1st Kashmir War22nd Oct. 1947 – 1st Jan. 1949

The Origins of

Foreign PolicyCornerstone..

A Presentation By;JahanZeb AhmedRoll No. 457

The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir

Strategically located to the North of British India

between Tibet, China, The USSR and Afghanistan

Kashmir was termed asPakistan’s Jugular Veinby The Quaid-e-Azam

As it containedthe headwaters of

Pakistan’s major rivers.Kashmir’s Muslim

majority populationwanted to join Pakistan

but the Hindu Maharaja had different designs.

Due to Hari Singh’s delaying tactics, tensions ran high..Gilgit Scouts and Azad Forced launched the Liberation War.Pathan tribes from Pakistan especially the Mehsuds, the Afridisand the Mohmands entered Kashmir to help their Muslim brethren.

State Actors

Pakistan Azad Forces Gilgit Scouts Pathan Militias

IndiaState of Jammu & KashmirBritish Indian ArmyGreat Britain

The Kashmir Conflict displays a persistent, fundamental and long term incapability of goals between the two states.

Ideological DifferencesJinnah argued that Kashmir was an integral part of Pakistan’s Muslim identity and would

remain incomplete without it.

Nehru believed that losing Kashmir would undermine India’s secular

identity.

Pakistan,a bifurcation of

Elite Model

Jinnah's strategy to liberate Kashmirwas using the military forces and thusto "kill two birds with one stone“ namely decapitate India by controlling Kashmir, and to find a domestic solution through aggressive foreign policy and military intervention.

Liaquet Ali Khan’s disagreement with Jinnah arise over Kashmir issue as he preferred a "harder diplomatic" and "less military stance". The prime minister sought a dialogue with his counterpart Pundit Nehru, and agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations.

Pro-Pakistan Offensives

India gains an upper hand

India’sBounded Rationality

Click icon to add pictureNehru and his comradesfelt that they had gained

enough in Kashmir through military operations

and could now bully Pakistan on ground and

through applying diplomatic pressure in the

United Nations.Liaquet Ali Khan's

acceptance of diplomatic stance was met with

hostility by the Pakistan Armed Forces notably by

the mid-higher level command who would later

sponsor an alleged coup against his government.

1st Jan, 1949 - UN Enforcesa Cease Fire

Click icon to add pictureNehru took the Kashmir Issueto the UN and argued that

India was the aggrieved party.He claimed that Hari Singh’s accession was legal and thatthe only matter for discussion

was how to get Pakistan to vacate the raiders Jinnah had sent in.

Pakistani delegates madethe UN to take a broader,

more humanitarian view ofthe problem than merelya land dispute and gota plebiscite prescribed.Till that time there were

two parties to the dispute,India and Pakistan. The Security

Council’s Resolution 38added a third party, the people of Jammu and Kashmir specifically and the wider world generally.

It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN..

Based on Hensel’s evolutionary concept, a first confrontation ending in a stalemate and dissatisfaction among both is likely to increase distrust and hostility.

LOC, the Line of Actual Control

Aftermath..

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