First proton capture study of the contentiousp-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies

A. Psaltis, E.-M. Assimakopoulou, E. Malami, I. Psyrra, V. Lagaki, A. Kanellakopoulos, T. J. Mertzimekis1

V. Foteinou, M. Axiotis, A. Lagoyannis and S. Harissopulos2

1Faculty of Physics, University of Athens2Institute of Nuclear & Particle Physics, N.C.S.R "Demokritos"

p-process workshop 2015: status and outlookLimassol, June 11th, 2015

#pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 1 / 28

Outline

I. Introduction & Motivation

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 2 / 28

Outline

II. Experiments

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 3 / 28

Outline

III. Results & Conclusions

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 4 / 28

Introduction: How elements are formed?

Everything is made of atoms.

Our quest to explain the origin of the elements started in 1957with the work of Burbidge, Burbidge, Hoyle and Fowler (B2HF),and Cameron independently.

They proposed that the elements are produced duringthe lives of the stars via nuclear reactions and explainedthe abundance pattern we observe in the solar system.

[E. M. Burbidge et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547 (1957)][A.G.W. Cameron, Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 69, 201 (1957)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 5 / 28

Introduction: How elements are formed?

Everything is made of atoms.

Our quest to explain the origin of the elements started in 1957with the work of Burbidge, Burbidge, Hoyle and Fowler (B2HF),and Cameron independently.

They proposed that the elements are produced duringthe lives of the stars via nuclear reactions and explainedthe abundance pattern we observe in the solar system.

[E. M. Burbidge et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547 (1957)][A.G.W. Cameron, Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 69, 201 (1957)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 5 / 28

Introduction: How elements are formed?

Everything is made of atoms.

Our quest to explain the origin of the elements started in 1957with the work of Burbidge, Burbidge, Hoyle and Fowler (B2HF),and Cameron independently.

They proposed that the elements are produced duringthe lives of the stars via nuclear reactions and explainedthe abundance pattern we observe in the solar system.

[E. M. Burbidge et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547 (1957)][A.G.W. Cameron, Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 69, 201 (1957)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 5 / 28

..

Introduction: How elements are formed?99% of the elements above the Iron (Fe) peakare produced by s-process & r-process.

[M. Arnould and S. Goriely, Phys. Rep. 384, 1 (2003)] Review Article

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 7 / 28

Introduction: How elements are formed?99% of the elements above the Iron (Fe) peakare produced by s-process & r-process.

[M. Arnould and S. Goriely, Phys. Rep. 384, 1 (2003)] Review Article

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 7 / 28

Introduction: p-process & p-nuclides

There are about 30 relatively neutron deficient nuclides with mass numbers ofA ≥ 74 (between 74Se and 196Hg) that cannot be synthesized by any of theknown neutron capture processes.

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 8 / 28

..

Motivation: Why a (p,γ) reaction?

There are > 20.000 reactions in the region of the p-process.

This huge reaction network is computed theoretically usingthe Hauser Feshbach (H-F) model of nuclear reactions.

Experimental cross sections of (n, γ), (p, γ) and (α, γ) reactions are used foradjusting Hauser-Feshbach model parameters and thereforeimprove theoretical predictions.

[J. José and C. Iliadis, Rep. Prog. Phys. 74, 096901 (2011)] Review Article

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 9 / 28

Motivation: Why 113In?113In is a p-nucleus but is underproducted under most γ-process models.

[W. Rapp et al., Astrophys. J. 653, 474 (2006)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 10 / 28

Motivation: Why 113In?113In is a p-nucleus but is underproducted under most γ-process models.

[W. Rapp et al., Astrophys. J. 653, 474 (2006)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 10 / 28

Motivation: The ambiguous origin of 113In

Proposed nucleosynthetic scenarios:

Classic p-process (SNII explosion)[E. M. Babishov & I. V. Kopytin, Astron. Rep. 50, 569 (2006)]

Post-r-process β-decay chains (< 12%)[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Thermally enhanced β-decay of the progenitors 113Cd[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Nucleosynthesis in a collapsar (MHD simulations)[S.-I. Fujimoto et al., Astrophys. J. 656, 382 (2007)]

νp-process and rp-process are excluded (A < 110)[I. Dillman et al., PoS (NIC X) 091, (2008)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 11 / 28

Motivation: The ambiguous origin of 113In

Proposed nucleosynthetic scenarios:

Classic p-process (SNII explosion)[E. M. Babishov & I. V. Kopytin, Astron. Rep. 50, 569 (2006)]

Post-r-process β-decay chains (< 12%)[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Thermally enhanced β-decay of the progenitors 113Cd[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Nucleosynthesis in a collapsar (MHD simulations)[S.-I. Fujimoto et al., Astrophys. J. 656, 382 (2007)]

νp-process and rp-process are excluded (A < 110)[I. Dillman et al., PoS (NIC X) 091, (2008)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 11 / 28

Motivation: The ambiguous origin of 113In

Proposed nucleosynthetic scenarios:

Classic p-process (SNII explosion)[E. M. Babishov & I. V. Kopytin, Astron. Rep. 50, 569 (2006)]

Post-r-process β-decay chains (< 12%)[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Thermally enhanced β-decay of the progenitors 113Cd[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Nucleosynthesis in a collapsar (MHD simulations)[S.-I. Fujimoto et al., Astrophys. J. 656, 382 (2007)]

νp-process and rp-process are excluded (A < 110)[I. Dillman et al., PoS (NIC X) 091, (2008)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 11 / 28

Motivation: The ambiguous origin of 113In

Proposed nucleosynthetic scenarios:

Classic p-process (SNII explosion)[E. M. Babishov & I. V. Kopytin, Astron. Rep. 50, 569 (2006)]

Post-r-process β-decay chains (< 12%)[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Thermally enhanced β-decay of the progenitors 113Cd[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Nucleosynthesis in a collapsar (MHD simulations)[S.-I. Fujimoto et al., Astrophys. J. 656, 382 (2007)]

νp-process and rp-process are excluded (A < 110)[I. Dillman et al., PoS (NIC X) 091, (2008)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 11 / 28

Motivation: The ambiguous origin of 113In

Proposed nucleosynthetic scenarios:

Classic p-process (SNII explosion)[E. M. Babishov & I. V. Kopytin, Astron. Rep. 50, 569 (2006)]

Post-r-process β-decay chains (< 12%)[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Thermally enhanced β-decay of the progenitors 113Cd[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Nucleosynthesis in a collapsar (MHD simulations)[S.-I. Fujimoto et al., Astrophys. J. 656, 382 (2007)]

νp-process and rp-process are excluded (A < 110)[I. Dillman et al., PoS (NIC X) 091, (2008)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 11 / 28

Motivation: The ambiguous origin of 113In

Proposed nucleosynthetic scenarios:

Classic p-process (SNII explosion)[E. M. Babishov & I. V. Kopytin, Astron. Rep. 50, 569 (2006)]

Post-r-process β-decay chains (< 12%)[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Thermally enhanced β-decay of the progenitors 113Cd[C. Theis et al., Astrophys. J. 500, 1039 (1998)]

Nucleosynthesis in a collapsar (MHD simulations)[S.-I. Fujimoto et al., Astrophys. J. 656, 382 (2007)]

νp-process and rp-process are excluded (A < 110)[I. Dillman et al., PoS (NIC X) 091, (2008)]

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 11 / 28

Motivation: Our Work

[T. Rauscher et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 76, 066201 (2013)] Review Article

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 12 / 28

Motivation: Our Work

[T. Rauscher et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 76, 066201 (2013)] Review Article

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 12 / 28

Experimental Setup: Supernova in the lab

Tandem Van de Graaff5.5 MV accelerator ofN.C.S.R "Demokritos"Proton Current:200 − 500 nAEnergy Range:2.8 − 3.4 MeV

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 13 / 28

Experimental Setup: Supernova in the lab

Electronically controlled turntable

4 HPGe detectors (100%)

8 different detector angles(angular distributions)

in-beam and activation technique

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 14 / 28

Experimental Setup: Target

4-layer target:112Cd (99.7% enriched) - 1.2 mg/cm2

nat83Bi - 40 mg/cm2

nat49In - 1 mg/cm2

nat29Cu - 18 mg/cm2

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 15 / 28

Typical spectrum of the reaction

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Typical spectrum of the reaction

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 16 / 28

Typical spectrum of the reaction

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 16 / 28

Angular Distributions

Standard angular distribution for an E2 transition:W (θ) = A0 (1 + a2P2(cosθ) + a4P4(cosθ))

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 17 / 28

Angular Distributions

Standard angular distribution for an E2 transition:W (θ) = A0 (1 + a2P2(cosθ) + a4P4(cosθ))

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 17 / 28

Results: Angular Distributions

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Theoretical predictions: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2

Optical Potential Nuclear Level Density γ Strength Function

TALYS-1 Koning-Delaroche Constant TemperatureFermi Gas

Kopecky-Uhl

TALYS-2 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Goriely-Demetriou Hartree-Fock-BCS

TALYS-3 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Hilaire-Goriely Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov

EMPIRE Koning-Delaroche Enhanced GenralizedSuperfluid Model

Plujko MLO RIPL-2

Table: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2 combinations

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 19 / 28

Theoretical predictions: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2

Optical Potential Nuclear Level Density γ Strength Function

TALYS-1 Koning-Delaroche Constant TemperatureFermi Gas

Kopecky-Uhl

TALYS-2 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Goriely-Demetriou Hartree-Fock-BCS

TALYS-3 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Hilaire-Goriely Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov

EMPIRE Koning-Delaroche Enhanced GenralizedSuperfluid Model

Plujko MLO RIPL-2

Table: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2 combinations

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 19 / 28

Theoretical predictions: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2

Optical Potential Nuclear Level Density γ Strength Function

TALYS-1 Koning-Delaroche Constant TemperatureFermi Gas

Kopecky-Uhl

TALYS-2 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Goriely-Demetriou Hartree-Fock-BCS

TALYS-3 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Hilaire-Goriely Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov

EMPIRE Koning-Delaroche Enhanced GenralizedSuperfluid Model

Plujko MLO RIPL-2

Table: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2 combinations

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 19 / 28

Theoretical predictions: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2

Optical Potential Nuclear Level Density γ Strength Function

TALYS-1 Koning-Delaroche Constant TemperatureFermi Gas

Kopecky-Uhl

TALYS-2 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Goriely-Demetriou Hartree-Fock-BCS

TALYS-3 Bauge-Delaroche-Girod

Hilaire-Goriely Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov

EMPIRE Koning-Delaroche Enhanced GenralizedSuperfluid Model

Plujko MLO RIPL-2

Table: TALYS v1.6 & EMPIRE v3.2 combinations

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 19 / 28

Results: Partial Cross Sections

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 20 / 28

Results: Partial Cross Sections

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 21 / 28

Results: Partial Cross Sections

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 22 / 28

Results: Total Cross Section

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 23 / 28

Conclusions

For the first time cross sections and angular distributions of 113Inat astrophysical energies were measured experimentally.

Experimental data of cross sections are in goodagreement with Hauser-Feshbach model predictions.

TALYS-2 combination seems to fit better our data.

The origin of 113In and whether it is a p-nucleus are still unclear.

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 24 / 28

Conclusions

For the first time cross sections and angular distributions of 113Inat astrophysical energies were measured experimentally.

Experimental data of cross sections are in goodagreement with Hauser-Feshbach model predictions.

TALYS-2 combination seems to fit better our data.

The origin of 113In and whether it is a p-nucleus are still unclear.

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 24 / 28

Conclusions

For the first time cross sections and angular distributions of 113Inat astrophysical energies were measured experimentally.

Experimental data of cross sections are in goodagreement with Hauser-Feshbach model predictions.

TALYS-2 combination seems to fit better our data.

The origin of 113In and whether it is a p-nucleus are still unclear.

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 24 / 28

Conclusions

For the first time cross sections and angular distributions of 113Inat astrophysical energies were measured experimentally.

Experimental data of cross sections are in goodagreement with Hauser-Feshbach model predictions.

TALYS-2 combination seems to fit better our data.

The origin of 113In and whether it is a p-nucleus are still unclear.

University of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 24 / 28

The Group: NuSTRAP at University of Athens

E.-M. Assimakopoulou • I. Batziou • A. KanellakopoulosV. Koutsilianou • V. Lagaki • E. Malami • L. Stavropoulos

A. Psaltis • I. Psyrra and T. J. MertzimekisUniversity of Athens First proton capture study of the contentious p-nucleus 113In at astrophysical energies #pprocess2015 | @psaltistha 25 / 28

Extra Slides

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Ratio of σground to σtotal

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Ratio of σmeta to σtotal

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