first computer bc - homesteadhvacrknowlagecenter.homestead.com/buildingcontrol.pdfpi derivative pid...
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![Page 1: First computer BC - Homesteadhvacrknowlagecenter.homestead.com/BuildingControl.pdfPI derivative PID controlled-variable deviation. Comparison of Control Actions time setpoint PI PID](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040505/5e378bc10e1053632867f495/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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First computer 87‐100 BC
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Terminology
controlleddevice
controller
controlledvariable
sensor
controlledagent
airflow
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Open Loop
valve
controller
outdoor-airsensor
chilledwater
airflow
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Closed Loop
airflow
valve
chilledwater
controller
discharge-airtemperature sensor
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Control Reset
controller
airflow
valve
chilledwater
outdoor-airsensor
discharge-airtemperature sensor
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Control “Points”
• Binary input point (BIP)– Examples: fan status (on/off), dirty filter
• Binary output point (BOP)– Examples: start/stop fan or pump, open/close damper
• Analog input point (AIP)– Examples: temperature, pressure, airflow
• Analog output point (AOP)– Examples: control valve or damper position, temperature setpoint
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Types of Control Action
• Two‐position (on/off)• Floating• Proportional• Proportional–Integral (PI)• Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID)
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Two‐Position (On/Off)co
ntroll
er ou
tput
time
B0°F
- 5°F
100%
0%
+ 5°F
contr
olled
-varia
blede
viatio
n differential
on
off
A
setpoint
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setpoint
Floatingco
ntroll
er ou
tput
time
BA
0°F
- 5°F
100%
0%
+ 5°F
differential
C
D
open
stop
stop
close
switch differential
contr
olled
-varia
blede
viatio
n
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Proportionalco
ntroll
er ou
tput
time
0°F
- 5°F
100%
0%
+ 5°Foffset
setpointA throttling
range
contr
olled
-varia
blede
viatio
n
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Integralco
ntroll
er ou
tput
time
0°F
- 5°F
100%
0%
+ 5°F
setpoint
A
B
contr
olled
-varia
blede
viatio
n
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Proportional–Integral (PI)co
ntroll
er ou
tput
time
0°F
- 5°F
100%
0%
+ 5°F
setpoint
proportionalintegral
PI
contr
olled
-varia
blede
viatio
n
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Derivativeco
ntroll
er ou
tput
time
0°F
- 5°F
100%
0%
+ 5°F
setpointA
BC
contr
olled
-varia
blede
viatio
n
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Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID)
contr
oller
outpu
t
time
0°F
- 5°F
100%
0%
+ 5°F
setpoint
PI
derivative
PID
contr
olled
-varia
blede
viatio
n
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Comparison of Control Actions
time
setpoint
PI
PID
P
offset
contr
olled
-varia
ble de
viatio
n
overshoot
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Controller Technologies
• Pneumatic• Analog‐electric• Microprocessor‐based
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Pneumatic Control System
storagetank
compressorairdrier air
filter
pressure-reducing valve
main line
branch line
controller
controlleddevice
drain
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Pneumatic Controller
orificemainline
branchline
flappersetscrew
bimetal element
nozzle
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Pneumatic Controlled Device
actuatorchamber
branch linevalvestem
diaphragmspring
plug
valve seat
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Analog‐Electric Controller
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Electronic Controlled Device
actuator
valvestem
plug
valve seat
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Microprocessor‐Based Controller
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DDC Controlled Device
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Comparison of Technologies
Pneumatic• No communication
capabilities• Expensive and complicated to
provide complex control strategies
• Inherently proportional• Extensive maintenance
requirements
Microprocessor‐based• Allows system‐wide
communication• Fewer hardware components• Easily accommodates complex
control strategies• Provides many types of
control action• Fewer maintenance
requirements
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period twoAutomatic Control of HVAC Systems
HVAC System Control
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN© American Standard Inc. 2002
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Control of an HVAC System
unit-level control
system-levelcontrol
buildingmanagement
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Benefits of Unit‐Level Control
unit-level control
• Stand‐alone control• Safeties, alarms, and diagnostics• Installed, tested, and commissioned in factory
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Unit‐Level Control
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VAV air handler
Discharge‐Temperature Control Loop
valve
discharge-airtemperature sensor
controller
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VAV air handler
Ventilation Control Loop
outdoor-airdamper
return-air damper
controller
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VAV air handler
Economizer Control Loop
outdoor-airtemperature sensor controller
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VAV air handler
Mixed‐Air‐Temperature Control Loop
mixed-air temperature sensor
controller
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VAV air handler
Static‐Pressure Control Loop
duct static-pressure sensorsupply fan
controller
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VAV air handler
Building‐Pressure Control Loop
controller
indoor-pressure
sensor
relief fan
outdoor-pressuresensor
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VAV air handler
Pneumatic Controls
main line controllers
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Equipment Protection
unit-levelcontroller
air-cooledwater chiller
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System‐Level Control
unit-level control
system-levelcontrol
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Chilled‐Water VAV System
system-levelcontroller
pumps exhaust fan
boiler
water-cooledchiller
coolingtower
VAV airhandler
VAV terminalunits
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System‐Level Operating Modes
Occupied Mode• Terminal units maintain
“occupied” setpoints• Outdoor‐air damper delivers
proper amount of ventilation air
• Air is cooled or heated to desired setpoint
• Supply fan operates continuously, modulating to maintain system static‐pressure setpoint
Unoccupied Mode• Terminal units maintain
“unoccupied” setpoints• Outdoor‐air damper is closed• Supply fan, cooling coil, and
heating coil operate only as needed
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Rooftop VAV System
system-levelcontroller
VAV terminalunitspackaged rooftop
air conditioner
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occupied hours
Morning Warm‐Up
6 AM Noon 6 PM
occupiedsetpoint
unoccupiedsetpoint
zonetemperature
system on system off
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Air‐Cooled Chiller, Fan‐Coil System
system-levelcontroller
air-cooledchiller
fan-coilunits
dedicatedoutdoor-air unit
boilerpumps
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Two‐Pipe Changeover Requirements
outdoor dry-bulb temperature
hot water
chilled water0°F
(-18°C)20°F
(-7°C)40°F(4°C)
60°F(16°C)
80°F(27°C)
40°F(4°C)
80°F(27°C)
120°F(49°C)
140°F(60°C)
supp
ly-wa
ter te
mper
ature
30°F(17°C)
15°F (8°C)
deadband
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Water‐Source Heat‐Pump System
system-level controller
dedicatedoutdoor-air unit
water-sourceheat pumpsboiler
pumps
coolingtower
exhaust fan
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Loop Temperature Control
cooling toweroff
boiler off
heat pumps inheating modeheat pumps in
cooling mode
pumps on
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System Optimization
unit-level control
system-levelcontrol
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VAV system
Fan‐Pressure Optimization
damper positions
system-level controller
fan speed orinlet-vane
position VAVterminal units
supplyfan
static-pressure sensor
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rooftop VAV system
Optimum Start
occupied hours
6 AM Noon 6 PM
occupiedsetpoint
unoccupiedsetpoint
zonetemperature
time clock
optimum start
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air‐cooled chiller, fan‐coil system
Chilled‐Water Reset
constant-volumepump coil
air-cooledchiller
system-levelcontroller
54°F(12.2°C)
47°F(8.3°C)
valveposition
leaving-watertemperature
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water‐source heat‐pump system
Optimized Loop Controlco
mbine
d ene
rgy u
se, k
W
cooling towercooling tower
100100
heatpumpsheatpumps
loop water-temperature setpointloop water-temperature setpoint
90°F(32°C)90°F(32°C)
optimizedcontroloptimizedcontrol
8080
6060
9090
7070
5050
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failure recovery
Sequences of Operation
chiller-plantcontroller
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failure recovery
Stand‐Alone Operationheat pump withunit-level controller
thermostat
system-levelcontroller
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failure recovery
Selection of Controlled Devices• Normally‐closed actuator• Normally‐open actuator• Position‐maintained actuator
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period threeBuilding Automation Systems
HVAC System Control
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN© American Standard Inc. 2002
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Building Management
unit-level control
system-levelcontrol
buildingmanagement
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Responding to Comfort Complaints
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Graphical User Interface
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Time‐of‐Day Scheduling
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Centralized Alarms and Diagnostics
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Remote Access
• Alarm notification• Dial‐in access
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Reports
• Trend logs• Alarm activity• Building energy use
• After‐hours tenant occupancy
• Equipment diagnostics and
f
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Preventive Maintenance
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Integration with Other Systems
return-airdamper
normal HVAC operation smoke-control operation
smoke-control
dampers
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Connecting Multiple Sites
• Centralized monitoring
• Diagnose or predict problems with systems
• Combine energy usage for negotiating energy contracts
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period fourInteroperability
HVAC System Control
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN© American Standard Inc. 2002
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Network
server
nodenode
node
node
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Dedicated Versus Shared Networks
• Dedicated network– Easier to design and install– More expensive
• Shared network– Less expensive (shares infrastructure)– More difficult to ensure security
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LAN Versus WAN
routerrouter
building A building B
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Intranet Versus Internet
routerrouter
building A building B
Internet
firewall
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“Tiered” BAS Architecture
HVAC system
controllerlighting system
controller
fire-protectionsystem
controller
securitysystemcontroller
PC workstation
LAN forunit controllers
LAN forsystem controllers
equipment with unit controllers
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Communications Protocols
• Proprietary– Used, produced, or marketed under exclusive legal right of an individual or organization
• Open– Available to public domain and is shared among vendors
• Standard– Open protocol that has been formalized by a governing body
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Gateways
gateways
HVAC lightingfireprotection security
proprietary protocol LAN
proprietary protocol LAN
gateways
PC workstation
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System‐Level Interoperability
HVAC lightingfireprotection security
proprietary protocol LAN
open, standard protocol LAN
PC workstation
gateways
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Unit‐Level Interoperability
HVAC lightingfireprotection security
open, standard protocol LAN
proprietary protocol LAN
gateways
PC workstation
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Interchangeability
• Plug‐and‐play
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• Standard object types– Analog input– Analog output– Analog value – Multi‐state input– Multi‐state output – Device– Event enrollment– Notification class – Trend– Group
Binary input Binary output Binary value Loop Command File Calendar Schedule Program
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LonTalk
• LonMark functional profiles– Boiler controller– Chilled ceiling controller– Chiller– CO2 sensor– Damper actuator– Discharge‐air controller– Fan‐coil controller– Heat pump– Lighting‐panel controller– Occupancy sensor– Pressure sensor
Rooftop unit controller
Space-comfort controller
Temperature sensor
Thermostat Unit-ventilator
controller Variable-speed
motor drive VAV controller
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“Tiered” BAS Architecture
HVAC lightingfireprotection security
PC workstation
LonTalk protocol
BACnet protocol
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“Flat” BAS Architecture
open, standard protocol LAN
PC workstationPC workstation
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period fiveReview
HVAC System Control
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN© American Standard Inc. 2002
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Review—Period One
controlleddevice
controller
controlledvariable
sensor
controlledagent
airflow
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Review—Period Two
unit-level control
system-levelcontrol
buildingmanagement
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Review—Period Three
• Building automation system functions– Respond to comfort complaints
– Centralize scheduling
– Receive alarms and diagnostics
– Provide remote
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Review—Period Four
HVAC lightingfireprotection security
PC workstation
LAN forunit controllers
LAN forsystem controllers