. This might be the most prevalent waits, delays, duplication, bottlenecks, constraints or inefficiencies together with the presence of any ‘non value adding’ activities such as unnecessary hand offs (where the patient is passed from one person to another), transfer to queue or excessive administrative checks:• There are four main techniques to

redesigning your process map:• Eliminate• Combine• Simplify• Sequence.

Where possible, try to eliminate any processsteps. If it isn’t possible to eliminate anysteps, look to combine steps. Aftercombining, consider where the system canbe simplified. Once steps in the process havebeen eliminated, combined and simplified,review the sequence of events to promoteefficiency:

• Measure or time the process steps in order to set the baseline for improvement• Revisit those issues and ideas that were

generated in the mapping event• Identify where processes that are part of

another service area have an effect upon your service• Generate action plans from the map, to

test improvements using the plan, do, study, act cycle (Chapter 9).

Following completion of your map• Agree the next steps• Agree which parts of the process need to

be mapped in more detail and how this should be arranged• Agree who should communicate with

people who have not been able to attend the event• Agree when and how change ideas will be

generated and tested• Tape the post-it notes to the backing

paper. The post-its will start to fall off the backing paper after a few hours in a hot room!

Following the event• Type up the process map (Microsoft Word,

Excel or specific software like Visio can be used, but make sure other people are able to view and/or amend any electronic files you create)• Check the typed version with those who

attended, and with others who were unable to attend the event• Send a copy of the notes and agreed next

steps to each participant and to those whodidn’t attend• Review the agreed actions with the

participants at regular intervals to assess progress, capture learning and address problems• Arrange a follow up meeting.

CHAPTER 9Improvement tool: Plan, do,study, act (PDSA) cycles

Change on a large scale can be dauntingbut that should not deter you. Beforeimplementing a full proposal for change aplan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycle can be usedto test out an idea on a small scale.

New ideas should be introduced only aftersufficient testing (or evidence) on a smallerscale has proven to have a positive effect.PDSA cycles allow ideas to be introduced anidea in a safe, controlled way which willhave less resistance, be less disruptive anduse less resources. By building on thelearning from each PDSA cycle, newprocesses can be introduced with a greater chance of success.

Plan the trial • Define the objectives • State the scope of the PDSA • What, why, who, how and when?• How long will the PDSA continue? • Are there any circumstances when you

would stop the trial? • Does everyone understand their role?


Act upon the results of the trial • Use the information that you have gained • Do you need to modify and retest? • Do you have enough information? • Does the trial need to be longer? • Can you implement the change

immediately? • Who do you need to share your findings

with?

I want to improve my wholeservice – why start small?

People are more likely to trial smallchanges rather than a full scalechange. People also find it easier toadopt and build on small changes inbehaviour so that these become thenorm. Keep in mind that startingsmall inspires confidence and canbuild rapid momentum.

PLAN DO STUDY ACT

... how toexplicitly test asmall change

... what youhave planned to do

... theoutcomesexpected andunexpected ofthe test

... on theresults tomodify andimprove

Plan, Do Study Act (PDSA) Cycles

All improvements arechanges, but not allchanges areimprovements.”

“

Eli Goldratt

• How will you communicate with these people? • How will you know if the PDSA is a

success? • What data collection methods are you

using? • Who will collect the data? • How will you feedback to the team?

Do - carry out the trial • Encourage continual feedback - you may

wish to set up midpoint meetings to discuss progress • Motivate, reassure, encourage and

support the staff• Collect information.

Study the results of the trial • Examine your findings • Review and compare information from

before, during and after the trial • Reflect on what was learned • What did it feel like? Did staff and

patients notice an improvement? • Was the process shorter or longer? • Did you achieve your objective? If not,

why not? • What went well? • What could be improved?

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• Can other areas benefit from your knowledge? • How will you performance manage the

process in the longer term? • Implement the new process!

To develop an idea into a testedimprovement proposal, you may need toperform a number of PDSA cycles. Somecycles may lead to nothing, where as otherswill lead to a positive improvement which isready to be rolled out across a wholesystem.

Value of PDSABy using PDSA’s to test changes you can:• Minimise risks and expenditures of time

and money• Make changes in a way that is less

disruptive to patients and staff• Reduce resistance to change by starting

on a small scale• Learn from the ideas that work, as well as

from those that do not• Generate larger improvements through

successive quick cycles of change• Increase the numbers as the idea is refined• Test with people who are willing and

happy to innovate and participate• Implement the idea when you are

confident that you have considered and tested all the possible ways of achieving the change• Learn from the ideas that work, as well as

from those that do not.

I want to improve my service butdon’t have the time to trial thingsfirst.

Unfortunately, when ideas are nottested and a solution is implement,we can find we spend more timeputting things right and redoing workafterwards. Investing the time upfront to find out what works and whycan help avoid costly mistakes andwasted time in the medium term.

PLAN

DO

ADJUST

STUDY

P

DS

A

PDS A

P DSA

P

DS

A

CHAPTER 10Measuring your effortsMany people begin to feel uncomfortablewith the idea of ‘data’ and ‘measurement’but they are essential if we are todemonstrate that change has occurred orneeds to occur and whether the change isan improvement. Whether the change wasa success or didn’t demonstrate theanticipated outcomes, it is still necessary todemonstrate its effect and learn from it.

To establish what data you need, it isessential first to understand what outcomesyou are aiming to achieve as this will helpdetermine your measures. You shouldconsider which measures will bestdemonstrate whether the changes youintroduce demonstrate a difference.Defining your aim in terms of the size of theimprovement and the timescales you areaiming for will help you to determineappropriate measures. Try to avoid the ‘ICE’approach:

• Identify everything that is easy to measure and count• Collect and report the data on everything

that is easy to measure and count• End up scratching your head thinking

“What are we going to do with all this data?”


Where can I find data for myimprovement project?There are a number of freely available datasources which can be used to frame yourimprovement project and compare yourservices to others both nationally and in thelocal area. For example:

• Quality Outcomes Framework (QOF) - http://content.digital.nhs.uk/qof

• Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) - http://content.digital.nhs.uk/hes

These data sources are beneficial to set thecontext your project, however the dataprovided by these tools may often bemonths or even years in the past.

Improvement projects benefit from current,real time data to provide a clearunderstanding of the service and the impactof any small scale PDSA cycles. To get thisinformation, you may need to explore theinformation available from the localdatabases or consider collecting theinformation manually.

How do I know what data I need?

Ask yourself what you trying toachieve? What would tell you thatyou had achieved it? What wouldyou need to have in place to knowyou were making progress towardsthat aim? These questions shouldhelp you identify what you need tomeasure and therefore what data youwill need. You don’t need reams ofcomplicated data – just enough to tellyou whether you are making progressor not.

MeasuresProject measures might include:• Reduction in admissions and readmissions• Reduction in outpatient appointments• Reduction in prescribing • Number of patients treated/diagnosed• Patient experience• Waiting days between interventions• Turnaround times• Response times • Staff morale.

Once you have agreed on your projectmeasures, clearly articulate your operationaldefinition. An operational definition is aclear, concise, detailed definition of ameasure, so that exactly the sameinformation is collected before and after anintervention. Even simple measures need anoperational definition - for example, if Iasked you to measure my arm, where wouldyou measure from and to? Would it befrom my shoulder, neck or armpit to mywrist, finger or hand?

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Individual patient level data is often valuable for improvement projects as it willallow you to see the variation betweenpatients, and can provide an insight into aprocess that are often hidden withinaggregated and averaged data. Forexample, consider looking at the variation inlength of stay; You might identifyunnecessary short stays in hospital, or someparticularly long stays both of which wouldbe hidden when using an average.

Establishing a baselineEstablishing a true baseline of current servicedelivery is a major part of qualityimprovement. Without knowing what theposition was, it will be difficult to knowwhether an 'improvement' is animprovement and has any impact on theprocess or outcomes for patient care.

It is essential to know your starting point i.e.the current state and standard of currentperformance. This is your baseline data,against which you will measure the impactof any changes that you make over thecourse of your project. This helps determinethe areas you need to focus on, what youneed to measure and how much impactyour project is having.

I can’t get any data – what are mynext steps?

First try your information team to seewhat is routinely available andwhether you can use this information.Ask your executive sponsor for adviceor help. Consider what data you caneasily collect manually for thepurposes of the project and look atother national sources which arefreely available.

Measurement is the firststep that leads to controland eventually toimprovement. If you can'tmeasure something, youcan't understand it. If youcan't understand it, youcan't control it. If you can'tcontrol it, you can't improve it."

“

H. James Harrington

Monitoring the projectTo support your improvement work, it isimportant to monitor and use datathroughout the project and in your PDSAcycles. Using and reviewing data should bea regular part of your project work and canboth motivate and focus continuedimprovement work. Think about thedashboard in your car, the ‘vital signs’ on ahospital life support machine, or simply theclock in your kitchen! Having data availableand visible is an important motivator, caninfluence behaviour and motivateimprovement activity.

Presentation of data is a science and art initself; however, some simple thought intohow you present your information canimprove the delivery and usefulness of theinformation. Consider your audiencecarefully, remember not all project membersmay be experts in data and you may needto structure the presentation of datacarefully to ‘tell the story’ and guide projectmembers through what the data may show.Also, consider the format that you presentthe data – don’t always assume datarequires a complex spreadsheet, sometimesa presentation, or a simple graph may bewhat your audience requires.


I have some data – what do I dowith it?

Your data should provide you with anunderstanding of how well you aredoing at present, it may indicatewhere there may be problems in thesystem and how much impact anychanges is having. Your localinformation team or managementteam may be able to advise you.When you have identified what thedata is telling you, share it with yourproject team and use it to decidewhether you need to continue withwhat you have done so far, changeyour approach or add to it.

Data collection plan A data collection plan is useful to bringclarity to the data collection andmeasurement aspects of the project. A planshould include:

• A specific question – What do you want to know?

• What data do you require to answer this question?

• Where will you get this data from?• Who will collect the data?• How often will the data be collected?• Do you foresee any problems collecting

this data?• How are you going to analyse the data?• Who will be responsible?• When is the raw data and analysis

required?

Don’t forget “better” is not measureable, “soon”is not a timescale and “some” is not a number!“More”, “faster”, “safer” or “cheaper” can all bemeasured but only if you know how many, how fastor how expensive things were to begin with.

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I don’t have access to a dataanalyst, who else could I ask?

Try looking more widely for somesupport. People with access andexpertise to data may not always bein analyst roles. You could contact aperformance manager, clinical coder,data manager or a contract manager,who could assist you with access todata and analytical expertise.

Data analystsData analysts are a valuable resource andwhere possible they should be an integralpart of your project team and their skillsutilised from the very start of your project.Benefits of having a data analyst on yourproject team include:

• Support the design of project goals, ensuring the aims are measureable and achievable

• Help to understand what you need to measure, baseline and monitor

• Have access to data sources (such as your local patient admissions system)

• May reveal other sources of information orapproaches which may be unknown to the project team.

A top tip is to explain what you are trying todemonstrate rather than what you think youwant as they may be able to suggestalternative or better indicators.

Specificquestion

Whatdata doyourequire?

What sourcewill be usedto get therequiredinformation?

Who willcollectthedata?

How oftenwill thedata becollected?

Data Collection PlanTeam: Completed by: Date:

Do youforsee anypotentialproblems?

What isyouanalysisplan?

Lead Datedue

CHAPTER 11Improvement tool: Using statisticalprocess control (SPC) charts

Statistical process control (SPC) is a simpleand visual way of observing variation in yoursystems and processes. Every process issubject to variation but generally speaking,the more variation there is in a system orprocess, the less reliable it is, and the lesscertainty there will be that the process orsystem will produce the outputs or resultsexpected or desired. SPC can help to identifyvariation as a first step in trying to reduceand control it.

There are some basic statistics and simplemaths involved, but SPC is much more thanstatistics... SPC is way of thinking.

An SPC chart is essentially a run chart withstatistically calculated lines of variation withthe main aim to understand what is‘different’ and what is the ‘norm’ within aprocess. By using these charts, you can thenunderstand where the focus of work needsto be concentrated in order to make adifference.


Following root cause analysis, the next stepwould be to reduce the variation betweenthe data points by small scale incrementalimprovements – (PDSA cycles, Chapter 9)

SPC charts are used:

• As a simple tool for analysing data- measurement for improvement

• As a tool to help make decisions• As a tool for the ongoing monitoring and control of a process

• To focus attention on detecting and monitoring process variation over time

• To help improve a process to perform consistently and predictably over time

• To provide a common language for discussing process performance

What does an SPC chart look like?

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0MF A M J J A S O N D A S O N DJ F M A M J J

UPPER CONTROL

LOWER CONTROL

We can also use SPC charts to determine ifan improvement intervention is directlyimproving a process (as opposed occurringto chance) and to predict statisticallywhether a process is capable of meeting aset target.

The inherent strength of these charts is thatthey provide a visual representation of theperformance of a process by establishingdata comparisons against calculated limits(known as the ‘upper and ‘lower’ controllimits). These limits, which are a function ofthe data, give an indication by means ofchart interpretation rules as to whether theprocess exhibits either predictable variationor there are special causes. The charts alsovisually demonstrate the spread of thevariation being generated within any givenprocess.

Improvement projects would first seek toremove anything above or below the controllines in order to create a stable and incontrol process. Any data points outsidethese lines should trigger a form of action totruly understand why it is occurring (rootcause analysis). Finding the real cause ofthe problem and dealing with it is imperativeto improvement projects rather than simplycontinuing to deal with the symptoms/consequences or add another stem to solvethe problem.

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Why not just use averages?

Averages can be misleading and donot show the full picture of what isactually happening. The average of aset of numbers can be created bymany different distributions, sopresenting data using averages andaggregates may lose the richness andimpact of individual data points andthe variation between the data points.For example, an average waiting timefor an appointment could be sixweeks but when you look at thevariation between individual patients,some patients might be seen in twoweeks and others in eleven weeks.An improvement project would firstlystrive to see a reduction in thevariation of time that people have towait for an appointment, which intime would reduce the average.

It is important to know that reducingthe variation, making the processstable and in control, could increaseaverage waiting times and if you werejust looking at averages, your projectcould be misinterpreted as having anegative impact.

Why focus on variation?

There is variation in every process.However, the less variation there is inany process, the more reliable it willbe, in terms of safety, quality andoutcomes. By understanding thetype of variation, specific action canbe taken to reduce the difference. Alarge amount of variation shows thatthe process is out of control andthere is a lot of uncertainty. Aprocess with a limited or no variationis in control and will deliver standardresults.


Why should I use control chartsrather than any other chart?

Using aggregated data and summarytabular formats are only really usefulfor judgment, not for improvement.Control charts are the best tools todetermine whether or not yourimprovement efforts are having thedesired effect. SPC charts are moresensitive than all other charts as othercharts cannot detect special causesdue to point to point variation or userules for detecting special causes. SPCcharts have the added feature ofcontrol limits which estimate naturalvariation and define how capable andstable a process is; therefore allow usto more accurately predict the processbehaviour over time.

SPC chart showing step changes each month following incremental projectimprovements

September October November December January

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I want to do things differently butmy colleagues are reluctant. Whatcan I do?

If your colleagues are reluctant, showthem the problem and once theyunderstand what is wrong they maybe more willing to consider change. Ifyou are trying to sell a vision to them,break it down into small steps orstages. Making each step manageableand achievable may stop some peoplefeeling discouraged and reluctant.

CHAPTER 12Human dimensions of changeDifferent people have different reactions tochange. Some people are enthusiastic andlook forward to the challenge and newexperiences offered by change. Othershowever, are much less enthusiastic and seechange as threatening and destabilising –something to be avoided at all costs! And ofcourse there are people who are somewherein between, and people’s response will varyaccording to the situation or the changebeing suggested.

Understanding the ‘human dimensions’ ofchange can help teams to find ways ofeffectively implementing change andprogress the improvement work in a timelymanner.

Ownership of the problemOne of the first steps in changemanagement is to start with the problem,not the solution.

People respond better when they arepresented with a problem that affects themand that needs a remedy rather than beingpresented with a solution that is going to beimplemented. By identifying and startingwith the problem, the team will be engagedin finding a solution that will make adifference to the people affected.

For change to happen, it has to beworthwhile. The people who are beingasked to change need to understand or beexperiencing the inconvenience or problemsgenerated by the current way of doingthings.

Share the vision and journey to the vision. Everyone is different; some people can seethe big picture and can work towards avision where as other people need to seeindividual achievable steps before they buyinto a vision. Develop and share the visionfor the future with the team, articulatingwhat it will look and feel like.



There has been a great deal ofchange in my organisation already.How could I persuade colleaguesthat improvements are stillrequired?

Identify and demonstrate the problem:if they understand what is wrong theymay be more willing to considerchange. All improvement is changebut not all change is improvement.People can become exhausted bychange or anxious about itsimplications for them as an individual,so try and build on what is in placealready rather than suggesting this isfurther change for change’s sake.Identifying the following factors isbeneficial to overcoming this: Whatare the things that matter to them?How can you demonstrate that theseareas are not as good as they could orshould be?

Consider personal stylesDifferent people have different personalstyles that affect how they respond toinformation and how they communicatethoughts and ideas. Having an appreciationof the different personal styles can help tominimise conflict and ensure that everyonegets the right message the first time. It isimportant to remember that no one style isright or wrong.

When faced with decisions, some peoplewill ‘ask’ and some will ‘tell’. People whoask, will gather data and ask other peoplequestions about what should be done.People who tell, will tell other people whatthey think should be done.

People’s preferences for facts or feelings willalso influence their decision makingprocesses. People who base their decisionson facts often prefer to control emotion andmight be perceived by others as remote ordetached. Those who base their decisionson emotions are happier to show theirfeelings and are often perceived as warm orapproachable people.

One model from Merrill and Reid R H (1999)(Personal Styles and Effective Performance:Make Your Style Work for You' CRC Press,London) suggests that there are four broadpersonality types: analytical, driver, amiableand expressive.

CommunicationCommunication is a vital aspect in effectivelymanaging human dimensions of change. Itis important to be inclusive and tocommunicate the message in a way that willengage all the different types of people.

Diffusion of Innovators Research suggests that for animprovement or change to ‘take hold’within a team, department ororganisation, approximately 20% ofthose individuals must be engagedwith it. Once this group has adoptedthe change the rest will follow.

Rogers (1995) suggests that all groupsof people have five categories thatmake up the Diffusion of Innovatorsbell shaped curve; Innovators, EarlyAdopters, Early Majority, Late Majorityand Laggards.

The innovators and early adopters likechange and quickly get onboard withany new project and will help make upthe critical 20%. The early majorityand the late majority subsequentlyfollow and become engaged whenthey observe the project developingand progressing. The laggards are themost sceptical group and are generallyresistant to change.

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Each type has its strengths and to utilise theteam’s potential, it is important to play tothe strengths and understand thedifferences of each personality type.

‘Analysts’ tend to like facts and figures andare systematic and methodical. Theyrespond well to being given plenty ofrelevant information and time to consider it.

‘Amiables’ place value on relationships withothers and are often perceptive andsupportive. This group will want to considerthe impact of any changes on other peopleand how they might feel about it.‘Expressives’ are enthusiastic, full ofoptimism and energy, good with people andlike to talk about their ideas. They respondwell to opportunities that are new, excitingand innovative. ‘Drivers’ like getting thingsdone; they like action and results and canoften be decisive, direct and pragmatic. Thisgroup will want to know what is going tobe done and how soon it can be achieved.

Know yourselfFor someone who is leading change it isimportant to recognise and acknowledgeyour own attitude and approach to change,then recognise other people’s personalitytypes to ensure you use the right approachto achieve the best result.

It is important to note that each group will require a different approach to ensureeffective change. Consider where your project team and stakeholders are on the bellshaped curve and start by engaging the critical 20% who will in turn bring the earlymajority on board. In the initial stages of your project, listen to but try not to let thelaggards drain your enthusiasm.

Innovators2.5%

EarlyAdopters13.5%

Early Majority34%

Late Majority34%

Laggards16%

Diffusion of Innovators Bell Shaped Curve (Rogers 1995)

CHAPTER 13Sharing your success

At the end of a project there can be manymixed feelings for a project team and theproject manager including: elation, pride,sadness, satisfaction and maybe even relief!

There is a great temptation to take a breakfrom the intensity of the project work, oreven to move on to the next challenge,especially when resources are stretched andtime is precious.

But before you do this, consider that theproject end date is not necessarily the end ofthe project. If improvements have beenmade then they should be recognised andcelebrated for the recognition and morale ofthe people who have been involved - as wellas for the benefit of those out there whowould love to know about your work andwhat they can learn from it for theirpatients.

Whatever your aims and objectives were,however big or small your project – successshould be celebrated and shared.


The phlebotomy team at St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trustcelebrate winning the Trust Award for ‘Excellence in Support Services’.

Letting people know about yourachievements is a major part and a duty ofimprovement work. There are many ways inwhich you can share your findings or resultsand below are some suggestions as to howyou could go about it.

However, the first step in the process isactually not about sharing at all, it’s about:

• Reflecting on what worked, what made an impact and what didn’t

• Understanding the learning• Rationalising the principles• Documenting what happened throughout

the lifetime of the project.

Before you decide to undertake any kind ofpublicity or let people know what you’vedone, you need to decide what you’re goingto tell them, what your key messages areand how you are going to deliver themessage. Much of this can be taken fromyour project end report, if you have one, butif not, it really helps as this stage to write ashort summary of where you were at thestart, what your aims and objectives were,what you did and then the results. It is alsouseful to include your key milestones, howyou managed risks and what workedparticularly well - as well as anything thatdidn’t work. We can learn as much from ourmistakes and failures as our successes. Thekey is to learn from your mistakes, andeveryone else’s, preventing the same mistakebeing made time and again.

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The next step is to consider allcommunication vehicles available forpublicising your work. Here are some ideas:

The project team• Get a slot on a Trust meeting agenda e.g.

Trust Executive Board Monthly Meeting, Executive Directors meeting (often weekly). For more details on your own Trust contact the PA of the Chief Executive

• Make an appointment to see the Chief Executive of the Trust and go in ready withall the information on your project.

Internal publicity• Get the work known throughout your

own organisation through: articles in the staff newsletter, articles on the staff intranet, word of mouth and via your staffat any meetings

• Hold an event within your team office, department or ward to celebrate the workyou have achieved and invite everyone who has had a contribution or vested interest in the project

• Create an information board about your project and display it somewhere prominently within your building.

External publicity• Use your communications team to write a

press release for the local and regional media e.g. newspaper, radio etc. Be proactive and take photos of patients/ the team (with consent) and then follow up after the press release has been sent

• Consider writing your results up into an abstract or article for publication in a journal or at a conference

• Consider sharing your work in the NICE local practice case studies collection (www.nice.org.uk/about/what-we-do/into-practice/local-practice-case-studies) or the Academy of Fabulous Stuff (www.fabnhsstuff.net).

I’ve finished my project, whatnext?

Don’t stop there! Continue tomeasure what you have done toensure the improvements aremaintained and sustained. Look forother opportunities to make positivechanges that can improve quality,safety, efficiency and staff morale.Show colleagues how you improvedyour service to build capability and aculture of continuous sustainableimprovements.


The clinical community• Contact a clinical network group also

working on a similar project and offer to write a paper/present your findings to the next network meeting or email round to members

• Contact the Area Team, CCG or Strategic Clinical Network (perhaps via their communications department) and let them know the improvement work you have undertaken and the results achieved;offer to be a spokesperson of best practice in order to share your model.

Share your achievements and learning

Finally, make sure you record all the ways inwhich you have publicised your work e.g.press clippings, minutes of meetings so youhave an ongoing record of the ways inwhich you shared your success.

This is great evidence in terms of:

• Making a business case for future improvement work

• Personal development and adding to CVs• Enthusing new staff about your team or

department as a place of success• Demonstrating to patients you really care

about improving outcomes.

Acknowledgements

Zoe Lord and Phil Duncan

Published by: NHS England Sustainable Improvement Team - Publication date: April 2017 - Review date: April 2018© NHS (2017). All rights reserved. Please note that this product or material must not be used for the purposes of financial orcommercial gain, including, without limitation, sale of the products or materials to any person.

first steps towards quality improvement: a simple guide to … · 2018-06-22 · first steps...

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