first concepts and issues 6/29/10

First Concepts and IssuesFirst Concepts and Issues

07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 22

Conceptual Business ModelConceptual Business Model Marketing and SalesMarketing and Sales

Market AnalysisMarket Analysis Market PlanningMarket Planning Market DevelopmentMarket Development Negotiations and “deal making”Negotiations and “deal making” Product ManagementProduct Management

EngineeringEngineering Design EngineeringDesign Engineering Process EngineeringProcess Engineering Quality EngineeringQuality Engineering Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development

ManufacturingManufacturing FabricationFabrication AssemblyAssembly Repair and ReworkRepair and Rework

Distribution and LogisticsDistribution and Logistics Shipping and ReceivingShipping and Receiving Product SupportProduct Support

Facilities and InfrastructureFacilities and Infrastructure Health and SafetyHealth and Safety ProcurementProcurement Plant EngineeringPlant Engineering Legal ServicesLegal Services Equipment InfrastructureEquipment Infrastructure

Finance/Financial ManagementFinance/Financial Management General AccountingGeneral Accounting Financial Planning and ManagementFinancial Planning and Management Financial Standards AccountingFinancial Standards Accounting Cash ManagementCash Management Financial AnalysisFinancial Analysis

Human ResourcesHuman Resources StaffingStaffing Compensation and BenefitsCompensation and Benefits Training and DevelopmentTraining and Development CommunicationsCommunications

Company ManagementCompany Management Strategic and Tactical PlanningStrategic and Tactical Planning Business Operations ManagementBusiness Operations Management Business DirectionBusiness Direction Business RelationshipsBusiness Relationships

Marketingand

SalesManufacturing

Distributionand

Logistics

Finance/Financial Management

Engineering

Human Resources

Facilities and Infrastructure

Company Management

Conceptual Business Model – Business Generic


Business Reference ModelBusiness Reference ModelCorporate

Bus. Mgt

.Company

Bus. Mgt

.

Product Elements

Business Functions

Sector/GroupBus. Mgt

.

Ope

ratio

ns

Systems EngineeringLogistics Management

Quality Management

Cost Management

Hu

man

Res

ourc

es

Fin

ance

Mar

keti

ng

Leg

al

Schedule Management

Supp . E

quip

.

Progr

am/

Ope

ratio

ns

Man

agem

ent

Stru

ctur

es

Ele

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Softw

are

Mai

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ance

Pro

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Def

init

ion

Pro

cess

Def

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ion

Inb

oun

d L

ogis

tics

Mat

eria

l Mgt

.

Fab

./Ass

em.

Out

boun

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ogis

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Configuration Management


IBM “Open Blueprint-IBM “Open Blueprint-based” Architecturebased” Architecture

Operating System Services

Operating

System

Services

Hardware

Hardware

Security Services

Security

Service

System

&

Network

Mgmt

Services

System and Network Management Services

Physical Network

Subnetworking

Signalingand Control

Transport

Common Transport Semantics

Network Services

ConnectivityServices

Object ManagementServices

DistributionSupport Services

DataManagement

Services

InformationExchange

PresentationServices

Applications ApplicationDevelopment

Application/WorkgroupServices

Ap

pli

cati

on

An

dA

pp

lica

tio

n

En

abli

ng

Se

rvic

es

Dis

trib

ute

d

Sys

tem

sS

erv

ice

s

Co

mm

un

icat

ion

Ser

vic

es

Foundation Services


Modernized ArchitectureModernized Architecture

CommunicationServices

Operating System Services

Operating

System

Services

Hardware

Hardware

Security Services

Security

Service

System

&

Network

Mgmt

Services

System and Network Management Services

ConnectivityServices

Object ManagementServices

DistributionSupport Services

Physical Network

Subnetworking

Signalingand Control

Transport

Common Transport Semantics

Network Services

SECURITY

SERVICES

Applicationand

ApplicationEnablingServices

Distributed SystemsServices

Data InterchangeServices

Data Management Services

PresentationServices

Applications

Application DevelopmentServices

Object/ComponentServices

ApplicationWorkgroup

andCollaboration

Services

Application Performance Management

Application Configuration Management

Foun

datio

n

Ser

vice

s


IBM Open BlueprintIBM Open Blueprint

General search key for your General search key for your investigationinvestigation ““IBM Open BlueprintIBM Open Blueprint””

Use Use GoogleGoogle search engine search engine


Application Architecture Application Architecture TemplateTemplate


Application Components

Business Applications

Business Processes

Business System Domains

Management View – Management View – Enterprise IntegrationEnterprise Integration

Adaptable systems and processesAdaptable systems and processes Streamlined business processesStreamlined business processes Management informationManagement information Support for electronic commerceSupport for electronic commerce

Integrated securityIntegrated security Replaceable componentsReplaceable components Reliable and recoverable systemsReliable and recoverable systems Economies of scaleEconomies of scale

Corporate Domain

VirtualEnterprise


What is “System Integration” What is “System Integration” All About, Anyway?All About, Anyway?

Sharing thingsSharing things CollaboratingCollaborating Playing togetherPlaying together Cooperating Cooperating RespectingRespecting

You really did learn everything you need to know in kindergarten!



Data to be sharedData to be shared Remember – Remember –

data is the data is the onlyonly irreplaceable irreplaceable information technology asset information technology asset

Applications must work togetherApplications must work together CollaboratingCollaborating CooperatingCooperating

Changing one application must be Changing one application must be reflected in othersreflected in others Changes Changes cannotcannot be made in a vacuum be made in a vacuum



Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

Why is it essential that today’s information Why is it essential that today’s information systems cooperate and collaborate so that systems cooperate and collaborate so that data changes are not made in a vacuum?data changes are not made in a vacuum?


Today’s Disparate LandscapeToday’s Disparate LandscapeTechnology Abundance Without Technology Abundance Without HomogeneityHomogeneity

Independent legacy systemsIndependent legacy systems Many technologiesMany technologies Many standardsMany standards Various frameworksVarious frameworks

Data WarehousingData Warehousing Seeking a common denominator for Seeking a common denominator for

datadata Enterprise Application IntegrationEnterprise Application Integration

Leveraging COTSLeveraging COTS Leveraging legacyLeveraging legacy

Electronic businessElectronic business The new marketplace for conducting The new marketplace for conducting

businessbusiness Web-Enabled Applications Web-Enabled Applications

engaging consumersengaging consumers Extensible Markup Language Extensible Markup Language

(XML) provides universal language (XML) provides universal language for data structuresfor data structures

Workflow ManagementWorkflow Management Automating business processesAutomating business processes

Distributed objects support Distributed objects support evolving business paradigmevolving business paradigm

Components make reuse and Components make reuse and standardization possiblestandardization possible

JAVAJAVA Unified Modeling LanguageUnified Modeling Language Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Digital SignaturesDigital Signatures

Utilize PKI to provide additional Utilize PKI to provide additional securitysecurity

Wireless Interface DevicesWireless Interface Devices Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management

Preserves enterprise intellectual Preserves enterprise intellectual capitalcapital

Agent TechnologyAgent Technology Reacting based on internal rulesReacting based on internal rules

Interactive VoiceInteractive Voice Model Driven ArchitectureModel Driven Architecture


Knowledge Knowledge ManagementManagement ArchitectureArchitecture


Knowledge Management Knowledge Management Server ArchitectureServer Architecture


Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management Discussion questions –Discussion questions –

1. What exactly is knowledge management?1. What exactly is knowledge management?

2. How does knowledge management relate to 2. How does knowledge management relate to application integration? application integration?

3. What steps are needed to create an enterprise3. What steps are needed to create an enterprise “knowledge base”? “knowledge base”?


Systems Integration is a Systems Integration is a Thriving BusinessThriving Business

Not a new conceptNot a new concept Fostered anywhere separate systems have to be combined Fostered anywhere separate systems have to be combined

to produce a “working whole”to produce a “working whole” ExamplesExamples

AirplanesAirplanes ShipsShips AutomobilesAutomobiles HomesHomes

Framed as an IT business concept by the US government in Framed as an IT business concept by the US government in support of aerospace and national resource applicationssupport of aerospace and national resource applications

Emerging in the commercial space in the form of EAI and Emerging in the commercial space in the form of EAI and e-businesse-business EAI – Enterprise Application IntegrationEAI – Enterprise Application Integration e-business – global trading exchangese-business – global trading exchanges


Systems Integration Systems Integration ISIS the Future the Future of Information Technologyof Information Technology

The way it was The way it was Each major business component had its own IT component and Each major business component had its own IT component and

developed its own IT systemsdeveloped its own IT systems Applications were re-developed every 5 to 7 years in order to keep pace Applications were re-developed every 5 to 7 years in order to keep pace

with advances in both hardware and software and hardware technologieswith advances in both hardware and software and hardware technologies The way it isThe way it is

““Executive” software and hardware upward compatible Executive” software and hardware upward compatible Most business applications can be standardizedMost business applications can be standardized Applications Software has emerged as unique industryApplications Software has emerged as unique industry Significant investment in existing applicationsSignificant investment in existing applications

Frequent redevelopment costly and unaffordableFrequent redevelopment costly and unaffordable Re-use prevalent business theme – considered a ‘best practice’Re-use prevalent business theme – considered a ‘best practice’ ““Back Room, Front Room” TheoryBack Room, Front Room” Theory

New IT development work existsNew IT development work exists Software product companies (Microsoft, SAP, Oracle)Software product companies (Microsoft, SAP, Oracle) Specialty applications without wide commercial appealSpecialty applications without wide commercial appeal


Systems IntegrationSystems IntegrationKey Issues and ChallengesKey Issues and Challenges

Standards (or, more accurately, the lack of standards)Standards (or, more accurately, the lack of standards) Good news – there are relational database standardsGood news – there are relational database standards Bad news – lack of standardsBad news – lack of standards

Data objectsData objects LanguagesLanguages

Worse news – executive egosWorse news – executive egos Legal issues and considerationsLegal issues and considerations

Sherman Anti-TrustSherman Anti-Trust Clayton Anti-TrustClayton Anti-Trust

SecuritySecurity ““Keep the bad guys out”Keep the bad guys out” Managing riskManaging risk

Legacy applications that must be reusedLegacy applications that must be reused

Good laws then;bad laws now


Systems IntegrationSystems IntegrationKey Issues and ChallengesKey Issues and Challenges Discussion questionsDiscussion questions

1. What are the essential obstacles to 1. What are the essential obstacles to establishing universal standards for establishing universal standards for information technology tools? information technology tools?

2. What changes should be made to the current 2. What changes should be made to the current set of anti-trust laws so that they reflect the set of anti-trust laws so that they reflect the realities of the information age? realities of the information age?


Example – The Systems Integration Example – The Systems Integration ChallengeChallenge

AerospaceGlobal

TradingExchange

Boeing

BAE

Lockheed Martin

Raytheon

Supplier Community

Opportunity: significant savings through economies of scaleProblem: everyone “does their own

thing”Challenge: find the common ground


1

Risk Item #

Title

Revision Date

Revised By Title

WBS or Template #

Risk Mitigation Strategy

Critical Decision Points and Parameters

Risk Mitigation Activities Current Status PriorityResponsibility

Risk Mitigation Contingencies

Risk Identification, Analysis and Mitigation Sheet

All entries are required

Type Probability Consequence Risk Value

Due DateFunding

Project Name

Risk Description

Risk TemplateRisk Template


About the OMGAbout the OMG

OMG OMG Object Management Object Management GroupGroup

CharteredChartered Create and foster component-Create and foster component-

based (software) marketplace based (software) marketplace based on standardization and based on standardization and promotion of object-oriented promotion of object-oriented softwaresoftware

CORBACORBA Common Object-Request Broker Common Object-Request Broker

ArchitectureArchitecture Standardizes distributed object Standardizes distributed object

computingcomputing Platform and programming Platform and programming

language independentlanguage independent Unified Modeling Language (UML)Unified Modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF)Meta-Object Facility (MOF) XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)

CORBA 3CORBA 3 Component ModelComponent Model Quality-of-service controlQuality-of-service control Messaging invocation modelMessaging invocation model Integration with internetIntegration with internet

Enterprise JAVA BeansEnterprise JAVA Beans JAVAJAVA

CORBA/XML integration CORBA/XML integration specificationspecification

CORBA servicesCORBA services Naming servicesNaming services Directory servicesDirectory services Transaction processing servicesTransaction processing services Security servicesSecurity services


More on EAIMore on EAI Focus on “business at hand”Focus on “business at hand”

Systems inside and outside an enterpriseSystems inside and outside an enterprise Freely share information and logicFreely share information and logic

Key questionsKey questions Real monetary value of integrating Real monetary value of integrating

(particular) applications(particular) applications Long term costs if lacking infrastructure for Long term costs if lacking infrastructure for

solving application integration problemssolving application integration problems Cost of undoing longstanding decisionsCost of undoing longstanding decisions

Do something right instead of adding yet Do something right instead of adding yet another layer of technologyanother layer of technology


More on EAIMore on EAI EAI allows the infrastructure to share EAI allows the infrastructure to share

common business processes as well as common business processes as well as data in a flexible and extensible waydata in a flexible and extensible way

CORBA standards and associated CORBA standards and associated technologies provide EAI developers technologies provide EAI developers and architects with a means to join and architects with a means to join applications together in a way that is applications together in a way that is both cost effective and reliableboth cost effective and reliable


Core Capabilities to Facilitate IntegrationCore Capabilities to Facilitate Integration

Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)Distributed Computing Object Model (DCOM)JAVA messaging

Must integrate applications across the enterprise implemented in a wide variety of technologies.

Mechanisms to form a gateway to other technologies

IDL to define interfaces to services that can be new applications or or wrappers of old applications

Provide a well-defined method for integration to occurIntegration must be properly designed, architected, and implemented

Mechanisms to wrap existing applications

OMG Workflow StandardSupports integration of workflow products via a standard interface

Existing applications capture core business processesRequire mechanism to control order of invocation so that processing is coherent and valid

Link higher-level business processes and workflow

Comprehensive set of base-level services, including security, naming, directory, transaction, and messaging

Directory, security, naming, transaction, and messaging services are required for integration

Supporting services

Support multiple operating systemsOMAsupports definition of services and frameworks for conversion capability

Essential to ensure that applications can understand each other’s semantics

Convert or transform data between applications

Specification is an interoperability standardEmbodied in many middleware products

Information must travel between applicationsAsynchronous communications useful when applications not connected

Infrastructure supports both synchronous and asynchronous communications

CORBA/OMGIssueCapability


State of CORBAState of CORBA

INNOVATORS EARLYADOPTERS

EARLYMAJORITY

LATEMAJORITY

LAGGARDS

CH

AS

M

TO

DA

Y

Technology AdoptionLife Cycle

Create the architecture first;THEN select the technology and the vendor


Information Bus Information Bus ArchitectureArchitecture

INFORMATION BUS


Custom versus Horizontal Custom versus Horizontal FrameworksFrameworks

RPC technologiesRPC technologies Allow for definition of API Allow for definition of API

and structures that can be and structures that can be moved between themmoved between them

Do not provide sufficient Do not provide sufficient abstractionabstraction

Advance knowledge of data Advance knowledge of data structures requiredstructures required

More tightly coupledMore tightly coupled Less dynamicLess dynamic

Custom integrationCustom integration N x N problem (or, N N x N problem (or, N

interfaces integrated to interfaces integrated to each other)each other)

Service-oriented Service-oriented architecturearchitecture Functions provided Functions provided

external to other objectsexternal to other objects Reduces need for Reduces need for

custom interfacescustom interfaces

Main

LocalProcedure Remote

Procedure

Sub

ClientServer


Guidelines for MigrationGuidelines for Migration

Official life cycleOfficial life cycle ManagingManaging CreatingCreating CopyingCopying Moving objectsMoving objects

ExternalizationExternalization FlatteningFlattening SavingSaving MovingMoving Reinstatiatinng Reinstatiatinng

objectsobjects Architecture and interfaces evolve through iterations Emergence of web has had greatest influence on

processing of information


Distributed Object TechnologiesDistributed Object TechnologiesUser, Integrator, and Vendor ViewsUser, Integrator, and Vendor Views

and the Issues that Resultand the Issues that ResultUSER VIEW

•Time to market•Low costs/ROI•Easy maintenance•Knowledge transfer•Longer life cycle•Control of product selection

VENDOR VIEW•Product sales/profit•Market position/visibility•Customer support•Test/provide quality software

INTEGRATOR VIEW•Repeatable processes•Ability to “fixed cost”bid•Reduced risk•Independence from vendor schedules

ISSUES•Complex, evolving marketplace•Incompatible products and technologies•Mix – new requirements and old applications•Existing constraints•Lack of knowledge, skills, training•Industry attrition and salary escalation


Technology ConfusionTechnology Confusion Products that provide only part of required Products that provide only part of required

functionalityfunctionality Proprietary products may not comply with Proprietary products may not comply with

open standardsopen standards Products that connect back-end data sources Products that connect back-end data sources

to the Web without providing integration to to the Web without providing integration to other products or between the sourcesother products or between the sources

Confusing terminologyConfusing terminology Request brokersRequest brokers Message brokersMessage brokers Object request brokersObject request brokers


Current SituationCurrent Situation

APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

DB2 V 7.1DB2 V 7.1

DATABASEDATABASE APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

SYBASE 12.0SYBASE 12.0

DATABASEDATABASE

APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

ORACLE 8.0.5ORACLE 8.0.5

DATABASEDATABASE

A1A1

A2A2 A3A3

?Now What


Current SituationCurrent Situation

Discussion questionDiscussion question

From the perspective of each of the From the perspective of each of the communities identified in Chart 31, what communities identified in Chart 31, what are the (a) issues and (b) risks that exist in are the (a) issues and (b) risks that exist in the (historical) “smokestack” the (historical) “smokestack” environment?environment?


Building Systems Using Building Systems Using Services and ComponentsServices and Components

Distributed object technology provides Distributed object technology provides benefitsbenefits InheritanceInheritance PolymorphismPolymorphism EncapsulationEncapsulation AbstractionAbstraction

Distributed objects seem to be most Distributed objects seem to be most appropriate when large-grain components appropriate when large-grain components are being usedare being used Example – Microsoft Office Example – Microsoft Office


Object Management Object Management ArchitectureArchitecture

CORBA ORB

Applications CORBA domains CORBA facilities

CORBA services


Challenge to the Systems Challenge to the Systems IntegratorIntegrator

What is the purpose of each What is the purpose of each service?service?

When is it appropriate to When is it appropriate to use a particular service?use a particular service?

Is the service available to Is the service available to be purchased or must it be be purchased or must it be built?built?

Can a service by one vendor Can a service by one vendor work with another vendor’s work with another vendor’s product?product?

Can one vendor’s Can one vendor’s implementation implementation communicate with another communicate with another vendor’s implementation of vendor’s implementation of the same servicethe same service

Are the services orthogonal Are the services orthogonal or are there or are there interdependencies?interdependencies?

Is the service stand-alone or Is the service stand-alone or are there libraries?are there libraries?

What are similar or common What are similar or common services across services across technologies?technologies?

Can services across various Can services across various technologies be integrated?technologies be integrated?


Challenge to the Systems Challenge to the Systems IntegratorIntegrator

ActivityActivity

Design a process and associated tool set Design a process and associated tool set that will assist the system integrator in that will assist the system integrator in identifying answers to the questions raised identifying answers to the questions raised on the previous charts in a way that will on the previous charts in a way that will also assist in finding the “common also assist in finding the “common ground”.ground”.


Typical Integration Typical Integration Environment Environment

WindowsTerminal emulators

browsers

JAVANetwork computers

Browsers

File servers

Packaged applicationsCustom code

Data warehouseC++/JAVA

COBOLBatch

Transactions

PC TERMINALS

MAINFRAME UNIX NT

NETWORK


The Role of IntegrationThe Role of Integration

Product integrationProduct integration Semantic Semantic

integrationintegration Reflecting business Reflecting business

rulesrules Considering data Considering data

and metadataand metadataS

op

his

tica

tio

nS

op

his

tica

tio

n

TimeTime

TransportTransportLayerLayer

ProtocolsProtocols

SocketsSockets

Products Products

RPCRPC

MiddlewareMiddleware

DistributedDistributedObjects Objects

Language Language

BusinessBusinessApplications Applications

Different levels of integrationDifferent levels of integrationrequire different sillsrequire different sillsDifferent levels of integrationDifferent levels of integrationincrease complexityincrease complexityRequiresRequires

•Technical know-howTechnical know-how•Defined processDefined process•architecturearchitecture


Realizing Architecture with Realizing Architecture with Distributed TechnologiesDistributed Technologies

Clearly defined Clearly defined interfaces and interfaces and boundaries between boundaries between componentscomponents

Depiction and Depiction and description of how description of how components fit togethercomponents fit together

Set of guidelines to be Set of guidelines to be followedfollowed

Performance, Performance, scalability, and fault scalability, and fault tolerance requirementstolerance requirements

Physical and logical Physical and logical aspectsaspects

Hardware, software, Hardware, software, networking and networking and integrationintegration

Layering and Layering and abstractionabstraction

ManageabilityManageability Life cycle issuesLife cycle issues Required servicesRequired services Dependencies Dependencies