[first author] 2009 fuel-and-energy-abstracts 1

01 SOLID FUELS

Sources, winning, properties

09/01997 Biosolubilisation of Chinese ligniteYin, S. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 775–781.The biosolubilization of coal is a promising coal processing technologyfor converting solid coal to liquid oil at ambient conditions. In thisstudy, the biosolubilization of Chinese lignite was studied using afungus isolated from decaying wood. The intensity of biosolubilizationwas determined by estimating the liquid formation time and bymeasuring the weight loss of the lignite granules gravimetrically. Thebiosolubilization product (black liquid) was characterized by ultravioletspectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography–massspectrometry, element analysis, and heating value. Results showedthat this fungus isolated from the decaying wood solubilized 31.83%(by weight) of Chinese lignite to black liquid within 11 days at 27.5 �C.The biosolubilization product mainly contained aromatic acids andchain hydrocarbons, and had organic function groups of hydroxyl,cyclane, carbonyl, ether linkage and aromatic rings. The heating valueof the biosolubilization product was 14 MJ/kg. Chemical analysis of thebiosolubilization product indicated that side chains of lignite wereimportant structures in the biosolubilization mechanism.

09/01998 Correlation between optical, chemical and micro-structural parameters of high-rank coals and graphiteMarques, M. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2009, 77, (3–4), 377–382.In order to identify the parameters that best characterize the chemicaland structural evolution of organic matter during coalification, therelationships between optical, chemical and micro-structural par-ameters in high-rank coals and natural graphite were studied. Thesamples include anthracites from Penarroya–Belmez–Espiel Basin(Spain), Douro Basin (Portugal), and Alto Chicama Basin (Peru);and natural graphite from Canada, Mozambique, and Austria.Correlations between the following optical parameters were assessed:vitrinite random reflectance (Rr), reflectance indicating surfaces (RIS)axis (RMAX, RINT and RMIN), and RIS parameters (Ram, Rev and Rst),as well as Bw and AI anisotropy parameters. Furthermore, the chemicalparameters used were chosen according to their significant variation incoals, namely volatile matter, carbon, and hydrogen contents calcu-lated in dry ash free basis (VMdaf, Cdaf, Hdaf), as well as the H/C atomicratio. Structural organization was characterized by micro-Ramanspectroscopy and XRD. Raman parameters used were the full widthat half maximum (FWHM) and position of G and D1 bands on thefirst-order Raman spectrum, and the ID1/IG intensity area ratio. Theselected XRD parameters were interlayer spacing d002, and crystallitesizes La and Lc. Results show that: (i) RMAX RIS axis seems tocorrelate best with chemical and micro-structural parameters; (ii) forthe majority of studied samples, Hdaf and H/C atomic ratio are the onlychemical parameters with significant correlations with RMAX; (iii) theFWHM of the G band of Raman spectrum shows good linearcorrelation with the XRD parameter d002; and, (iv) structuralorganization of carbon materials, as measured by trends in theiroptical and crystalline parameters, is influenced by their hydrogencontent (daf basis) and therefore by the H/C atomic ratio.

09/01999 Geochemistry of coals from the Elk Valleycoalfield, British Columbia, CanadaGoodarzi, F. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2009, 77, (3–4), 246–259.The Elk Valley coalfield of British Columbia is one of the major coal-producing areas in Canada. The coals are of Cretaceous and Jurassic–Cretaceous age and range in rank from high-volatile to low-volatilebituminous (%Romax: 0.8–1.6). Coal seams from outcrops and activemines in this coalfield were analysed for rank and maceral compositionusing reflected light microscopy, for geochemistry using AAS, INAA,and ICPES, and also by proximate and ultimate analyses. The ElkValley coal seams contain low average concentrations of hazardouselements such as As, Mo, Pb, and Se. However, there are seams thatcontain relatively high concentrations of some of these elements, suchas 8 mg/kg and 108 mg/kg of arsenic. When the geochemistry of coalseams is compared within the different parts of the coalfield, theelemental composition amongst the seams from various sectionslocated in the central area of the coalfield is similar. Coal seams inthe northern area of the coalfield have different geochemistry than coalseams in other areas of the coalfield; seams in the northern area havemuch higher As, Br, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, and Na content, but contain less Ca.

09/02000 Influence of inherent minerals and pyrolysistemperature on the yield of pyrolysates of some PakistanicoalsAhmad, T. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1163–1171.An analytical method has been developed to quantitize tar, liquids andgaseous products resulting from the flash pyrolysis of sub-bituminousMakarwal coal. The method involves the thermal decomposition of200 mg of 85-mesh size coal at 690 �C under the flow of nitrogen usingShimadzu PYR-2A open tubular pyrolyser. The resulting tar and liquidfractions were separated using two traps at the exit of the pyrolyserwhile the gaseous products leaving the traps were on line injected togas chromatograph equipped with porapak Q column and flameionization detector for the analysis. Effect of demineralization on theyields of products was investigated by treating raw samples with 2 MHCl. Removal of inherent minerals from coal by acid wash decreasedthe yield of total volatiles indicating catalytic properties of mineralunder the condition used in present study. The influence of pyrolysistemperature on the yield of pyrolysates and hydrocarbon gases,resulting from raw coal samples, was studied over the temperaturerange of 500–770 �C.

Preparation

09/02001 Effect of altitude and palm oil biodiesel fuellingon the performance and combustion characteristics of aHSDI diesel engineBenjumea, P. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (4), 725–731.Altitude above sea level and fuel’s chemical and physical nature affectengine performance and combustion characteristics. In this work, acombustion diagnosis model including exergy analysis was applied to aturbocharged automotive diesel engine fuelled with neat palm oilbiodiesel (B100) and No. 2 diesel fuel (B0). Tests were performedunder steady state operating conditions, at two altitudes above sealevel: 500 and 2400 m. Biodiesel fuelling and altitude had an additiveeffect on the advance in injection and combustion timings. Theduration of the premixed combustion stage increased with altitudeand decreased with biodiesel. When B100 was used, the transitionbetween this stage and the diffusion stage was practically suppressed.As altitude increased, biodiesel fuelling led to shorter combustionduration, and higher in-cylinder pressures and fuel–air equivalenceratios. Brake thermal efficiency decreased with altitude for both fuels,but in a greater extent for B0. For all fuels and altitudes, exergydestruction rose sharply when combustion started, indicating that thisprocess was the main source of irreversibilities. At both altitudes, thecumulative exergy destruction was higher for B100 due to its earlierand faster combustion process. Some of the results obtained in thiswork indicate that palm oil biodiesel fuelling can lead to a betterengine performance at high altitudes.

09/02002 Effect of injection pressure on heat release rateand emissions in CI engine using orange skin powder dieselsolutionPurushothaman, K. and Nagarajan, G. Energy Conversion and Manage-ment, 2009, 50, (4), 962–969.Experiments have been conducted to study the effect of injectionpressure on the combustion process and exhaust emissions of a directinjection diesel engine fuelled with orange skin powder diesel solution(OSPDS). Earlier investigation by the authors revealed that 30%OSPDS was optimum for better performance and emissions. In thepresent investigation the injection pressure was varied with 30%OSPDS and the combustion, performance and emissions characteristicswere compared with those of diesel fuel. The different injectionpressures studied were 215, 235 and 255 bar. The results showed thatthe cylinder pressure with 30% OSPDS at 235 bar fuel injectionpressure, was higher than that of diesel fuel as well as at other injectionpressures. Similarly, the ignition delay was longer and with shortercombustion duration with 30% OSPDS at 235 bar injection pressure.The brake thermal efficiency was better at 235 bar than that of otherfuel injection pressures with OSPDS and lower than that of diesel fuel.The NOx emission with 30% OSPDS was higher at 235 bar. Thehydrocarbon and carbon emissions were lower with 30% OSPDS at235 bar. The smoke emission with 30% OSPDS was marginally lowerat 235 bar and marginally higher at 215 bar than for diesel fuel. Thecombustion, performance and emission characteristics of the engineoperating on the test fuels at 235 bar injection pressure were better thanother injection pressures.

09/02003 Environmental chamber measurements ofmercury flux from coal utilization by-productsPekney, N. J. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 890–897.

314 Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2009

01 Solid fuels (preparation)

An environmental chamber was constructed to measure the mercuryflux from coal utilization by-product samples. Samples of fly ash, FGDgypsum, and wallboard made from FGD gypsum were tested underboth dark and illuminated conditions with or without the addition ofwater to the sample. Mercury releases varied widely, with 7-dayexperiment averages ranging from �6.8 to 73 ng/m2 h for the fly ashsamples and �5.2 to 335 ng/m2 h for the FGD/wallboard samples.Initial mercury content, fly ash type, and light exposure had noobservable consistent effects on the mercury flux. For the fly ashsamples, the effect of a mercury control technology was to decrease theemission. For three of the four pairs of FGD gypsum and wallboardsamples, the wallboard sample released less (or absorbed more)mercury than the gypsum.

09/02004 Nitrogen release during thermochemicalconversion of single coal pellets in highly preheatedmixtures of oxygen and nitrogenPonzio, A. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1127–1134.In this investigation, single coal particles (pellets) were combusted inhighly preheated oxidants (873–1273 K) with oxygen concentrationsranging from 0% to 100%, using a small-scale batch reactor. In base ofthe experimental results, the influence of oxygen concentration andoxidizer temperature on total mass conversion, the release of fuelnitrogen and the fraction of fuel nitrogen that is oxidized to NOx, isdiscussed. For oxygen concentration 5–21%, the rate of the thermo-chemical conversion was shown to be almost independent oxygenconcentration when oxidant temperatures of 1073–1273K were used.The opposite was true for an oxidant temperature of 873K. Thus thereappears to be an oxidant temperature above which devolatilization iscontrolled by convective heat transfer rather than reaction. Further itwas shown that the release of fuel nitrogen was promoted by anincreased oxygen concentration (from 5% to 21% at 1273K) and anincrease of oxidant temperature (from 1073K to 1273K at 21%oxygen). An estimate of the devolatilization of nitrogen from themeasured pellet temperature indicated that the devolatilization ofnitrogen is significantly delayed with respect to other components. Infact, during the very initial part of the thermochemical conversion,most released nitrogen appeared to follow the route via char ratherthan via devolatilization. Favourable conditions for NO reductionthanks to a prompt devolatilization contemporarily to a release of fuelnitrogen via the char route was believed to be one of the explanationfor the evidenced low ratios between NOx emissions and fuel nitrogenreleased, particularly in the beginning of the experiment. The fact thatthe amount of released fuel nitrogen that is oxidized to NOx was shownto decrease with increasing oxidant temperatures from 1073K to1273K supports this interpretation, though a higher temperature of theoxidant creates higher devolatilization rates.

Transport, storage

09/02005 Eastman Chemical Company’s ‘Chemicals fromCoal’ program: the first quarter centuryZoeller, J. R. Catalysis Today, 2009, 140, (3–4), 118–126.Eastman Chemical Company first initiated its Chemicals from Coalprogramme in the mid-1970s. The programme led to the successfulcommercialization of a process to produce acetic anhydride entirelyfrom coal-based synthesis gas in 1983. However, Eastman ChemicalCompany did not stop to work with on chemicals from coal with theattainment of the acetic anhydride process and they continued to lookat the additional processes for chemicals from coal. In this manuscript,Eastman Chemical Company will discuss the case for coal which ledEastman Chemical Company to take a leadership role in theproduction of chemicals from coal and then present three case studies,including the commercially practiced Eastman acetic anhydride processand potentially competitive processes for vinyl acetate and methacrylicacid, which demonstrate the viability of replacing petroleum andnatural gas based processes with processes based entirely on coalderived synthesis gas.

09/02006 The impact of liberalisation of the electricitymarket on the hard coal mining sector in PolandKaminski, J. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 925–939.The liberalization of the electricity market changed the conditions ofoperation not only for the power industry, but also for related sectors.One of the particularly sensitive industries in Poland is coal mining,which is the result of coal-based structure of electricity generation. Asit is more difficult, in the liberalized market, to burden consumers withall the costs, electricity producers are eager to transfer the risk ofoperation to the suppliers. That increases uncertainty about the futureof the hard coal industry. The aim of this paper was to quantitativelyestimate the impact that liberalization of the electricity markets may

have on the coal mining sector in Poland. First of all, the possible areasof that impact were identified. Then the model, which involved detailedrelations in the impact areas identified, was developed and employed toevaluate the performance of the mining sector. The comparison ofscenarios of a monopolistic electricity sector with a liberalized oneenabled an estimation of the scale of the impact on the mining sector tobe made. The results showed that liberalization causes decreased coalconsumption and decreased operating profits in coal companies.However, some savings in electricity costs are possible for coalproducers.

Economics, business, marketing, policy

09/02007 Analysis of the market penetration of clean coaltechnologies and its impacts in China’s electricity sectorWang, H. and Nakata, T. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (1), 338–351.This paper discusses policy instruments for promoting the marketpenetration of clean coal technologies (CCTs) into China’s electricitysector and the evaluation of corresponding effects. Based on the realitythat coal will remain the predominant fuel to generate electricity andconventional pulverized coal boiler power plants have serious impactson environment degradation, development of clean coal technologiescould be one alternative to meet China’s fast growing demand ofelectricity as well as protect the already fragile environment. A multi-period market equilibrium model is applied and an electricity model ofChina is established to forecast changes in the electricity system up to2030s. Three policy instruments: SO2 emission charge, CO2 emissioncharge and implementing subsidies are considered in this research. Theresults show that all instruments cause a significant shift in China’selectricity structure, promote CCTs’ competitiveness and lead China togain great benefit in both resource saving and environment improve-ment. Since resource security and environment degradation arebecoming primary concerns in China, policies that could help to gaingenerations’ market share of advanced coal-based technologies such asCCTs’ is suitable for the current situation of China’s electricity sector.

Derived solid fuels

09/02008 Renewable energy benefits with conversion ofwoody residues to pelletsDi Giacomo, G. and Taglieri, L. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 724–731.In the frame of an Interreg IIIC Network-Operation named Reg-Energy, that unites 18 partners from 11 countries of Europe, thefeasibility of using the woody by-products for heating purpose in atypical Mediterranean region was investigated. Focusing on theAbruzzo Region as representative sample area, it came out that asignificant amount of the-above mentioned renewable energeticmaterial is annually available as a consequence of well-consolidatedand economically significant agro-industrial activities, forest mainten-ance and industrial wood production and transformation. In particular,it was found that the total amount of woody residues, as dry substance,are more than 700 kt/a, with 30% resulting from pruning activitiesrelated to the cultivation of about 360 km2 of vineyards and 450 km2 ofolive-groves; these residues are concentrated in the hilly part of theregion close to the Adriatic sea coast. The feasibility of a properlylocalized wood pellets production plant was supported by both theeconomic and energetic analysis. Additional suggestions related tooptimal plant localization and to the best use of the woody pellets assubstitute of natural gas for heating purposes were reported along withthe positive impact of the whole action on the quality of theenvironment and on the recovery of soil fertility.

09/02009 Solid fuel block as an alternate fuel for cookingand barbecuing: preliminary resultsSharma, M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4),955–961.A large part of the rural people of developing countries use traditionalbiomass stoves to meet their cooking and heating energy demands.These stoves possess very low thermal efficiency; besides, most of themcannot handle agricultural wastes. Thus, there is a need to develop analternate cooking device that is simple, efficient and can handle a rangeof biomass including agricultural wastes. In this reported work, a highlydensified solid fuel block using a range of low-cost agro-residues hasbeen developed to meet the cooking and heating needs. A strategy wasadopted to determine the best suitable raw materials, which wasoptimized in terms of cost and performance. Several experiments wereconducted using solid fuel block which was manufactured using various

Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2009 315

01 Solid fuels (derived solid fuels)

raw materials in different proportions; it was found that fuel blockcomposed of 40% biomass, 40% charcoal powder, 15% binder and 5%oxidizer fulfilled the requirement. Based on this finding, fuel blocks oftwo different configurations viz. cylindrical shape with single and multi-holes (3, 6, 9 and 13) were constructed and its performance wasevaluated. For instance, the 13 hole solid fuel block met therequirement of domestic cooking; the mean thermal power was1.6 kWth with a burn time of 1.5 h. Furthermore, the maximum thermalefficiency recorded for this particular design was 58%. Whereas, thepower level of single hole solid fuel block was found to be lower butadequate for barbecue cooking application.

09/02010 Swedish perspective on wood fuel pellets forhousehold heating: a modified standard for pellets couldreduce end-user problemsStahl, M. and Wikstrom, F. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 803–809.The use of wood fuel pellets has increased significantly over the pastfew years, and since 2006 the households use the major part of thepellets available in Sweden. During the same period, the oil heating hasdecreased. Many former oil users that were used to almost mainten-ance-free heating systems now use pellets. Despite significantimprovements of pellet quality and storage and burner equipment,there are still some problems that the household pellets userencounters. In this work, common end-user problems are identified.The cause of each problem, as well as whether a modified Swedishstandard for pellets could reduce some of the problems encountered, isanalysed. The results show that the most serious problems originatefrom the crumbling of pellets. It can be concluded that many of theproblems could be avoided by modifying the Swedish standard, e.g. thequality parameters could be set using intervals instead of thresholdvalues.

02 LIQUID FUELS

Sources, properties, recovery

09/02011 Application of a proportional-integral control forthe estimation of static formation temperatures in oil wellsEspinosa-Paredes, G. et al. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009, 26,(2), 259–268.A strategy based on proportional-integral (PI) feedback control wasapplied to solve an inverse heat transfer problem for estimating staticformation temperatures (SFTs) from logged temperatures in oil wells.The PI control feedbacks the error between logged and simulatedtemperatures during the shut-in time process, existing SFT proposal.Thus, mathematically speaking an inverse heat transfer problem wassolved in this way, since SFT represents the initial conditions (whichare unknown) to solve the partial differential equations governing theheat transfer process in the wellbore-formation system. The math-ematical model considers transient convective heat transfer due tocirculation losses to the rock surrounding a well. The methodology wastested analysing two oil wells (MB-3007 and MB-3009) from the Gulfof Mexico and results were compared against two classic methods. Themethod presented in this work needs only one temperature measure-ment for each fixed depth to estimate the SFT.

09/02012 Characteristics of liquid ethanol diffusion flamesfrom mini tube nozzlesChen, J. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 460–466.A series of experiments was conducted to explore the combustioncharacteristics of a diffusion flames from mini tubes fuelled by liquidethanol with visual observations of the flame shape, the dynamicliquid–vapour interface during phase change inside the capillary tubesand the tube outer surface temperature using CCD and IR cameras. Asthe fuel supply rate increased, the interface location rose to the tubeexit and the temperature gradient on the outer tube surface increased,consequently the evaporating became much stronger and the interfacetended to be unstable. The combustion characteristics are closelyrelated to the rapid phase change and violent evaporation andinterfacial dynamics, with the violent evaporation, actually explosiveboiling, inducing an explosive flame. The intensity of the explosiveflame became stronger as the flowrate increased with the maximumflame height, interface location movement, and sound intensity allsignificantly increasing. The periodicity of the explosive flame wasdirectly proportional to the interface moving distance and inverselyproportional to the fuel flow rate.

09/02013 Characterization of reservoir systems at elevatedpressureJaeger, P. and Pietsch, A. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineer-ing, 2009, 64, (1–4), 20–24.The efficiency in enhanced oil recovery strongly depends on interphasebehaviour of the participating fluids and solids. Analysis is carried outusing experimental techniques for recording contact angles andinterfacial tension at elevated pressure and relating these data by useof known approaches from literature. Even in fairly incompressibleliquid–liquid–solid systems the solid–liquid interfacial energies areshown to change at rising pressure. Combination of measured contactangles of a ternary water–n-alkane–dolomite system with those of therespective binary systems enables estimation of surface and interfacialenergies of rock surfaces. In the presence of gases, especially methane,the water–n-alkane interfacial tension as well as the contact angle of a(non-wetting) water drop on dolomite in n-alkane is decreased which isonly possible if the interfacial energy of n-alkane–dolomite rises basedon Young’s law. In a water-wet system, wetting by water was alsoobserved to improve under pressure which is attributed to a decreasingwater-rock interfacial energy since the water–oil interfacial tension isincreased at the same time.

09/02014 Effects of stress and oscillatory frequency on thestructural properties of Daqing gelled crude oil at differenttemperaturesLi, C. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2009, 65, (3–4), 167–170.The structural properties of Daqing gelled waxy crude oil were studiedwith a controlled-stress rheometer under oscillatory shear mode. Theresults demonstrate that the gelled waxy crude oil shows viscoelasticproperties. The linear viscoelastic region and yielding of crude oil canbe determined not only by the critical linear shear stress (�cl) and yieldstress (�y), but also by the critical linear shear strain (�cl) and yieldstrain (�y) respectively. With the decrease of test temperature, �cl and �yincreased greatly while �cl and �y decreased gradually. The crude oilshowed more elastic at lower temperatures. The frequency had littleeffect on the structure of crude oils in the measured range.

09/02015 Enhanced heavy oil recovery through interfacialinstability: a study of chemical flooding for Brintnell heavyoilDong, M. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1049–1056.This study is aimed at developing an alkaline/surfactant-enhanced oilrecovery process for heavy oil reservoirs with oil viscosities rangingfrom 1000 to 10,000 mPa s, through the mechanism of interfacialinstability. Instead of the oil viscosity being reduced, as in thermal andsolvent/gas injection processes, oil is dispersed into and transportedthrough the water phase to production wells. Extensive emulsificationtests and oil/water interfacial tension measurements were conducted toscreen alkali and surfactant for the oil and the brine samples collectedfrom Brintnell reservoir. The heavy oil/water interfacial tension couldbe reduced to about 7� 10�2 dyn/cm with the addition of a mixture ofNa2CO3 and NaOH in the formation brine without evident dynamiceffect. The oil/water interfacial tension could be further reduced to1� 10�2 dyn/cm when a very low surfactant concentration (0.005–0.03 wt%) was applied to the above alkaline solution. Emulsificationtests showed that in situ self-dispersion of the heavy oil into the waterphase occurred when a carefully designed chemical solution wasapplied. A series of 21 flood tests were conducted in sandpacks toevaluate the chemical formulas obtained from screening tests for theoil. Tertiary oil recoveries of about 22–23% IOIP (32–35% ROIP) wereobtained for the tests using 0.6 wt% alkaline (weight ratio of Na2CO3

to NaOH=2:1) and 0.045 wt% surfactant solution in the formationbrine. The sandpack flood results obtained in this project showed that asynergistic enhancement among the chemicals did occur in the tertiaryrecovery process through the interfacial instability mechanism.

09/02016 Influence of heat and pressure treatment on therheological behavior of petroleum pitchesBraga, C. P. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 853–860.Pitch rheological properties are extremely important during themanufacturing process of carbon materials, in mesophase formation,and with regard to the final properties of the carbon products. In thiswork, pitch samples have been prepared from three different FCCdecant oils by heat-treatment, under 0.9 MPa pressure, in a reactor at390 �C, 410 �C, and 430 �C. These samples were analysed in a rotationalrheometer using a parallel-plate sensor. The rheometric softeningpoints matched the results obtained using conventional equipment andexponential relationships were found to exist between these softeningpoints and the pitch cosity when the former approached 180 �C. Thequinoline-insoluble content (QI) has been shown to be more importantin increasing the pitch viscosity than the toluene-insoluble content(TI). Oscillatory rheometry analysis has shown that an elastic responseis not always found in creep and recovery tests, even when the elasticmodulus G0 is dominant over the viscous modulus G00. Pitch elasticity


02 Liquid fuels (sources, properties, recovery)

was found to be independent of the mesophase, and this pitch propertywas either only observed when the cross-over point occurred at veryhigh frequencies or did not occur at all within the frequency rangestudied.

09/02017 Laminar burning velocities at high pressure forprimary reference fuels and gasoline: experimental andnumerical investigationJerzembeck, S. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 292–301.Spherical flames of n-heptane, iso-octane, PRF 87 and gasoline/airmixtures are experimentally investigated to determine laminar burningvelocities and Markstein lengths under engine-relevant conditions byusing the constant volume bomb method. Data are obtained for aninitial temperature of 373K, equivalence ratios varying from �=0.7 to�=1.2, and initial pressures from 10 to 25 bar. To track the flamefront in the vessel a dark field He–Ne laser Schlieren measurementtechnique and digital image processing were used. The propagatingspeed with respect to the burned gases and the stretch rate aredetermined from the rate of change of the flame radius. The laminarburning velocities are obtained through a linear extrapolation to zerostretch. The experimentally determined Markstein numbers arecompared to theoretical predictions. A reduced chemical kineticmechanism for n-heptane and iso-octane was derived from theLawrence Livermore comprehensive mechanisms. This mechanismwas validated for ignition delay times and flame propagation at lowand high pressures. In summary an overall good agreement with thevarious experimental data sets used in the validation was obtained.

09/02018 Partial least squares with outlier detection inspectral analysis: a tool to predict gasoline propertiesBao, X. and Dai, L. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1216–1222.The aim of this study is to propose a novel partial least squares withoutlier detection (PLS_OD) calibration method and show its useful-ness in calibration successfully with data containing outlying objects.This method is applied in gasoline spectral analysis to predict gasolineproperties. In particular, a comparative study of PLS_OD and otherfive methods is presented. The performances of the proposed methodare illustrated on spectral data set with and without outliers. Theobtained results suggest that the proposed method can be used forconstructing satisfactory gasoline prediction model whether there aresome outliers or not.

09/02019 Petrology and depositional evolution of thePaleozoic rocks of IraqAl-Juboury, A. I. and Al-Hadidy, A. H. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2009, 26, (2), 208–231.The study integrates petrographical and lithological data from deepexploration wells and outcrops in northern Iraq to better understandthe sedimentary environments present in the basin and to evaluate thedepositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks in Iraq. The studiedPaleozoic successions are represented by five sedimentary cycles ofintracratonic sequences. These are dominated mainly by siliciclasticand mixed sedimentary packages, and are separated by major andminor unconformity surfaces. These cycles are as follow: theOrdovician cycle, represented by the Khabour Formation; the Siluriancycle, represented by the Akkas Formation; the Middle-Late Devonianto Early Carboniferous cycle, represented by the Chalki, Pirispiki,Kaista, Ora and Harur formations; the Permian–Carboniferous cycle,represented by the Ga’ara Formation and late Permian cycle,represented by the Chia Zairi Formation. Generally, the cycles arecharacterized by siliciclastic and mixed carbonate–clastic facies withabrupt changes during Late Paleozoic reflecting the environmental andtectonic events during this period. The Ordovician Khabour Formationis suggested to be of shallow marine environment of deposition withstacked transgressive and regressive cycles that are eustaticallycontrolled. The shale of Silurian Akkas Formation was deposited inopen-marine environment. Depositional regimes in the Late Devonianto Early Carboniferous are considered as a continuation of depositionin the subsiding basin with a wide geographic distribution that reflectthe epicontinental or epeiric seas in a homoclinic ramp setting. ThePermo-Carboniferous Ga’ara Formation was deposited in continentalto paralic environment while the Late Permian Chia Zairi Formationrepresents the carbonate platform deposition. The study revealed thatpotential source rocks may include some shale beds of the KhabourFormation, hot shales of Akkas Formation and the shales of OraFormation. The sandstones of the Khabour, Akkas and Kaistaformations have good reservoir potential. The Late Permian carbon-ates of Chia Zairi Formation may be self-sourcing and contain multiplereservoirs. The occurrence of shale as source rocks and limestone asreservoir rocks and some evaporates as sealing horizons make theformation as a reservoir in its own right.

09/02020 Solar assisted method for recovery of bitumenfrom oil sandKraemer, D. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1437–1449.

A novel concept for the recovery of bitumen from oil sands in a naturalgas limited environment with and without CO2 constraints is presented.A feasible method is suggested for the recovery of unconventional oil inan environmentally friendly and sustainable way that has the potentialof eliminating the need of natural gas as a process fuel. The proposedconcept involves mid temperature steam generation for stimulating anoil sand formation. The steam is generated by utilizing solar radiation.The method uses the thermal mass of the oil sand formation to allowfor cyclic steam injection during solar availability while still yieldingcontinuous bitumen recovery. Feasibility assessments of the conceptfrom both a thermodynamic and financial point of view are presentedfor a scenario of development in the Athabasca region in Alberta,Canada.

09/02021 Theoretical and physical modeling of a solventvapour extraction (VAPEX) process for heavy oil recoveryMoghadam, S. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009, 65, (1–2), 93–104.Solvent vapour extraction (VAPEX) is an effective heavy oil recoveryprocess because of its significant viscosity reduction through sufficientsolvent dissolution and possible asphaltene precipitation. In this paper,an analytical model is developed to predict the accumulative heavy oilproduction in the entire VAPEX process. In the experiment, a total offive VAPEX tests are conducted to recover a heavy oil sample from avisual rectangular sand-packed high-pressure physical model andmeasure the accumulative heavy oil production versus time data.Theoretically, a mathematical model is formulated to predict theaccumulative heavy oil production data at different times. It is assumedthat the transition zone between the solvent chamber and theuntouched heavy oil zone has two straight-line boundaries with aconstant thickness during the VAPEX process. The constant tran-sition-zone thickness is used as an adjustable parameter and thusdetermined by finding the best fit of the theoretically predictedaccumulative heavy oil production data to the experimentally measureddata. It is found that the maximum variation of the transition-zonethicknesses determined by using the accumulative heavy oil productiondata at different times is within 15% for the five VAPEX tests. Thisfact indicates that the constant transition-zone thickness assumption isacceptable. In addition, it is also found that in general, the transition-zone thickness is increased when the permeability of the VAPEXphysical model is decreased. Moreover, the analytical model is appliedto predict the position of the solvent chamber, and its horizontalspreading velocity and falling velocity. Both the horizontal spreadingvelocity and the falling velocity of the solvent chamber decrease withtime as the VAPEX process proceeds.

Transport, refining, quality, storage

09/02022 Application of Water Source Diagram (WSD)method for the reduction of water consumption in petroleumrefineriesde Souza, A. A. U. et al. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2009,53, (3), 149–154.The chemical, petrochemical, textile and paper and cellulose industriesconsume great quantities of water and there is an ever increasingdemand to minimize this consumption as natural water resourcesbecome scarcer. Also, the tendency for the cost of water and of effluenttreatment to increase, due to new restrictions regarding discharges tothe environment, has led to the necessity to minimize industrial waterconsumption, increasingly favouring the development of new method-ologies for the optimization of the use of these resources. Of the manyapproaches which have been developed, the Water Source Diagram(WSD) is highlighted since it offers a flexible and dynamic alternativefor the generation of different scenarios for the management of waternetworks with the reduction of consumption. In this study, theimplementation of the method in a petroleum refinery with sixoperations which consume water, where four contaminants are presentwith different permissible input values for each operation, isinvestigated. The cases of maximum water reuse, regenerative end-of-pipe treatment and differentiated regeneration were studied. In thedifferentiated regeneration system, there was an important reductionin the water consumption, with a recycle rate of 37.93 ton/h inregenerator 2 and 14.02 in regenerator 3. It was observed that withthe application of the WSD method the water consumption wassubstantially reduced, in some cases obtaining a reduction in waterconsumption greater than those reported in the literature.

09/02023 Hydrotreated-LCO oxidation in a transportreactor-hydrocyclon system for a low-emission fuel oilproduction. II Catalyst deactivation and simulation modelTailleur, R. G. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1109–1119.


02 Liquid fuels (transport, refining, quality, storage)

The CuCr/IP (4-PVP) catalyst deactivation was studied using continu-ous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) laboratory equipment at differenttemperatures during the oxidation of a tetralin- and fluorene-dopeddiesel. The concentration of naphtho-aromatics molecules was fol-lowed as a function of time on stream, and the catalyst propertiesanalysed at the beginning and end of run. A computational programwas developed to simulate the operation of a continuous recirculationslurry-hydrocyclon-type reactor. The program uses a Runge KuttaFelberg numerical method to solve the mass and energy balanceequations for gas, liquid, and solid. For this calculation, it uses a plugflow recycle reactor model for the riser and a plug flow for thedowncomer, in agreement with previous fluid dynamic study. Thedeactivation results indicate a low catalyst deactivation that can bemodelled by using an exponential function of the time on stream. Thesimulation results show that the most important operating variablesaffecting activity and selectivity are the gas/liquid ratio, the solid hold-up, and the initial temperature. The study confirms the effect of bothfluid dynamics and kinetics model parameters in the diesel qualityimprovement.

09/02024 Improvement of bitumen performance with epoxyresinCubuk, M. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1324–1328.This paper studies the modification of petroleum bitumen with epoxyresin. Different amounts of epoxy were doped into bitumen with 50/70penetration grade and variations in viscosity as a function oftemperature and additive concentration were determined. The effectsof the epoxy additive were examined by rheometer, penetration,softening point, DSR (dynamic shear rheometer), DSC (differentialscanning calorimeter), RTFOT (rolling thin film oven test), PAV(pressure aging vessel), BBR (bending beam rheometer) and surfacetension tests. Adhesion and stability of bitumen aggregate mixturesprepared using original and modified bitumen were compared usingNicholson stripping and Marshall tests. The optimum dosage of theadditive yielding the best rheological and performance properties wasfound to be 2% (w/w). Appreciable decrease in the formation ofrutting, bleeding, stripping and cracking of modified bitumen may beobtained through epoxy addition.

09/02025 Liquid phase desulfurization of jet fuel by acombined pervaporation and adsorption processWang, Y. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90, (3), 458–464.Since the conventional hydrodesulfurization process employed in therefinery industry is not suitable for mobile fuel cell applications (e.g.auxiliary power units, APUs), the present study aims at developing analternative process and determining its technical feasibility. A largenumber of processes were assessed with respect to their application infuel cell APUs. The results revealed that a two-step process combiningpervapouration and adsorption is a suitable process for the on-boarddesulfurization of jet fuel. Therefore, a pervaporation process withsubsequent adsorption was selected for detailed investigation. Sixdifferent membrane materials and 10 sorbent materials were screenedto choose the most suitable candidates. Further laboratory experimentswere conducted to optimize the operating conditions and to collectdata for a pilot plant design. Different jet fuel qualities with up to1675 ppmw of sulfur can be desulfurized to a level of 10 ppmw. The aimof developing a suitable process for the desulfurization of jet fuel infuel cell APUs was thus achieved.

09/02026 Multiphase poroelastic modeling in semi-spacefor deformable reservoirsYin, S. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2009, 64,(1–4), 45–54.Field observations suggest that while pressure depletion is a localprocess that occurs dominantly in reservoirs being exploited, it triggersa redistribution of effective stress in a more extensive domain thatinvolves not just the adjacent strata, but the entire overburden andsurrounding rocks out to considerable distances. In an infinite or semi-infinite domain, a petroleum reservoir can be simulated as adisplacement discontinuity, permitting use of an efficient displacementdiscontinuity boundary element method to calculate surrounding stressand displacement changes. A 3D poroelastic finite element method isused to account for the local reservoir model. By coupling thedisplacement discontinuity and finite element models, a 3D poroelasticreservoir in an infinite or semi-infinite domain is simulated. Thenumerical model has been verified and numerical examples are given.Results show that the relative deformation properties of surroundingstrata have significant effects on pressure drawdown and reservoirdeformation during production, and thus should be taken into account.

09/02027 Prediction of asphaltene precipitation usingnon-isothermal compositional network modelThanyamanta, W. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009, 64, (1–4), 11–19.

In this paper a comprehensive flow model which incorporatescompositional and non-isothermal effects is proposed to investigateasphaltene precipitation onset conditions in advanced well com-pletions. The focus is on precipitation induced by pressure andtemperature conditions, particularly in flow restrictions used in wellsto delay unwanted break through of water/gas. A network model isused with a non-isothermal black oil fluid model to predict thedistribution of pressure, temperature, flow rate and phase fractions inall components of the well completion. The network geometry consistsof a production tubing (or liner) and an annulus between the reservoirand the tubing. This geometry will allow for flow between the annulusand the tubing through inflow control devices which are commonlyused for zonal control. An asphaltene precipitation envelope is used toidentify locations in the well completion at risk. Subsequently, a fullycompositional and non-isothermal model is invoked at these locations.This detailed model uses a finite difference representation ofconservation of mass, energy and momentum. Furthermore, it usesan isenthalpic pseudo-three-phase equilibrium model to predict ifasphaltene precipitation actually will occur inside the restriction. Acase study is presented in which the proposed model was successfullyused to predict physical flow parameters and asphaltene onsetconditions. It was found that asphaltene precipitation may occur inflow restriction due to large pressure drop. Furthermore, it was foundthat the use of isothermal modelling to predict asphaltene precipitationmay lead to underestimation of the precipitation. It is concluded thatthe details of the well completion must be represented in the flowmodel since pressure and temperature may vary non-monotonicallyfrom toe to heel in advanced well completions.

09/02028 The effect of N-containing compounds onoxidative desulphurization of liquid fuelJia, Y. et al. Catalysis Today, 2009, 140, (3–4), 192–196.The oxidative removal of organic sulfur compounds from model fuelwith H2O2 over Ti-containing molecular sieves in the presence of N-containing compounds had been studied. The effect of the types andamounts of nitrides on oxidative desulfurization were investigated. Ithas been shown that pyridine and pyrrole have adverse impact on theoxidation of thiophene and lead to the decrease of correspondingremoval rate. The pyridine has stronger influence than pyrrole.Quinoline and indole have no impact on the final removal rate ofthiophene. However, the two kinds of nitrides, as well as carbazole,have obvious impact on the oxidation removal of benzothiophene and4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene. The effect of nitrides on oxidativedesulfurization can be attributed to the strong adsorption of nitridesand their oxidized products on the active sites of catalysts. For pyridineand quinoline, which are basic nitrides, their adsorptions on catalystsare even stronger than that of sulfides.

09/02029 Understanding carbonaceous deposit formationresulting from engine oil degradationDiaby, M. et al. Carbon, 2009, 47, (2), 355–366.The formation processes of carbonaceous deposits in the first pistonring grooves of direct injection diesel engines have been studied.Deposits generated during engine tests were analysed by SEM/EDX,thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry, and FT-IR spectroscopy. These analyses showed that thedeposits, with a structure of cracked varnishes, mainly resulted fromthe degradation of lubricants. Their state strongly depends on theseverity of the tests, which resulted in the formation of two kinds ofdeposits, termed as ‘oily’ and ‘dry’, according to their content ofvolatile organic matters. Then, to better understand the depositformation process, a thermo-oxidative degradation of the lubricatingoil was carried out in a tubular furnace, while varying temperature,duration of the test, and adding metallic elements to simulate theengine wear. The consumption of antioxidant additives and thelubricant carbonization were highlighted. Temperature level wasidentified as the most influential parameter during the lubricantdegradation process. The presence of metallic elements appeared toact as a catalyst by speeding up the degradation when the tests durationwas increased.


09/02030 Allochthonous blocks misidentified as thebasement: implication for petroleum exploration in the SWThrace Basin (Turkey)Sen, S. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2009, 64,(1–4), 55–66.The sedimentary sequence of the SW Thrace Basin (NW Turkey)comprises of three major sedimentary packages: (a) Cretaceous(Meastrichtien) – Early Eocene package formed as pelagic carbonate,


02 Liquid fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)

turbidite, shelf and nearshore-fluvial deposits, (b) Middle Eocene–Early Oligocene package formed as shallow marine, slope apron andturbidite sediments, (c) Middle Miocene–Early Pliocene packageformed as alluvial fan-fluvial and nearshore deposits. This basin isstructurally complex and its southern margin is represented by a fold-thrust zone. The Westward Propagation of the North Anatolian Fault(WPNAF) intersects the Thrace Basin along its southwestern flank. Inthe SW Thrace Basin, there are ophiolite and limestone blocks in thesedimentary succession, which previously were interpreted as suture ofthe Intra-Pontide Ocean, Cretaceous aged Yenikoy Melange orOlistostromal Unit in the Eocene sediments. In this study these rockshave been defined as allochthonous blocks facies of the GazikoyFormation aged Middle–Late Eocene. In previous studies the KaraagacFormation (Early Eocene) was considered to be within oil window andhave an average potential for oil and gas generation. According to thedata the Karaagac Formation has a moderate TOC content, is matureand overmature. In the study area, there are potential stratigraphictraps (submarine fans and channels of the Karaagac and KesanFormations, fluvial channels of the Ficitepe Formation and reefs of theSogucak Formation), potential fractured tuffs (the Gazikoy Formation)and, potential structural traps related to the folds, thrusts and theWPNAF. Although 17 exploration wells have been drilled in the studyarea and vicinity, no discovery has yet been made. The cause of thismay be that the wells were terminated at depths shallower thanpotential targets or possibly drilling may have been terminated at theallochthonous block facies of the Gazikoy Formation, which isespecially derived from ophiolite melange and was misidentified asbasement.

09/02031 Can Brazil replace 5% of the 2025 gasoline worlddemand with ethanol?de Cerqueira Leite, R. C. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 655–661.Increasing use of petroleum, coupled with concern for global warming,demands the development and institution of CO2 reducing, non-fossilfuel-based alternative energy-generating strategies. Ethanol is apotential alternative, particularly when produced in a sustainable wayas is envisioned for sugarcane in Brazil. The authors consider theexpansion of sugarcane-derived ethanol to displace 5% of projectedgasoline use worldwide in 2025. With existing technology, 21 millionhectares of land will be required to produce the necessary ethanol. Thisis less than 7% of current Brazilian agricultural land and equivalent tocurrent soybean land use. New production lands come from pasturemade available through improving pasture management in the cattleindustry. With the continued introduction of new cane varieties(annual yield increases of about 1.6%) and new ethanol productiontechnologies, namely the hydrolysis of bagasse to sugars for ethanolproduction and sugarcane trash collection providing renewable processenergy production, this could reduce these modest land requirementsby 29–38%.

09/02032 Fischer–Tropsch diesel production in a well-to-wheel perspective: a carbon, energy flow and cost analysisvan Vliet, O. P. R. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(4), 855–876.The authors calculated carbon and energy balances and costs of 14different Fischer–Tropsch (FT) fuel production plants in 17 completewell-to-wheel (WTW) chains. The FT plants can use natural gas, coal,biomass or mixtures as feedstock. Technical data, and technologicaland economic assumptions for developments for 2020 were derivedfrom the literature, recalculating to 2005 euros for (capital) costs. Thebest-guess WTW estimates indicate biomass-to-liquids (BTL) pro-duction costs break even when oil prices rise above $75/bbl, CTL above$60/bbl and GTL at $36/bbl. CTL, and GTL without carbon captureand storage (CCS), will emit more CO2 than diesel from conventionaloil. Driving on fuel from GTL with CCS may reduce GHG emissions toaround 123 g CO2/km. Driving on BTL may cause emissions of 32–63 g CO2/km and these can be made negative by application of CCS. Itis possible to have net climate neutral driving by combining fuelsproduced from fossil resources with around 50% BTL with CCS, ifbiomass gasification and CCS can be made to work on an industrialscale and the feedstock is obtained in a climate-neutral manner.However, the uncertainties in these numbers are in the order of tens ofpercents, due to uncertainty in the data for component costs, variabilityin prices of feedstocks and by-products, and the GHG impact ofproducing biomass.

09/02033 How does petroleum price and corn yieldvolatility affect ethanol markets with and without an ethanoluse mandate?Thompson, W. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (2), 745–749.The recent increase in ethanol use in the USA strengthens and changesthe nature of links between agricultural and energy markets. Here, theinteraction of market volatility and the scope for policy to affect thisinteraction are explored, with a focus on how corn yields andpetroleum prices affect ethanol prices. Mandates associated with new

US energy legislation may intervene in these links in the medium-termfuture. A structural model that represents these markets is simulatedstochastically, and that includes mandates, in order to assess howshocks to corn or oil markets can affect ethanol price and use. It isestimated that the mandate makes ethanol producer prices moresensitive to corn yields and less sensitive to changes in petroleum pricesoverall. A discontinuity in these links is noted that is caused by themandate. Ethanol use can exceed the mandate if petroleum prices andcorn yields are high enough, but the mandate limits downsideadjustments in ethanol use to low petroleum prices or corn yields.

09/02034 Jump dynamics and volatility: oil and the stockmarketsChiou, J.-S. and Lee, Y.-H. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 788–796.This study distinguishes itself from prior studies within the oil andfinancial literature by not only examining the asymmetric effects of oilprices on stock returns, but also exploring the importance of structurechanges in this dependency relationship. Daily data were retrieved onS&P 500 and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil transactions coveringthe period from 1 January 1992 to 7 November 2006, and thentransformed into daily returns. In this study, consideration of expected,unexpected and negative unexpected oil price fluctuations wasincorporated into the model of stock returns; the authors also focusedon the ways in which oil price volatility, as opposed to generalmacroeconomic variables, can influence the stock market. The authorswent on to implement the ARJI (Autoregressive Conditional JumpIntensity) model with structure changes, from which it was concludedthat high fluctuations in oil prices have asymmetric unexpected impactson S&P 500 returns.

09/02035 Mission improbable: does petroleum-related aidaddress the resource curse?Kolstad, I. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 954–965.Petroleum-related aid programmes and projects are a key part of donoractivities in oil-rich developing countries. This paper critically assessespetroleum-related aid activities, using the Norwegian Oil for Develop-ment programme as a main case. Recent research suggests thatinstitutions, or governance, are essential in averting a resource curse.While governance issues are beginning to receive more attention inthese types of programmes, they still form a minor part of programmeactivities. The narrow sector focus that characterizes petroleum-relatedaid makes it unlikely that it will produce the higher order institutionalchanges needed to lift the resource curse. Petroleum-related aidactivities address the issue of corruption only to a limited extent. Giventhe commercial and political interests of donor countries, questionsabout the integrity and credibility of these types of programmes can beraised.

09/02036 Policies to improve the local impact fromhydrocarbon extraction: observations on West Africa andpossible lessons for Central AsiaKlueh, U. H. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1128–1144.The paper offers specific inputs to the debate on local contentpromotion in the oil industries of West Africa and Central Asia. To thisend, the authors document the international experience with localcontent promotion to derive best practices in the field. They then use acase study approach to devise a simple analytical framework forrationalizing the selection of viable sectors for local content promotion,in an attempt to make operational one of the best practice principles(efficiency) developed before. By proposing specific rules regarding theacceptability of a project, the analysis seeks to add rigor and addressdistortions on localization outcomes from rent-seeking. The emphasisis not on supporting efforts to ‘pick winners’ and subsidize themthrough a range of by and large discredited instruments. Rather, thepaper focuses on the specific public inputs the government would haveto provide to support an otherwise market-driven process.

09/02037 Potential contribution of ethanol fuel to thetransport sector of PakistanHarijan, K. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 291–295.Pakistan is an energy-deficient country. The indigenous reserves of oiland gas are limited and the country is heavily dependent on the importof oil. The oil import bill is a serious strain on the country’s economyand has been deteriorating the balance of payments situation. Thecountry has become increasingly more dependent on fossil fuels and itsenergy security hangs on the fragile supply of imported oil that issubject to disruptions and price volatility. The transport sector has a28% share in the total commercial energy consumption in Pakistan.About 1.15 million tonnes of gasoline was consumed by this sectorduring 2005–2006. The gasoline consumption in the transport sector isalso a major source of environmental degradation especially in urbanareas. Consequently, Pakistan needs to develop indigenous, environ-ment-friendly energy resources, such as ethanol, to meet its transportsector’s energy needs. Pakistan produces about 54 million tonnes of


02 Liquid fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)

sugarcane every year. The estimated production potential of ethanolfrom molasses is about 500 million litres per annum. Ethanol can beused in the transport sector after blending with gasoline, in order tominimize the gasoline consumption and associated economical andenvironmental impacts. This paper presents the assessment of thepotential contribution of ethanol in the transport sector of Pakistan. Itis concluded that 5–10% of the annual gasoline consumption intransport sector could be met from ethanol by the year 2030 underdifferent scenarios. About US$200–400 million per annum could besaved along with other environmental and health benefits by usinggasol in the transport sector.

09/02038 Recent oil price shock and Tunisian economyJbir, R. and Zouari-Ghorbel, S. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1041–1051.The objective of this paper is to study the oil prices–macroeconomyrelationship by the analysis of the role of subsidy policy. The vectorautoregression (VAR) method was employed to analyse the data overthe period 1993 Q1 2007 Q3. The results of the model using both linearand non-linear specifications indicate that there is no direct impact ofoil price shock on the economic activity. The shock of oil prices affectseconomic activity indirectly. The most significant channel by which theeffects of the shock are transmitted is the government’s spending.

Derived liquid fuels

09/02039 Bio-methanol: how energy choices in the westernUnited States can help mitigate global climate changeVogt, K. A. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 233–241.Converting available biomass from municipal, agricultural and forestwastes to bio-methanol can result in significant environmental andeconomic benefits. Keeping these benefits in mind, one plausiblescenario discussed here is the potential to produce energy using bio-methanol in five states of the western United States. In this scenario,the bio-methanol produced is from different biomass sources and usedas a substitute for fossil fuels in energy production. In the US West,forest materials are the dominant biomass waste source in Idaho,Montana, Oregon and Washington, while in California, the greatestamount of available biomass is from municipal wastes. Using a 100%rate of substitution, bio-methanol produced from these sources canreplace an amount equivalent to most or all of the gasoline consumedby motor vehicles in each state. In contrast, when bio-methanolpowered fuel cells are used to produce electricity, it is possible togenerate 12–25% of the total electricity consumed annually in thesefive states. As a gasoline substitute, bio-methanol can optimally reducevehicle C emissions by 2–29 Tg of C (23–81% of the total emitted byeach state). Alternatively, if bio-methanol supported fuel cells are usedto generate electricity, from 2 to 32 Tg of C emissions can be avoided.The emissions avoided, in this case, could equate to 25–32% of thetotal emissions produced by these particular western states when fossilfuels are used to generate electricity. The actual C emissions avoidedwill be lower than the estimates here because C emissions from themethanol production processes are not included; however, suchemissions are expected to be relatively low. In general, there is lesscarbon emitted when bio-methanol is used to generate electricity withfuel cells than when it is used as a motor vehicle fuel. In the state ofWashington, thinning ‘high-fire-risk’ small stems, namely 5.1–22.9 cmdiameter trees, from wildfire-prone forests and using them to producemethanol for electricity generation with fuel cells would avoid Cemissions of 3.7–7.3 Mg C/ha. Alternatively, when wood-methanolproduced from the high-fire-risk wood is used as a gasoline substitute,3.3–6.6 Mg C/ha of carbon emissions are avoided. If these same ‘high-fire-risk’ woody stems were burned during a wildfire 7.9 Mg C/ha wouldbe emitted in the state of Washington alone. Although detailedeconomic analyses of producing methanol from biomass are in itsinfancy, converting biomass into methanol and substituting it for fossil-fuel-based energy production appears a viable option in locations thathave high biomass availability.

09/02040 Catalysis of SO42�/ZrO2 solid acid for the

liquefaction of coalWang, Z. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 885–889.In order to study the catalysis of SO4

2�/ZrO2 solid acid for theliquefaction of coal, a series of SO4

2�/ZrO2 solid acids weresynthesized by the method of precipitation–impregnation. The catalyticbehaviours of the SO4

2�/ZrO2 solid acids for the hydro-liquefaction ofShenhua coal and model compounds, such as diphenylmethane,bibenzyl and phenyl ethyl ether, were investigated. In addition, non-catalytic liquefaction and the catalytic liquefaction under N2 werefurther compared with the catalytic liquefaction under H2 in order tounderstand the catalytic mechanism of SO4

2�/ZrO2 solid acid. The

results indicate that hydro-liquefaction conversions of coal and modelcompounds are related to the strength, amount and nature of acid siteson the surface of SO4

2�/ZrO2, and the strong acid site responds to theircatalytic activities. The SO4

2�/ZrO2 solid acid catalyses mainly thehydro-cracking, ring-opening and hydrogenation reactions of coal toproduce oil and gas during the coal liquefaction. The hydro-crackingreactions in the liquefaction of model compounds and coal catalysed bySO4

2�/ZrO2 involved via carbenium ion intermediate instead oftraditional radicals intermediate.

09/02041 Chemical composition and physical properties ofblack liquors and their effects on liquor recovery operationin Brazilian pulp millsCardoso, M. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (4), 756–763.Black liquor is the major by-product and fuel of pulp mills. In thiswork, effects of black liquor properties on its recovery unit operationare analysed. Thus, an experimental methodology for characterizingthe principal chemical and physical properties of eucalyptus Kraft andbamboo soda black liquors has been developed, including samplecollections from six Brazilian mills. Based on results, eucalyptus andbamboo black liquors present higher contents of non-processingelements (NPEs), higher concentration and different molar mass oflignin than those reported by the pine Kraft black liquor. This leads todistinct rheological properties of these liquors. By comparing resultsobtained for the both liquors, the bamboo and the eucalyptus, theformer has the lowest sulfur level, the highest silicon and ligninconcentration and, consequently, the highest apparent viscosity.

09/02042 Comparison criteria for large-scale hydrogenliquefaction processesBerstad, D. O. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009,34, (3), 1560–1568.In a hydrogen liquefier the pre-compression of feed gas has generallyhigher stand-alone exergy efficiency than the cooling and liquefactionsub-process. Direct comparison of liquefiers based on overall exergyefficiency and specific power consumption will favour those with ahigher portion of pre-compression. A methodology for comparinghydrogen liquefaction processes that compensates for non-uniformityin feed specifications has been developed and applied to three differenthydrogen liquefiers. The processes in consideration have beenmodified to have equal hydrogen feed pressure, resulting in a moreconsistent comparison. Decreased feed pressure results in generallyhigher power consumption but also higher exergy efficiency, and viceversa. This approach can be adapted to the boundary conditions thatthe liquefaction process will be subject to in a real energy system.

09/02043 Conversion of Calotropis procera biocrude toliquid fuels using thermal and catalytic crackingPadmaja, K. V. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 780–785.With the fast depletion of petroleum reserves, renewable resources likebiomass are acquiring great significance. Calotropis procera, alaticiferous arid plant is identified as a potential petrocrop. The driedbiomass of C. procera was subjected to non-polar (n-heptane) solventextraction. Biocrude so obtained is a rich source of tri terpenoid type ofhydrocarbons. The biocrude was upgraded to useful liquid fuels usingdifferent conversion processes such as thermal and catalytic cracking(fluid catalytic cracking, FCC). The temperature, pressure and reactiontime maintained during thermal conversions were 430 and 460 �C; 1.2and 0.2MPa; and 15 and 30min, respectively. Catalytic cracking wascarried out in continuous mode micro reactor varying the catalyst tofeed ratio (3–7.03) and temperature (460–520 �C) aiming at maximiza-tion of lighter fractions (up to diesel range). High conversions (up to92%) were obtained using FCC as compared to thermal process(57.7%). The HPLC analysis of the liquid fuels indicated that thermalcracking yielded a better quality fuel compared to FCC. The fuelobtained by FCC was found to contain large proportions of aromaticsand poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).

09/02044 Effect of CO2/N2 addition to supercriticalmethanol on reactivities and fuel qualities in biodieselproductionImahara, H. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1329–1332.Addition of the third component to supercritical methanol has beenstudied in the literature for biodiesel production in order to reducereaction temperature without deteriorating the reaction rate. However,effect of pressure had often been neglected in the discussion. In thispaper, therefore, effect of pressure was examined with hexane, carbondioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) as one of the third components, usingbatch-type and flow-type reactors. As a result, it was found that anaddition of the third component did not contribute to better productyield at constant reaction pressure. Furthermore, the reaction rate wasfound to be determined by pressure and concentration of the reactantsinvolved in transesterification, not by the function of so-called co-


02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)

solvent. Additionally, N2 addition was found to contribute toimprovement in oxidation stability and reduction of the total glycerolcontent, thus offering high-quality biodiesel production.

09/02045 Intensified Fischer–Tropsch synthesis processwith microchannel catalytic reactorsCao, C. et al. Catalysis Today, 2009, 140, (3–4), 149–156.A microchannel catalytic reactor with improved heat and masstransport has been used for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. It wasdemonstrated that this microchannel reactor based process can becarried out at gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) as high as 60,000 h�1

to achieve greater than 60% of single-pass CO conversion whilemaintaining relatively low methane selectivity (<10%) and high chaingrowth probability (>0.9). In this study, performance data wereobtained over a wide range of pressure (10–35 atm) and hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio (1–2.5). The catalytic materials were charac-terized using BET, scanning electron microcopy (SEM), transmissionelectron microcopy (TEM), and H2 chemisorption. A three-dimen-sional pseudo-homogeneous model was used to simulate temperatureprofiles in the exothermic reaction system in order to optimize thereactor design. Intraparticle non-isothermal characteristics are alsoanalysed for the FT synthesis catalyst.

09/02046 Kinetics of hydrocarbon extraction from oil shaleusing biosurfactant producing bacteriaHaddadin, M. S. Y. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009,50, (4), 983–990.This study was done to extract hydrocarbon compounds from El-Lajjunoil shale using biosurfactant produced from two strains Rhodococcuserythropolis and Rhodococcus ruber. The results have shown that,optimal biosurfactant production was found using naphthalene anddiesel as a carbon source for R. erthropolis and R. ruber, respectively.Optimum nitrogen concentration was 9 g/l and 7 g/l for R. erthropolisand R. ruber, respectively. Optimum K2HPO4 to KH2PO4 ratio,temperature, pH, and agitation speeds were 2:1, 37 �C, 7 and200 rpm. Under optimal conditions R. erthropolis and R. ruber pro-duced 5.67 and 6.9 g/l biosurfactant, respectively. Maximum recoveryof oil achieved with hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment was 25% and26% at biosurfactant concentration of 8 g/l and 4 g/l for R. erthropolisand R. ruber, respectively. The extent desorption of hydrocarbons fromthe pre-treated oil shale by biosurfactant were inversely related to theconcentration of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, asphaltenescompounds. Pre-treatment of oil shale with hydrogen peroxideproduced better improvement in aromatic compounds extraction incomparison with improvement which resulted from demineralization ofthe oil shale.

03 GASEOUS FUELS

Sources, properties, recovery, treatment

09/02047 Effects of high-pressure homogenization onphysicochemical properties and storage stability ofswitchgrass bio-oilHe, R. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90, (3), 415–421.A high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique was used toimprove the physicochemical properties and storage stability ofswitchgrass bio-oil. The viscosity, ethanol-insoluble fraction, and massaverage molecular weight (Mw) of the bio-oil decreased significantly,and particle size became smaller after HPH processing; however, nosignificant changes were detected in heating value, water content,density, pH value, or ash content. The bio-oil’s chemical compositionchanged after HPH: amounts of some compounds (furfural, levoglu-cosan, diethoxymethyl acetate, and lignin-derived compounds) in-creased, while others (acetic acid and 1,2-ethanediol) decreased. Thehomogenization processing remarkably improved switchgrass bio-oilstability: the viscosity of bio-oil homogenized at 100MPa increased byonly 13.9% after storage at 40 �C for 60 days, whereas that ofunhomogenized oil increased 56% after the same storage period. Theoperating cost was very modest at only $0.0102/L for bio-oil HPHprocessing at 100MPa.

09/02048 Integrated energy, environmental and financialanalysis of ethanol production from cellulosic switchgrassFelix, E. and Tilley, D. R. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 410–436.

Ethanol production from cellulosic sources such as switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.) requires the use of natural resources, fossilfuels, electricity, and human-derived goods and services. The authorsused emergy accounting to integrate the ultimate amount of environ-mental, fossil fuel, and human-derived energy required to produceethanol from switchgrass. Emergy is the total amount of energy of oneform required directly and indirectly to make another form of energy.Forty-four per cent of required emergy came from the environmenteither directly or embodied in purchased goods, 30% came from fossilfuels either directly or embodied in purchased goods, and 25% camefrom human-derived services indirectly. Ethanol production perpetroleum use (emergy/emergy) was 4.0-to-1 under the BaselineScenario, but dropped to 0.5-to-1 under a scenario that assumedhigher input prices, lower conversion efficiencies and less wasterecycling. At least 75% of total emergy was from non-renewablesources. Energy ‘hidden’ in indirect paths such as goods and serviceswas 65% of the total. Cellulosic-ethanol is not a primary fuel sourcethat substitutes for petroleum because its production relies heavily onnon-renewable energy and purchased inputs. It is a means forconverting natural resources to liquid fuel.

09/02049 Shallow gas and fluid migration in the northernArafura Sea (offshore Northern Australia)Rollet, N. et al. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009, 26, (1), 129–147.A variety of shallow gas indicators and fluid migration pathways havebeen interpreted from new sub-bottom profiler, multibeam bathymetry,side-scan sonar, and echo-sounder data together with geochemicalanalyses of sampled sediments from the northern Arafura Sea, offshoreNorthern Australia. This study provides new geological data and aseismic stratigraphy of the youngest units in the Money Shoal Basin, inan area that has not been closely studied in over 30 years. The shallowgas indicators include pockmarks, low frequency enhanced reflectorsand acoustic blanking. These indicators are supported by gas withinshallow cores. Geochemistry indicates that this gas has a microbialorigin but deeper fluid movement is also suggested by the presence ofinterpreted hydrocarbon slicks based on synthetic aperture radar data.A region of likely hydrocarbon seepage is indicated by the clearcoincidence of shallow gas indicators with an area of increased faultingand a zone of poor quality seismic data (recognized on conventionalseismic data), together with anomalies (interpreted on remote-sensingdata) aligned with mapped deep structures.

09/02050 Simplified approach for predicting gas wellperformanceAl-Attar, H. and Al-Zuhair, S. Journal of Petroleum Science andEngineering, 2009, 65, (1–2), 51–61.This paper presents the development and application of a simple, yetreasonably accurate, method for predicting gas well performance. Theproposed approach is based on predicting average reservoir pressure atdifferent time intervals from stabilized surface production-history datausing an iterative mode of calculations. The calculated (�Pr/z) values arethen plotted versus cumulative gas production (Gp) and the straight linewhich best fits the data points can then be reasonably projected intoany future stage of depletion to predict the remaining reserves. Thepresent technique is suitable whenever the loss of cash flow due to shut-in production and/or the use of special sensing down-hole equipmentbecome prohibitive, particularly when H2S and CO2 are present in theproduced gas mixture. Dry gas wells, wet gas wells, and condensate gaswells can be treated with the proposed technique. All calculations areperformed with Excel spread sheet solver and flow diagrams of thesecalculations are included in this paper.

Transport, storage

09/02051 Predicting corrosion remaining life ofunderground pipelines with a mechanically-basedprobabilistic modelLi, S.-X. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2009, 65,(3–4), 162–166.A methodology is presented for predicting corrosion remaining life ofunderground pipelines with a mechanically-based probabilistic modelby taking effect of randomness into account in pipeline corrosion.Monte Carlo simulation technique is employed to calculate theremaining life and its cumulative distribution function (CDF). Thesensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most importantparameters that affect pipeline failure. The results show that thecorrosion defect depth and radial corrosion rate are the key factorsinfluencing pipeline failure probability and remaining life. The pipelineremaining life can be prolonged greatly by reducing mean value of


03 Gaseous fuels (transport, storage)

corrosion defect depth and radial corrosion rate. CDF is moreappropriate to characterize the pipeline failure probability comparedto probability density function (PDF) and reliability index.

09/02052 Predictive model of onset of pipe failure due to adetonation of hydrogen–air and hydrocarbon–air mixturesKim, D. and Yoh, J. J. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009,34, (3), 1613–1619.A fuel specific detonation wave in a pipe propagates with a predictablewave velocity. This internal detonation wave speed determines the levelof flexural wave excitation of pipes and the possibility of resonanceresponse leading to a serious structural damage. The authors study theelastic response of metallic tubes and establish the resonanceconditions of pipe breakage for internally loaded pipe structures. Theanalytical results are compared to the high strain rate calculation of amulti-material blast wave analysis using a hydrocode. Various powerindustries using hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels exposed to suchpotential hazards may benefit from the findings of this paper.


09/02053 A distribution planning model for natural gassupply chain: a case studyHamedi, M. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 799–812.In this paper, a real-world case study of a natural gas supply chain isinvestigated. By using concepts related to natural gas industry and therelations among the components of transmission and distributionnetwork, a six-level supply chain has been introduced and presentedschematically. The defined supply chain is a single-objective, multi-period, and single-product problem that is formulated as a mixedinteger non-linear programming model, which can easily be linearized.The objective of this model is to minimize direct or indirect distributioncosts. There are six groups of constraints including capacity, input andoutput balancing, demand satisfaction, network flow continuity, andrelative constraints to the required binary variables. The solutionalgorithm of the problem is hierarchical; in each step, one section ofthe problem is solved using an exact method; the outputs of this sectionare passed to the next relative section as inputs. Finally, it is shown thatthe problem has been solved in a reasonable time and desirable resultsare attained. The use of proposed model and its solution approachhave been studied in two gas trunk lines, to present the priority of itscost saving.

09/02054 Assessment of potential for natural gas-basedcogeneration in ThailandGvozdenac, D. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 465–475.Using the results of a comprehensive data analysis of final energyconsumption in industry and commercial buildings, the assessment hasbeen made of the potential for gradual implementation of cogenerationplants in these facilities. In doing so, plans for the expansion of thenatural gas pipeline distribution network in Thailand are taken intoconsideration. The sample comprises of 2540 factories and 1651commercial buildings from which it was found that 817 factories and966 commercial buildings were suitable for the implementation ofnatural gas-based cogeneration technologies until 2020. By theimplementation of cogeneration in these facilities, it is possible tosave 3.2% of the total primary energy consumption in Thailand in 2003.

09/02055 Epimerisation of menthol stereoisomers: kineticstudies of the heterogeneously catalysed mentholproductionEtzold, B. et al. Catalysis Today, 2009, 140, (1–2), 30–36.The heterogeneously catalysed epimerization of neomenthol andisomenthol is a key step in the synthesis of menthol in the Symriseprocess (formerly know as Haarmann & Reimer process). A reactionmodel based on the experimentally determined kinetic and thermo-dynamic parameters was derived for industrial relevant conditions of150–210 �C and 0.8–7.5 MPa hydrogen pressure. Results of experimentsand modelling show a good agreement and thus the derived kineticparameters can be used for the optimization of batch slurry processesas well as of continuous fixed bed processes.

09/02056 Modelling of the change in national exchange ratemodel depending on the economic parameters of a naturalgas cogeneration system: Turkey caseInan, A. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 1049–1055.In this paper, to what extent a co-generation system’s fixed and variablecosts and profits are affected from the exchange rate modelimplemented in the country is examined. An autoproductor system,as known, uses a part of its electrical energy production for its own

requirements while selling the remaining energy to the regional energycorporation. As a function of the load factor and the fuel cost, theproduction cost and energy sale income of the system are influencedmuch by the exchange rate model of the country. A cost analysis of anatural gas co-generation (autoproductor) system has been performedfor the numerical application, based on the monetary programsupported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) commenced inJanuary 2000. In order to investigate the effect of the change inexchange rate model (introducing the floating exchange rate model) onthe fuel cost, both the characteristics of the IMF program and somevarious forecasting methods have been utilized.

Derived gaseous fuels

09/02057 Autothermal reforming of methane to synthesisgas: modeling and simulationNezhad, M. Z. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009,34, (3), 1292–1300.Autothermal reforming (ATR), that is the combination of non-catalyticpartial oxidation and adiabatic steam reforming, is an importantprocess to produce synthesis gas (syngas) from natural gas. The mainscope of this work is proposing a mathematical model considering anautothermal reformer consisting of two distinct sections; a combustionsection and a catalytic bed section. In the combustion section,temperature and composition were predicted using 108 simultaneouselementary reactions considering 28 species. The results wereconsidered as initial conditions for the catalytic bed section. A one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was used for kineticsimulation of the second section. Results of the model were comparedby ATR process published data.

09/02058 Evolution of syngas from cardboard gasificationAhmed, I. and Gupta, A. K. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1732–1740.Evolutionary behaviour of syngas characteristics evolved during thegasification of cardboard has been examined using a batch reactor withsteam as a gasifying agent. Evolutionary behaviour of syngas chemicalcomposition, mole fractions of hydrogen, CO and CH4, as well as H2/CO ratio, LHV (kJ/m3), hydrogen flow rate, and percentage ofcombustible fuel in the syngas evolved has been examined at differentsteam to flow rates with fixed mass of waste cardboard. The effect ofsteam to carbon ratio as affect by the steam flow rate on overall syngasproperties has therefore been examined. A new parameter calledcoefficient of energy gain has been introduced that provides infor-mation on the energy gained from the process. This new parameterelaborates the importance of optimizing the sample residence time inthe reactor.

09/02059 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: catalyst activation oflow alpha iron catalystLuo, M. et al. Catalysis Today, 2009, 140, (3–4), 127–134.Activation with three different gases (H2, CO and synthesis gas) overan Fe100/K1.4/Si4.6/Cu2.0 catalyst was conducted to investigate theeffects of pretreatment gas on Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) activityand selectivity. Catalyst slurry was withdrawn from the reactor atincreasing time intervals of FTS for Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis.Activation with CO produced the highest syngas conversion while H2

generated the lowest; syngas activation produced a slightly lowerconversion than CO activation. CO activation transformed the majorityof the iron into �-Fe5C2 and Magnetite with only 12% "-Fe2.2C beingdetected. Unlike the CO activated catalyst, the syngas activated ironcatalyst resulted in a lower amount of �-Fe5C2 than "-Fe2.2C. Theinitial high (64%) content of "-Fe2.2C decreased gradually to below30% while CO conversion decreased from 83% to 55%. During thisperiod, �-Fe5C2 increased from initial 10% to 33%. Magnetite changedlittle during the process while the form of carbides interchanged.Hydrogen activation yielded a low CO conversion of 50% and only 8%�-Fe5C2 and 16% "-Fe2.2C was formed while Magnetite was as high as75% after the FTS reaction rate became constant. Although activationgas type had a significant effect on syngas conversion, hydrogen, syngasand CO activations produced similar H2 to CO usage ratio,hydrocarbon product distribution, olefin fraction, alpha value andCO2 selectivity.

09/02060 Syngas yield during pyrolysis and steamgasification of paperAhmed, I. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1813–1821.Main characteristics of gaseous yield from steam gasification have beeninvestigated experimentally. Results of steam gasification have beencompared to that of pyrolysis. The temperature range investigated were600–1000 �C in steps of 100 �C. Results have been obtained underpyrolysis conditions at same temperatures. For steam gasification runs,


03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)

steam flow rate was kept constant at 8.0 g/min. Investigated character-istics were evolution of syngas flow rate with time, hydrogen flow rateand chemical composition of syngas, energy yield and apparent thermalefficiency. Residuals from both processes were quantified andcompared as well. Material destruction, hydrogen yield and energyyield is better with gasification as compared to pyrolysis. Thisadvantage of the gasification process is attributed mainly to chargasification process. Char gasification is found to be more sensitive tothe reactor temperature than pyrolysis. Pyrolysis can start at lowtemperatures of 400 �C; however char gasification starts at 700 �C. Apartial overlap between gasification and pyrolysis exists and ispresented here. This partial overlap increases with increase intemperature. As an example, at reactor temperature 800 �C thisoverlap represents around 27% of the char gasification process andalmost 95% at reactor temperature 1000 �C.

09/02061 Upgrading of syngas derived from biomassgasification: a thermodynamic analysisHaryanto, A. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 882–889.Hydrogen yields in the syngas produced from non-catalytic biomassgasification are generally low. The hydrogen fraction, however, can beincreased by converting CO, CH4, higher hydrocarbons, and tar in asecondary reactor downstream. This paper discusses thermodynamiclimits of the synthesis gas upgrading process. The method used in thisprocess is minimization of Gibbs free energy function. The analysis isperformed for temperature ranges from 400 to 1300 K, pressure of 1–10 atm (0.1–1 MPa), and different carbon to steam ratios. The studyconcludes that to get optimum H2 yields, with negligible CH4 and cokeformation, upgrading syngas is best practiced at a temperature range of900–1100 K. At these temperatures, H2 could be possibly increased by43–124% of its generally observed values at the gasifier exit. Theanalysis revealed that increasing steam resulted in a positive effect. Thestudy also concluded that increasing pressure from 1 to 3 atm can beapplied at a temperature >1000 K to further increase H2 yields.

Hydrogen generation and storage

09/02062 Current status and progress of direct borohydridefuel cell technology developmentLiu, B. H. and Li, Z. P. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 187, (2), 291–297.In this review article, recent advances in the development of the directborohydride fuel cell (DBFC) technology are reviewed. Based on thereported results, it is concluded that the BH4

� electro-oxidation isdetermined by the catalyst used and BH4

� concentration at thecatalytic sites. Hydrogen evolution during the DBFC operation can besuppressed by: (1) using a composite catalyst or a hydrogen storagealloy as the anode catalyst via a quasi 8-electron reaction; (2) usingmetals with high hydrogen over-potential, such as Au and Ag as theanode catalyst via an intrinsic 8-electron reaction; and/or (3) modifyingand optimizing fuel composition. The single cell and stack performanceof DBFC is mainly influenced by the hydrogen evolution, the BH4

�

cross-over, and the BH4� tolerance of cathode catalyst. The develop-

ment of non-platinum cathode catalysts and stacking technology is onthe way. The reported results are encouraging but some problems stillremain to be further investigated and solved.

09/02063 Effects of CeO2 additive on redox characteristicsof Fe-based mixed oxide mediums for storage andproduction of hydrogenLee, D. H. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1417–1422.Effects of CeO2 additive to Fe-based mixed oxide mediums with Rhand ZrO2 for chemical hydrogen storage were investigated in terms ofstability and reactivity of the mediums in water splitting oxidation withrepeated redox cycles. The mediums with CeO2 content ranging from 0to 30 wt% were prepared by co-precipitation method using ureasolution as a precipitant. The hydrogen storage and release propertieswere investigated during repeated isothermal redox cycles at 823 K forreduction with hydrogen and 623 K for oxidation with water vapourunder atmospheric pressure. The amount of hydrogen produced by themediums, both with and without CeO2, was maintained at an almostconstant level over 10 repeated redox cycles. However, the oxidationrates of the mediums without CeO2 were decreased during repeatedredox cycles while that increased with increasing CeO2 contents.Especially, the mediums added with 30 wt% of CeO2 (FRZC-30)showed high activity and stability for 10 redox cycles, the degree ofhydrogen storage was almost maintained ca. 1.9 wt% on the basis oftotal amount of the medium.

09/02064 Electrochemical hydrogen storage properties ofball-milled multi-wall carbon nanotubesWang, Y. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (3),1437–1443.The structure changes of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)processed by mechanical ball milling and the influence on theirelectrochemical hydrogen storage capacities were studied. TEMmicrographs show that MWNTs are shortened and open-ended afterball milling. The effects of different MWNT type and ball milling timeon the discharging capacity were investigated. Among all the samplesexamined, the sample of short MWNTs with diameter of 5 nm and ballmilling time of 12 h has the largest discharge capacity (741.1 mAh/g).According to the analysis of Raman spectra and nitrogen adsorptionexperiments, it can be inferred that the micropore volume, specificsurface area and appropriate defects are crucial to the storage capacity.In the cyclic voltammograms, the hydrogen desorption peak appearsprior to hydrogen oxidation peak, which is attributed to the slowreaction of hydrogen oxidation at MWNTs. The results also suggest thepossible existence of the strong chemisorption of hydrogen.

09/02065 Hydrogen rich fuel gas production by gasificationof wet biomass using a CO2 sorbentHu, G. and Huang, H. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 899–906.Hydrogen rich fuel gas production by gasification of wet biomassaccompanied by CO2 absorption is proposed. The paper addressed thistopic, and experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of themoisture content (M), the molar ratio of Ca(OH)2 to carbon in thebiomass ([Ca]/[C]) and the reactor temperature (T) on hydrogenproduction and CO2 absorption by CaO. Measurement of the calciumcompounds in solid residues was carried out with XRD and SEM. Theresults show that directly gasifying of wet biomass not only favourshydrogen production but also promotes CO2 absorption by CaO. Forthe experiment with wet biomass (M=0.90), the H2 yield is increasedby 51.5% while the CO2 content is decreased by 28.4% than that forexperiments with dry biomass (M=0.09). CaO plays the dual role ofcatalyst and sorbent. It is noteworthy that CaO reveals a stronger effecton the water gas shift reaction than on the steam reforming of methane.The increase of the reactor temperature contributes to produce moreH2, but goes against CO2 absorption by CaO. XRD spectrum and SEMimage of the solid residues further confirmed that high temperature isunfavourable to CO2 absorption by CaO. For the new method, theoptimal operating temperature is in the 923–973K range.

09/02066 Industrial emergy evaluation for hydrogenproduction systems from biomass and natural gasFeng, X. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1767–1773.Fossil fuel resources are the main source for hydrogen production, andhydrogen production by renewable energy, such as biomass, is underdevelopment. To compare the performance in natural resourceutilization for different hydrogen production systems, in this paper,two laboratorial hydrogen production systems from biomass and oneindustrial hydrogen production system from natural gas are analysed byusing industrial emergy evaluation indices. One of the laboratorialsystems is a continuous supercritical water gasification system fromglucose, and the other is a batch supercritical water gasification systemfrom sawdust. The industrial system adopts American Brown technol-ogy. The evaluation results show that although the industrial emergyefficiency (IEE) of the industrial system from natural gas is higher thanthat of the laboratorial systems from biomass, the industrial emergyindex of sustainability (IEIS) of the two laboratorial systems are higherthan that of the industrial system. To make the laboratorial biomasssystem become an industrial system, the system should improve itsyield, and reduce its capital investment.

09/02067 New insights into the mechanism of H2

generation through NaBH4 hydrolysis on Co-basednanocatalysts studied by differential reaction calorimetryGarron, A. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1185–1199.This study is believed to be the first investigation by liquid-phasecalorimetry of the mechanism of hydrogen generation by hydrolysis ofsodium borohydride catalysed by Co2B nanoparticles generated in situ.The differential reaction calorimeter was coupled with a volumetrichydrogen measurement, allowing a simultaneous thermodynamic andkinetic study of the reaction. At the end of the reaction, the catalystwas characterized ex situ by TEM, XRD, magnetism, N2 adsorption,TGA–DTA, and the liquid hydrolysis products were analysed by Wet-STEM and 11B-NMR. The in situ preparation method made it possibleto form nanoparticles (<12 nm) of Co2B which are the active phase forthe hydrolysis reaction. In semi-batch conditions, the Co2B catalystformed in situ is subsequently reduced by each borohydride additionand oxidized at the end of the hydrolysis reaction by OH� in thepresence of metaborate. A coating of the nanoparticles has been


03 Gaseous fuels (hydrogen generation and storage)

observed by calorimetry and physico-chemical characterization, corre-sponding to the formation of a 2–3 nm layer of cobalt oxide orhydroxide species.

09/02068 Photofermentative hydrogen production usingpurple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroidesO.U.001 in an annular photobioreactor: a case studyBasak, N. and Das, D. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (6–7), 911–919.For meeting the increasing demand of energy, biohydrogen productionis to be considered in higher yield. Biohydrogen can be produced bothby dark and photofermentative process. In this study, the photo-fermentative pathway is followed by using dl malic acid (IUPAC name:2-hydroxybutanedioic acid, molecular weight: 134.08744 g mol�1,molecular formula: C4H6O5) as carbon source. Pure strain of purplenon-sulfur (PNS) bacteria: Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain O.U.001 wasstudied to produce biohydrogen using the photobioreactor. Thephotobioreactor was constructed aiming the uniform light distribution.The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of 1 Lannular photobioreactor operating in indoor conditions. The highestrate of hydrogen production was obtained at 92 h. In the designedphotobioreactor, using Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain O.U.001 (initialdl malic acid concentration of 2.01 g L�1) at an initial pH of 6.8� 0.2,temperature 32� 2 �C, inoculum volume 10% (v/v), inoculum age of48 h, 250 rpm (rotation per minute) stirring and light intensity of15� 1.1Wm�2, the average H2 production rate was about 6.5� 0.1 mLH2 h

�1 L�1 media and yield 4.5� 0.05mol of H2 mol�1 of dl malic acid.Luedeking–Piret model was applied for the data fitting to determine therelationship between the cell growth and photofermentative hydrogenproduction. The photofermentative hydrogen production by this PNSbacterium was found to be microbial mixed growth associated function.

09/02069 Preparation of stable CdS nanoparticles inaqueous medium and their hydrogen generation efficienciesin photolysis of waterGirginer, B. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1176–1184.Diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC)-N-vinyl-2-pyrrol-idinone (NVP) copolymers were demonstrated to provide excellentstabilities for in situ generated CdS nanoparticles in aqueous medium.Nearly transparent and stable CdS dispersions (up to 0.1M concen-trations) were produced in 1% copolymer solutions. Experimentsshowed that, increasing DADMAC content induces greater stabiliz-ation. UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-raydiffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) wereused for characterization of the stable nanoparticles. TEM imagesshowed snake-like alignment of nonspherical CdS nanoparticles with50–70 nm of size, due to template effect of the cationically chargedpolymer. The CdS nanoparticles in aqueous medium showed reason-ably high catalytic activities in photolysis of water, as inferred fromhydrogen evolution measurements carried out in the absence andpresence of noble metals, Pd and Pt. The highest hydrogen evolutionrate (5.6mL per gram of CdS in min) was detected in the presence of Ptmetal, while illuminating with mercury lamp (160W).

04 BY-PRODUCTS RELATEDTO FUELS

09/02070 An activated carbon monolith as an electrodematerial for supercapacitorsRuiz, V. et al. Carbon, 2009, 47, (1), 195–200.Activated carbon binderless monoliths with high consistency and largeporosity, synthesized from a mesophase pitch, are studied as electrodesfor supercapacitors. The electrochemical cells prepared provided highcapacitance values in sulfuric acid media (334 F g�1) and very lowelectrical resistivity, which results in a very efficient energy storagedevice (12 Wh kg�1 maximum energy density and 12,000 W kg�1

maximum power density). Long-term cycling experiments showedexcellent stability with a reduction of the initial capacitance values of19% after performing 23,000 galvanostatic cycles at �300 mA g�1.

09/02071 An experimental investigation on liquefactionpotential and post-liquefaction shear strength of impoundedfly ashZand, B. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1160–1166.Liquefaction resistance and post-liquefaction shear strength ofimpounded Class F fly ash are investigated using laboratory exper-iments. The study was aimed to evaluate liquefaction potential of a45 ha impoundment proposed as a base for a utility monofill. Theevaluation included cyclic triaxial tests performed on reconstituted fly

ash specimens with various densities at different confining stresses andcyclic stress ratios representative of the impounded material and theseismic environment. The results are presented in the form of designcharts. Post-liquefaction strengths were measured by reconsolidatingthe specimens at the initial effective confining stress and performingconsolidated undrained triaxial tests. The measured cyclic strength wascompared with the seismically induced stresses in the profile using aone-dimensional wave propagation method. The cyclic loadingsimposed on the ash by the design earthquakes were found to be lowerthan the measured cyclic strength of the material. The post liquefactionshear strengths showed some scatter; however, they were typicallyhigher than the initial shear strengths before exposure of the materialto cyclic load.

09/02072 Effects of Lewis number and preferentialdiffusion on flame characteristics in 80%H2/20%CO syngascounterflow diffusion flames diluted with He and ArPark, J. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (3),1578–1584.Numerical study is conducted to grasp flame characteristics in H2/COsyngas counterflow diffusion flames diluted with He and Ar. Aneffective fuel Lewis number, applicable to premixed burning regimeand even to moderately stretched diffusion flames, is suggestedthrough the comparison among fuel Lewis number, effective Lewisnumber, and effective fuel Lewis number. Flame characteristics withand without the suppression of the diffusivities of H, H2, and He arecompared in order to clarify the important role of preferential diffusioneffects through them. It is found that the scarcity of H and He inreaction zone increases flame temperature whereas that of H2

deteriorates flame temperature. Impact of preferential diffusion ofH, H2, and He in flame characteristics is also addressed to reactionpathways for the purpose of displaying chemical effects.

09/02073 Experimental investigation of high-temperaturecoal tar upgrading in supercritical waterHan, L. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90, (2), 292–300.The upgrading of high-temperature coal tar in supercritical water(SCW) was investigated using an autoclave reactor. The effects oftemperature (673–753 K), pressure (24–38 MPa) and residence time(1–80 min) on product distribution were studied. The yields andcharacteristics of products in SCW were compared with those obtainedin N2. In order to study the reaction mechanism of coal tar upgrading,the experiments of model compounds were carried out in SCW at 673 Kand 34 MPa for 20 min. The results indicate that the asphalteneconversion and the maltene yield are significantly higher in SCW. TheH/C atom ratios of oil obtained in SCW are higher than those obtainedin N2. More valuable aromatic compounds such as naphthalene,fluorene and anthracene are obtained in SCW. The results of modelcompounds suggest that water in SCW could participate in coal tarupgrading and promote the formation of light products.

09/02074 First principles study of the structure andstability of carbynesLuo, W. and Windl, W. Carbon, 2009, 47, (2), 367–383.Possible structures for carbynes are investigated by a first principlesstudy and their free energy as a function of temperature and pressure isexamined. A possible model combining elements from previous modelsis proposed for carbyne structures. Simulations show that structurescan be constructed which agree well with results previously proposed incharacterization work. The free energy of carbynes is calculated withinwide ranges of temperature and pressure (1000–4000 K and 0–18 GPa)for 12 different structures. Results indicate that it is higher than thefree energy of graphite in the whole studied region. Therefore, it seemsthat carbon-only carbynes are meta-stable structures. Introducingadditional elements to stabilize the carbyne structures is discussed.The calculations confirm that a solid consisting of carbyne chains canbe stabilized by three CH3 end groups.

09/02075 Leaching of elements from coal fly ash:assessment of its potential for use in filling abandonedcoal minesDutta, B. K. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1314–1323.Leaching of 10 elements – namely, Fe, Mn, Ca, Na, K, Cu, Cr, Zn, Asand Pb – from four fly ash samples collected from four different coal-fired thermal power plants in West Bengal, India, has been reported.The leaching conditions were selected to broadly simulate that ofsurface coal mines in order to estimate the usefulness of the materialsfor back-filling of abandoned mines and to assess the possibility ofcontamination of the sites by release of heavy metal ions. Sequentialbatch leaching consisted of four cycles each of seven days duration; thelong-term leaching continued over a period of 180 days. The startingpH of the leaching solutions ranged from strongly acidic to stronglybasic. The leaching pattern and its dependence on the pH as well as thesolid–liquid ratio have been critically analysed. A much higher mobilityof the elements have been expectedly observed at a low pH. Less


04 By-products related to fuels

leaching is found at a high pH except for arsenic. The mobilizationpattern is strongly governed by the well-known phenomenon ofdissolution and re-precipitation of iron with co-precipitation of aseries of elements depending upon the pH of the medium. Extractionequilibrium was reached for Ca, Fe, Na and Zn at certain pH values. Amonotonic trend of release for the elements Mn, K, Cu, Pb, Cr and Aspersisted over the long-term leaching period of 180 days. The alkalinityor the calcium content of an ash sample greatly determines the leachingpattern if the solution pH is neutral or mildly acidic. It appears that therisk pollution of ground water as well as of surface water may not beavoidable if fly ash alone is used for mine back-filling in anenvironment where acid mine drainage is prominent. Neverthelessblending with lime to enhance the alkalinity appears to offer a practicalsolution to the problem.

09/02076 Mathematical model of the sorption phenomenonof methanol in activated coalCortes, F. B. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1295–1303.A transient model of a sorption refrigerator using activated carbon/methanol pair is presented. It is a non-uniform pressure modelconformed by the mass, energy and momentum balance equations incylindrical coordinates, for the activated coal bed contained in theadsorber. The results obtained from the simulation were suitablyvalidated by the experimental information obtained from field test dataand from data reported in the literature, presenting errors below 1.6%for each cycle step. The model allows to get data of temperature,pressure, density and gas velocity profiles in radial direction, as well asthe solid temperature and the quantity of adsorbed methanol in theactivated carbon bed in adsorption/evaporation and desorption/condensation steps.

09/02077 Oxidation behavior of metallic interconnects forSOFC in coal syngasLi, Y. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (3),1489–1496.Crofer 22 and Haynes 230 alloys, which are candidates for solid oxidefuel cell (SOFC) interconnects, were exposed at 800 �C to a simulatedcoal syngas (29.1CO + 28.5H2 + 11.8CO2 + 27.6H2O + 2.1N2 +0.01CH4) and air. The samples were characterized by SEM/EDS, XRDand ASR. Results indicated that the compositions of the oxide scales insyngas and in air were similar. For Crofer 22, scales formed in both airand coal syngas were composed of (Cr,Fe) 2O3, Mn–Cr compounds andFe3O4. For Haynes 230 the main composition was Cr2O3. However, itwas found that the morphologies of the scales formed in coal syngaswere different from those formed in air. Besides, the cross sectionelement distributions of oxide scales formed on Crofer 22 weredisparate. In addition, the ASR values of the oxide scales formed incoal syngas and in air were similar at 800 �C but the activation energiesfor electronic conduction of the oxide scales formed in coal syngas werehigher.

09/02078 Preparation of polystyrene-based activatedcarbon spheres with high surface area and their adsorptionto dibenzothiopheneWang, Q. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90, (3), 381–387.Polystyrene-based activated carbon spheres (PACSK) with high surfacearea were prepared through KOH activation. Effects of the carboniz-ation temperature and the ratio of KOH to carbon spheres (CS) on thetextural structure, hardness and yield of the resultant PACSK werestudied, and their adsorption to dibenzothiophene (DBT) wereinvestigated. The as-prepared PACSK exhibited a high surface area(up to 2022 m2/g), large total pore volume (�0.78 cm3/g), superiormechanical hardness and high adsorption capacity (ca. 153 mg/g). Withthe increase of the KOH/CS ratio from 2:1 to 4:1, the surface area, totalpore volume, volume of micropores, and volume of mesopores,increase, whereas the volume of small-micropores (<0.8 nm) decreasesfrom 0.36 to 0.31 cm3/g. The adsorption capacity has a good linearcorrelation with the volume of small-micropores rather than thesurface area. In addition, the large quantity of acidic oxygen-containinggroups of PACSK may also be responsible for their higher adsorptioncapacity and selectivity of DBT. The PACSK saturated by DBT can beregenerated by a washing process in a shaking bath or using ultrasonicwith toluene at 80 �C.

09/02079 Torsional instability of carbon nanotubesencapsulating C60 fullerenesWang, Q. Carbon, 2009, 47, (2), 507–512.The torsional instability of a single-walled carbon nanotube containingC60 fullerenes is investigated using molecular dynamics. A newlyrevealed observation of a reduction of the shear stiffness of the carbonnanotube filled with C60 fullerenes during torsion shows an unusuallocal buckling nature of the material instead of a global buckling of anunfilled carbon nanotube at a critical torsional angle. Such localbuckling largely increases the critical torsional angle for the instability

of the material, and hence enhances its stability. Simulations show thatthe local buckling of the material is a result of the van der Waalsinteraction between the nanotube and the encapsulated C60 fullerenes.

09/02080 Waste stabilization/solidification of an electricarc furnace dust using fly ash-based geopolymersPereira, C. F. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1185–1193.The stabilization/solidification (S/S) of a carbon steel electric arcfurnace (EAF) dust containing hazardous metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr orZn using geopolymerization technology is described in this paper.Different reagents such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,sodium silicate, potassium silicate, kaolinite, metakaolinite and blastfurnace slag have been used. Mixtures of EAF waste with thesegeopolymeric materials and class F fly ash have been processed forstudying the potential of geopolymers as waste immobilizing agents.Compressive strength tests and leaching tests for determining theefficiency of heavy metal immobilization have been carried out.Comparison of fly ash-based geopolymer systems with classic Portlandcement stabilization methods has also been accomplished. Compressivestrength values far better than those achieved by hydraulic S/S methodswere easily obtained by geopolymer solids at 28 days. Regardingleachability, the geopolymer S/S solids also manifested in general abetter behaviour, showing very promising results.

05 NUCLEAR FUELS

Scientific, technical

09/02081 Effects of loading on the dynamics of a lowenriched uranium fueled material test research reactorMuhammad, F. and Majid, A. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2),339–346.The effects of using high density low enriched uranium on the dynamicsof a material test research reactor were studied. For this purpose, thelow density LEU fuel of a material test research reactor (MTR) wasreplaced with high density LEU fuels currently being developed underthe RERTR program. Since the alloying elements have differentproperties affecting the reactor in different ways, fuels U–Mo (9w/o)which contain the same elements in same ratio were selected foranalysis. Simulations were carried out to determine the reactorperformance under reactivity insertion and loss of flow transients.Nuclear reactor analysis code PARET was employed to carry out thesecalculations. It is observed that during the fast reactivity insertiontransient, the maximum reactor power is achieved and the energyreleased until the power reaches its maximum increases by 45% and18.5%, respectively, as uranium density increases from 6.57 gU/cm3 to8.90 gU/cm3. This results in increased maximum temperatures of fuel,clad and coolant outlet, achieved during the transient, by 27.7 K, 19.7 Kand 7.9 K, respectively. The time required to reach the peak powerdecreases. During the slow reactivity insertion transient, the maximumreactor power achieved increases slightly by 0.3% as uranium densityincreases from 6.57 gU/cm3 to 8.90 gU/cm3 but the energy generateduntil the power reaches its maximum decreases by 5.7%. Thetemperatures of fuel, clad and coolant outlet remain almost the samefor all types of fuels. During the loss of flow transients, no appreciabledifference in the power and temperature profiles was observed and thegraph plots overlapped each other.

09/02082 Fuel cycle analysis of GFR using advanced fuelsFoley, R. Q. and Knight, T. W. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51,(1), 109–123.The potential benefits of a synergistic light-water reactor (LWR) andgas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) fuel cycle were evaluated for its impacton the front-end and back-end of the fuel cycle. Comparisons weremade with conventional once-through cycle (OTC) and MOX fuelcycle. Variations in the synergistic LWR/GFR fuel cycles were basedon the degree of recycle in the LWR including both plutonium andreprocessed uranium with concomitant impact on used LWR fuelinventory. This provided a wide range in composition of GFR feedfrom low to high plutonium content with impact on transmutation/incineration within the GFR fuel cycle. Self-recycle of all actinides wasmodelled for the GFR with analyses demonstrating that the GFR canbe sustained on and consequently accept a wide range of feedmaterials. Analyses were done using Monteburns along with MCNPand Origen2.2 to model a 60-year period corresponding to theanticipated lifetime of supposed contemporary LWRs and GFRs. Allcycles were evaluated based on actinide total mass and isotopic


05 Nuclear fuels (scientific, technical)

inventory, radiotoxicity, heatload, and resource requirements includingnatural uranium and SWU. For comparison, all fuel cycles werenormalized based on 1 TWHe output. Improvements in fuel cycleperformance are dictated by the production and incineration of minoractinides in the GFR and their continued recycle may not be feasibledue to the buildup of troublesome isotopes such as 244Cm and 252Cf.But where uranium and plutonium continue to be recycled beyond the60-year period, the LWR/GFR cycles demonstrated order of magni-tude reductions in used fuel inventories, heatload, and radiotoxicity ona per TWHe basis over LWR only cycles. The full details of theadvanced fuel cycle methodology and results are presented.

09/02083 Kinetic parameters of a material test researchreactor fueled with high density U3Si2 dispersion fuelsMuhammad, F. and Majid, A. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (1),141–145.The kinetic parameters of a material test research reactor (MTR)fuelled with high density U3Si2 dispersion fuels were calculated. Forthis purpose, the low density LEU fuel of an MTR was replaced withhigh density U3Si2 LEU fuels currently being developed under theRERTR program. Calculations were carried out to find the core excessreactivity, prompt neutron generation time and effective delayedneutron fraction. Nuclear reactor analysis codes including WIMS-D4and CITATION were employed to carry out these calculations. It isobserved that the excess reactivity (�k/k), prompt neutron generationtime (ms) and effective delayed neutron fraction at the beginning of lifefollowed the relationships 0.05403 + 0.00286�U� (0.92958/�U

2), 106/(922.338 + 5268.82/�U� 70.863/�U

2 and (7.2165–7.238�10�3�U)/1000,respectively, for 4.0 � �U (g/cm3) � 6.0.

09/02084 Methods for determining operation life andreactivity depletion for space reactors with fast energyspectraSchriener, T. M. and El-Genk, M. S. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009,51, (2), 366–373.Space reactors with fast neutron energy spectrums are preferred fortheir compactness and high fission power density, but require a highfissile inventory. The operation life estimates of these reactors areimportant to mission planning. This paper examines a number of fueldepletion and neutronics code packages for determining the operationlives of two space reactors with hard fast neutron energy spectra. Theseare: the lithium-cooled, Sectored, Compact Reactor (SCoRe-S11), andthe submersion subcritical safe space reactor, cooled with a He–Xebinary gas mixture (40 g/mol). This work investigated the codepackages of Monteburns 2.0, MCNPX 2.6C and TRITON andvalidated their prediction with fuel depletion data for a PWR fuelbundle, with satisfactory results. The operation life predictions of thetwo space reactors using these code packages are compared with thosecalculated using a simplified method that couples MCNP5 to a burnupanalysis model using the Simulink1 platform. This method considersonly the 10 most probable low-Z and high-Z elements of the fissionyield peaks plus 149Sm, and neglects the depletion of fission productsdue to capture and radioactive decay. The simplified method requiressignificantly shorter running time and its predictions of the operationlives for the two space reactors are within 0.29–12.5% of those obtainedusing Monteburns 2.0 and MCNPX 2.6C code packages. This method,however, is not recommended for operation life predictions for spaceor commercial reactors with thermal neutron spectrums.

09/02085 Microporosity of carbon deposits collected in theTore Supra tokamak probed by nitrogen and carbon dioxideadsorptionRichou, M. et al. Carbon, 2009, 47, (1), 109–116.Nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption experiments have been used toinvestigate the porosity of carbon deposits formed in the Tore Supratokamak as a consequence of the erosion of the plasma-facingcomponents. The authors compared BET, �s-, and Dubinin–Raduske-vich methods to distinguish between micropore volume (�0.04 cm3 g�1)and external surface (�90 m2 g�1). Consistent results have beenobtained for nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and the smallest pores areshown to be reversibly closed and opened under air exposure andoutgassing at 600 �C, respectively, probably due to blocking of poreentrances by surface oxides. Pore size distribution is calculated usingthe non-local density functional theory: a novel and straightforwardmethod is used to fit the experimental isotherms by Lorentziandistributions of pores centred in some relevant pore size regions. Thetokamak sample micropores are therefore shown to be mainly ultra-micropores (�75%) whose widths are centred at 0.6 nm. This latterresult is in good qualitative agreement with the outgassing effect and ingood quantitative agreement with what is deduced from �s-plot.

09/02086 Particle swarm optimization applied to thenuclear reload problem of a pressurized water reactorde Moura Meneses, A. A. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51,(2), 319–326.

The concept of swarm intelligence is based on the ability of individualsto learn with their own experience in a group as well as to takeadvantage of the performance of other individuals, which are social–collaborative aspects of intelligence. In 1995, Kennedy and Eberhartpresented the particle swarm optimization (PSO), a computationalintelligence metaheuristic technique. Since then, some PSO models fordiscrete search spaces have been developed for combinatorialoptimization, although none of them presented satisfactory results tooptimize a combinatorial problem such as the nuclear reactor reloadproblem (NRRP). In this sense, the particle swarm optimization withrandom keys (PSORK) was developed to optimize combinatorialproblems. PSORK has been tested for benchmarks to validate itsperformance and to be compared to other techniques such as antsystems and genetic algorithms, and in order to analyse parameters tobe applied to the NRRP. The authors also describe and discuss itsperformance and applications to the NRRP with a survey of theresearch and development of techniques to optimize the reloadingoperation of Angra 1 nuclear power plant, located at the Southeast ofBrazil.

Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts

09/02087 Disposal concept for LILW in Korea:characterization methodology and the disposal priorityAhn, M. H. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 327–333.Since 1977 the Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. has generatedabout 67,000 drums (200 L) of low and intermediate level radioactivewaste (LILW) and the drums are stored in the temporary storagefacility at each reactor site. The accumulated dry active waste (DAW)amounts to around 36,600 drums. There are around 19,000 drums withevaporator bottoms, 9700 drums of spent resin, and 1600 drums ofspent filters. This study proposes four mandatory items with regard tothe radioactive characterization of LILW: namely, the total activity,surface dose, individual activity, and surface contamination. Therequired contents of the physical characterization include the weight(density), voidage, free liquid, and homogeneity. For the chemicalcharacterization, the required contents include leachability, corrosive-ness, explosiveness, and chelation. Finally, the compressive strengthand integrity of drums are requested for the mechanical characteriz-ation. To determine the disposal priority of LILW in the Republic ofKorea, the authors considered two main factors, namely, the wastemanagement situation in Korea and overseas case studies. Afterconsidering those factors, the authors established a disposal priority forthe LILW: (1) concentrated waste solidified with the cement and lowradioactive DAW, the characterization of which can be readilyidentified in detail; (2) spent resin solidified with cement; (3) spentfilters; (4) highly radioactive DAW, the characterization of which iswell documented; and (5) waste that needs to be researched further,including spent resin in PE-HIC, evaporator bottoms and concentratedwaste solidified with paraffin, and DAW that contains some harmfulmaterials.

09/02088 Influence of evaluated data of fission productpoisons on criticalityAhmad, A. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 334–338.The main objective of this research is to study the influence of cross-section differences of fission product poisons among various newlyreleased evaluated cross-section libraries ENDFB-VI.8, JENDL3.2,JEF2.2, IAEA, ENDFB-VII and JEFF3.1 on criticality of an MTR typeresearch reactor. The effect of cross-sections of poisons on thereactivity was studied with the help of WIMSD and CITATION codes.Various cross-section libraries were used in SARC (System forAnalysis of Reactor Core) code for the fuel cycle analysis. It wasfound that the negative reactivity induced due to 135Xe for theequilibrium core is around 36.00 mk whereas for 149Sm it ranges from6.65 to 7.06 mk. The three libraries (JENDL3.2, IAEA and ENDFB-VII) resulted in small increase in the Xenon worth as compared to theother three libraries. For Samarium, JEFF3.1 gives the highest worthwhereas ENDFB-VI.8 gives the least worth among the six libraries.

09/02089 Local power peaking factor estimation in nuclearfuel by artificial neural networksMontes, J. L. et al. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2009, 36, (1), 121–130.This paper presents the training of an artificial neural network (ANN)to accurately predict, in very short time, a physical parameter used innuclear fuel reactor optimization: the local power peaking factor(LPPF) in a typical boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel lattice. The ANNtraining patterns are distribution of fissile and burnable poisonmaterials in the fuel lattice and their associated LPPF. These datawere obtained by modelling the fuel lattices with a neutronic simulator:the HELIOS transport code. The combination of the pin U235


05 Nuclear fuels (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)

enrichment and the Gd2O3 (gadolinia) concentration, inside the10� 10 fuel lattice array, was encoded by three different methods.However, the only encoding method that was able to give a goodprediction of the LPPF was the method which added the U235

enrichment and the gadolinia concentration. The results show thatthe relative error in the estimation of the LPPF, obtained by thetrained ANN, ranged from 0.022% to 0.045%, with respect to theHELIOS results.

09/02090 Recent advances in nuclear power: a reviewAbu-Khader, M. M. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 225–235.The rise in oil prices and the increased concern about environmentalprotection from CO2 emissions have promoted the attention to the useof nuclear power as a viable energy source for power generation. Thisreview presents the recent advances in the field of nuclear power andaddresses the aspects of nuclear economics, safety, nuclear reactordesign and spent fuel processing and waste management.

09/02091 Recycling scheme and fuel cycle costs for twinBWRs reactorsRamırez, J. R. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 303–306.To access possible economic advantages of reprocessing and recyclingthe spent fuel from nuclear power reactors against a once throughpolicy, a proposed scenario for twin BWRs was established. Calcu-lations for the amount of fuel that the plants will use and generateduring 40 years of operation under each scenario were made. Anevaluation of costs for each option applying current prices for uraniumand services were then carried out. Finally a comparison between theoptions was made, and it was found that the recycling option is moreexpensive than the once through cycle by about 4%.

09/02092 Studies on the overall safety aspects duringirradiation of TeO2 in the central thimble of the TRIGAresearch reactorHuda, M. Q. et al. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2009, 36, (2), 199–212.This study provides a detailed safety analysis of overall system andcomponents in terms of their ability to provide optimum output fromthe irradiation of TeO2 in the central thimble of the 3 MW TRIGAMARK II research reactor at Atomic Energy Research Establishment(AERE), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The research identifies safetyissues relevant to 131I radioisotope production and ensures that safetyanalysis and design are consistent. It also evaluates threats developedwithin the facility during the irradiation process and ultimately ensuresestablishment of in-core safety limits and conditions at all stages of 131Iproduction. In-core irradiation safety not only ensures the safeoperation of the reactor but also strengthens the production ofradioisotopes (RI). The three-dimensional continuous energy MonteCarlo code MCNP is used to develop a versatile and accurate full-coremodel of the TRIGA core. The cross-section library and fissionproduct inventory are generated by using NJOY and ORIGENcomputer codes. The methodology to evaluate heat generation andother relevant parameters necessary to provide enough information forthermal hydraulic analysis are discussed. The neutron flux distributioninside the dry and water filled central thimble is determined in order tolocate the highest neutron flux trapping position. The thermalhydraulic and safety analysis are performed by elaborate numericalanalysis as well as by using GENGTC computer code. A mock-upfacility has also been developed to supplement and verify thetheoretically predicted results. The total energy generated duringirradiation of 50 gm TeO2 sample in dry condition is found to be113.84 w of which 75% energy is due to neutron heating and rest of theamount is from gamma heating. Around 11.28 w of heat energy is alsogenerated in the quartz vial. When the total generated-heat transfer isconsidered through conduction and radiation mechanisms, the calcu-lated temperature of 50 g of TeO2 reaches at 970 �C. Consideringsimultaneous heat transfer mechanisms, (conduction, radiation andconvection) the calculated maximum temperature of the 50 g of TeO2

powder comes down at 680 �C. It may be pointed out that a very highamount of heat is generated during the irradiation of TeO2 at 3 MWreactor power in dry condition which is nearly the melting point ofTeO2 and may be termed as unsafe mode of irradiation.

09/02093 Virtual environments simulation for doseassessment in nuclear plantsMol, A. C. A. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 382–387.This work reports results obtained with the use of a game engine as atool to create and to navigate in virtual environments, to performsimulations and training of workers in risky areas, for safety purposes.The game engine used can be used for non-commercial andeducational purposes, and its source code is available for users. Thus,the engine can be modified and adapted for the modelling andsimulation of any environment, including the development of newfunctionalities. A case study is shown, which has the purpose of

supporting dose assessment in nuclear plants, for optimization ofoperational routines in these areas. The implemented modificationsare explained, and simulations’ results are shown.

06 ELECTRICAL POWERSUPPLY ANDUTILIZATION

Scientific, technical

09/02094 A multi-objective chaotic particle swarmoptimization for environmental/economic dispatchCai, J. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5), 1318–1325.A multi-objective chaotic particle swarm optimization (MOCPSO)method has been developed to solve the environmental/economicdipatch (EED) problems considering both economic and environmen-tal issues. The proposed MOCPSO method has been applied in two testpower systems. Compared with the conventional multi-objectiveparticle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method, for the compromisingminimum fuel cost and emission case, the fuel cost and pollutantemission obtained from MOCPSO method can be reduced about50.08 $/h and 2.95 kg/h, respectively, in test system 1, about 0.02 $/h and1.11 kg/h, respectively, in test system 2. The MOCPSO method alsoresults in higher quality solutions for the minimum fuel cost case andthe minimum emission case in both of the test power systems. Hence,MOCPSO method can result in great environmental and economiceffects. For EED problems, the MOCPSO method is more feasible andmore effective alternative approach than the conventional MOPSOmethod.

09/02095 A novel meta-heuristic optimization methodologyfor solving various types of economic dispatch problemFesanghary, M. and Ardehali, M. M. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 757–766.The increasing costs of fuel and operation of thermal power generatingunits warrant development of optimization methodologies for econ-omic dispatch (ED) problems. Optimization methodologies that arebased on meta-heuristic procedures could assist power generationpolicy analysts to achieve the goal of minimizing the generation costs.In this context, the objective of this study is to present a novel approachbased on harmony search (HS) algorithm for solving ED problems,aiming to provide a practical alternative for conventional methods. Todemonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed methodand for the purposes of comparison, various types of ED problems areexamined. The results of this study show that the new proposedapproach is able to find more economical loads than those determinedby other methods.

09/02096 Application of capacitive energy storage fortransient performance improvement of power systemMukherjee, V. and Ghoshal, S. P. Electric Power Systems Research,2009, 79, (2), 282–294.In this paper, a comparative transient performance of two types ofsingle machine power system is analysed. The two types of systemconfigurations are, namely, (i) automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loopwith single input conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS)combined with automatic generation control (AGC) loop, (ii) AVRwith CPSS combined with capacitive energy storage (CES) unit-basedAGC loop. For AGC loop both thermal unit and hydro unit areindividually considered. The thermal unit is considered with eithersingle or double stage reheat turbine, hydro unit is considered withmechanical or electric governor. Integral controller is provided in theAGC loop. It is shown that the CES-based integral controlled AGCloop along with CPSS assists in the best transient performance of thepower system in all cases under different operating conditions.Parameters of the CPSS installed in AVR loop, gains of the integralcontroller in AGC loop are optimized with the help of a novel particleswarm optimization, developed by the authors, called as craziness-based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO). Transient performance iscarried out with 1% step perturbation in either reference voltage orload torque.


06 Electrical power supply and utilization (scientific, technical)

09/02097 Characteristics of the magnetic field under hybridac/dc high voltage transmission linesIsmail, H. M. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 1–7.In recent years, the possibility for ac and dc transmission lines runningparallel to each other, sharing the same right-of-way (ROW) or eventhe same-tower has increased. Design of such hybrid ac/dc networksrequires a precise calculation of the magnetic field around and underthem. This paper presents quantitative analysis of the magnetic field at1-m height above ground surface for different hybrid ac/dc trans-mission lines. Lateral profiles for typical 275, 132 (running in Kuwait),500, 220 and 132 kV (running in Egypt) ac transmission lines afteradding bipolar dc lines are presented. The magnetic vector potentialconcept, as extended to multi-conductor transmission lines employingthe superposition principle is used to model and calculate the RMSvalues of the magnetic field generated by the hybrid ac/dc lines at anypoint in the space. The RMS values of the field are determined directlywithout dividing the ac supply cycle into a sufficient number ofsubintervals. The presented graphs are useful for setting the maximumallowable ac and dc line current magnitudes, for existing lines,corresponding to a certain safe level of the magnetic field at the edgeof right-of-way.

09/02098 Classification of sags gathered in distributionsubstations based on multiway principal componentanalysisKhosravi, A. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 144–151.Voltage sags, whether they occur in transmission or distributionsystems, may severely damage the loads connected to the powersystem. As these problems could cost a great deal financially, electricutilities are very interested in finding the origins of sags, that is,whether they have been originated in the transmission network (highvoltage, HV) or in the distribution system (medium voltage, MV). Inaddition to the needs of utilities and regulators, many researchers havebeen prompted to develop reliable methods to properly classify sags.Several of these methods, based on classifying meaningful featuresextracted from data and waveforms, have been proposed in theliterature. Unlike those methods, though, a systematic transformationof data is proposed here, based on multiway principal componentanalysis (MPCA), to develop a new voltage sag classification proce-dure. Sampled voltage and current waveforms of previously registeredsags are used together with the MPCA technique to obtain a lowerdimensional model. This model is then used to project new sags andclassify them according to their origin in the power system. Differentclassification criteria and parameters are examined to maximize theclassification rates of not yet seen sags. Applying the proposed methodto real sags recorded in substations demonstrates its applicability andpower.

09/02099 Conversion of thermal energy into electricity via awater pump operating in Stirling engine cycleSlavin, V. S. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (7–8), 1162–1169.In this paper, the principle of heat energy conversion via Stirling pumpinto electricity is considered. New scheme of Stirling pump is proposed,that differs from known ones in application of offset heater and coolerand valves controlling the motion of liquid. The mathematical model isimplemented to examine the liquid flow and gas heat exchange incylinders and regenerator. The numerical simulation of engine’sworking cycle is conducted for the purpose of determining thecharacteristic parameters of its design. A possibility of achieving highthermal efficiency at acceptable power level is shown.

09/02100 Electricity generation from wave power in CanadaDunnett, D. and Wallace, J. S. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 179–195.The performance of three different types of wave energy converters(WECs) is evaluated at hundreds of Canadian locations using waveactivity data made available by the Marine Environmental Data Serviceof Canada. Two Atlantic and three Pacific locations are found where atleast one of these devices operates with a capacity factor of greaterthan 20%, while also being located close to urban/industrial centers.The economics of a nominal 25 GWh wave power plant are investigatedat these five locations and compared among the three WEC types usingtwo indicators: the 25-year life-cycle cost, and the required price ofelectricity for a 10-year simple payback period. The lowest requiredelectricity price for a 10-year payback is $0.089/kWh, and occurs at alocation near the Hibernia Oil Platform using the AquaBuOY WEC.The highest annual capacity factor is 32.1%, which occurs near theHibernia Oil Platform when using the WaveDragon WEC. The 25-yearlife-cycle cost evaluations suggest that wave power plants at locationsnear Ucluelet, St. John’s, and the Hibernia Oil Platform could all beprofitable using either the AquaBuOY or the WaveDragon if a price ofelectricity between $0.10 and $0.15/kWh can be secured, depending onlocation and device.

09/02101 Generation Expansion Planning in pool market:a hybrid modified game theory and improved geneticalgorithmShayanfar, H. A. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(5), 1149–1156.Unlike the traditional policy, generation expansion planning (GEP)problem in competitive framework is complicated. In the new policy,each generation company (GENCO) decides to invest in such a waythat obtains as much profit as possible. This paper presents a newhybrid algorithm to determine GEP in a pool market. The proposedalgorithm is divided in two programming levels: master and slave. Inthe master level a modified game theory (MGT) is proposed toevaluate the contrast of GENCOs by the Independent System Operator(ISO). In the slave level, an Improved genetic algorithm (IGA) methodis used to find the best solution of each GENCO for decision-making ofinvestment. The validity of the proposed method is examined in thecase study including three GENCOs with multi-type of power plants.The results show that the presented method is both satisfactory andconsistent with expectation.

09/02102 Integrating generation and transmissionnetworks reliability for unit commitment solutionJalilzadeh, S. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3),777–785.This paper presents a new method with integration of generation andtransmission networks reliability for the solution of unit commitment(UC) problem. In fact, in order to have a more accurate assessment ofsystem reserve requirement, in addition to unavailability of generationunits, unavailability of transmission lines are also taken into account. Inthis way, evaluation of the required spinning reserve (SR) capacity isperformed by applying reliability constraints based on loss of loadprobability and expected energy not supplied indices. Calculation ofthe above parameters is accomplished by employing a novel procedurebased on the linear programming which it also minimizes them toachieve optimum level of the SR capacity and consequently a cost-benefit reliability constrained UC schedule. In addition, a powerfulsolution technique called ‘integer-coded genetic algorithm’ is beingused for the solution of the proposed method. Numerical results on theIEEE reliability test system show that the consideration of transmissionnetwork unavailability has an important influence on reliability indicesof the UC schedules.

09/02103 Issues related to rural electrification usingrenewable energy in developing countries of Asia andPacificUrmee, T. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 354–357.Renewable energy (RE) systems represent the most environmentallyfriendly and cost-effective means of providing electricity to those livingin rural communities or regions in developing countries, however, thishas been relatively slow and in many countries the proportion of therural population supplied with electricity remains low and theproportion supplied with electricity from renewable energy systems iseven lower. To understand the causes of this slow progress, aliteratures review on renewable rural electrification programs wasundertaken. The review suggested a need for better coordination at thenational level between those institutions involved in the developmentand implementation of these programs. This paper compiles andanalyse the issues associated with rural electrification in developingcountries in Asia and the Pacific. Two case studies of programs arepresented, one in Bangladesh and the other in Fiji. Based on theliterature review and these two case studies, comments are provided onthe policies and strategies required for renewable energy based ruralelectrification programs.

09/02104 Multiconductor analysis of underground powertransmission systems: EHV AC cablesBenato, R. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 27–38.It is widely ascertained that the multiconductor analysis is a powerfultool which can solve any structurally complex circuit (e.g. high-speedrailway supply system, gas insulated lines, etc.). Moreover, this methodcan be also used as an in-depth analysis of the electric networks afterthe power-flow studies when they introduce simplifying hypothesesespecially in the presence of asymmetry. In this paper, the multi-conductor cell analysis has been applied to AC underground cable lines(UGC). This multiconductor procedure based on the use of admittancematrices, which account for the line cells (with earth return currents),different types of sheath bonding, possible multiple circuits, allowspredicting the steady-state (and faulty) regime of any cable system. Themethod calculates the proportion and behaviour of the phase currentscarried by each parallel conductor, the circulating current in the sheathof each cable and the stray current in the earth. Moreover, somecomparisons have been made with traditional programs showing thegreat accuracy of multiconductor cell model.


06 Electrical power supply and utilization (scientific, technical)

09/02105 Optimization of Hellenic overhead high-voltagetransmission lines lightning protectionChristodoulou, C. A. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 502–509.It is well known that the lightning protection of transmission lines isexclusively relying on their correct initial design. Although detailedengineering studies are usually performed by electric power utilities forthe design of new transmission lines, there are reported cases wherethe design is based simply on tradition or on utilities’ standardizationpolicy. In this paper, the lightning protection of high-voltagetransmission lines is faced as an optimization problem where optimumdesign parameters are calculated for the lines, relating their cost withthe lightning failures’ cost, aiming to reduce or even eliminate lightningfailures. The optimization method considers all the available protectionmeans, i.e. ground wires and surge arresters. In order to validate theeffectiveness of the proposed method, it is applied on several operatingHellenic transmission lines of 150 kV carefully selected among othersdue to their high failure rates during lightning thunderstorms. Theobtained optimum parameters, which reduce the failure rates caused bylightning are compared with the operating transmission lines’ existingparameters showing the usefulness of the method, which can prove tobe a valuable tool for the studies of electric power system designers.

09/02106 Reactive energy scheduling using bi-objectiveprogramming with modified particle swarm optimizationKuo, C.-C. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 804–815.Interactive bi-objective with valuable trade-off programming, togetherwith a modified particle swarm optimization for the daily scheduling ofswitched capacitors is presented. The two main contradictory concernsof line loss reduction and minimum number of switching operations areconsidered for realistic request. Both the operating and loadconstraints for distribution feeders are formulated for practicaloperation. The proposed approach can provide a set of flexible andvaluable trade-off solutions as dictated by decision makers of electricutilities. Quantitative measures can also be provided to aid thedecision-making process. To demonstrate the effectiveness andfeasibility of the proposed approach, comparative studies weresystematically conducted on an actual feeder. The experiment showedencouraging results suggesting that the proposed approach was capableof efficiently determining better quality solutions.

09/02107 Study of thermoelectric systems applied toelectric power generationRodrıguez, A. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1236–1243.A computational model has been developed in order to simulate thethermal and electric behaviour of thermoelectric generators. Thismodel solves the non-linear system of equations of the thermoelectricand heat transfer equations. The inputs of the program are thethermoelectric parameters as a function of temperature and theboundary conditions, (room temperature and residual heat flux). Theoutputs are the temperature values of all the elements forming thethermoelectric generator, (performance, electric power, voltage andelectric current generated). The model solves the equation systemusing the finite difference method and semi-empirical expressions forthe convection coefficients. A thermoelectric electric power generationtest bench has been built in order to validate and determine theaccuracy of the computational model, which maximum error is lowerthan 5%. The objective of this study is to create a design tool thatallows us to solve the system of equations involved in the electricgeneration process without needing to impose boundary conditionsthat are not known in the design phase, such as the temperature of thePeltier modules. With the computational model, the authors study theinfluence of the heat flux supplied as well as the room temperature onthe electric power generated.

09/02108 Super-capacitor based energy storage system forimproved load frequency controlud din Mufti, M. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1),226–233.A fuzzy-logic controlled super-capacitor bank (SCB) for improved loadfrequency control (LFC) of an interconnected power system isproposed, in this paper. The super-capacitor bank in each controlarea is interfaced with the area control bus through a power conversionsystem (PCS) comprising of a voltage source converter (VSC) and abuck-boost chopper. The fuzzy controller for SCB is designed in such away that the effects of load disturbances are rejected on a continuousbasis. Necessary models are developed and control and implementationaspects are presented in a detailed manner. Time domain simulationsare carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposedscheme. The performance of the resulting power system under realisticsituation is investigated by including the effects of generation rateconstraint (GRC) and governor dead band (DB) in the simulationstudies.

09/02109 System performance of a three-phasePV-grid-connected system installed in Thailand:data monitored analysisBoonmee, C. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 384–389.PV-grid-connected systems are worldwide installed because it allowsconsumer to reduce energy consumption from the electricity grid andto feed the surplus energy back into the grid. The system needs nobattery so therefore the system price is very cheap comparing to otherPV systems. PV-grid-connected systems are used in buildings thatalready hooked up to the electrical grid. Finding efficiency of the PV-grid-connected system can be done by using a standard instrumentwhich needs to disconnect the PV arrays from the grid beforemeasurement. The measurement is also difficult and energy is lostduring the measurement. This paper will present the system perform-ance of a PV-grid-connected system installed in Thailand by using amonitoring system. The monitored data are installed by acquisitionsoftware into a computer. Analysis of monitored data will be done tofind out the system performance without disconnecting the PV arraysfrom the system. The monitored data include solar radiation, PVvoltage, PV current, and PV power which has been recorded from a5 kWp system installed of amorphous silicon PV at RajamangalaUniversity of Technology Suvarnabhumi, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Thesystem performance of the system by using the data monitored iscompared to the standard instrument measurement. The paper willgive all details about system components, monitoring system, andmonitored data. The result of data analysis will be fully given.

09/02110 Techno-economic comparison of energy storagesystems for island autonomous electrical networksKaldellis, J. K. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13, (2), 378–392.The oil-dependent electricity generation situation met in the AegeanArchipelago Islands is in great deal determined by increased rates offuel consumption and analogous electricity production costs, this beingalso the case for other island autonomous electrical networks world-wide. Meanwhile, the contribution of renewable energy sources (RES)to the constant increase recorded in both the Aegean islands’ annualelectricity generation and the corresponding peak load demand is verylimited. To compensate the unfavourable situation encountered, theimplementation of energy storage systems (ESS) that can both utilizethe excess/rejected energy produced from RES plants and improve theoperation of existing thermal power units is recommended. In thepresent study, a techno-economic comparison of various RES-ESSconfigurations supported by the supplementary or back-up use ofexisting thermal units is undertaken. From the results obtained, theshift of direction from the existing oil-dependent status to a RES-basedalternative in collaboration with certain storage technologies entails –apart from the clear environmental benefits – financial advantages aswell.

Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts

09/02111 A computational tool for evaluating theeconomics of solar and wind microgeneration of electricityKelleher, J. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 401–409.This paper presents a method, implemented as a freely availablecomputer programme, which is used to estimate the economics ofrenewable microgeneration of electricity from wind and solar energysources. A variety of commercial small wind turbines and photovoltaic(PV) panels are considered and combined with raw energy datagathered from a variety of locations. Both residential and holiday homeuser profiles are available and options are selectable concerning feed-in tariffs (if available), government incentive schemes and the cost ofcapital borrowing. The configuration of the generation setup, whichcan consist of wind, PV and combination of wind/PV, is fully selectableby the user, with a range of appropriate default data provided. Anumerical example, based on Irish data, is presented, which suggeststhat payback periods for solar and wind microgeneration systems canvary greatly (2.5–500 years), depending on the location, installation andeconomic variables.

09/02112 An extension of the problem table algorithm formultiple utilities targetingCosta, A. L. H. and Queiroz, E. M. Energy Conversion and Manage-ment, 2009, 50, (4), 1124–1128.This paper presents an extension of the problem table algorithm formultiple utilities consumption targeting. For a given set of utilities andtheir respective potential temperature ranges, the proposed procedureallows the determination of the consumption of each utility and the


06 Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)

identification of thermodynamic limitations which constraint theconsidered temperature range. It can be employed as an alternativefor the grand composite curve in pinch technology.

09/02113 Assessing the impact of regulatory reforms onChina’s electricity generation industryDu, L. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (2), 712–720.In the past two decades, China has experienced a series of regulatoryreforms in its electricity industry, aimed at improving power productionefficiency. The central planning system was broken up and the market-oriented modern enterprise system was established. Furthermore, theformer vertically integrated electricity utilities were divested and thegeneration sector was separated from the transmission and distributionnetworks. In this paper, the authors’ intention is to estimate the impactof regulatory reforms on production efficiency of fossil-fired gener-ation plants using the plant-level national survey data collected in 1995and 2004. Applying the econometric method of Differences-in-Differences, it is estimated that the effects of these reforms on thedemand for inputs of employees, fuel and non-fuel materials. Theresults show that the net efficiency improvement in labour inputassociated with the regulatory reforms is roughly 29% and the gains innon-fuel materials are about 35%, while there is no evidence ofefficiency gains in fuel input associated with the electricity reforms.

09/02114 Assessment of centralized grid connected windpower cost in coastal area of PakistanHarijan, K. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 369–373.This work presents an assessment of per unit cost of electricitygenerated from 15 MW wind farm at 40 locations in the coastal areas ofPakistan using the method of net present value analysis. The NordexN43/600 wind turbine has been selected and used as reference windturbine. Wind duration curves were developed and utilized to calculateper unit cost of electricity generated from chosen wind turbine. InSindh province, the minimum cost of electricity generated was found tobe 4.2 ¢/kWh at Jamshoro, while the corresponding maximum was7.4 ¢/kWh at Kadhan site. In Balochistan, the minimum cost ofelectricity generated was found to be 6.3 ¢/kWh at Aghore, while thecorresponding maximum was 21.0 ¢/kWh at Mand site. The studyconcludes that at most of the locations especially in Sindh province,wind power is competitive to conventional grid connected thermalpower even without considering the externalities.

09/02115 Benefits from a renewable energy villageelectrification systemZahnd, A. and Kimber, H. M. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 362–368.More than 100 years after Edison’s life-changing discovery, 1.6–2 billion people around the globe still live without light, in dark andsmoke filled homes. The remote and impoverished Himalayan villagesof upper Humla, in north-west Nepal, belong to some of the 2.4 billionpeople who still depend on the use of traditional biomass for their dailyenergy services such as cooking, heating and light. These activities onopen fireplaces have a direct chronic impact on the health andextremely low life expectancy of the women and children along withdevastating deforestation. There is a strong relationship betweenprosperity and access to electricity. The more remote and isolatedcommunities in Nepal generally live in great poverty. Eighty per centofNepal’s 28.5 million people live in rural areas, with around half of theseso remote, that neither a road, nor the national grid is ever likely toreach them. While Nepal has no fossil fuel resources, it is a countrythat is rich in renewable energy resources such as hydropower and solarenergy. These abundant and locally available renewable energyresources can be tapped into with appropriate locally developedtechnologies. Generating and storing electrical energy derived fromthese rich local energy resources can provide for appropriate andsustainable lighting, which brings potential health, education, socialand economic benefits to the people who have previously lived inhomes with excessive indoor air pollution. This paper describes theliving conditions of some villages in upper Humla, and the possiblebenefits of a simple village electrification system that provides basiclighting for the homes and the consequent improvements in the livingconditions of the villagers.

09/02116 Coupled energy and reactive power marketclearing considering power system securityRabiee, A. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4),907–915.In a deregulated environment, when talking about electricity markets,one usually refers to energy market, paying less attention to thereactive power market. Active and reactive powers are, however,coupled through the AC power flow equations and branch loadinglimits as well as the synchronous generators capability curves.However, the sequential approach for energy and reactive powermarkets cannot present the optimal solution due to the interactionsbetween these markets. For instance, clearing of the reactive power

market can change active power dispatch (e.g. due to a change oftransmission system losses and the capability curve limitation), whichcan lead to degradation of the energy market clearing point. This paperpresents a coupled day ahead energy and reactive power market basedon the pay-at-MCP settlement mechanism. Besides, the proposedcoupled framework considers voltage stability and security issues andbranch loading limits. The coupled market is cleared through optimalpower flow (OPF). Its objective function includes total payment ofgenerating units for their active power production along with the totalpayment function (TPF) of units for their reactive power compen-sation. Moreover, lost opportunity cost (LOC) of the units is alsoconsidered. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is examinedon the IEEE 24 bus Reliability Test System.

09/02117 Development of a new loss allocation method fora hybrid electricity market using graph theoryLim, V. S. C. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (2), 301–310.This paper introduces a new method for allocating losses in a powersystem using a loop-based representation of system behaviour. Usingthe new method, network behaviour is formulated as a series ofpresumed power transfers directly between market participants. Incontrast to many existing loss allocation methods, this makes it easierto justify the resulting loss distribution. In addition to circumventingthe problems of non-unique loss allocations, a formalized process ofloop identification, using graph theory concepts, is introduced. Theproposed method is applied to both the IEEE 14-bus system and amodified CIGRE Nordic 32-bus system. The results provide ademonstration of the capability of the proposed method to allocatelosses in the hybrid market, and demonstrate the approach’s capacity tolink the technical performance of the network to market instruments.

09/02118 Estimating deficit probabilities with price-responsive demand in contract-based electricity marketsGaletovic, A. and Munoz, G. M. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (2), 560–569.Studies that estimate deficit probabilities in hydrothermal systems havegenerally ignored the response of demand to changing prices, in thebelief that such response is largely irrelevant. It is shown that ignoringthe response of demand to prices can lead to substantial over or underestimation of the probability of an energy deficit. To make the point, anestimation of deficit probabilities is presented in Chile’s CentralInterconnected System between 2006 and 2010. This period ischaracterized by tight supply, fast consumption growth and risingelectricity prices. When the response of demand to rising prices isacknowledged, forecasted deficit probabilities and marginal costs areshown to be substantially lower.

09/02119 Evacuation infrastructure for new generatingstation: options available in Indian contextGoyal, M. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1004–1011.Facing a deficit of 9% in power generation, India needs to harness allforms of generation including renewable energy (RE) which presentlycontributes less than 8% to total generation capacity. To increase thesame, concerns of RE developers are being addressed by thegovernment and regulatory bodies. One such concern is availabilityof transmission grid for evacuation of power. Transmission linesrequired for power evacuation from RE generators are typically notincluded in their network plan by the transmission utility. Consideringthe financial health and underperformance of these utilities, even if therequired transmission lines are included in the network plan, REdevelopers are uncertain and unsure of the timely execution of theplan. Ministry of Power has guidelines for enabling private sectorparticipation in transmission to enable the private developers to buildthe required evacuation infrastructure. This paper evaluates theoptions available as per the legislative and regulatory framework inIndia through which the evacuation infrastructure for the RE projectscan be built by the transmission utility or the potential investors. Thekey concept of ‘dedicated transmission line’, which has been a keenlydebated and often a misunderstood issue, is also discussed in greatdetail.

09/02120 Fast method to predict building heating demandbased on the design of experimentsJaffal, I. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (6), 669–677.A rational choice of solutions for low-energy building requires aperformance evaluation for a large number of parameter combinations.Currently, building thermal dynamic simulation is used to check designsolutions but it gives little information on what and how much may beimproved. Iterative parameter optimization is a solution but themethods used may stick in local minima and do not allow the designerto evaluate different solutions. An alternative evaluation method is toobtain simple polynomial functions which estimate the annual energydemand as a function of building envelope parameters. The coefficientsof these functions may be obtained by regression from dynamicsimulation results. The number of dynamic simulations needed is



reduced if the numerical simulations are optimally designed. Thepolynomial functions may be used to predict alternative performancesfrom which the solution may be chosen. The designer is guided in hischoice by the coefficients of the polynomial function which give theeffect of each parameter on energy demand.

09/02121 Forecasting electricity consumption by clusteringdata in order to decline the periodic variable’s affects andsimplification the patternSadeghi Keyno, H. R. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009,50, (3), 829–836.Electricity demand forecasting is known as one of the most importantchallenges in managing supply and demand of electricity. Consumptionpattern of electricity has been affected by some social, economical andenvironmental factors by which the pattern will form various seasonal,monthly, daily and hourly complex variations. Diversity and complexityin consumption pattern of electricity have been leading to the extensionof the complicated models. Many attempts have been made to find thebest estimation for electricity consumption. These studies have beentried to forecast the demand in two levels: (1) macro-economic decisionmaking and (2) engineering and middle management. In this researchan attempt has been made to introduce a method for pre-preparingdata and for developing a model that could be applied in both thementioned levels. By clustering primary data and by eliminating theperiodic variance in the study, the complicated pattern is decomposedto a set of simple patterns which could be easily analysed withconventional tools in both the levels.

09/02122 Integrated assessment of bioelectricitytechnology optionsThornley, P. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 890–903.Power generation from biomass is a sustainable energy technologywhich can contribute to substantial reductions in greenhouse gasemissions, but with greater potential for environmental, economic andsocial impacts than most other renewable energy technologies. It isimportant therefore in assessing bioenergy systems to take account ofnot only technical, but also environmental, economic and socialparameters on a common basis. This work addresses the challenge ofanalysing, quantifying and comparing these factors for bioenergy powergeneration systems. A life-cycle approach is used to analyse thetechnical, environmental, economic and social impacts of entirebioelectricity systems, with a number of life-cycle indicators as outputsto facilitate cross-comparison. The results show that similar green-house gas savings are achieved with the wide variety of technologiesand scales studied, but land-use efficiency of greenhouse gas savingsand specific airborne emissions varied substantially. Also, while specificinvestment costs and electricity costs vary substantially from one systemto another the number of jobs created per unit of electricity deliveredremains roughly constant. Recorded views of stakeholders illustratethat diverging priorities exist for different stakeholder groups and thiswill influence appropriate choice of bioenergy systems for differentapplications.

09/02123 Joint market clearing in a stochastic frameworkconsidering power system securityAghaei, J. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1675–1682.This paper presents a new stochastic framework for provision ofreserve requirements (spinning and non-spinning reserves) as well asenergy in day-ahead simultaneous auctions by pool-based aggregatedmarket scheme. The uncertainty of generating units in the form ofsystem contingencies are considered in the market clearing procedureby the stochastic model. The solution methodology consists of twostages, which firstly, employs Monte-Carlo simulation for randomscenario generation. Then, the stochastic market clearing procedure isimplemented as a series of deterministic optimization problems(scenarios) including non-contingent scenario and different post-contingency states. The objective function of each of these determi-nistic optimization problems consists of offered cost function (includ-ing both energy and reserves offer costs), lost opportunity cost andexpected interruption cost. Each optimization problem is solvedconsidering AC power flow and security constraints of the powersystem. The model is applied to the IEEE 24-bus Reliability TestSystem (IEEE 24-bus RTS) and simulation studies are carried out toexamine the effectiveness of the proposed method.

09/02124 Multi-criteria contingency ranking method forvoltage stabilityDester, M. and Castro, C. A. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009,79, (1), 220–225.The objective of this paper is to propose a fast, accurate, and robustmethod for ranking contingencies according to their severities as far asvoltage stability is concerned. In general terms, the proposedprocedure consists of obtaining the operating state and computingperformance indices for each contingency of a predefined list. Thecontingencies are then ranked according to their performance indices.

The proposed method can be used as a real time operation tool, sinceits computational effort is very small. The proposed method is able topick most of the severe contingencies, resulting in very good captureratios. Simulation results are shown for small test and large realisticpower systems.

09/02125 Multi-objective design and control of hybridsystems minimizing costs and unmet loadBernal-Agustın, J. L. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79,(1), 170–180.This paper presents, for the first time, the application of the strengthPareto evolutionary algorithm to the multi-objective design of isolatedhybrid systems, minimizing both the total cost throughout the usefullife of the installation and the unmet load. For this task, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) and a genetic algorithm(GA) have been used in order to find the best combinations ofcomponents for the hybrid system and control strategy. Also, a novelcontrol strategy has been developed and it will be expounded in thisarticle. As an example of application, a PV–wind–diesel system hasbeen designed, obtaining a set of possible solutions (Pareto set) fromwhich the designer can choose those which he/she prefers consideringthe costs and unmet load of each. The results obtained demonstrate thepractical utility of the design method used.

09/02126 Multiobjective clearing of reactive power marketin deregulated power systemsRabiee, A. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1555–1564.This paper presents a day-ahead reactive power market which iscleared in the form of multiobjective context. Total payment function(TPF) of generators, representing the payment paid to the generatorsfor their reactive power compensation, is considered as the mainobjective function of reactive power market. Besides that, voltagesecurity margin, overload index, and also voltage drop index are theother objective functions of the optimal power flow (OPF) problem toclear the reactive power market. A multiobjective mathematicalprogramming (MMP) formulation is implemented to solve the problemof reactive power market clearing using a fuzzy approach to choose thebest compromise solution according to the specific preference amongvarious non-dominated (pareto optimal) solutions. The effectiveness ofthe proposed method is examined based on the IEEE 24-bus reliabilitytest system (IEEE 24-bus RTS).

09/02127 Nodal pricing in Ontario, Canada: implications forsolar PV electricityBrown, B. J. and Rowlands, I. H. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 170–178.This article investigates the extent to which the value of solar electricity(that is, electricity generated by photovoltaics), a form of distributedgeneration, would be higher under a nodal pricing system as comparedto a uniform pricing system. More specifically, solar radiation andelectricity market data for the period 1 January 2005–31 December2006 are examined for locations near Mississauga, Ontario andKingston, Ontario. The hybrid optimization model for electric renew-ables (HOMER) program is used for the simulation of solar electricityoutput. For Mississauga, the average monthly value of the solarelectricity based on Ontario’s uniform pricing system (the hourlyOntario energy price, or HOEP) was C$20.62. Based on nodal pricing,the average monthly value was C$27.20 per month (32% higher). ForKingston, the average monthly value of the solar electricity based onHOEP was C$23.78 per month. Based on nodal pricing, the averagemonthly value was C$36.03 (52% higher). Over the two-year period,the monthly differences were greatest during the summer, with a 53%spread in June in Mississauga and a 106% spread in May in Kingston.As debates regarding electricity futures progress, the importance ofproper valuation of alternative generation sources continues to becritical. This research aims to contribute to discussions regarding theextent to which a nodal pricing system could facilitate the contributionof solar electricity to a sustainable electricity system in Ontario.

09/02128 Optimal option of distributed generationtechnologies for various commercial buildingsRuan, Y. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1641–1653.With the development of distributed generation (DG) technologies andthe implementation of policies to encourage their applications,building combined heat and power (BCHP) is expected to play agreater role in the commercial buildings in the future. BCHP is apromising efficiency improvement and carbon mitigation strategy, butcareful selection of technology and operation mode is required toachieve a reasonable system performance according to energyconsumption characteristics of buildings and technical features ofequipments. This paper analysed energy consumption characteristics offour typical commercial buildings in Japan and simulated the energysystem performances of four mostly widely adopted DG technologiesunder different operation mode conditions for the four buildingsstudied. Various scenarios were evaluated and compared regarding



energy utilization efficiency, energy saving and environmental effects,as well as economic efficiency. Results show that the hotels andhospitals are more attractive for BCHP because of their stable thermalload demands and a favourable heat-to-power ratio, which is the mostcompatible match with available DG technologies. Furthermore, someDG technologies are more suitable for a certain type of building thanothers because of their technical features more matching with thebuilding’s energy consumption characteristics, as well as the user’smotivation of selecting BCHP. In Japan, during selecting DGtechnologies, the prior order is gas turbines (GT), gas engines (GE),diesel engines (DE) and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) for thehotels, PAFC, GE and GT, DE for the hospitals, PAFC, DE, GE andGT for the stores, as well as DE, PAFC, GE and GT for the offices.

09/02129 Optimal selling price and energy procurementstrategies for a retailer in an electricity marketHatami, A. R. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1),246–254.In an electricity market, the retailer sets up contracts with thewholesale side for purchasing electricity and with the customers forits selling. This paper proposes a mathematical method based onmixed-integer stochastic programming to determine the optimal saleprice of electricity to customers and the electricity procurement policyof a retailer for a specified period. The retailer has multiple choices forelectricity procurement, such as spot market, forward contracts, calloptions and self-production. Risk is considered and modelled byconditional value-at-risk methodology. Also, the competition betweenretailers is modelled using a market share function. A case study isillustrated to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method.

09/02130 Providing electricity access to remote areas inIndia: niche areas for decentralized electricity supplyNouni, M. R. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 430–434.This paper presents the results of a study undertaken for identifyingniche areas in India where renewable energy based decentralizedgeneration options can be financially more attractive as compared togrid extension for providing electricity. The cost of delivering electricityin remote areas considering cost of generation of electricity and alsocost of its transmission and distribution in the country have beenestimated. Considering electricity generated from coal thermal powerplants, the delivered cost of electricity in remote areas, located in thedistance range of 5–25 km is found to vary from Rs3.18/kWh toRs231.14/kWh depending on peak electrical load up to 100 kW andload factor. The paper concludes that micro-hydro, dual fuel biomassgasifier systems, small wind electric generators and photovoltaicsystems could be financially attractive as compared to grid extensionfor providing access to electricity in small remote villages.

09/02131 Reactive power rescheduling with generatorranking for voltage stability improvementRaoufi, H. and Kalantar, M. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009,50, (4), 1129–1135.In a power system, voltage stability margin improvement can be doneby regulating generators voltages, transformers tap settings andcapacitors/reactors rated reactive powers (susceptances). In this paper,one of these methods, ‘reactive power rescheduling with generatorranking’, is considered. In this method, using ‘ranking coefficients’, thegenerators are divided into ‘important’ and ‘less-important’ ones andthen, voltage stability margin is improved by increasing and decreasingreactive power generation at the important and less-importantgenerators, respectively. These ranking coefficients are obtained using‘modal analysis’. In this paper, the method’s performance for two typesof ranking coefficients has been analysed. Also, for comparisonpurpose, the ‘usual form of optimal reactive power dispatch’ methodhas been simulated. For all simulations, the IEEE 30 bus test systemhas been used. The simulation results show that in the former method,for either type of ranking coefficients, voltage stability margin isconsiderably improved and, usually, the system active loss and thesystem operating cost are increased. Also, in the latter method, voltagestability margin is improved and the system active loss and the systemoperating cost are decreased.

09/02132 Reliability and economic evaluation of smallautonomous power systems containing only renewableenergy sourcesGeorgilakis, P. S. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 65–70.Evaluation of reliability performance in every power system has to bedone within a cost–benefit framework. This approach, however, is avery time-consuming task, especially for systems that contain a largenumber of possible configurations, so simpler techniques referred tothe calculation of reliability indices are used. In small autonomouspower systems (SAPSs), such an evaluation uses mainly deterministiccriteria. This approach, however, cannot be applied in SAPS thatcontain only renewable energy sources, due to the intermittent natureof the provided energy. In this paper, a complete reliability cost and

worth analysis is implemented for these systems, combined with thecalculation of some basic probabilistic indices, in order to discovertheir performance and propose the appropriate of them as a criterionof optimal system configuration. This paper proposes that normalizedenergy reliability indices as system minutes and energy index ofunavailability can be used as adequate criteria of system’s optimalperformance. This conclusion is validated through a large number ofsensitivity analysis studies that are based on different maximum annualloads and different mix of load types.

09/02133 The benefits of transmission expansions in thecompetitive electricity marketsBresesti, P. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (3), 274–280.The paper presents an innovative method for assessing simultaneouslytechnical and economic benefits of transmission expansions. Thismethod takes into account the new needs of the transmission planningprocess for competitive electricity markets, in which benefits of majortransmission expansions include: (a) improved reliability, (b) increasedavailability of efficient supply and (c) increased competition amongsuppliers. The fundamental elements of the REliability and MARKet(REMARK) tool, which were implemented based on the aforemen-tioned method, are: a yearly probabilistic simulation of power systemoperation; use of the non-sequential Monte Carlo method to pick theoperational status of the network elements; full network represen-tation; adoption of the simplified direct current model; quantitativeassessment of the reliability benefits through the expected energy notsupplied index; simulation of the strategic behaviour of suppliers basedon a simplified model that correlates the price–cost mark-up tostructural market variables (residual supply index and demand); aquantitative assessment of ‘economic’ benefits through the calculationof the social welfare index. A test case application of the tool on theIEEE 24-bus reliability test system shows that the method can assessbenefits of transmission expansions, in addition to the overall socialperspective, for each market zone as well as separately for consumers,producers and transmission system operators. The results emphasizethat the effect of transmission expansions in mitigating market powermay be significant and that a simple and traditional cost-basedapproach may lead to a wrong evaluation of benefits given bytransmission expansions.

09/02134 The impact of distributed synchronousgenerators on quality of electricity supply and transientstability of real distribution networkCalderaro, V. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1),134–143.The paper investigates steady state and transient impact of distributedsynchronous generators (DSG) on a real Italian distribution network.Before connecting or allowing the connection of DSG, the worstoperating scenarios have to be analysed to guarantee that the networkvoltages remain within allowed ranges. A voltage profile variation andsteady state voltage regulation are analysed, therefore followingconnection of DSG. Transient analysis is also performed in order toanalyse the impact of DSG on stability and protection system. Further,the islanding operating mode of the network is considered having inmind that the DSG could provide additional to the load in the absenceof the main power supply. In particular, in the event of a supply outage,the temporary islanding operation of DSG might improve thecontinuity of service and such contribute to the overall quality ofelectricity supply to the customers.

09/02135 The value of shade: estimating the effect of urbantrees on summertime electricity useDonovan, G. H. and Butry, D. T. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (6),662–668.The authors estimated the effect of shade trees on the summertimeelectricity use of 460 single-family homes in Sacramento, California.Results show that trees on the west and south sides of a house reducesummertime electricity use, whereas trees on the north side of a houseincrease summertime electricity use. The current level of tree cover onthe west and south sides of houses in the sample reduced summertimeelectricity use by 185 kWh (5.2%), whereas north-side trees increasedelectricity use by 55 kWh (1.5%). Results also show that a Londonplane tree, planted on the west side of a house, can reduce carbonemissions from summertime electricity use by an average of 31% over100 years.

09/02136 Time horizons and electricity futures:an application of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen’s generaltheory of economic productionFarrell, K. N. and Mayumi, K. Energy, 2009, 34, (3), 301–307.This paper reports theoretical economic production work and useselectricity futures trading to illustrate its argument. The focus isrelationships between time, production and tradition both in NicholasGeorgescu-Roegen’s analytical representation of the productionprocess (i.e. flow/fund model) and in his dialectical scheme dealing



with the evolutionary changes in the economic process. The mainarguments are: (1) the flow/fund model is designed to be employed inconjunction with attention to how the boundaries of a given process aredetermined and (2) process boundaries are dialectical distinctions –between process and not-process – that are strongly related to time andtradition. It is proposed that Georgescu-Roegen’s ‘The Entropy Lawand the Economic Process’ is best understood as the elaboration of ageneral theory of economic production and two conceptual tools weredeveloped (time and meta-funds), both of which are related to thedialectical distinction between process and not-process, which wereused to operationalize this general theory. Finally, it is demonstratedthat, although trading in electricity futures is surprising if one uses astock/flow vs services distinction (because electricity supply is classedas a service) it appears perfectly logical under Georgescu-Roegen’sgeneral theory: shortening time horizons, combined with a shift in therelationship between raw fuel supplies and power production pro-cedures, lead to a shift in the status of electricity supply, from fund toflow.

09/02137 Towards a future with large penetrationof distributed generation: is the current regulation ofelectricity distribution ready? Regulatoryrecommendations under a European perspectiveCossent, R. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1145–1155.The European Energy Policy promotes renewable energy sources andenergy efficiency as means to mitigate environmental impact, increasesecurity of supply and ensure economic competitiveness. As a result,the penetration levels of distributed generation (DG) in electricitynetworks are bound to increase. Distribution networks and distributionsystem operators (DSOs) will be especially affected by growing levels ofDG. This paper reviews the current regulation of distribution in theEuropean Union Member States, focusing on those aspects that mighthinder the future integration of DG. Several regulatory issues that mayhinder a successful integration of DG have been identified. Rec-ommendations to improve the current situation are proposed.Regarding economic signals sent to DG, connection charges andcost-reflective use-of-system charges together with incentives toprovide ancillary services are the key aspects. Concerning DSOsregulation, unbundling from generation and supply according to theEuropean Electricity Directive, incentives for optimal planning andnetwork operation considering DG, including energy losses and qualityof service, and innovation schemes to migrate to active networks arethe most relevant topics.

09/02138 Wind electric power in the world and perspectivesof its development in IndiaGolait, N. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 233–247.The global market for wind power is expanding faster than any othersource of renewable energy. From just 4800 MW in 1995 raise to15-fold to reach 73,904 MW at the end of 2006. Top five wind electricpower generating countries at the end of 2006 were Germany, Spain,USA, India and Denmark. Since the 1980s, when the first commercialwind turbine was deployed, their capacity, efficiency and visual designhave all improved a lot. A modern wind turbine annually produces 180times more electricity at less than half the cost per unit (kWh) than itsequivalent twenty years ago. The largest turbines being manufacturednow are of rated power of 5 MW capacity and a rotor diameter of126 m. Modern turbines are modular and quick to install, whilst windfarms vary in size from a few MW to several hundred MW. Keepingthese factors in view, an attempt has been made in this paper to presentcurrent advances in wind turbine generator technology. Wind energyscenario in the world in general and in India in particular have beenpresented. Further the cost components of wind turbine electricgeneration system have been included.

07 STEAM RAISING

Boiler operation/design

09/02139 Chemical, leaching and toxicity characteristics ofCFB combustion residuesSkodras, G. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1201–1209.Within the last years, attention has been focused on the developmentof clean coal technologies, based on the pulverized coal fired once-through boiler technology and the circulating fluidized bed combustion(CFBC) systems. The environmental problems provoked from those

wastes due to their toxic trace element contents necessitate theirdetailed characterization. Within the scope of this concept, twodifferent coal types were used in a series of experimental trials. Flyand bottom ash samples were collected and characterized in terms ofmorphology, mineralogy, leaching and toxicity behaviour. According tothe results, toxic trace elements are preferentially concentrated in thefly ash particles since they presented the smaller particles size.However, the chemical analysis of the ash leachates showed that areacceptable for safe disposal, since none of them exceeds the maximumEPA limits. Additionally, the Microtox toxicity test proved that fly ashleachates, which presented the higher heavy metals concentrations,caused the higher toxic effects.

09/02140 Dynamic simulation of a supercritical once-through heat recovery steam generator during load changesand start-up proceduresAlobaid, F. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (7–8), 1274–1282.This paper presents a static and dynamic simulation model of asupercritical once-through heat recovery steam generator (SC HRSG)and its application to investigate the load changes and start-upprocesses for next generation high efficiency combined cycles. Thescale and complexity of the modern combined cycle power plants basedon high pressure and temperature steam requirements are increasing.To design such a system, it is necessary to generate detailed computermodels. This study describes the upgrading of a validated sub-criticalheat recovery steam generator model to a supercritical once-throughheat recovery steam generator up to 250 bars in the high pressurecircuit. The SC HRSG model is built using commercial simulationsoftware named advanced process simulation software. The modelincludes advanced control circuits to have a high level of accuracy,especially during start-up. The comparison between the simulationresults and the designed data in steady state and different load changesare documented. The obtained results demonstrate that the simulationis very reliable to predict the start-up procedure for the SC HRSG.Through a comparative study, the differences in the thermal efficiencyand the steam parameters between super/sub-critical heat recoverysteam generators during warm start-up process are assessed.

09/02141 Fouling control in biomass boilersRomeo, L. M. and Gareta, R. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5),854–861.One of the important challenges for biomass combustion in industrialapplications is the fouling tendency and how it affects to the boilerperformance. The classical approach for this question is to activatesootblowing cycles with different strategies to clean the boiler (one pershift, one each 6 hours, etc.). Nevertheless, it has been often reportedno effect on boiler fouling or an excessive steam consumption forsootblowing. This paper illustrates the methodology and the appli-cation to select the adequate time for activating sootblowing in anindustrial biomass boiler. The outcome is a control strategy developedwith artificial intelligence (Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic ExpertSystem) for optimizing the biomass boiler cleaning and maximizingheat transfer along the time. Results from an optimize sootblowingschedule show savings up to 12 GWh/year in the case-study biomassboiler. Extra steam generation produces an average increase of turbinepower output of 3.5%.

09/02142 NOx emission and thermal efficiency of a 300 MWeutility boiler retrofitted by air stagingLi, S. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1797–1803.Full-scale experiments were performed on a 300 MWe utility boilerretrofitted with air staging. In order to improve boiler thermalefficiency and to reduce NOx emission, the influencing factorsincluding the overall excessive air ratio, the secondary air distributionpattern, the damper openings of CCOFA and SOFA, and pulverizedcoal fineness were investigated. Through comprehensive combustionadjustment, NOx emission decreased 182 ppm (NOx reduction effi-ciency was 44%), and boiler heat efficiency merely decreased 0.21%.After combustion improvement, high efficiency and low NOx emissionwas achieved in the utility coal-fired boiler retrofitted with air staging,and the unburned carbon in ash can maintain at a desired level wherethe utilization of fly-ash as byproducts was not influenced.

09/02143 Optimization of coal-fired boiler SCRs based onmodified support vector machine models and geneticalgorithmsSi, F. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 806–816.An integrated combustion optimization approach is presented for thecombined considering the trade offs in optimization of coal-fired boilerand selective catalyst reaction (SCR) system, to balance the unitthermal efficiency, SCR reagent consumption and NOx emissions.Field tests were performed at a 160MW coal-fired unit to investigatethe relationships between process controllable variables, and optimiz-ation targets and constraints. Based on the test data, a modified on-linesupport vector regression model was proposed for characteristic


07 Steam raising (boiler operation/design)

function approximation, in which the model parameters can becontinuously adapted for changes in coal quality and other conditionsof plant equipment. The optimization scheme was implemented by agenetic algorithm in two stages. Firstly, the multi-objective combustionoptimization problem was solved to achieve an optimal Pareto front,which contains optimal solutions for lowest unit heat rate and lowestNOx emissions. Secondly, best operating settings for the boiler, andSCR system and air preheater were obtained for lowest operating costunder the constraints of NOx emissions limit and air preheaterammonium bisulfate deposition depth.

09/02144 The boiler concept for combustion of large soyastraw balesMladenovic, R. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 715–723.In one of the largest agricultural companies in Serbia, with over2000 ha of soya plantations, there are 4000 t/year of baled soya strawproduced. Soya straw biomass is planned to be used as a renewableenergy source for heating the greenhouses, with 5 ha in area. There-fore, efforts have been made to develop a technology for utilizing largebales of soya straw for energy production. In the first phase, a demoenergy production facility-furnace was developed and built. The facilityhad been tested in order to examine the quality of combustion of largesoya straw bales. Since experimental results of testing of this facilityhave proved to be very satisfactory, in the second phase of thedevelopment, a hot water boiler of similar characteristics (burning soyastraw bales, with dimensions 0.7�1.2�2.7 m3) has been designed.

08 COMBUSTION

Burners, combustion systems

09/02145 A comparative study of n-heptane, methyldecanoate, and dimethyl ether combustion characteristicsunder homogeneous-charge compression–ignition engineconditionsHoffman, S. R. and Abraham, J. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1099–1108.Combustion characteristics of n-heptane, a surrogate for hydrocarbondiesel, methyl decanoate, a surrogate for biodiesel, and dimethyl ether,a fuel that can be derived from bio-feedstocks, are investigated with ahomogeneous constant-pressure reactor model and a homogeneous-charge compression–ignition engine thermodynamic simulation model,with focus on two variables: ignition delay and NO formation, underconditions of varying oxygen concentration. Negative temperaturecoefficient (NTC) behaviour is observed for the three fuels. Reducingoxygen concentration increases ignition delay for all fuels. The resultsand conclusions with the two models differ because it is necessary tovary initial conditions in the engine model to optimize combustionphasing and maximize indicated efficiency.

09/02146 Comparative fixed/fluidized bed experiments forthe thermal behaviour and environmental impact of olivekernel ashVamvuka, D. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 158–164.Olive kernel can play an important role as a fuel for heat and powerproduction in the island of Crete, substituting a large part ofconventional fuels. However, combustion of this biofuel may createoperational and environmental problems related to its inorganicconstituents. Thus, the thermal behaviour of the ashes in terms ofslagging and fouling propensities and their environmental impact upondisposal to local soils were investigated, through lab-scale fixed/fluidized bed combustion tests. Bottom and fly ashes were character-ized by mineralogical, chemical, morphological and fusibility analyses,as well as standard leaching tests and the results under the differentcombustion configurations were compared. Olive kernel ash was rich inCa, Si and P minerals and contained substantial amounts of alkali.Under the conditions of the combustion tests, no signs of bedagglomeration or ash deposition were noticed; however, whencombustion takes place in a fixed bed this should be operated below1100 �C, to avoid ash melting and the companion problems. Traceelements showed little preference for the fly ash. The elements Cr, Cu,Ni and Mn were enriched in fixed bed ash. Toxic metal ions werereleased in low quantities in the soil, below the legislative limit values,with the exception of Cr. The low leachability of trace elements fromthe fixed bed ash was attributed to the alkaline nature of the ashes, themineralogy, the chemistry and the buffering capacity of the soil. The

high extraction rates of Mn, Zn and Cr, from the fly ash, suggest thatthese elements were associated with carbonates, sulfides, sulfates ororganic matter.

09/02147 Density measurement of fine aerosol fractionsfrom wood combustion sources using ELPI distributionsand image processing techniquesCoudray, N. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 947–954.Aerosols from combustion sources are of high concern since theypresent a risk for health and environment. Particle size distribution ofaerosols and in particular number size distribution are easily andquickly obtained using an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI).However, this technique is depending of aerosol density; �, which maylead to biased particle size distributions. Aerosol density fromcombustion sources is usually not well known and depends on severalparameters. Aerosol density cannot be measured with usual methodssince there is generally not enough matter collected on each stage of theELPI. The approach uses electronic microscopy to evaluate � at eachimpaction stage in order to increase the accuracy of the number sizedistributions resulting from the ELPI measurements. Particles werecollected on glass substrates deposited on each impaction stages.Images were obtained using a scanning electron microscope and imageprocessing tools were applied. This method was first tested with silicaparticles resulting from a combustion process which have a constantdensity found to be comprised between 2.2 and 2.4 g cm�3 for stages 2(57 and 95 nm) and 3 (95 and 158 nm), respectively. Once validated, thismethod was used to determine the density of wood combustionaerosols. The results match well for fly ashes from wood combustionwith densities varying from 1.1 to 3.0 g cm�3 for particles of meanequivalent diameter ranging from 69 to 157 nm, respectively.

09/02148 Development of a self-thermal insulationminiature combustorJiang, L. Q. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1308–1313.A novel miniature cylindrical combustor, whose chamber wall is madeof porous material, has been designed and experimented for reducingheat loss and enhancing flame stability. The combustor has the functionof reducing wall heat loss, extending residence time and avoidingradical chemical quenching with a self-thermal insulation concept inwhich heat loss reduction is obtained by the opposite flow directionsbetween thermal energy transfer and mass flow. The methane/airmixture flames formed in the chamber are blue and tubular in shape.Between the flames and the porous wall, there is a thin unburned filmthat plays a significant role in reducing the flames’ heat loss andkeeping the flames stable. The porous wall temperature was 150–400 �C when the temperatures of the flames and exhaust gas were morethan 1200 �C. When the equivalence ratio �< 1.0, the methaneconversion ratio was above 95%; the combustion efficiency was near90%; and the overall sidewall heat loss was less than 15% in the1.53 cm3 chamber. Moreover, its combustion efficiency is stable in awider combustion load (input power) range.

09/02149 Development of an oxycoal swirl burner operatingat low O2 concentrationsHeil, P. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1269–1274.This work is to clarify the underlying mechanisms of burning pulverizedcoal in a mixture of CO2/O2. The performance of two different burnerdesigns, single central orifice-type (SCO) and single annular orifice-type (SAO), under oxycoal conditions was examined in a down-firedtest facility. Based on detailed in-flame measurements, combined withnumerical simulations, the main parameters influencing the stability ofa CO2/O2 pulverized coal swirl flame were investigated. The oxycoalflame was stabilized at the burner quarl by: increasing the O2

concentration above 34 vol% without changes to the air-firing burnerdesign and by modifications of the burner geometry thus changing itsaerodynamics. The modification of the burner allowed a decrease ofthe O2 concentrations to 23 vol% for SCO burner and to less than 21vol% for SAO burner. Comprehensive measurement data for axial andtangential velocity, flue gas temperature and oxygen concentration forstable oxy-firing at 21 vol% O2 is presented. The results reported canbe used as a guideline for a development of an industrial swirl burnercapable of stable operation in both regimes, namely: air and oxycoal.

09/02150 Effect of pyrolysis temperature on thecomposition of the oils obtained from sewage sludgeSanchez, M. E. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (6–7), 933–940.Sewage sludge was pyrolysed in a quartz reactor at 350, 450, 550 and950 �C. The pyrolysis oils from the sewage sludge were characterized indetail by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS).Changes in the composition of the oils related to the process conditionswere assessed by normalizing the areas of the peaks. It wasdemonstrated that, as the temperature of pyrolysis increased from350 to 950 �C, the concentration of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons in theoils also increased. Conversely, phenol and its alkyl derivatives showed


08 Combustion (burners, combustion systems)

a strong decrease in their concentration as temperature rose. Polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with two to three rings passed througha maximum at a pyrolysis temperature of 450 �C. PAHs with 4–5 ringsalso presented a major increase as temperature increased up to 450 �C,the concentration at 950 �C being slightly higher than that at 450 �C.Quantification of the main compounds showed that sewage sludgepyrolysis oils contain significant quantities of potentially high-valuehydrocarbons such as mono-aromatic hydrocarbons and phenoliccompounds. The oils also contain substantial concentrations of PAHs,even at the lowest temperature of 350 �C. The pathway to PAHformation is believed to be via the Diels–Alder reaction and also viasecondary reactions of oxygenated compounds such as phenols.

09/02151 Effects of fuel type and equivalence ratios on theflickering of triple flamesSahu, K. B. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 484–493.An experimental study has been conducted in axisymmetric, co-flowingtriple flames with different equivalence ratios of the inner and outerreactant streams (2 < �in < 3 and 0 � �out < 0.7). Different fuelcombinations, like propane/propane, propane/methane or methane/methane in the inner and outer streams respectively, have been used inthe experiments. The structures of the triple flames have beencompared for the different fuel combinations and equivalence ratios.The conditions under which triple flames exhibit oscillation have beenidentified. During the oscillation, the non-premixed flame and theouter lean premixed flame flicker strongly, while the inner richpremixed flame remains more or less stable. The flickering frequencyhas been evaluated through image processing and fast Fouriertransform (FFT) of the average pixel intensity of the image frames.It is observed that, for all the fuel combinations, the frequencydecreases with the increase in the outer equivalence ratio, while it isrelatively invariant with the change in the inner equivalence ratio.However, an increase in the inner equivalence ratio affects thestructure of the flame by increasing the heights of the inner premixedflame and non-premixed flame and also enlarges the yellow soot-ladenzone at the tip of the inner flame. A scaling analysis of the oscillatingflames has been performed based on the measured parameters, whichshow a variation of Strouhal number (St) with Richardson number (Ri)as St/Ri0.5. The fuel type is found to have no influence on thiscorrelation.

09/02152 Flame characteristics of hydrogen-enrichedmethane–air premixed swirling flamesKim, H. S. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(2), 1063–1073.The effect of hydrogen addition in methane–air premixed flames hasbeen examined from a swirl-stabilized combustor under unconfinedflame conditions. Different swirlers have been examined to investigatethe effect of swirl intensity on enriching methane–air flame withhydrogen in a laboratory-scale premixed combustor operated at5.81 kW. The hydrogen-enriched methane fuel and air were mixed ina pre-mixer and introduced into the burner having swirlers of differentswirl vane angles that provided different swirl strengths. The combus-tion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane–air flames at fixedthermal load but different swirl strengths were examined using particleimage velocimetry (PIV), OH chemiluminescence, gas analysers, andmicro-thermocouple diagnostics to provide information on flow field,combustion generated OH radical and gas species concentration, andtemperature distribution, respectively. The results show that highercombustibility of hydrogen assists to promote faster chemical reaction,raises temperature in the reaction zone and reduces the recirculationflow in the reaction zone. The upstream of flame region is moredependent on the swirl strength than the effect of hydrogen addition tomethane fuel. At lower swirl strength condition the NO concentrationin the reaction zone reduces with increase in hydrogen content in thefuel mixture. Higher combustibility of hydrogen accelerates the flow toreduce the residence time of hot product gases in the high temperaturereaction zone. At higher swirl strength the NO concentration increaseswith increase in hydrogen content in the fuel mixture. The effect ofdynamic expansion of the gases with hydrogen addition appears to bemore dominant to reduce the recirculation of relatively cooler gasesinto the reaction zone. NO concentration also increases with decreasein the swirl strength.

09/02153 Modelling solid-convective flash pyrolysis ofstraw and wood in the Pyrolysis Centrifuge ReactorBech, N. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (6–7), 999–1011.Less than a handful of solid-convective pyrolysis reactors for theproduction of liquid fuel from biomass have been presented and foronly a single reactor a detailed mathematical model has beenpresented. This article presents a predictive mathematical model ofthe pyrolysis process in the pyrolysis centrifuge reactor, a novel solid-convective flash pyrolysis reactor. The model relies on the originalconcept for ablative pyrolysis of particles being pyrolysed through theformation of an intermediate liquid compound which is further

degraded to form liquid organics, char, and gas. To describe thekinetics of the pyrolysis reactions the Broido–Shafizadeh scheme isemployed with cellulose parameters for wood and modified parametersfor straw to include the catalytic effect of its alkali-containing ashcontent. The model describes the presented experimental resultsadequately for engineering purposes for both wood and straw feedstockeven though conditions for ablative pyrolysis from a reactionengineering point of view are not satisfied. Accordingly, even thoughthe concept of an ablatively melting particle may constitute a limitingcase, it can still be used to model flash pyrolysis provided that thereacting particle continuously shed the formed char layer.

09/02154 Monitoring combustion unstable dynamics bymeans of control chartsFichera, A. and Pagano, A. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1574–1581.Thermoacoustic instabilities in combustion chambers represent aserious threat to combustion systems, which can lead to performancedegradation as well as to relevant structural damages. The non-linearityof these phenomena represents a serious obstacle to the prediction ofthe evolution of the relevant system variables. The early prediction ofout-of-control states in combustion chambers might represent animportant step ahead in the design of accurate control system for thesuppression of undesired behaviours. This study proposes theapplication of control charts to the prediction of out-of-control statesin an experimental combustion chamber. EWMA control charts havebeen used because they are very useful when on line singlemeasurements are collected from the process. In order to deal withthe high level of autocorrelation characterizing the deterministic non-linear experimental measurement, the EWMA control charts havebeen applied to the residuals of an input–output NARMAX identifi-cation model, implemented by means of a Multilayer Perceptronartificial neural network. Obtained results show the ability of thecontrol charts in detecting unstable combustion phenomena, pointingout the promising application of these statistical tools in the diagnosticof combustion instabilities.

09/02155 Optimization of air staging in a 1 MW tangentiallyfired pulverized coal furnaceLi., S. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90, (1), 99–106.This paper deals with an experimental study of air staging in a 1 MW(heat input power) tangentially fired pulverized coal furnace. Theinfluences of several variables associated with air staging on NOx

reduction efficiency and unburned carbon in fly ash were investigated,and these variables included the air stoichiometric ratio of primarycombustion zone (SR1), the locations of over-fire air nozzles alongfurnace height, and the ratio of coal concentration of the fuel-richstream to that of the fuel-lean one (RRL) in primary air nozzle. Theexperimental results indicate that SR1 and RRL have optimum valuesfor NOx reduction, and the two optimum values are 0.85 and 3:1,respectively. NOx reduction efficiency monotonically increases with theincrease of OFA nozzle location along furnace height. On theoptimized operating conditions of air staging, NOx reduction efficiencycan attain 47%. Although air staging can effectively reduce NOx

emission, the increase of unburned carbon in fly ash should be noticed.

09/02156 Optimization of the combustion of blends ofdomestic fuel oil and cottonseed oil in a non-modifieddomestic boilerDaho, T. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1261–1268.This study characterizes combustion of blends of DFO (domestic fuel–oil) and refined cottonseed oil produced in Burkina Faso at differentpercentages in a non-modified DFO burner by determining its overallperformance (consumption and thermal capacity) and gas emissions(CO, CO2, O2, NO, NOx, SO2). The physical and chemical character-istics of the different blends confer on each blend the status of a specialfuel requiring specific adjustment of the burner. The influence ofcombustion parameters such as equivalence ratio and fuel pressure isstudied. Results show that emissions of CO, NOx and CO2 are similarfor all fuel blends at the operating point corresponding to 0.86equivalence ratio and 20 bars fuel pressure. Whatever the fuel pressureis, SO2 emission is increasing with DFO percentage in blends.Experimental emission results obtained with suitable adjustments fora blend containing 30% cottonseed oil and 70% DFO are compared tothe calculated results obtained using a combustion equation based on aglobal chemical mechanism. The results show that there is asatisfactory match between the calculation and experimental results.

09/02157 Possibility of using paper sludge in co-firingapplicationsVamvuka, D. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (4), 637–643.The possibility of co-processing paper sludge with coal in power plantsfor power production and useful products was investigated as analternative to the disposal option. The thermal behaviour of the fuelsand their blend during pyrolysis and combustion processes was studied,kinetic models were developed and the compatibility of each


08 Combustion (burners, combustion systems)

component in the blend was evaluated. The experiments wereconducted in a thermogravimetric analysis system, at non-isothermalheating conditions, over the temperature range 25–850 �C. The effectof the inorganic constituents of the fuels and their mixture on thermalconversion characteristics, reactivity, slagging and fouling propensitiesand environmental pollution was examined. The thermochemicalreactivity of the two fuels was different in both nitrogen and air.Devolatilization of paper sludge occurred earlier and with a higherrate, while its combustion was hindered by the high content of ash.When the two fuels were mixed their pyrolysis or combustionreactivities did not substantially change. A first-order parallel reactionsmodel for pyrolysis and a power low model for combustion fitted theexperimental results accurately. The kinetic parameters of the blendcould be predicted from the data of the individual components. Co-firing paper sludge with sub-bituminous coal might somehow improvethe slagging/fouling potential of the coal. However, if the mineralmatter of paper sludge is partly removed before use, then thecombustion behaviour of the mixture could resemble that of coalalone and the overall efficiency of the process would increase.

09/02158 Pyrolysis characteristics of Oriental white oak:kinetic study and fast pyrolysis in a fluidized bed with animproved reaction systemPark, H. J. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90, (2), 186–195.The kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis of Oriental white oak wereevaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The white oak waspyrolysed in a fluidized bed reactor with a two-staged char separationsystem under a variety of operating conditions. The influence of thepyrolysis conditions on the chemical and physical characteristics of thebio-oil was also examined. TGA showed that the Oriental white oakdecomposed at temperatures ranging from 250 to 400 �C. The apparentactivation energy ranged from 160 to 777 kJ mol�1. The optimalpyrolysis temperature for the production of bio-oil in the fluidizedbed unit was between 400 and 450 �C. A much smaller and larger feedsize adversely affected the production of bio-oil. A higher fluidizing gasflow and higher biomass feeding rate were more effective in theproduction of bio-oil but the above flow rates did not affect the bio-oilyields significantly. Recycling a part of the product gas as a fluidizingmedium resulted the highest bio-oil yield of 60 wt.%. In addition, high-quality bio-oil with a low solid content was produced using a hot filteras well as a cyclone. With exception of the pyrolysis temperature, theother pyrolysis conditions did not significantly affect the chemical andphysical characteristics of the resulting bio-oil.

09/02159 Simulation of the influence of flue gas cleaningsystem on the energetic efficiency of a waste-to-energyplantGrieco, E. and Poggio, A. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1517–1523.Municipal solid waste incinerators are designed to enhance theelectrical efficiency obtained by the plant as much as possible. Forthis reason strong integration between the flue gas cleaning system andthe heat recovery system is required. To provide higher electricalefficiencies acid gas neutralization process has the major importance influe gas cleaning system. At least four technologies are usually appliedfor acid gas removal: dry neutralization with Ca(OH)2 or withNaHCO3, semi-dry neutralization with milk of lime and wet scrubbing.Nowadays, wet scrubbers are rarely used as a result of the large amountof liquid effluents produced; wet scrubbing technology is often appliedas a final treatment after a dry neutralization. Operating conditions ofthe plant were simulated by using Aspen Plus in order to investigatethe influences of four different technologies on the electrical efficiencyof the plant. The results of the simulations did not show a greatinfluence of the gas cleaning system on the net electrical efficiency, asthe difference between the most advantageous technology (neutraliz-ation with NaHCO3) and the worst one, is about 1%.

09/02160 Synergy effects of co-firing wooden biomass withBosnian coalKazagic, A. and Smajevic, I. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 699–707.The paper presents synergy effects found during the co-firing ofwooden biomass with Bosnian coal types in an experimental reactor.The co-firing tests used spruce sawdust in combination with Kakanjbrown coal and a lignite blend of Dubrave lignite and Sikulje lignite.Coal/biomass mixtures at 93:7 and 80:20 wt% were fired in a 20 kWpulverized fuel (PF) entrained flow reactor. Over 20 test trials wereperformed to investigate ash deposition behaviour and emissions underdifferent conditions, varying the process temperature, excess air ratio,and air distribution. During the tests, the temperature in theexperimental facility varied between 880 and 1550 �C, while the excessair ratio varied between 0.95 and 1.4. There was sufficient combustionefficiency under all co-firing regimes, with burning out at 96.5–99.5%for brown coal–sawdust co-firing. Synergy effects were detected for allco-firing regimes with regard to SO2 emission, as well for slagging at

the process temperature suitable for the slag tap furnace. CO2

emissions were also calculated for the blends tested and significantreductions of CO2 found, due to the very low ranking of Bosnian coals.

09/02161 The combustion chemistry of a fuel tracer:measured flame speeds and ignition delays and a detailedchemical kinetic model for the oxidation of acetonePichon, S. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 494–504.Acetone ignition delay and stretch-free laminar flame speed measure-ments have been carried out and a kinetic model has been developed tosimulate these and literature data for acetone and for ketene, whichwas found to be an important intermediate in its oxidation. Themechanism has been based on one originally devised for dimethyl etherand modified through validation of the hydrogen, carbon monoxideand methane sub-mechanisms. Acetone oxidation in argon was studiedbehind reflected shock waves in the temperature range 1340–1930 K, at1 atm and at equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2; it is also shown that theaddition of up to 15% acetone to a stoichiometric n-heptane mixturehas no effect on the measured ignition delay times. Flame speeds at298K and 1 atm of pure acetone in air were measured in a sphericalbomb; a maximum flame speed of �35 cm s�1 at �=1.15 is indicated.

Fire safety

09/02162 Effect of velocity inflow conditions on thestability of a CH4/air jet-flameTroiani, G. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 539–542.The experimental findings of this study show that jet flame inletvelocity conditions, quantified by the Karlovitz stretch parameter, candeeply affect flame front continuity deprived of anchoring problems.Nonetheless, local quenching can alter the stability and, in turn, thewidth and topology of the turbulent flame brush.

09/02163 Fire in the hole: a review of national spent nuclearfuel disposal policyRogers, K. A. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 281–289.Today, nuclear power plants operate in 31 countries and account forapproximately 15% of the world’s electricity production. Moreover, anumber of additional reactors are expected to come on-line over thenext several years as a result of a global resurgence in nuclear power.Since the amount of spent nuclear fuel generated by these plants isexpected almost to double by 2020, the issue of how to dispose of highlyradioactive waste properly is an international concern of growingimportance. As of now, no country has yet solved the problem of whatto do with the mounting inventories of spent nuclear fuel created as aby-product of nuclear power generation. This article focuses onnational approaches for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, anddiscusses the need for a global approach to cope adequately with theincreasing inventories of highly radioactive waste.

09/02164 Flame structure and NO generation in oxy-fuelcombustion at high pressuresSeepana, S. and Jayanti, S. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009,50, (4), 1116–1123.A numerical study of oxy-fuel combustion has been carried out in thepressure range of 0.1–3 MPa with methane as the fuel and carbondioxide-diluted oxygen with trace amount of nitrogen as the oxidant.The flame structure and NO generation rate have been calculated usingthe flamelet model with the detailed GRI 3.0 mechanism for twooxygen concentrations of 23.3% and 20% by weight in the oxidant at astrain rate of 40 s�1 (corresponding to a scalar dissipation rate of 1 s�1).It is observed that, for the reference case of 23.3 wt.% of oxygen, as thepressure increases, the peak temperature of the flame increases rapidlyup to a pressure of 0.5 MPa, and more gradually at higher pressures.The concentrations of important intermediate radicals such as CH3, Hand OH decrease considerably with increasing pressure while NOconcentration follows the same trend as the temperature. Reducing theoxygen concentration to 20% by weight leads to an order of magnitudereduction in NO concentration. Also, for pressures greater than0.3 MPa, the NO concentration decreases with increasing pressure inspite of the increasing peak flame temperatures. This can be attributedto the increasing domination of recombination reactions leading to lessavailability of the intermediate radicals H and OH which are necessaryfor the formation of NO by the thermal route. It is concluded that astable, low NOx oxy-fuel flame can be obtained at high pressures atslightly increased dilution of oxygen.

09/02165 Mixture fraction analysis of combustion productsin the upper layer of reduced-scale compartment firesKo, G. H. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 467–476.


08 Combustion (fire safety)

A mixture fraction analysis is performed to investigate the character-istics of chemical species production in smoky compartment firesburning condensed-phase hydrocarbon fuels. A series of fire exper-iments were conducted in a 2/5 scale compartment based on the ISO-9705 room. Gas species and soot measurements were made at twolocations in the upper layer of the compartment. The fuels considered,heptane, toluene, and polystyrene, generate highly smoky fires over arange of natural ventilation conditions. The mass fractions of measuredchemical species, such as unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide, oxygen, and soot are presented as a function of mixturefraction and compared with state relationships based on the idealizedreactions of a hydrocarbon fuel. The results show that plotting the localcomposition as a function of the mixture fraction adequately collapseshundreds of species measurements from an assortment of compartmentconditions with varying heat release rates and spatial locations into afew coherent lines or bands. It is also shown that about half (or more)of the fuel carbon may exist in the form of carbonaceous soot in theupper layer of smoky compartment fires. Inclusion of soot in themixture fraction analysis allows identification of fuel-rich or under-ventilated conditions.

09/02166 Surface effects on flammable extent of hydrogenand methane jetsHourri, A. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1569–1577.Studies on the effect of surfaces on the extent of the flammable cloudof high-pressure horizontal and vertical jets of hydrogen and methaneare performed using CFD numerical simulations. For the horizontaljets, two scenarios pertaining to the location of the surface are studied:horizontal surface (the ground), and vertical surface (side wall). For aconstant flow rate release, the extent of the flammable cloud isdetermined as a function of time. Effects of the proximity of the surfaceon the flammable extent along the axis of the jet and its impact on themaximum extent of the flammable cloud is explored and compared forboth hydrogen and methane. The results are also compared to thepredictions of the Birch correlations for flammable extents. It is foundthat the presence of a surface and its proximity to the jet centerlineresult in a pronounced increase in the extent of the flammable cloudcompared to a free jet.

09/02167 Upgrading biomass pyrolysis gas by conversionof methane at high temperature: Experiments and modellingValin, S. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 834–842.Biomass gasification at temperatures below 1273 K produces gas whichcontains methane and too much tar for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Theaim of this study is to investigate methane conversion at hightemperature. Experimental tests were performed between 1273 and1773 K, with a mixture of gas representative of wood pyrolysis at 1100 K(main components only: CO, CO2, CH4, H2, H2O). Two differentkinetic schemes were used to predict the gas composition, and PAHmolecules formation. For a residence time of 2 s in the reactor, the gasmust be heated to at least 1650 K to reach a methane conversion rate of90%. A parametric study was performed at 1453 K, by varying theinitial methane, steam and hydrogen contents, so as to find out whichcomponents are the most influent on methane conversion and sootproduction.

09 PROCESS HEATING,POWER ANDINCINERATION

Energy applications in industry

09/02168 Air-blown biomass gasification combined cycles(BGCC): system analysis and economic assessmentKilmantos, P. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 708–714.Within the carbon constrained world, biomass-based power productionis expected to constitute one of the candidates for CO2 abatement.However, within the framework of a liberalized energy market, biomasspower systems must be competitive from efficiency and cost point ofview for their successful commercial breakthrough. Integrated gasifica-tion combined cycles (IGCC) based on pressurized biomass gasifica-tion, coupled with economical acceptable hot gas clean-up systems, areone of the most promising options. In this study, a technical andeconomic assessment is carried out of alternative power plant concepts

with the aid of computer simulation tools. Various gas turbine plantsizes are considered ranging from 10 to 70 MWe and their performanceis evaluated. Apart from stand-alone power systems, the study iscomplemented with cases linked with a coal-fired power plant byparallel integration of a gas turbine with the existing steam cycle.

09/02169 An economic feasibility study of O2/CO2 recyclecombustion technology based on existing coal-fired powerplants in ChinaXiong, J. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1135–1142.In order to reduce the CO2 emission from the coal-fired power plants,O2/CO2 recycle combustion (Oxy-combustion) technique has beenproposed through combining a conventional combustion process with acryogenic air separation process. The technique is capable of enrichingCO2 concentration and then allowing CO2 sequestration in an efficientand energy-saving way. Taking into account the CO2 taxation and CO2

sale, the paper evaluates the economic feasibility of Oxy-combustionplants retrofitted from two typical existing conventional coal-firedpower plants (with capacities of 2� 300 MW and 2� 600 MW,respectively) with Chinese data. The cost of electricity (COE) andthe CO2 avoidance cost (CAC) are also considered in the evaluation.The COE of the retrofitted Oxy-combustion plant is nearly the same asthat of the corresponding conventional plant if the unit price of CO2

sale reaches 17–22 $/t (different cases). The CAC of the retrofitted2� 300 MW Oxy-combustion plant is 1–3 $/t bigger than that of theretrofitted 2� 600 MW Oxy-combustion plant. Supercritical plants aremore economical and appropriate for Oxy-combustion retrofit. Theresult indicates that Oxy-combustion technique is not only feasible forCO2 emission control based on existing power plants but is also cost-effective.

09/02170 CSFB applied to fluidized-bed gasification ofspecial fuelsde Souza-Santos, M. L. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 826–833.The new version of a comprehensive simulation program of moving andfluidized-beds (CSFB or CSFMB) has been tested against datagenerated from a gasification unit at the University of California atDavis (UCD), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering.The pilot operated at atmospheric pressure under bubbling fluidized-bed and consumed various biomasses as well residues. Air was used asgasifying agent and electrical resistances around the reactor helpedheating the reactor during start-up and were kept under low energydischarge during experiments. CSFMB was adapted to allow simulationof such cases as well to several other possibilities of additional heatingsystems to reactors. The present paper presents the results from casesof almond shells and walnut pruning gasification. Good to reasonableagreement between simulation and operational data have beenobtained.

09/02171 Development of a framework and tool to assesson-farm energy uses of cotton productionChen, G. and Baillie, C. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(5), 1256–1263.Within highly mechanized agricultural production systems such as theAustralian cotton industry, operational energy inputs represent a majorcost to the growers. In this paper, a framework to assess theoperational energy inputs of various production systems and therelative performance of a grower within an adopted system isdeveloped. It divides energy usage of cotton production into sixbroadly distinct processes, including fallow, planting, in-crop, irriga-tion, harvesting and post harvest. This enables both the total energyinputs and the energy usage of each production processes to beassessed. This framework is later implemented and incorporated intoan online energy assessment tool (EnergyCalc). Using the developedsoftware, seven farm audits are conducted. It is found that overall,depending on the management and operation methods adopted, thetotal energy inputs for these farms range from 3.7 to 15.2 GJ/ha ofprimary energy, which corresponds to $80–310/ha and 275–1404 kg CO2

equivalent/ha greenhouse gas emissions. Among all the farmingpractices, irrigation water energy use is found to be the highest andis typically 40–60% of total energy costs. Energy use of the harvestingoperation is also significant, accounting for approximately 20% ofoverall direct energy use. If a farmer moves from conventional tillage tominimum tillage, there is a potential saving of around 10% of theoverall fuel used on the farm. Compared with cotton, energy usage byother crops are generally much smaller, due to less intensive manage-ment practices, and reduced irrigation requirements.

09/02172 Early detection of stator voltage imbalance inthree-phase induction motorsSamsi, R. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 239–245.Online health monitoring of electric motors is of paramount interest tovarious applications. As the operation of industrial processes becomesmore complex, the cost of health monitoring increases dramatically. To


09 Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry)

this end, much efforts have been directed towards enhancement offault diagnostics and prognostics in electric motors, largely based onconventional signal processing and pattern classification. This paperformulates and experimentally validates a recently reported technique,called symbolic dynamic filtering (SDF), for early detection of statorvoltage imbalance in three-phase induction motors. The SDF-basedimbalance detection algorithm is built upon the principles of wavelettransforms and symbolic time series analysis.

09/02173 Effects of energy policies on industry expansionin renewable energyLund, P. D. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 53–64.Energy policies may lead to important industrial outcomes. This paperinvestigates the impacts of energy policies on industry growth inrenewable energy. Research tools employed include the commerciali-zation process, value chain analysis, and empirical case studies.Different renewable energy technologies and geographical regionsare considered covering over 50% of the world markets of thetechnology fields considered. Market deployment measures thatenhance home markets of domestic industries will in most cases leadto growing industrial activities. Irrespective of the domestic marketsituation, pure investment or R&D support alone to already strongindustries in related fields may be powerful to help with diversificationinto sustainable energy business. Several exogenous factors such astiming, size factors, geography, etc. will influence both the industrialand policy positioning in practice. The results indicate that there areincreased industrial opportunities in renewable energy to be capturednot only by large countries or through large public resources, but alsosmaller countries can gain success through clever policies and optimalmanaging of the commercialization process.

09/02174 Exergy analyses and parametric optimizations fordifferent cogeneration power plants in cement industryWang, J. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (6), 941–948.The cement production is an energy intensive industry with energytypically accounting for 50–60% of the production costs. In order torecover waste heat from the preheater exhaust and clinker coolerexhaust gases in cement plant, single flash steam cycle, dual-pressuresteam cycle, organic Rankine cycle and the Kalina cycle are used forcogeneration in cement plant. The exergy analysis for each cogenera-tion system is examined, and a parameter optimization for eachcogeneration system is achieved by means of genetic algorithm to reachthe maximum exergy efficiency. The optimum performances fordifferent cogeneration systems are compared under the same con-dition. The results show that the exergy losses in turbine, condenser,and heat recovery vapour generator are relatively large, and reducingthe exergy losses of these components could improve the performanceof the cogeneration system. Compared with other systems, the Kalinacycle could achieve the best performance in cement plant.

09/02175 Natural gas combined cycle power plant modifiedinto an O2/CO2 cycle for CO2 captureAmann, J.-M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3),510–521.Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is becoming essential forstruggling against global warming. Priority has been given to sourceswhere carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are the largest and the mostconcentrated. Power plants using fossil fuels offer a great opportunityof applying CO2 recovery processes. The O2/CO2 cycle is an interestingoption since CO2 concentration in the flue gas is highly increased. Thiscycle has been applied to a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) usingan advanced gas turbine (GE9H). The aim of this study is to assess bysimulation the energy and environmental performances of this newtype of power plant. The oxygen required is produced by an airseparation unit (ASU) that can deliver oxygen with a purity rangingbetween 85 and 97 mol.%. A CO2 recovery process based on acryogenic separation of carbon dioxide from inert gases has beendesigned and assessed. The impact of CO2 capture has been calculatedwith the Aspen plusTM software. With an O2 purity of 90 mol.% and an85% CO2 recovery rate, the net electrical efficiency reaches 51.3%[based on the low heating value (LHV)]. This corresponds to anefficiency loss of 8.1%-points in comparison with the base case. Thequantity of avoided CO2 is about 280 g kW�1 h�1. These results havebeen compared with a conventional amine scrubbing applied to aNGCC. With a lean CO2 loading of 0.16 mol CO2/mol amine, thisprocess leads to a net electrical efficiency of 49.1% (LHV). Theconversion into an O2/CO2 cycle seems to be more efficient than aminescrubbing but more difficult to implement because of the specific gasturbine.

09/02176 Optimal operation of a micro-combined cooling,heating and power system driven by a gas engineKong, X. Q. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3),530–538.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the problem of energymanagement and optimal operation of cogeneration system for micro-combined cooling, heating and power production (CCHP). The energysystem mainly consists of a gas engine, an adsorption chiller, a gasboiler, a heat exchanger and an electric chiller. On the basis of anearlier experimental research of the micro-CCHP system, a non-linear-programming cost-minimization optimization model is presented todetermine the optimum operational strategies for the system. It isshown that energy management and optimal operation of the micro-CCHP system is dependent upon load conditions to be satisfied andenergy cost. In view of energy cost, it would not be optimal to operatethe gas engine when the electric-to-gas cost ratio (EGCR) is very low.With higher EGCR, the optimum operational strategy of the micro-CCHP system is independent of energy cost.

09/02177 Optimum conditions for a natural gas combinedcycle power generation system based on available oxygenwhen using biomass as supplementary fuelGnanapragasam, N. V. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 816–826.Due to the higher oxygen content and lower heating value, the amountof biomass required in a combined cycle, where it is used assupplementary fuel, to meet a given energy demand is such that thebiomass consumes almost all of the oxygen remaining from gas turbinecombustion process under certain conditions. This situation requiresadditional air for biomass combustion thus reducing the cycle efficiencyand the network output rate while increasing carbon dioxide emissions.Three conditions at which the oxygen is completely consumed areidentified based on alterations in net fuel utilization. The firstcondition is linked to fuel utilization, which is observed to besignificantly affected by variations in temperatures at three locationsin the combined cycle (air temperature entering the gas turbinecombustion chamber, gas turbine inlet temperature and HRSG inlettemperatures). The second condition relates to the characteristics ofthe feedstock (oxygen content of the biomass and heating value ofnatural gas). The heat loss due to combustion of natural gas andbiomass is the third condition that affects oxygen availability. Thecurrent work assesses these conditions in order to identify the propercondition at which no additional air is required for supplementaryfiring of biomass.

09/02178 Oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustionof solid fuelsRubel, A. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 876–884.A thermal analyser–differential scanning calorimeter–mass spectro-meter (TG–DSC–MS) was used to study oxygen carriers (OC) for theirpotential use for the application of chemical looping combustion(CLC) to solid fuels. Reaction rates, changes in reaction rates withrepeated oxidation–reductions, exothermic heats during oxidation, andthe effect of changing reduction gas compositions were studied.Oxidation rates were greater than reduction rates and reaction rateswere reproducible through multiple oxidation–reduction cycles exceptwhere agglomeration occurred with powders. Iron oxide (Fe2O3

powder) and iron-based catalysts were found suitable for CLC of solidfuels having rapid reduction rates which increased with higher reducinggas concentrations. Fe2O3 powder was used to oxidize a high carboncoal char in an inert gas removing 88% of the carbon from the char.Other properties such as cost and durability indicated iron oxide OCspotential use for CLC of solid fuels.

09/02179 Potential CO2 emission reduction for BF–BOFsteelmaking based on optimised use of ferrous burdenmaterialsWang, C. et al. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2009,3, (1), 29–38.Currently, the blast furnace (BF) to basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is thedominant steel production route in the steel industry. The direct CO2

emission in this process system exceeds 1 t of CO2/t of crude steelproduced. Different ferrous burden materials, for instance iron ore andscrap, can be used in various proportions in this steelmaking route.This paper analyses how energy use, conversion costs, and CO2

emissions can be influenced by the use of different ferrous burdenmaterials when producing crude steel. An optimization mixed integerlinear programming (MILP) model has been applied for analysis. Bythe use of the optimization model, it is possible to highlight some issuesof special importance, such as best practices to increase production atlow conversion cost, or best practices to increase production at lowCO2 emission. It is found out that more benefits will be gained whenusing the system-oriented analysis to the steelmaking process.Furthermore, a comprehensive view of the trade-offs between theobjectives of cost and CO2 can provide useful information for decision-makers to generate strategies under the future emission trading.

09/02180 Power plant perspectives for sugarcane millsBocci, B. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 689–698.


09 Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry)

Biomass, integral to life, is one of the main energy sources that moderntechnologies could widely develop, overcoming inefficient and pollu-tant uses. The sugarcane bagasse is one of the more abundant biomass.Moreover, the fluctuating sugar and energy prices force the sugarcanecompanies to implement improved power plants. Thanks to a multiyearcollaboration between University of Rome and University of Piura andChiclayo, this paper investigates, starting from the real data of an oldsugarcane plant, the energy efficiency of the plant. Furthermore, itexplores possible improvements as higher temperature and pressureRankine cycles and innovative configurations based on gasifier plus hotgas conditioning and gas turbine or molten carbonate fuel cells. Even ifthe process of sugar extraction from sugarcane and the relativeRankine cycles power plants are well documented in literature, thispaper shows that innovative power plant configurations can increasethe bagasse-based cogeneration potential. Sugarcane companies canbecome electricity producers, having convenience in the use ofsugarcane leaves and trash (when it is feasible). The worldwideimplementation of advanced power plants, answering to a marketcompetition, will improve significantly the renewable electricityproduced, reducing CO2 emissions, and increasing economic andsocial benefits.

09/02181 Risk-constrained dynamic self-scheduling of apumped-storage plant in the energy and ancillary servicemarketsKazempour, S. J. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(5), 1368–1375.This work addresses a new framework for self-scheduling of anindividual price-taker pumped-storage plant in a day-ahead (DA)market. The goal is achieving the best trade-off between the expectedprofit and the risks when the plant participates in DA energy, spinningreserve and regulation markets. In this paper, a set of uncertaintiesincluding price forecasting errors and also the uncertainty of powerdelivery requests in the ancillary service markets are contemplated.Considering these uncertainties, a new approach is proposed which iscalled dynamic self-scheduling (DSS). This risk-constrained dynamicself-scheduling problem is therefore formulated and solved as a mixedinteger programming (MIP) problem. Numerical results for a casestudy are discussed.

09/02182 Sensitivity analysis of technological, economicand sustainability evaluation of power plants using theanalytic hierarchy processChatzimouratidis, A. I. and Pilavachi, P. A. Energy Policy, 2009, 37,(3), 788–798.Technological, economic and sustainability evaluation of power plantsby use of the analytic hierarchy process and nine end node criteria for areference scenario based on subjective criteria weighting has beenpresented in a previous paper by authors. However, criteria weightvariations may substantially modify overall evaluations and rankings ofpower plants. The current paper presents a sensitivity analysis with fouralternative scenarios (sets of criteria weights) compared with thereference scenario. The results show that priority to ‘technology andsustainability’ favours renewable energy power plants, while priority to‘economic’ criteria favours mainly nuclear power plants and less thefour types of fossil fuel power plant.

09/02183 Studies on the operation of loop-seal incirculating fluidized bed boilersBasu, P. and Butler, J. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1723–1731.Loop-seal, considered heart of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB),returns solids captured by cyclone to the base of the riser whilepreventing direct flow of gas from high pressure riser to the low-pressure cyclone. This non-mechanical valve is used in thousands ofCFB systems yet only a limited information is available on its working.Present research studies the flow of solids through a loop-seal and theeffect of several design and operating parameters on it. Thisexperimental study was conducted in a loop-seal 110 mm � 448 mm� 400 mm high connected to a riser 152 mm diameter and 5180 mmhigh. Majority of the experiments was done with 171 mm sand thoughseveral other size and type of solids were studied for their flowability. Itwas found that for the solids to flow through the loop-seal a minimumlevel of aeration, in excess of that required for minimum fluidizationwas required. The length of the horizontal passage connecting thesupply and recycle chambers of the loop-seal had an important effecton the solids flow. For example, the minimum aeration for the onset ofsolids flow increases with increase in this length. The pressure drop perunit length across the passage also increased with the passage length.The air fed into the supply chamber is split such that the superficial airvelocity in the supply chamber (or the standpipe) remained below theminimum fluidization velocity of the particles while the remaining airconveys solids through the horizontal passage. Present study showedthat the solids flowing through the horizontal passage are neither fullyfluidized nor moving packed or suspended solids. It moves as asegregated flow of solids driven by hydrostatic pressure and fluid drag.

09/02184 Use of alternative hydrogen energy carriers inSOFC–MGT hybrid power plantsCocco, D. and Tola, V. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(4), 1040–1048.Solid oxide fuel cell–micro-gas turbine (SOFC-MGT) hybrid powerplants are a very attractive near-term option, as they achieveefficiencies of over 60% even for small power outputs (200–400 kW).The SOFC hybrid systems currently developed are fuelled with naturalgas, which is reformed inside the same stack at about 800–900 �C.However, the use of alternative fuels with a lower reformingtemperature can improve performance of the hybrid plant. This paperis concerned with a comparative performance analysis of internallyreformed SOFC–MGT power plants fuelled with methane, methanol,ethanol and DME. Since the reforming temperature of methanol andDME (250–350 �C) is significantly lower than that of methane (700–900 �C), the performance of externally reformed SOFC–MGT powerplants using these fuels has been also evaluated. The comparativeanalysis has demonstrated that simply replacing methane withmethanol, ethanol or DME in SOFC–MGT power plants with internalreforming slightly reduces efficiency and power output. However, usingmethanol and DME in externally reformed hybrid plants improvessignificantly efficiency (by about 4.0% points better than methane formethanol and 1.5 for DME). The study also shows that externalreforming enhances efficiency on account of improved exhaust wasteheat recovery and of the higher cell voltage produced by the greaterhydrogen partial pressure at the anode inlet.

10 SPACE HEATING ANDCOOLING/HEAT PUMPS

09/02185 A new version of a solar water heating systemcoupled with a solar water pumpSutthivirode, K. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1423–1430.This research target was to improve the thermal efficiency of a solarwater heating system (SWHS) coupled with a built-in solar waterpump. The designed system consists of 1.58-m2 flat plate solarcollectors, an overhead tank placed at the top level, the larger waterstorage tank without a heat exchanger at the lower level, and a one-wayvalve for water circulation control. The discharge heads of 1 and 2 mwere tested. The pump could operate at the collector temperature ofabout 70–90 �C and vapour gauge pressure of 10–18 kPa. It was foundthat water circulation within the SWHS ranged between 15 and 65 l/ddepending upon solar intensity and discharge head. Moreover, the maxwater temperature in the storage tank is around 59 �C. The max dailypump efficiency is about 0.0017%. The SWHS could have max dailythermal efficiency of about 21%. It is concluded that the thermalefficiency was successfully improved, except for the pump one. The newSWHS with 1 m discharge head or lower is suitable for residential use.It adds less weight to a building roof and saves electrical energy for acirculation pump. It has lower cost compared to a domestic SWHS.

09/02186 A review of gas engine driven heat pumps(GEHPs) for residential and industrial applicationsHepbasli, A. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 85–99.This study considers the promising new techology of gas engine-drivenheat pump (GEHP) systems for residential and industrial applicationsin terms of energetic and exergetic aspects. The first investigations intothese systems were performed in the late 1970s, with the firstmerchandized GEHP being produced and on the market in 1985.GEHP systems are now used across the world for various purposes,although their main use is for space and water heating/cooling.However, they can also be integrated to industrial applications,especially for drying. In this study, a brief history of the developmentof GEHP systems is provided, followed by a description of the systemoperation, with a review and presentation of related studies.Performance evaluation is then considered for modelled GEHPs usingenergy and exergy analysis methods. Finally, an illustrative example isgiven, and the results obtained discussed. In addition, a new project onthe integration of GEHP systems to food drying processes in Turkeyinitiated by the authors is introduced. It is expected that thiscomprehensive study will be very beneficial to everyone involved orinterested in the energetic and exergetic design, simulation, analysisand performance of assessment of GEHP systems.

09/02187 Analyses of ice slurry formation using directcontact heat transferHawlader, M. N. A. and Wahed, M. A. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (7–8),1170–1178.


10 Space heating and cooling/heat pumps

In the present study, ice slurry is produced by direct contact heattransfer between water and a coolant, Fluroinert FC 84. An analyticalmodel has been developed to predict the growth of ice around theinjected supercooled coolant droplets, which involves phase changeand heat transfer between layers. During the journey of the coolantdroplets through the ice generator, detachment of ice layer formed onthe droplets occurs. Equations have been development to describe theprocess of detachment. Experiments were performed to validate themodel developed to predict the ice generation. Parametric studies werethen carried out on ice growth rate for different variables, such asdroplet diameters and initial liquid temperatures. Both dropletdiameters and initial liquid temperatures play an important role inthe ice formation around the supercooled liquid surface. Ice growthrate increases with the increase of the droplet diameter, while thegrowth rate decreases with the increase of the initial temperature of theliquid droplet. For an ice slurry system, it is found that the predictedvalues of ice slurry generation are in good agreement with theexperimental findings.

09/02188 Analysis of ground source heat pumps withhorizontal ground heat exchangers for northern JapanTarnawski, V. R. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 127–134.Computer simulation and analysis of a ground source heat pumpsystem with horizontal ground heat exchangers operating in heating(max 5.5 kW) and cooling (max 3.3 kW) mode was carried out for atypical residential house, with 200 m2 of living space, located inSapporo (Japan). In spite of high electricity rate, the ground sourceheat pump system is more beneficial alternative for space heating thanan oil furnace and an electric resistance system. Besides, the heat pumptechnology offers relatively low thermal degradation of the groundenvironment, lower cost of heating and cooling, higher operatingefficiency than electric resistance heating or air-source heat pump andis environmentally clean, i.e. without greenhouse gas emission, if theelectricity is generated from renewable energy resources, such as windand solar. The use of the cooling mode can provide further benefits likea shorter investment payback and human thermal comfort in summer.As a result, application of horizontal loops for new and retrofitresidential and commercial use in northern Japan is feasibleparticularly in farmland areas.

09/02189 Chinese kang as a domestic heating system inrural northern China – a reviewZhuang, Z. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (1), 111–119.The Chinese kang is an ancient integrated home system for cooking,sleeping, domestic heating and ventilation. It is still widely used todayin nearly 85% of rural homes in northern China. In 2004, there were 67million kangs used by 175 million people. Existing kang designs aremostly based on the intuition and accumulation of craftsmanexperience. There is a trend that Chinese kang is gradually replacedby bed and coal-burning radiators, domestic heating stoves, etc. usingcommercial energy. As rural building heating constitutes 25% of totalbuilding energy consumption in China, it is considered that thetransition and new technologies for rural home heating in northernChina is crucial for managing future building energy consumption inChina. This paper reviews the basic heat transfer and airflow principlesof Chinese kang, as well as describing the traditional grounded kangand the relatively new elevated kang. The thermal performance of thekang is shown by data from literature and field surveys. The future ofChinese kang and research needs is also briefly discussed. There is alsoa need for scientific study in addition to experience accumulation, toform basis for engineering design.

09/02190 Comparison between hot-gas bypass defrostingand reverse-cycle defrosting methods on an air-to-waterheat pumpHuang, D. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1697–1703.Frost build-up blocks the gap between fins and decreases the airflowrate, and the heating capacity and COP of air-source heat pumpbecome lower. The reverse-cycle defrosting (RCD) and hot-gas bypassdefrosting HGBD are the two common methods of frost removal. Thecomparison between the RCD and HGBD methods on one heat pumpwere not found by authors up to now. This paper compared thedynamic characteristics during the RCD and HGBD periods on onemedium air-to-water heat pump of 55 kW. The feasibility of theHGBD method without heat provided to evaporate the liquidrefrigerant after melting frost, which was supposed in the danger ofthe compressor liquid slugging, was especially discussed. The resultsshowed the liquid refrigerant leaving the air cooled coils for the HGBDmethod was trapped in the suction accumulator and flashed into thesaturated gas by the compressor pumping action, and no compressorliquid slugging happened in the tests. The HGBD time was muchlonger than the RCD time. The amenity for the HGBD method wasbetter than that for the RCD method, due to lower refrigerant noise,smaller indoor temperature fluctuation, and no cold blowing. Thesuction superheat and discharge superheat for the HGBD method were

lower than those for the RCD method. The HGBD could overcome themain disadvantages of the RCD method and deserved the furtherinvestigation.

09/02191 Design and experimental investigation of portablesolar thermoelectric refrigeratorAbdul-Wahab, S. A. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 30–34.The main objective of this study is to design and build an affordablesolar thermoelectric refrigerator for the Bedouin people (e.g. deserts)living in remote parts of Oman where electricity is still not available.The refrigerator could be used to store perishable items and facilitatethe transportation of medications as well as biological material thatmust be stored at low temperatures to maintain effectiveness. Thedesign of the solar-powered refrigerator is based on the principles of athermoelectric module (i.e. Peltier effect) to create a hot side and acold side. The cold side of the thermoelectric module is utilized forrefrigeration purposes; provide cooling to the refrigerator space. Onthe other hand, the heat from the hot side of the module is rejected toambient surroundings by using heat sinks and fans. The designed solarthermoelectric refrigerator was experimentally tested for the coolingpurpose. The results indicated that the temperature of the refrigerationwas reduced from 27 �C to 5 �C in approximately 44 min. Thecoefficient of performance of the refrigerator (COPR) was calculatedand found to be about 0.16.

09/02192 Design and performance prediction of anadsorption heat pump with multi-cooling tubesWang, D. C. and Zhang, J. P. Energy Conversion and Management,2009, 50, (5), 1157–1162.Widespread application of adsorption heat pumps has been delayednot only by poor heat and mass transfer performance but also by lowoperating reliability because high vacuum must be maintained in theadsorption cooling system, especially in a water system. An adsorptioncooling tube is a tube in which an adsorber, a condenser and anevaporator are all completely housed to construct a small scaleadsorption cooling unit. In this work, an adsorption cooling tube andan adsorption heat pump with multi-cooling tubes are designed. Atheoretical model is built to simulate the performance of the designedchiller. According to the results, the coefficient of performance andspecific cooling power reach about 0.5 and 85 W/kg adsorbent,respectively, at the hot water temperature of 85 �C. These resultsindicate that the designed heat pump in this work would provide abetter choice if the operating reliability became crucial for anadsorption heat pump.

09/02193 Empirical correlation for the time lag of doublepipe heat exchanger operating with variable flow ratesGuellal, M. and Abdesselam, H. Energy Conversion and Management,2009, 50, (4), 970–976.The behaviour of a heat exchanger in a variable regime can bedescribed by a two-parameter model with a time lag and a timeconstant. In many studies, the analytical calculation based on theenergy balance permitted to express the time constant in variousconfigurations of the device operating. However, the time lag is onlyexperimentally determined. An empirical method is proposed for theprediction of this parameter when a double pipe heat exchanger issubmitted to a flow rate step at the entrance. Experimental data areused for developing correlations of both hot and cold fluids.

09/02194 Energy and environmental indicators related toconstruction of office buildingsDimoudi, A. and Tompa, C. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,2008, 53, (1–2), 86–95.The construction of buildings has a major determining role on theenvironment through consumption of land and raw materials andgeneration of waste. It is also a significant user of non-renewableenergy and an emitter of greenhouse gases and other gaseous wastes.As environmental issues continue to become increasingly significant,buildings become more energy efficient and the energy needs for theiroperation decreases. Thus, the energy required for construction andconsequently, for the material production, is getting of greaterimportance. The present paper investigates the role of differentconstruction materials and quantifies them in terms of the embodiedenergy and the equivalent emissions of CO2 and SO2 in contemporaryoffice buildings. It also assesses the importance of the embodied energyof the building’s structure as compared to the operational energy of thebuilding. It was shown that the embodied energy of the structure’sbuilding materials (concrete and reinforcement steel) represents thelargest component in the building’s total embodied energy of theexamined buildings, varying from 66.73% to 59.57%, while theembodied energy of the building envelope’s materials represents alower but significant proportion of the building’s total embodiedenergy. When the construction elements are examined, the slabs havethe higher contribution at the embodied energy of the studied buildingsand from the envelope elements, the external wall is contributing the



maximum in the overall embodied energy of the building. Theembodied energy correspondence varies between 12.55 and 18.50%of the energy needed for the operation of an office building over a50 years life.

09/02195 Energy performance optimization of radiant slabcooling using building simulation and field measurementsTian, Z. and Love, J. A. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (3), 320–330.Few field studies of energy performance of radiant cooling systemshave been undertaken. A recently constructed 17,500 m2 building witha multi-floor radiant slab cooling system in the tower was investigatedthrough simulation calibrated with measured building energy use andmeteorological data. For the very cold, dry region where the buildingwas located, it was found that a typical floor of the tower would havehad 30% lower annual energy use with a conventional variable airvolume system than with the as-built radiant cooling-variable airvolume combination. This was due to (1) simultaneous heating andcooling by the existing radiant cooling and air systems, (2) the largeamount of free cooling possible in this climate, and (3) suboptimalcontrol settings. If these issues were remedied and combined withimproved envelope and a dedicated outdoor air system with exhaust airheat recovery, a typical floor could achieve annual energy use 80%lower than a typical floor of the existing building HVAC system. Thisshows that radiant thermal control can make a significant contributionto energy-efficiency, but only if the building design and operatingpractices complement the strengths of the radiant system.

09/02196 Evaluation of alternative arrangements of a heatpump system for plume abatement in a large-scale chillerplant in a subtropical regionWang, J. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (6), 596–606.Heat pumps could be used to produce hot water for hybrid coolingtowers for preventing the occurrence of plume in subtropical regions.The evaporative side of the heat pump system could be arranged eitherat the inlet side or at the outlet side of these cooling towers for coolingdown the cooling water temperature. Alternatively, the evaporativeside of the heat pump system could also be arranged at the evaporativeside of chillers to reduce return chilled water temperature andtherefore to reduce the cooling load of chillers. This study presentsthe evaluation of the impacts of these three arrangements of the heatpump system on the plume control performance and the energyperformance in a large-scale chiller plant in Hong Kong. Theperformance prediction and evaluation of the chiller plant and theplume abatement system were conducted on a dynamic simulationplatform. The results show that these three arrangements have almostthe same plume control performance with sufficient plume controlcapability. The results also show that the arrangement of theevaporative side of the heat pump system for cooling down returnchilled water temperature has much better performance that the othertwo arrangements for improving the overall energy efficiency.

09/02197 Experimental performance evaluation of a novelheat exchanger for a solar hot water storage systemDeb Mondol, J. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1492–1505.The performance of a novel heat exchanger unit (‘Solasyphon’)developed for a solar hot water storage system was experimentallyinvestigated. The ‘Solasyphon’ is a simple ‘bolt-on’ heat exchange unitthat can be integrated externally to a traditional single-coil hot watercylinder (HWC) avoiding the costly replacement of an existing HWCwith a twin-coil HWC. The installation cost of a ‘Solasyphon’ is lowercompared to a traditional HWC thus offers greater cost effectiveness.A data acquisition system was designed to compare the thermalperformance of an integrated ‘Solasyphon’ HWC with a traditionaltwin-coil HWC under controlled simulated conditions. The analysiswas based on experimental data collected under various operatingconditions including different primary supply temperatures (solarsimulated); primary supply patterns and draw off patterns. The resultsindicated that the ‘Solasyphon’ delivered solar heated water directly tothe top of the HWC producing a stratified supply at a useabletemperature. Under variable solar conditions the ‘Solasyphon’ wouldtransfer the heat gained by a solar collector to a HWC more efficientlyand quickly than a traditional HWC. The ‘Solasyphon’ system canreduce installation costs by 10–40% and has a lower embodied energycontent due to less material replacement.

09/02198 Experimental study of the performance of porousmaterials to moderate the roof surface temperature by itsevaporative cooling effectWanphen, S. and Nagano, K. Building and Environment, 2009, 44, (2),338–351.The change of urban surfaces from permeable to impermeablematerials, i.e. asphalt or concrete, has caused the rising of surfacetemperatures, particularly in densely developed cities. The conse-quences of this problem lead to higher energy consumption, especiallyfor cooling purposes and other environment related issues. This paper

aims to investigate the performance of several non-porous and porouspotential roofing materials, to determine which ones might best beused to create a more effective system by utilizing their moistureabsorption and evaporation capabilities. Here, four kinds of materials –pebbles, silica sand, volcanic ash, and siliceous shale – were tested toevaluate their moisture and thermal performance, including the effectsfrom different particle sizes. First, the necessary physical propertiesand pore characteristics were obtained. Thus, each material, undersimple boundary conditions, was evaluated in an evaporation exper-iment, to determine comparative moisture and thermal behaviour.Next, cyclic experimentation was conducted, in which variations oftemperature, relative humidity and simulated solar radiation wereincluded. The measurement results showed that porous materials cansatisfactorily lower surface temperature. Among the testedsamples, siliceous shale of both small and large particle diameter wasfound to lower the daily average surface temperature by up to 6.8 and8.6 �C, respectively. The better performance of large size particlescould possibly be caused by the ventilation occurring within thematerial layers and high solar penetration through the large gapsbetween particles, which would release more latent heat whencompared to materials of smaller particle size. Finally, analysis ofsurface energy balance suggested that water contents, solar absorptiv-ity, and wind effects all have significant influences on cooling thesurface temperature.

09/02199 Fast simulation of temperature distribution in airconditioned rooms by using proper orthogonaldecompositionSempey, A. et al. Building and Environment, 2009, 44, (2), 280–289.Real-time control of air-conditioning needs dynamic models oftemperature distribution and air velocity field in rooms. Completemodels, based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), give thisinformation, but they are too time-consuming for real-time appli-cations. Therefore, a reduced model is needed. In mixed convection,when the air temperature has negligible variations, the velocity fieldmay be considered fixed. In this case, the size of a CFD model may bereduced by solving only the energy balance equation, then putting thisequation in the form of state-space and finally by reducing its order byproper orthogonal decomposition (POD). This algorithm was appliedto a room equipped with a fan coil. Four fixed airflow fields,corresponding to negligible air temperature variation, were considered,resulting in four airflow patterns: the air jet sticks to the ceiling andreaches the opposite wall, the air jet falls before reaching the oppositewall, the air jet reaches the ceiling without extending along it, and theair jet falls before reaching the ceiling. The reduced model obtainedfrom these airflow patterns was validated by comparing with CFDresults for step variation of inlet temperature. As the order of thereduced model is always lower than seven, it may be used for real-timecontrol applications.

09/02200 High latent heat storage and high thermalconductive phase change materials using exfoliatedgraphite nanoplateletsKim, S. and Drzal, L. W. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009,93, (1), 136–142.Using exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP), paraffin/xGnP com-posite phase change materials (PCMs) were prepared by the stirring ofxGnP in liquid paraffin for high electric conductivity, thermalconductivity and latent heat storage. xGnP of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 wt%was added to pure paraffin at 75 �C. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) morphology showed uniform dispersion of xGnP in the paraffinwax. Good dispersion of xGnP in paraffin/xGnP composite PCMs ledto high electric conductivity. The percolation threshold of paraffin/xGnP composite PCMs was between 1 and 2 wt% in resistivitymeasurement. The thermal conductivity of paraffin/xGnP compositePCMs was increased as xGnP loading contents. Also, reproducibility ofparaffin/xGnP composite PCMs as continuous PCMs was manifested inresults of electric and thermal conductivity. Paraffin/xGnP compositePCMs showed two peaks in the heating curve by differential scanningcalorimeter (DSC) measurement. The first phase change peak ataround 35 �C is lower and corresponds to the solid–solid phasetransition of the paraffin, and the second peak is high at around55 �C, corresponding to the solid–liquid phase change. The latent heatof paraffin/xGnP composite PCMs did not decrease as loading xGnPcontents to paraffin. xGnP can be considered as an effective heat-diffusion promoter to improve thermal conductivity of PCMs withoutreducing its latent heat storage capacity in paraffin wax.

09/02201 Integral treatment of coupled heat and masstransfer by natural convection from a cylinder in porousmediaSingh, B. B. and Chandarki, I. M. International Communications inHeat and Mass Transfer, 2009, 36, (3), 269–273.



This paper deals with the study of the buoyancy induced heat and masstransfer from a slender body of revolution embedded in a saturatedporous medium. The study has reported the important case of acylinder with linear temperature and concentration distributions. Thegoverning parameters for the problem under study are buoyancy ratio(N) and Lewis number (Le). The numerical values of local Nusselt andlocal Sherwood numbers have also been computed for a wide range ofN and Le. The results pertaining to the variations of local Nusseltnumber, local Sherwood number, N and Le with one another have beenstudied graphically, and it has been concluded that the local Nusseltnumber decreases while the local Sherwood number increases alongwith N>0 for increasing Lewis number. The local Nusselt numberdecreases while the local Sherwood number increases along with Le forpositive values of N. Also the boundary layer thickness ratio decreasesalong with Le for N� 0. In this study, an integral method of Von-Karman type has been used in order to obtain mathematicalexpressions for local Nusselt and local Sherwood numbers.

09/02202 Investigation into performance of a heat pipe withmicro grooves fabricated by extrusion–ploughing processWang, X. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1384–1388.Constrained by the micro geometry structure, a heat pipe with grooveshaped capillary structure fabricated by the traditional method alwaysshows smaller heat transfer limits. This study considers heat pipesfabricated by a novel extrusion–ploughing process. Because of theextrusion from tools, two kinds of grooves, namely a leading groove anda secondary groove, are formed in this kind of heat pipe. This featurewill polish the geometry structure of an ordinary heat pipe. Consider-ing the fact of the parallel combination of these two kinds of grooves,improvement on the heat transfer performance can be expected. Byexperiments, the empirical mathematical regression equations relatingthe fabrication parameter to the geometry groove dimensions and thetheoretical calculation of heat transfer limits are established here. Theresults show that the heat pipe fabricated by the extrusion–ploughingprocess exhibits larger heat transfer limits when the work temperatureranges from 340 to 390 K.

09/02203 Ion-exchanged and salt hydrates-encapsulatedzeolites for solar refrigerationCindrella, L. and Dyer, A. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2009, 93, (2), 161–166.Solar refrigeration is the best method of utilization of solar energy dueto the in-phase relationship between the availability of the solarradiation and the refrigeration requirements. Zeolites with their watercontent and ion-exchange capability can be used as the material forsolar refrigeration. This study aims at further enhancement in theadsorption refrigeration capacity of zeolite by salt hydrate encapsula-tion. Ion-exchanged and salt hydrate encapsulated zeolites areprepared and characterized for their application as potential candi-dates in solar refrigeration. A sorption machine has been constructedwith the salt-encapsulated zeolite and the results highlight theenhanced suitability of the salt-encapsulated zeolites for solarrefrigeration.

09/02204 Laboratory research on combined cooling,heating and power (CCHP) systemsFu, L. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 977–982.Combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems offer thepotential for a significant increase in fuel use efficiency by generatingelectricity onsite and recycling the exhaust gas for heating, cooling, ordehumidifying. A challenge for CCHP system is the efficientintegration of distributed generation (DG) equipment with thermallyactivated (TA) technologies. The China Ministry of Science andTechnology and Tsinghua University launched the 863 Hi-TechProgram in 2007 to focus on laboratory and demonstration researchto study the critical issues of CCHP systems, advance the technologyand accelerate its application. The research performed at the BuildingEnergy Research Center (BERC) Laboratory focuses on assessing theoperational performance and energy efficiency of the integration ofcurrent DG and TA technologies; developing and verifying mathemat-ical models of the individual devices and all the systems. The testlaboratory is a flexible test-bed for the configuration of DG (presently a70-kW natural gas-fired internal combustion engine (ICE) with variousheat recovery units, such as an flue gas-to-water heat recovery unit(FWRU), a jacket water heat recovery unit (JRU), liquid desiccantdehumidification systems (LDS), an exhaust-gas-driven double-effectabsorption heat pump (EDAHP), and a condensation heat recoveryunit (CRU)). In the winter, the exhaust gas from the ICE is used in theFWRU or used to drive the EDAHP directly, and the exhaust gas fromthe EDAHP is used in the CRU. The water flows from the CRU can bedirected to the evaporator side of the EDAHP as the low-grade heatsource. The water flows from the condensation side of the EDAHP, inconjunction with the jacket water flows from the JRU, is used for

heating. In the summer, the exhaust gas from the ICE is used to drivethe EDAHP for cooling directly, the exhaust gas from the EDAHP isbypassed to the exit via automated damper controls. The waste heat ofthe jacket water is used to drive the liquid desiccant dehumidificationsystems, to realize the separate control of heat and humidity. Theautomated damper is used in order to test various configurations andoperating modes. The testing results show that the operatingparameters and efficiencies of the overall system depend on differentconfigurations. Under certain combinations of CCHP, the efficiency ofthe overall system can be as high as 90% (based on lower heating valueof the natural gas).

09/02205 Modelling earth-to-air heat exchanger behaviourwith the convolutive response factors methodTittelein, P. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1683–1691.This paper shows a new numerical model of earth-to-air heatexchanger. The system is discretized into ‘n’ sections perpendicular tothe exchanger pipe. In each section, the problem of conduction issolved using response factors method in order to reduce computationaltime. Each response factor is calculated using a finite elements programthat solves 2D conduction problems. The particularity of this problemis that the time-constants are very high, making it impossible to useconventional properties of response factors to reduce the number ofcalculations. A new approach is set out to solve this particularproblem. Heat flux entering the pipe is then expressed as a function ofthe temperature of the air crossing the pipe and the externalsolicitations. A heat balance is then applied for each layer to find theresulting outlet air temperature. The model is then compared to ananalytical model and a 3D model based on the dynamic finite volumeapproach. Finally an example of coupling between an earth-to-air heatexchanger and a low-consumption building is presented.

09/02206 Modelling the carbon-saving performance ofdomestic ground-source heat pumpsJenkins, D. P. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (6), 587–595.A ground-source heat pump (GSHP) model is formulated and used toestimate the potential of a domestic GSHP as a carbon-savingtechnology (compared to a conventional gas boiler) with actual thermaldata for a dwelling in the UK. The model shows good agreement withcurrent sizing guidelines but shows possible barriers to the carbon-savings (and running cost savings) of GSHPs. This includes an analysisof output temperatures, system sizes and grid CO2 intensity. The modelsuggests that GSHPs should be aimed towards a new-build market(rather than retrofit) due to the likely reliance on high surface area/lowtemperature distribution systems. Also, grid CO2 intensity needs to bebetter understood when estimating the electrical consumption CO2

emissions of GSHPs, both for current and future scenarios.

09/02207 Numerical simulation of cooling performance ofwind tower (Baud-Geer) in hot and arid regionKalantar, V. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 246–254.In the present study, an attempt is made to study the coolingperformance of a wind tower in a hot and dry region, Yazd, in Iran.For the relevant experiments and numerical studies, at first, thetemperature and wind velocity inside and outside of the wind towermeasured. Based on four-day measurements during last summer, acomputer program was designed with language C++ to solve theequations. Also in the study the effects of parameters including windtower height, variety of the materials used in the wind tower walls, theamount of vaporized water, the temperature of input and output air,the wind velocity and the relative humidity were investigated.Furthermore, to develop, a natural flow of air, for days withoutblowing a wind the role of solar chimney was considered. Finally, toevaluate the method of integral view and take information aboutstreamlines of airflow in wind tower (Baud-Geer), velocity, pressure,humidity, temperature and density profile of fluid, Fluent software isapplied to analyse the air flow in the wind tower in differential view forthree-dimensional and steady state conditions with water spraying atthe top of wind tower. The results indicate that the evaporative coolingis very effective in a hot and dry region. The temperature decreasesconsiderably, if the wind towers are equipped with the watervaporization system. This causes the air becomes heavier and a naturalmotion of air through downside of wind tower to be produced.

09/02208 Optimization for ice-storage air-conditioningsystem using particle swarm algorithmLee, W.-S. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1589–1595.Ice-storage air-conditioning system, while known for its advantage ofshifting power consumption at peak hours during the day to thenighttime, can increase both energy consumption and CO2 emission.The study adopts particle swarm algorithm to facilitate optimization ofice-storage air-conditioning systems and to develop optimal operatingstrategies, using minimal life-cycle cost as the objective function.Increase in power consumption and CO2 emission triggered by the useof ice-storage air-conditioning system is also examined and analysed.



Case study is based on a typical air-conditioning system in an officebuilding. Results indicate that, with proper parameters, particle swarmalgorithm can be effectively applied to the optimization of ice-storageair-conditioning system. In addition, optimal capacity of the ice-storagetank can be obtained. However, the volume of power consumption andCO2 emission rises with the increase in ice-storage tank capacity.Consideration of additional costs of power consumption like carbon taxcan therefore lead to changes in the optimal system configuration.

09/02209 Performance characteristics of a quantum Dieselrefrigeration cycleHe, J. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 933–937.The Diesel refrigeration cycle using an ideal quantum gas as theworking substance is called quantum Diesel refrigeration cycle, whichis different from Carnot, Ericsson, Brayton, Otto and Stirlingrefrigeration cycles. For ideal quantum gases, a corrected equation ofstate, which considers the quantum behaviour of gas particles, is usedinstead of the classical one. The purpose of this paper is to investigatethe effect of quantum gas as the working substance on the performanceof a quantum Diesel refrigeration cycle. It is found that coefficients ofperformance of the cycle are not affected by the quantum degeneracyof the working substance, which is the same as that of the classicalDiesel refrigeration cycle. However, the refrigeration load is differentfrom those of the classical Diesel refrigeration cycle. Lastly, theinfluence of the quantum degeneracy on the performance character-istics of the quantum Diesel refrigeration cycle operated in differenttemperature regions is discussed.

09/02210 Performance prediction of a direct expansionsolar assisted heat pump using artificial neural networksMohanraj, M. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1442–1449.This paper presents the suitability of artificial neural network (ANN)to predict the performance of a direct expansion solar assisted heatpump (DXSAHP). The experiments were performed under themeteorological conditions of Calicut city (latitude of 11.15 �N,longitude of 75.49 �E) in India. The performance parameters such aspower consumption, heating capacity, energy performance ratio andcompressor discharge temperature of a DXSAHP obtained from theexperimentation at different solar intensities and ambient tempera-tures are used as training data for the network. The back propagationlearning algorithm with three different variants [such as: Lavenberg–Marguardt (LM), scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) and Pola-Ribiereconjugate gradient (CGP)] and logistic sigmoid transfer function wereused in the network. The results showed that LM with 10 neurons inthe hidden layer is the most suitable algorithm with maximumcorrelation coefficients (R2) of 0.999, minimum root mean square(RMS) value and low coefficient of variance (COV). The reportedresults conformed that the use of ANN for performance prediction ofDXSAHP is acceptable.

09/02211 Performance study of a consolidated manganesechloride–expanded graphite compound for sorption deep-freezing processesLi, T. X. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (7–8), 1201–1209.A consolidated composite sorbent made from manganese chloride andexpanded graphite was produced for sorption deep-freezing processesand used for cold production at a temperature as low as �35 �C.Experimental results showed that the addition of a porous graphitematrix can prevent the agglomeration and the attenuation of sorptioncapacity of reactive salt. The composite sorbent could incorporate0.537 kg of ammonia per kg of reactive salt and the average specificcooling power (SCP) obtained varied between 200 and 700 W kg�1

when the evaporation temperature ranged from �35 �C to 0 �C. Theanalysis of the data suggested that the heat transfer characteristic in thecomposite sorbent was strongly influenced by chemical reaction andthe conversion rate was very sensitive to the constraint temperatures.The SCP and coefficient of performance of a simple sorption deep-freezing system were 350 W kg�1 and 0.34, respectively, at thegeneration temperature of 180 �C, the heat sink temperature of 25 �Cand the evaporation temperature of �30 �C.

09/02212 Phase change behaviour of some latent heatstorage media based on calcium chloride hexahydrateCarlsson, B. Solar Energy, 2009, 83, (4), 485–500.Phase change behaviour of pure and some chemically modified calciumchloride hexahydrate materials suggested in the literature as suitableheat storage media was studied in storage systems with a low degree ofmixing in order to evaluate their long-term reversibility. The influenceof gravitation on the phase change properties of the pure system waselaborated by determining local salt concentrations in the liquid phaseand changes in the volume of the system during repeated melting andcrystallization, whereby the amounts of the different phases beingpresent could be assessed. It was found that thermogravitational effectsare of minor importance in generating salt concentration gradients inthe liquid phase when compared to the concentration gradients

resulting from the sedimentation of the formed tetrahydrate and thehexahydrate during the phase change reactions. Due to these effects itwas not possible to prevent irreversible tetrahydrate formation anddeterioration in heat storage capability by adding a surplus of water tothe hexahydrate materials, if seeds for the tetrahydrate were presentduring repeated melting and crystallization. Upon addition ofSrCl2 6H2O a solid solution of the two hexahydrates is formed andas a result the formation of the tetrahydrate is suppressed. Due toirreversible formation of SrCl2 2H2O a state of true congruent meltingseems, however, not possible to reach. Phase segregation effects also inthis case lead to irreversible calcium chloride tetrahydrate formation ifseeds for the latter are added during repeated melting and crystal-lization. If Ca(OH)2 is also added, the tetrahydrate formation can befurther suppressed. But, even in this case, irreversible tetrahydrateformation can not be prevented if the composition of the liquid phasecorresponds to the hexahydrate. On addition of 5 wt% KCl or 5 wt%KCl + 2 wt% SrCl2 6H2O or 5 wt% KCl + 0.4 wt% NaCl, repeatedmelting and crystallization in the presence of seeds of the tetrahydratecan, however, be carried out without irreversible formation of the latteroccurs. In the heat storage system CaCl2 6H2O + 5 wt% KCl,formation of tetrahydrate is observed but its rate of dissolution isfound considerably faster than in the pure hexahydrate system. It wasconcluded that with those modified calcium chloride hexahydratesystems reversible phase change cycling can be performed andtherefore there is for example no the need for thickener agents to beadded to avoid irreversible tetrahydrate formation successively redu-cing heat storage capability of systems in those cases.

09/02213 Review on thermal energy storage with phasechange materials and applicationsSharma, A. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 318–345.The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials(PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has theadvantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal nature ofthe storage process. PCMs have been widely used in latent heatthermal-storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, andspacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heatingand cooling applications for buildings have been investigated within thepast decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify ata wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number ofapplications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and analysisof the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs foruse in different applications.

09/02214 Second law comparison of single effect anddouble effect vapour absorption refrigeration systemsGomri, R. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5), 1279–1287.In this paper a comparative study between single effect and doubleeffect absorption refrigeration systems with identical cold output iscarried out. Simulation results were used to study the influence of thevarious operating parameters on the performance coefficient, thethermal loads of the components, exergetic efficiency (rationalefficiency) and the total change in exergy of the two systems. It isconcluded that the COP of double effect system is approximately twicethe COP of single effect system but the exergetic efficiency of doubleeffect system increase slightly compared to the exergetic efficiency ofsingle effect system. It is found that for each condenser and evaporatortemperature, there is an optimum generator temperature where thetotal change in exergy of the single effect and double effect absorptionrefrigeration systems is minimum. At this point the COP and exergeticefficiency of the systems become maximum. In this study and when theevaporation temperature is varied from 4 �C to 10 �C, condenser andabsorber temperatures are varied from 33 �C to 39 �C and generator(HPG) temperature is varied from 60 �C to 190 �C the maximum COPvalues of the single effect refrigeration systems are in the range of0.73–0.79 and for double effect refrigeration systems are in the range of1.22–1.42. The maximum exergetic efficiency values of the single effectrefrigeration systems are in the range of 12.5–23.2% and for doubleeffect refrigeration systems are in the range of 14.3–25.1%.

09/02215 The migration characteristics of nanoparticles inthe pool boiling process of nanorefrigerant andnanorefrigerant–oil mixtureDing, G. et al. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2009, 31, (1), 114–123.Migration characteristics of nanoparticles in the pool boiling process ofnanorefrigerant and nanorefrigerant–oil mixture are fundamentalknowledge for the application of nanorefrigerants in refrigerationsystems. In this paper, migration characteristics of nanoparticles in thenanorefrigerant–oil mixture as well as in the nanorefrigerant wereexperimentally studied and numerically simulated. Experimentalresults show that the migrated mass of nanoparticles in the poolboiling process of both nanorefrigerant and nanorefrigerant–oil



mixture, increase with the increase of the original mass of nanoparticlesand the mass of refrigerant; the migration ratio decreases with theincrease of volume fraction of nanoparticles; the migrated mass ofnanoparticles and migration ratio in the nanorefrigerant are largerthan those in the nanorefrigerant–oil mixture. A numerical model,which can qualitatively well predict the migrated mass of nanoparticles,was established, and the deviations between the model predictions andexperimental data were in the range of 7.7–38.4%.

09/02216 The use of helical heat exchanger for heatrecovery domestic water-cooled air-conditionersYi, X. and Lee, W. L. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(2), 240–246.An experimental study on the performance of a domestic water-cooledair-conditioner (WAC) using tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger forpreheating of domestic hot water was carried out. The main aims are toidentify the comprehensive energy performance (space cooling and hotwater preheating) of the WAC and the optimum design of the helicalheat exchanger taking into account the variation in tap water flow rate.A split-type WAC was set up for experimental study at different indoorand outdoor conditions. The cooling output, the amount of recoveredheat, and the power consumption for different hot water flow rateswere measured. The experimental results showed that the coolingcoefficient of performance (COP) of the WAC improves with theinclusion of the heat recovery option by a minimum of 12.3%. This canbe further improved to 20.6% by an increase in tap water flow rate.Same result was observed for the comprehensive COP of the WAC.The maximum achievable comprehensive COP was 4.92 when the tapwater flow rate was set at 7.7 L/min. The overall heat transfercoefficient of the helical heat exchanger under various operatingconditions were determined by Wilson plot. A mathematical modelrelating the over all heat transfer coefficient to the outer pipe diameterwas established which provides a convenient way of optimising thedesign of the helical heat exchanger.

09/02217 Thermal and economical analysis of anunderground seasonal storage heating system in ThraceKaracavus, B. and Can, A. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (1), 1–10.Economical analysis of the solar heating system with seasonal storage,which was established in Edirne (41�3905400N) in order to provide theheat requirement of buildings, has been fulfilled. Optimum collectorarea for the heating system has been determined. Total heatrequirement of 69% has been met by means of heating systemconcerning the space heating and domestic water heating. In theaccordance with the results of the economical analysis, the paybacktime of the heating system has been determined as 19–20 years.

09/02218 Thermal storage performance analysis onChinese kangsZhuang, Z. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (4), 452–459.Chinese kangs are widely used as a rural home heating system inNorthern China by 175 million people. The main features of Chinesekangs include the effective use of thermal mass in kang plate. In thispaper, a thermal and airflow model for an elevated kang is developedwith a simply consideration of the heat transfer in building envelope.Approximate analytical formulas are derived to identify the criticalparameters that affect the levels and fluctuations of kang platetemperature and indoor air temperature. It can be observed that theincrease of the plate time constant and the heat source frequency withcontinuous firings and equally distributing the firings and adding thenumber of firing with intermittent firings can effectively decrease thefluctuation of kang plate temperature and indoor air temperature. Theresults of model analytical solutions can serve engineers for designproposals or check analysis to determine the required thermal capacityof kang plate at the early design stage. An example of heat source-based design process is described to determine the thickness of a kangplate and firing distribution.

09/02219 Transient two-dimensional model of frostformation on a fin-and-tube heat exchangerLenic, K. et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2009,52, (1–2), 22–32.In the paper, numerical and experimental analyses of heat and masstransfer during frost formation on a fin-and-tube heat exchanger havebeen presented. Modelling of the frost formation on cold surfacesplaced in a humid air stream, requires a complex mathematicalapproach. A transient two-dimensional mathematical model of frostformation has been developed. The applied mathematical model hasbeen defined using governing equations for the boundary layer thatinclude air and frost sub-domains as well as a boundary condition onthe air–frost interface. The mathematical model with initial andboundary conditions has been discretized according to the finitevolume method and solved numerically using the SIMPLER algorithmfor the velocity–pressure coupling. Results have shown that the frostlayer formation significantly influences the heat transfer between air

and fins. As a result of numerical calculations, time-wise frost thicknessvariations for different air humidities, temperatures and velocities havebeen presented. Using the developed mathematical model, thealgorithm and the computer code, which have been experimentallyvalidated, it is possible to predict a decrease of exchanged heat flux inthe heat exchanger under frost growth conditions.

09/02220 Unsteady MHD free convection of a micropolarfluid between two parallel porous vertical walls withconvection from the ambientZueco, J. et al. International Communications in Heat and MassTransfer, 2009, 36, (3), 203–209.The study is concerned with the unsteady free convection flow of anincompressible electrically conducting micropolar fluid, bounded bytwo parallel infinite porous vertical plates submitted to an externalmagnetic field and the thermal boundary condition of forcedconvection. The governing equations are solved using a numericaltechnique based on the electrical analogy, where only previous spatialdiscretization is necessary to obtain a stable and convergent solutionwith very low computational times. To solve the system of algebraicequations with time as continuous function, an electric circuit simulatoris used. This method permits the direct visualization of the local and/orintegrated transport variables (temperatures and velocities) at anypoint or section of the medium. Numerical results for temperature,velocity and microrotation are illustrated graphically.

11 ENGINES

Power generation and propulsion,electrical vehicles

09/02221 A computational study of free-piston dieselengine combustionMikalsen, R. and Roskilly, A. P. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (7–8), 1136–1143.This paper investigates the in-cylinder gas motion, combustion processand nitrogen oxide formation in a free-piston diesel engine andcompares the results to those of a conventional engine, using acomputational fluid dynamics engine model. Enhanced radial gas flow(squish and reverse squish) around top dead centre is found for thefree-piston engine compared to a conventional engine, however it isfound that this has only minor influence on the combustion process. Ahigher heat release rate from the pre-mixed combustion phase due toan increased ignition delay was found, along with potential reductionsin nitrogen oxides emissions formation for the free-piston engine.

09/02222 An improved model of induction motors fordiagnosis purposes – slot skewing effect and air–gapeccentricity faultsGhoggal, A. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1336–1347.This paper describes an improved method for the modelling of axialand radial eccentricities in induction motors (IM). The model is basedon an extension of the modified winding function approach (MWFA)which allows for all harmonics of the magnetomotive force (MMF) tobe taken into account. It is shown that a plane view of IM gets easilythe motor inductances and reduces considerably the calculationprocess. The described technique includes accurately the slot skewingeffect and leads to pure analytical expressions of the inductances incase of radial eccentricity. In order to model the static, dynamic ormixed axial eccentricity, three suitable alternatives are explained.Unlike the previous proposals, the discussed alternatives take intoaccount all the harmonics of the inverse of air–gap function withoutany development in Fourier series. Simulation results as well asexperimental verifications prove the usefulness and the effectiveness ofthe proposed model.

09/02223 Axial-flow turbines for low head microhydrosystemsAlexander, K. V. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 35–47.This paper describes the design of four different specific speedmicrohydro propeller turbines operating at heads between 4 m and9 m, and their application to a wider range of heads and outputs byscaling. The features are specifically tailored for ease of manufactureand uniquely resistant to debris blockage. Test machines are describedand test results given; hydraulic efficiencies of over 68% have been


11 Engines (power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles)

achieved in all test models despite the fact that these turbines’ bladesare planar, further simplifying manufacture. Theoretical models showhow closely these flat blades can be made to approach the ideal bladeshapes. Outline drawings are given with key dimensions for eachreference model, along with the equations for scaling to arbitrary sites.These turbines are the axial flow members of a family of turbinesdeveloped to cover the microhydro range from 2 m to about 40 m ofhead.

09/02224 Combustion analysis of preheated crudesunflower oil in an IDI diesel engineCanakci, M. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 760–767.In this study, preheated crude sunflower oil (PCSO) was tested forcombustion and emission properties against petroleum based dieselfuel (PBDF) in a naturally aspirated, indirect injection (IDI) engine.The cylinder gas pressure and heat release curves for PCSO at 75 �Cwere similar to those of PBDF. The ignition delays for the PCSO werelonger and the start of injection timing was earlier than for PBDF. Thedifference in the average brake torque was a decrease of 1.36% forPCSO though this was statistically insignificant. The brake specific fuelconsumption increased by almost 5% more or less in proportion to thedifference in calorific value, so that the 1.06% increase in thermalefficiency was again statistically insignificant. The emission test resultsshowed that the decreases in CO2 emissions and smoke opacity 2.05%and 4.66%, respectively; however, this was not statistically significant,though in line with the apparent increase in thermal efficiency. Therewas a significant 34% improvement in the emissions of unburnthydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide increased by 1.77% again the resultwas not statistically significant given the small number of repeat tests.The use of PCSO does not have any negative effects on the engineperformance and emissions in short duration engine testing.

09/02225 Comparative performance of direct injectiondiesel engine operating on ethanol, petrol and rapeseed oilblendsLabeckas, G. and Slavinskas, S. Energy Conversion and Management,2009, 50, (3), 792–801.This article presents the bench testing results of a four stroke, fourcylinder, direct injection, unmodified, diesel engine operating on purerapeseed oil (RO) and its 2.5 vol%, 5 vol%, 7.5 vol% and 10 vol%blends with ethanol (ERO), petrol (PRO) and both improving agentsapplied in equal proportions as 50:50 vol% (EPRO). The purpose ofthe research is to examine the effect of ethanol and petrol addition intoRO on the biofuel kinematical viscosity, brake mean effective pressure(bmep), brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of a diesel engine andits brake thermal efficiency (bte). Addition into RO from 2.5 to7.5 vol% of ethanol and petrol its viscosity at ambient temperature of20 �C diminishes by 9.2–28.3% and 14.1–31.7%, respectively. Heatingup to the temperature of 60 �C the viscosity of pure RO, blendsERO2.5–7.5 and PRO2.5–10 further diminishes 4.2, 3.9–3.8 and 3.9–3.6times. At 1800 min�1 speed, the maximum brake mean effectivepressure (bmep) higher up to 1.6% comparing with that of pure RO(0.77 MPa) ensure three agent blends EPRO5–7.5, whereas at rated2200 min�1 speed, the bmep higher by 5.6% can be obtained whenfuelling the engine with blend PRO2.5. Brake specific fuel consump-tion (bsfc) at maximum torque (240.2 g/kWh) and rated power (234.0 g/kWh) is correspondingly lower by 3.4% and 5.5% in comparison withpure RO when biofuel blends EPRO5 and PRO2.5 are used. Thebiggest brake thermal efficiency at maximum torque (0.40–0.41) andrated power (0.42–0.43) relative to that of RO (0.39) suggest blendsPRO2.5 and EPRO5–7.5, respectively.

09/02226 Demonstrating direct use of wet ethanol in ahomogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engineMack, J. H. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 782–787.Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines areamenable to a large variety of fuels as long as the fuel can be fullyvaporized, mixed with air, and receive sufficient heat during thecompression stroke to reach the autoignition conditions. This studyinvestigates an HCCI engine fuelled with ethanol-in-water mixtures, or‘wet ethanol’. The motivation for using wet ethanol fuel is thatsignificant energy is required for distillation and dehydration offermented ethanol (from biosources, not from petroleum), thus directuse of wet ethanol could improve the associated energy balance.Recent modelling studies have predicted that an HCCI engine canoperate using fuel containing as little as 35% ethanol-in-water withsurprisingly good performance and emissions. With the previousmodelling study suggesting feasibility of wet ethanol use in HCCIengines, this paper focuses on experimental operation of a 4-cylinder1.9-L engine running in HCCI mode fuelled with wet ethanol. Thispaper investigates the effect of the ethanol-water fraction on theengine’s operating limits, intake temperatures, heat release rates, andexhaust emissions for the engine operating with 100%, 90%, 80%, 60%,and 40% ethanol-in-water mixtures.

09/02227 Derating of an induction machine under voltageunbalance combined with over or undervoltagesGnacinski, P. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 1101–1107.This work deals with the load carrying capacity of an induction cagemachine under voltage unbalance combined with over- or under-voltage. The effect of complex voltage unbalance factor (CVUF) angleon the derating factor is taken into consideration. The derating curvesobtained with two different methods are compared. The machineefficiency, stator currents and temperature-rise distribution afterapplying the required derating factor are discussed. The results ofexperimental investigations and computer calculations are presentedfor two low-power induction motors of opposite properties. One ofthem has a comparatively weakly saturated magnetic circuit and isespecially exposed to the risk of overheating for undervoltage. Theother investigated machine has a comparatively strongly saturatedmagnetic circuit and is especially exposed to overheating in theconditions of overvoltage.

09/02228 Design and cost analysis of low head simplereaction hydro turbine for remote area power supplyDate, A. and Akbarzadeh, A. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 409–415.This paper is aimed at exploring the performance characteristics of asimple reaction hydro turbine for power generation. Using principles ofconservation of mass, momentum and energy, the governing equationshave been identified for an ideal case of no frictional losses. The paperalso describes the conception of a cross-pipe rotor for remote areaelectricity production. Using the ideal governing equations anoptimized geometry of the rotor was selected for the working head of5 m. Theoretical analysis of the self-governing characteristics has beenpresented. Experiments were carried out for 2, 3, 4 and 5 m head andevaluated against theoretical results. Split pipe turbine model ispresented with detail layout, while different methods of experimen-tation are explored for different output requirements with variedheads. Various losses in the system are discussed, quantified andincluded in the graphical format. It is also demonstrated that theexperimental power outputs do not have the same tendencies astheoretical predictions and decreases due to jet interference beyond acertain rotational speed as it passes the maximum power point.

09/02229 Design, demonstrations and sustainability impactassessments for plug-in hybrid electric vehiclesBradley, T. M. and Frank, A. A. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 2009, 13, (1), 115–128.Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are hybrid electric vehiclesthat can draw and store energy from an electric grid to supplypropulsive energy for the vehicle. This simple functional change to theconventional hybrid electric vehicle allows a plug-in hybrid to displacepetroleum energy with multi-source electrical energy. This hasimportant and generally beneficial impacts on transportation energysector petroleum consumption, criteria emissions output, and carbondioxide emissions, as well as on the performance and makeup of theelectrical grid. PHEVs are seen as one of the most promising means toimprove the near-term sustainability of the transportation andstationary energy sectors. This review presents the basic designconsiderations for PHEVs including vehicle architecture, energymanagement systems, drivetrain component function, energy storagetradeoffs and grid connections. The general design characteristics ofPHEVs are derived from a summary of recent PHEV design studiesand vehicle demonstrations. The sustainability impact of PHEVs isassessed from a review of recent studies and current research anddevelopment needs for PHEVs are proposed.

09/02230 Identification of behaviour and evaluation ofperformance of small scale, low-temperature OrganicRankine Cycle system coupled with a RO desalination unitManolakos, D. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 767–774.This paper presents the detailed laboratory experimental results of alow-temperature organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine coupled with areverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit. In a previous work, theidentification of performance of the scroll type expander waspresented. At that primary experimental phase an electric brake wasco-axially connected to the expander to act as the mechanical load ofthe ORC engine. The identification of behaviour of the integratedORC–RO system is a research step ahead since the electric brake isreplaced by the RO desalination unit representing the actual system’smechanical load. Several characteristic quantities of both energy supply(ORC) and demand (RO) side have been measured and are illustratedin the current paper. The results show that ORC can be effectively usedto exploit low-temperature thermal sources (i.e. in the range from 40 to70 �C) for desalination of sea or brackish water through the ROprocess. Such low-temperature values can be available from excessindustrial heat, solar collectors and geothermal fields making the



ORC–RO process an alternative desalination variant. However, itbecomes clear that the system performance strongly depends on thecorresponding operation point.

09/02231 Investigation of fuel spray atomization in a DIheavy-duty diesel engine and comparison of various spraybreakup modelsHossainpour, S. and Binesh, A. R. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 799–805.In the last decade 3D-CFD has been successfully established for thesimulation of IC-engine fuel spray formation and propagationprocesses. The accuracy of the calculation results, however, stronglydepends on the models adopted for simulation of the primary andsecondary atomization processes. Hence, careful validations of theindividual models serve as major prerequisites for the successfulanalysis and optimization of high-pressure sprays in diesel engines. Inthe present work, a CFD code has been used to study the detailedmodelling of spray and mixture formation in a caterpillar heavy-dutydiesel engine. With respect to the liquid-phase, spray calculations arebased on a statistical method referred to as the Discrete DropletMethod (DDM). This paper presents a comparison of four Lagrangianfuel spray breakup models that are in use with commercial softwares indiesel engine simulation. In this paper, the authors tried to highlightthis models prediction difference for sample case, compare their resultand explain some possible reasons for differences. The predictedresults are validated by comparing with existing experimental data. Agood agreement between the predicted and experimental valuesensures the accuracy of the numerical predictions collected with thepresent work.

09/02232 Minimization of the fuel consumption of agasoline engine using dynamic optimizationSaerens, B. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1582–1588.This paper discusses the minimization of the fuel consumption of agasoline engine through dynamic optimization. The minimization usesa mean value model of the powertrain and vehicle. This model has twostate variables: the pressure in the engine intake manifold and theengine speed. The control input is the throttle valve angle. The modelis identified on a universal engine dynamometer. Optimal state andcontrol trajectories are calculated using Bock’s direct multiple shootingmethod, implemented in the software MUSCOD-II. The developedapproach is illustrated both in simulation and experimentally for ageneric test case where a vehicle accelerates from 1100 rpm to 3700 rpmin 30 s. The optimized trajectories yield minimal fuel consumption. Theexperiments show that a linear engine speed trajectory yields an extrafuel consumption of 13% when compared to the optimal trajectory. Itis shown that, with a simple model, a significant amount of fuel can besaved without loss of the fun-to-drive.

09/02233 Multi-zone thermodynamic modelling ofspark-ignition engine combustion – an overviewVerhelst, S. and Sheppard, C. G. W. Energy Conversion and Manage-ment, 2009, 50, (5), 1326–1335.‘Multi-zone thermodynamic engine model’ is a generic term adoptedhere for the type of model also referred to as quasi-dimensional, two-zone, three-zone, etc.; based on the laws of mass and energyconservation and using a mass burning rate sub-model (as opposedto a prescribed mass burning rate) to predict the in-cylinder pressureand temperature throughout the power cycle. Such models have beenused for about three decades and provide valuable tools for rapidevaluation of the influence of key engine parameters. Numerous papershave been published on the development of models of varyingcomplexity and their application. The current work is not intended asa comprehensive review of all these works, but presents an overview ofmulti-zone thermodynamic models for spark-ignition engines, theirpros and cons, the model equations and sub-models used to account forvarious processes such as turbulent wrinkling, flame development,flame geometry, heat transfer, etc. It is suggested that some pastterminology adopted to distinguish combustion models (e.g. ‘entrain-ment’ versus ‘flamelet’) is artificial and confusing; it can also bedifficult to compare the different models used. Naturally, differentmodels use varying underlying assumptions; however, the influence ofseveral physical processes has frequently been incorporated into oneterm, not always well documented or clearly described. The authorspropose a unified framework that can be used to compare differentsub-models on the same basis, with particular focus on turbulentcombustion models.

09/02234 Optimization of cycloidal water turbine and theperformance improvement by individual blade controlHwang, I. S. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1532–1540.This paper investigates an advanced vertical axis turbine to enhancepower generation from water energy. The turbine, known as a cycloidalwater turbine, is a straight-bladed type adopting a cycloidal bladesystem that actively controls the rotor blades for improved turbineefficiency, according to the operating conditions. These characteristics

enable the turbine to self-start and produce high electric power at a lowflow speed, or under complex flow conditions. A parametric study hasbeen carried out by CFD analysis, with various characteristics includingdifferent number of blades, chord length variations, variety of tip speedratios, various hydrofoil shapes, and changing pitch and phase angles.Optimal parameters have been determined, and the performance of theturbine has achieved approximately 70% better performance than thatof a fixed pitch turbine. An experimental study has also been carriedout which shows that the results correlate quite well with thetheoretical predictions although the power output was reduced dueto the drag forces of the mechanical devices. Another numericaloptimization was carried out to improve the rotor performance byadopting an individual blade control method. Controllable pitch angleswere employed to maximize the rotor performance at various operatingconditions. The optimized result obtained using genetic algorithm andparallel computing, shows an improvement in performance of around25% compared with the cycloidal motion.

09/02235 Performance, combustion and emissions of adiesel engine operated with reformed EGR. Comparison ofdiesel and GTL fuellingAbu-Jrai, A. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1031–1041.In this work, the effects of a standard ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD)fuel and a new, ultra-clean synthetic gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel on theperformance, combustion and emissions of a single-cylinder, directinjection, diesel engine were studied under different operatingconditions with addition of simulated reformer product gas, referredto as reformed exhaust gas recirculation (REGR). For this purposevarious levels of REGR of two different compositions were tested.Tests with standard EGR were also carried out for comparison.Experiments were performed at four steady state operating conditionsand the brake thermal efficiency, combustion process and engineemission data are presented and discussed. In general, GTL fuelresulted in a higher brake thermal efficiency compared to ULSD butthe differences depended on the engine condition and EGR/REGRlevel and composition. The combustion pattern was significantlymodified when the REGR level was increased. Although the extentof the effects of REGR on emissions depended on the engine load, itcan be generally concluded that an optimal combination of GTL andREGR significantly improved both NOx and smoke emissions. In somecases, NOx and smoke emission reductions of 75% and 60%,respectively, were achieved compared to operation with ULSD withoutREGR. This offers a great potential for engine manufacturers to meetthe requirements of future emission regulations.

09/02236 Performance, emission and combustioncharacteristics of a compression ignition engine operatingon neat orange oilPurushothaman, K. and Nagarajan, G. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1),242–245.Biomass derived fuels are preferred as alternate fuels for internalcombustion engines due to their abundant availability and renewablenature. Fuels such as methanol and ethanol have proved to be suitablealternate fuels in the transport sector. In the present work theperformance, emission and combustion characteristics of a singlecylinder, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine using orange oilas an alternate fuel were studied and the results are compared with thestandard diesel fuel operation. Results indicated that the brake thermalefficiency was higher compared to diesel throughout the load spectra.Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were lower and oxides ofnitrogen were higher compared to diesel operation. Peak pressure andheat release rate were found to be higher for orange oil compared todiesel fuel operation.

09/02237 Performance, emission and combustioncharacteristics of poon oil and its diesel blends in a DIdiesel engineDevan, P. K. and Mahalakshmi, N. V. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 853–860.Experimental tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance,emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using Neatpoon oil and its blends of 20%, 40%, and 60%, and standard diesel fuelseparately. The common problems posed when using vegetable oil in acompression ignition engine are poor atomization; carbon deposits,ring sticking, etc. This is because of the high viscosity and low volatilityof vegetable oil. When blended with diesel, poon oil presented lowerviscosity, improved volatility, better combustion and less carbondeposit. It was found that there was a reduction in NOx emission forNeat poon oil and its diesel blends along with a marginal increase inHC and CO emissions. Brake thermal efficiency was slightly lowerfor Neat poon oil and its diesel blends. From the combustion analysis,it was found that poon oil–diesel blends performed better than Neatpoon oil.



09/02238 Reluctance network modelling of surfacepermanent magnet motor considering iron nonlinearitiesRaminosoa, T. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1356–1361.This paper presents a simple, quick and precise non-linear reluctancenetwork modelling of an in-wheel surface permanent magnet motor.The saturation of the ferromagnetic materials is considered and asimple air-gap length function is used to take the slotting effect intoaccount. The topology and the reluctance values of the air-gap networkare automatically computed for any rotor position. Thus, the proposedtechnique allows a steady state time stepping simulation. For anysaturation level, there is a good accordance with the finite elementmethod for the torque and back EMF. Moreover, the model accuratelypredicts the effect of the demagnetization. The proposed model can beadvantageously used for a geometry optimization as well as for thediagnosis of demagnetization.

09/02239 Rotor cage fault diagnosis in three-phaseinduction motors based on a current and virtual fluxapproachPires, D. F. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4),1026–1032.This paper focuses on the detection of a rotor cage fault in a three-phase PWM feed induction motor. In inverter-fed machines there aresome difficulties for the detection of a rotor cage fault. Thesedifficulties are due to the fault signature that will be contained in thecurrents or voltages applied to the machine. In this way, a newapproach based on the current and a virtual flux is proposed. The useof the virtual flux allows the improving of the signal to noise ratio. Thisapproach also allows the identification of a rotor cage faultindependently of the type of control used in the ac drive. Thetheoretical principle of this method is discussed. Simulation andexperimental results are presented in order to show the effectiveness ofthe proposed approach.

09/02240 The development and experimental validation of areduced ternary kinetic mechanism for the auto-ignition atHCCI conditions, proposing a global reaction path forternary gasoline surrogatesMachrafi, H. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90, (2), 247–263.To acquire a high amount of information of the behaviour of thehomogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) auto-ignitionprocess, a reduced surrogate mechanism has been composed out ofreduced n-heptane, iso-octane and toluene mechanisms, containing 62reactions and 49 species. This mechanism has been validatednumerically in a 0D HCCI engine code against more detailedmechanisms (inlet temperature varying from 290 to 500K, theequivalence ratio from 0.2 to 0.7 and the compression ratio from 8 to18) and experimentally against experimental shock tube and rapidcompression machine data from the literature at pressures between 9and 55 bar and temperatures between 700 and 1400K for several fuels:the pure compounds n-heptane, iso-octane and toluene as well as binaryand ternary mixtures of these compounds. For this validation,stoichiometric mixtures and mixtures with an equivalence ratio of 0.5are used. The experimental validation is extended by comparing thesurrogate mechanism to experimental data from an HCCI engine. Aglobal reaction pathway is proposed for the auto-ignition of asurrogate gasoline, using the surrogate mechanism, in order to showthe interactions that the three compounds can have with one anotherduring the auto-ignition of a ternary mixture.

09/02241 Thermodynamic analysis of a b type Stirlingengine with a displacer driving mechanism by means ofa leverKarabulut, H. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 202–208.In this study a novel configuration of �-type Stirling engine wasdescribed and studied from kinematic and thermodynamics points ofview. Some aspects of the novel engine were compared to the crankdriven and Rhombic-drive engines. By means of nodal analysis, theinstantaneous temperature distribution of working fluid, through theheating–cooling passage, conducting the cold space to hot space, wasstudied. Variation of work generation due to leak of the working fluidwas examined and an estimation of the clearance between piston andcylinder was made. By using three different practically possible valuesof convective heat transfer coefficient, which were 200, 300 and400 W/m2 K, respectively, variation of work generation with workingfluid mass was examined. For the same values of convective heattransfer coefficient, the variation of engine power with engine speedwas examined. A simple prototype was built and tested with nopressurized ambient air. By applying 260 �C temperature to the hot endand 20 �C temperature to the cold end of displacer cylinder 14.72 wattsshaft power was measured. Results of theoretical study and exper-imental measurements were presented in diagrams.

Hybrid engine systems

09/02242 Effects of valve events on the engine efficiency ina homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fueledby dimethyl etherJang, J. and Bae, C. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1228–1234.Combustion characteristics of a homogeneous charge compressionignition (HCCI) engine were investigated with regard to the residualgas, i.e. internal exhaust gas recirculation (IEGR), by changing theintake and exhaust maximum opening points (MOP) and the exhaustcam lifts. Three different exhaust camshafts were used and had 2.5 mm,4.0 mm and 8.4 mm exhaust valve lift. In-cylinder gas was sampled atthe intake valve immediately before ignition to measure the IEGR rate.The heat release, fuel conversion efficiency and combustion efficiencywere calculated using the in-cylinder pressure and composition ofexhaust gases to examine the combustion features of the HCCI engine.The negative valve overlap (NVO) was increased as exhaust valve liftwas reduced. Longer NVO made an increased IEGR through exhaustgas trapping. The IEGR rate was increased as the exhaust valve timingadvanced while it was affected more by exhaust valve timing than byintake valve timing. Combustion phase was advanced by lower exhaustvalve lift and early exhaust and intake MOP. It was because of higheramount of IEGR gas and effective compression ratio. The fuelconversion efficiency with higher exhaust valve lift was higher thanthat with lower exhaust valve lift. The late exhaust and intake MOPmade the fuel conversion efficiency improve.

09/02243 Experimental study on combustioncharacteristics of a spark-ignition engine fueled with naturalgas–hydrogen blends combining with EGRHu, E. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (2),1035–1044.An experimental study on the effect of hydrogen fraction and exhaustgas recirculation (EGR) rate on the combustion characteristics of aspark-ignition engine fuelled with natural gas–hydrogen blends wasinvestigated. The results show that flame development duration, rapidcombustion duration and total combustion duration are increased withthe increase of EGR rate and decreased with the increase of hydrogenfraction in the blends. Hydrogen addition shows larger influence onflame development duration than that on rapid combustion duration.The coefficient of variation of the indicated mean effective pressureincreases with the increase of EGR rate. And hydrogen addition intonatural gas decreases the coefficient of variation of the indicated meaneffective pressure, and this effectiveness becomes more obviously athigh EGR rate. Engines fuelled with natural gas–hydrogen blendscombining with proper EGR rate can realize the stable lowtemperature combustion in gas engine.

09/02244 Load sharing using fuzzy logic control in a fuelcell/ultracapacitor hybrid vehicleKisacikoglu, M. C. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2009, 34, (3), 1497–1507.Fuel cell (FC) and ultracapacitor (UC) based hybrid power systemsappear to be very promising for satisfying high energy and high powerrequirements of vehicular applications. The improvement in controlstrategies enhances dynamic response of the FC/UC hybrid vehicularpower system under various load conditions. In this study, FC systemand UC bank supply power demand using a current-fed full bridge dc–dc converter and a bidirectional dc–dc converter, respectively. Thisstudy focuses on a novel fuzzy logic control algorithm integrated intothe power conditioning unit (PCU) for the hybrid system. The controlstrategy is capable of determining the desired FC power and keeps thedc voltage around its nominal value by supplying propulsion power andrecuperating braking energy. Simulation results obtained usingMATLAB1 & Simulink1 and ADVISOR1 are presented to verifythe effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.

09/02245 Modeling of autoignition and NO sensitization forthe oxidation of IC engine surrogate fuelsAnderlohr, J. M. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 505–521.This paper presents an approach for modelling with one single kineticmechanism the chemistry of the autoignition and combustion processesinside an internal combustion engine, as well as the chemical kineticsgoverning the postoxidation of unburned hydrocarbons in engineexhaust gases. Therefore a new kinetic model was developed, valid overa wide range of temperatures including the negative temperaturecoefficient regime. The model simulates the autoignition and theoxidation of engine surrogate fuels composed of n-heptane, iso-octane,and toluene, which are sensitized by the presence of nitric oxides. Thenew model was obtained from previously published mechanisms for theoxidation of alkanes and toluene where the coupling reactionsdescribing interactions between hydrocarbons and NOx were added.The mechanism was validated against a wide range of experimental


11 Engines (hybrid engine systems)

data obtained in jet-stirred reactors, rapid compression machines,shock tubes, and homogeneous charge compression ignition engines.Flow rate and sensitivity analysis were performed in order to explainthe low temperature chemical kinetics, especially the impact of NOx onhydrocarbon oxidation.

09/02246 The impact of government incentives forhybrid-electric vehicles: evidence from US statesDiamond, D. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 972–983.This paper examines the impact of government incentives policiesdesigned to promote the adoption of hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs).As a primary methodology, it employs cross-sectional analysis of hybridregistration data over time from US states to test the relationshipbetween hybrid adoption and a variety of socioeconomic and policyvariables. It also compares hybrid adoption patterns over time to theUS average for specific states that have changed incentive policies, toexamine how differences in incentive schemes influence their efficacy.The results of these analyses suggest a strong relationship betweengasoline prices and hybrid adoption, but a much weaker relationshipbetween incentive policies and hybrid adoption. Incentives that providepayments upfront also appear to be the most effective.

09/02247 Utilization of unattended Putranjiva roxburghiinon-edible oil as fuel in diesel engineHaldar, S. K. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 343–347.The search for alternative sources of energy has been driven by theincreased cost and depletion of supply of fossil fuels. The alternativesare mainly vegetable oils. Putranjiva roxburghii, a non-edible vegetableoil can be used in diesel engine for its fuel properties which arecomparable with diesel. Blends (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% v/v) of purePutranjiva oil and diesel are used in Ricardo Variable CompressionDiesel Engine to study the performance and emission characteristics atvarious brake power. Putranjiva oil blends yield better performance at45� CA bTDC injection timing in comparison to 40� CA bTDC timingfor diesel. Maximum 30% blend of Putranjiva oil with diesel can beused as an alternative fuel in diesel engine for it differs very little fromdiesel in performance and is better than diesel with regard to emissions.

Transport battery development

09/02248 Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefitsand barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) anda vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transitionSovacool, B. K. and Hirsh, R. F. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1095–1103.This paper explores both the promise and the possible pitfalls of theplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G)concept, focusing first on its definition and then on its technical state-of-the-art. More originally, the paper assesses significant, though oftenoverlooked, social barriers to the wider use of PHEVs (a likelyprecursor to V2G) and implementation of a V2G transition. The articledisputes the idea that the only important barriers facing the greater useof PHEVs and V2G systems are technical. Instead, it provides abroader assessment situating such ‘technical’ barriers alongside moresubtle impediments relating to social and cultural values, businesspractices, and political interests. The history of other energytransitions, and more specifically the history of renewable energytechnologies, implies that these ‘socio-technical’ obstacles may be justas important to any V2G transition – and perhaps even more difficultto overcome. Analogously, the article illuminates the policy impli-cations of such barriers, emphasizing what policymakers need toachieve a transition to a V2G and PHEV world.

09/02249 Enhanced coulomb counting method forestimating state-of-charge and state-of-health of lithium-ionbatteriesNg, K. S. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1506–1511.The coulomb counting method is expedient for state-of-charge (SOC)estimation of lithium-ion batteries with high charging and dischargingefficiencies. The charging and discharging characteristics are investi-gated and reveal that the coulomb counting method is convenient andaccurate for estimating the SOC of lithium-ion batteries. A smartestimation method based on coulomb counting is proposed to improvethe estimation accuracy. The corrections are made by considering thecharging and operating efficiencies. Furthermore, the state-of-health(SOH) is evaluated by the maximum releasable capacity. Through theexperiments that emulate practical operations, the SOC estimationmethod is verified to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy.

09/02250 Lead-acid batteries for micro- and mild-hybridapplicationsValenciano, J. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 187, (2), 599–604.Car manufactures have announced the launch in coming months ofvehicles with reduced emissions due to the introduction of newfunctions like stop–start and regenerative braking. Initial performancerequest of automotive lead-acid batteries are becoming more and moredemanding and, in addition to this, cycle life with new acceleratedageing profiles are being proposed in order to determine the influenceof the new functions on the expected battery life. This paper will showhow different lead-acid battery technologies comply with these newdemands, from an improved version of the conventional flooded SLIbattery to the high performance of spiral wound valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery. Different approaches have been studied forimproving conventional flooded batteries, i.e. either by the addition ofnew additives for reducing electrolyte stratification or by optimizationof the battery design to extend cycling life in partial state of chargeconditions. With respect to VRLA technology, two different batterydesigns have been compared. Spiral wound design combines excellentpower capability and cycle life under different depth of discharge(DoD) cycling conditions, but flat plate design outperform the latter inenergy density due to better utilization of the space available in aprismatic enclosure. This latter design is more adequate for high-endclass vehicles with high electrical energy demand, whereas spiral woundis better suited for high-power/long-life demand of commercial vehicle.High temperature behaviour (75 �C) is rather poor for both designs dueto water loss, and then VRLA batteries should preferably be locatedout of the engine compartment.

09/02251 Optimization of fuel cell system operatingconditions for fuel cell vehiclesZhao, H. and Burke, A. F. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 186, (2),408–416.Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology for use infuel cell vehicles and other applications has been intensively developedin recent decades. Besides the fuel cell stack, air and fuel control andthermal and water management are major challenges in the develop-ment of the fuel cell for vehicle applications. The air supply system canhave a major impact on overall system efficiency. In this paper a fuelcell system model for optimizing system operating conditions wasdeveloped which includes the transient dynamics of the air system withvarying back pressure. Compared to the conventional fixed backpressure operation, the optimal operation discussed in this paper canachieve higher system efficiency over the full load range. Finally, themodel is applied as part of a dynamic forward-looking vehicle model ofa load-following direct hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to explore the energyeconomy optimization potential of fuel cell vehicles.

09/02252 Per unit representation of electrical magnitudesin batteries: a tool for comparison and designGauchıa, L. and Sanz, J. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(3), 554–560.When a comparison between the performance of batteries withdifferent characteristics, or sizing of a particular battery system in apower system (electrical grid, etc.) is carried out, the usual expressionof electrical variables in terms of absolute magnitudes (volts, etc.) hassome important disadvantages derived from the wide range of valuesthese variables can assume, as they are dependant on the ‘size’ of thesystem, defined by its rated capacity, voltage or current. This makesimpossible any direct comparison between different alternatives.Furthermore, it collides with the usual way power engineers use torepresent and analyse the electrical power system. This paper proposesthe application of a per unit system to batteries to overcome theseproblems. In this per unit system, all magnitudes are represented asnon-dimensional values, with reference to a set of base magnitudes.Therefore, absolute values are converted into relative ones, whichallow a direct comparison between different batteries. To apply a perunit system, a set of base magnitudes is studied and defined taking intoaccount the special characteristics of a battery. The conclusion is thatwith a per unit system the information extracted is more accessible,direct and representative than using absolute magnitudes.

09/02253 Performance evaluation of direct methanol fuelcells for portable applicationsRashidi, R. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 187, (2), 509–516.This study examines the feasibility of powering a range of portabledevices with a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The analysis includesa comparison between a Li-ion battery and DMFC to supply the powerfor a laptop, camcorder and a cell phone. A parametric study of thesystems for an operational period of 4 years is performed. Under theassumptions made for both the Li-ion battery and DMFC system, thebattery cost is lower than the DMFC during the first year of operation.However, by the end of 4 years of operational time, the DMFC systemwould cost less. The weight and cost comparisons show that the fuelcell system occupies less space than the battery to store a higher


11 Engines (transport battery development)

amount of energy. The weight of both systems is almost identical.Finally, the CO2 emissions can be decreased by a higher exergeticefficiency of the DMFC, which leads to improved sustainability.

09/02254 The influences of some additives onelectrochemical behaviour of nickel electrodesBegum, S. N. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1548–1555.Nickel hydroxide is used as an active material in positive electrodes ofrechargeable alkaline batteries. Since the nickel hydroxide electrodeexhibits a poor performance which results not only from thecompetitive reactions of the oxidation of the active material but alsofrom the evolution of oxygen. Its reduced charge acceptance issuspected to be related to a relatively long distance between nickelhydroxide particles and the nearest portion of the substrate. Thepractical capacity of the positive nickel electrode depends on theefficiency of the conductive network connecting the Ni(OH)2 particlewith the current collector. In this study, a pasted-type electrode isprepared using spherical nickel hydroxide powder as the main activematerial on a foamed nickel grid as a current collector. The effects ofadditives such as metallic cobalt powder, cobalt hydroxide, calciumcarbonate and cobalt powder with calcium carbonate on the electrodeperformance are examined. The calcium carbonate addition increasesthe oxygen evolution potential while the metallic cobalt powder and itscompounds enhance the conductivity of the active material. Thiscombined effect in nickel hydroxide electrode in turn increases thecapacity of the Ni–MH battery due to the augmentation in theutilization of the active material of the positive electrode.

12 REFRACTORIES/CERAMICS

Properties, production, applications

09/02255 Analysis of different models to estimate energysavings related to windows in residential buildingsUrbikain, M. K. and Sala, J. M. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (6),687–695.A window energy rating system (WERS) provides a simple, approxi-mate method to compare the energy performance of the variouswindows and to determine the different potential savings for thevarious weather conditions. The main aim of this paper is to obtain aWERS for two climatic zones in Spain. For this purpose, the heatingloads and energy savings of a residential building with different types ofwindows were obtained by three ways. Firstly, the energy through thewindow was evaluated considering only the climatic conditions.Secondly, the study was performed taking into account the energyuseful for the heating system considering the climate and the type ofbuilding. Finally, the different cases were simulated using TRNSYS16and WINDOW5. This study was performed for different Europeanclimates. The WERS proposed here is based on the second method. Ittakes into account the U factor of the window, U factor of the frame,absortivity of the frame, solar heat gain of the glazing and infiltration.

09/02256 CdTe solar cell degradation studies with the useof CdS as the window materialMendoza-Perez, R. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009,93, (1), 79–84.The authors present in this work the degradation effects with time inthin film CdTe/CdS solar cells, where the CdS and CdTe layers aredeposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and close space vapourtransport (CSVT), respectively. The CdS thin films were grown fromdifferent baths by varying the S/Cd ratio. The variation of the S/Cdratio allowed us to control the morphology and the density of defects,thus giving rise to better quality CBD CdS films. Depending on the S/Cd ratio an improvement of the morphology and capacitance signal wasobserved, these factors have also an influence on the open-circuitvoltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor and conversionefficiency of the solar cell. The variation with time of these parametersin the devices was tracked during a period of 3 years measured directlyon the exposed back contact regions (CdTe/Cu/Au). A discussion onthe deterioration of the photovoltaic (PV) performance of the solarcells is presented in correlation with the local environmentalconditions. This particular environment has contamination, and

represents another type of stress for standard PV operations. Theseconditions reduce the mean life time of solar cells beyond shortperiods; this can be of interest for PV community.

09/02257 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on ceramicmonolith-structured catalystsLiu, W. et al. Catalysis Today, 2009, 140, (3–4), 142–148.This paper reports recent research results about the impact of differentcatalyst bed configurations on Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis productdistributions. A powdered CoRe/�-alumina catalyst with a particle sizeranging from 60 to 100 mesh was prepared and tested in a packed bedreactor. The same catalyst was ball milled and coated on a ceramicmonolith support structure of channel size about 1 mm. The monolithcatalyst module was tested in two different ways, as a whole piece andas well-defined channels. Steady-state reaction conversion wasmeasured at various temperatures under a constant H2/CO feed ratioof 2 and a reactor pressure of 25 bar. Detailed product analysis wasperformed. Significant formation of wax was evident with the packedparticle bed and with the monolith catalyst that was improperly packed.By contrast, wax formation was not detected in the liquid product byconfining the reactions inside the monolith channel. This studypresents an important finding about the structured catalyst/reactorsystem, in that the product distribution highly depends on how thestructured reactor is set up. Even if a catalyst is tested under identicalreaction conditions (T, P, H2/CO ratio), hydrodynamics (or flowconditions) inside a structured channel may have a significant impacton the product distribution.

09/02258 Heat transfer modelling on windows and glazingunder the exposure of solar radiationPal, S. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (6), 654–661.Due to the effect of solar radiation on windows and glazing system theevaluation of heat flow is of primary importance in modelling thethermal performance within building interiors to account thermalcomfort and overall energy consumption of a building. In this contextthe optical properties of window glazing are measured to determine thepercentage absorption of incident solar radiation. An experimentalstudy was performed in a room to measure the glazing surfacetemperature due to the global radiation on it. The correspondingwindow plane global radiation and horizontal global radiation weremeasured outside for simulation. Mathematical models have beendeveloped to simulate the window plane solar radiation and corre-sponding glazing surface temperature aiming at validating themeasured values. The thermal model is concerned with laminar heattransfer for natural and forced convection process according to theambient conditions. The estimated errors between experimental andsimulated values of window plane radiation and glazing temperatureare shown to be within �5%. Using the developed thermal model theheat flow inside the room through windows is determined. Thus overallheat transfer coefficient of glazing (U-factor) and the solar heat gain ofbuilding interior have been predicted from the simulation.

09/02259 In-situ determination of the heat flux density atthe glass/mould interface during a glass pressingproduction cycleDusserre, G. et al. International Journal of Thermal Science, 2009, 48,(2), 428–439.The glass pressing process involves heat transfer between the glass goband the forming tool, among the most important parameters influen-cing the thermo-mechanical stresses in the moulds. This paper presentsthe development of the instrumentation of a mould for the measure-ment of temperatures during the production cycle. These measure-ments are exploited with an inverse method to evaluate the heat fluxdensities at the working surface of the mould. The influence of eachprocess stage and of the location at the surface of the mould on thethermal loadings are described. The evaluated heat flux densitiesare used as boundary conditions in a finite element calculation. Thevalidity of these results are discussed taking into account thedifferences between experiment and calculation, the hypothesis ofthe inverse method and the time response of the thermocouples.

09/02260 Performance evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaicthermal (PV/T) (glass-to-glass) systemJoshi, A. S. et al. International Journal of Thermal Science, 2009, 48, (1),154–164.In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the thermal performanceof a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector system. The twotype of photovoltaic (PV) module namely PV module with glass-to-tedlar and glass-to-glass are considered for performance comparison.The results of both PV modules are compared for composite climate ofNew Delhi. Analytical expression for solar cell, back surface, outlet airtemperatures and an overall thermal efficiency are derived for bothcases. It is observed that hybrid air collector with PV module glass-to-glass gives better performance in terms of overall thermal efficiency.Parametric studies are also carried out.


12 Refractories/ceramics (properties, production, applications)

09/02261 Potential application of ‘see-through’ solar cellsin ventilated glazing in Hong KongChow, T.-T. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009, 93, (2),230–238.This paper reports the findings on the energy performance of ‘see-through’ PV glazing as applied to a typical open-plan officeenvironment of Hong Kong. An experimental system was first set upand the measurements were used to verify the theoretical modelsdeveloped via the ESP-r simulation platform. The validated modelswere subsequently used to evaluate the annual variations in thermalloads and electricity generation for two PV glazing systems ascompared to the common absorptive glazing provisions. The resultsindicate that the innovative natural-ventilated PV double-glazingtechnology could significantly cut down the air-conditioning powerconsumption by 28%, as compared to the conventional singleabsorptive glazing system.

09/02262 Study of steam electrolysis using a microtubularceramic reactorHashimoto, S. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009,34, (3), 1159–1165.Steam electrolysis was carried out using a microtubular ceramic reactorwith the following cell configuration: La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3�� (LSCF)–Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 (CGO) electrode/CGO buffer layer/(ZrO2)0.89

(Sc2O3)0.1 (CeO2)0.01 (ScSZ) electrolyte/Ni-ScSZ electrode supportingtube. Ten per cent H2/Ar gas was used as steam carrier gas, and 18%steam was supplied to the ceramic reactors. The cell performance wasas follows: 1.43 V at 0.1 A cm�2 and 650 �C (Area specific resistance:4.7 � cm2) or 1.37 V at 0.1 A cm�2 and 700 �C (4.3 � cm2). During steamelectrolysis, hydrogen production proportionally increased with currentdensity according to Faraday’s law, and heat generation at a lowcurrent density was observed by an electrochemical technique. Voidsand Zr diffusion from the ScSZ electrolyte were confirmed in the CGObuffer layer. Such factors near the surface probably influenced theincrease in ohmic loss and electrode polarization.

09/02263 The role of thermal treatment on the opticalproperties of Ge0.15Se0.85 systemAlnajjar, A. A. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 71–74.The Ge0.15Se0.85 alloy has been prepared in evacuated quartz tubes.Thin amorphous film of Ge0.15Se0.85 system has been prepared by usingthermal evaporation technique with 400� 5 nm thickness. Atomicabsorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the concen-tration of the composite elements (Ge and Se). Amorphous structurewas observed for prepared films by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Theoptical properties of Ge0.15Se0.85 system have been studied as a functionof annealing temperatures (Ta= 300, 350, 400 and 450K). The resultsshowed that optical transitions are direct and indirect. The energy gapEg increased with increasing annealing temperature, i.e the absorptionedge shifts to lower wavelength. The refractive index, extinctioncoefficient and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant forthese films vary with heat treatment. Outcome of the study confirmsthat this system may be used for photovoltaic devices.

13 ALTERNATIVE ENERGYSUPPLIES

Biofuels and bioconversion energy

09/02264 A review on gasification of biomassKirubakaran, V. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13, (1), 179–186.Studies on the effect of size, structure, environment, temperature,heating rate, composition of biomass and ash are reviewed. Based onthe observations reported so far, auto-gasification of biomass by thebio-oxygen and the catalytic ash would be feasible. The auto-gasification may be explained in terms of heterogeneous catalyticreaction. Better understanding of auto-gasification is possible byfurther studies carrying out on the effect of heating rate on auto-gasification.

09/02265 An experimental study on air gasification ofbiomass micron fuel (BMF) in a cyclone gasifierGuo, X. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (3),1265–1269.

Biomass micron fuel (BMF) produced from feedstock (energy crops,agricultural wastes, forestry residues and so on) through an efficientcrushing process is a kind of powdery biomass fuel with particle size ofless than 250 mm. Based on the properties of BMF, a cyclone gasifierconcept has been considered in the laboratory for biomass gasification.The concept combines and integrates partial oxidation, fast pyrolysis,gasification, and tar cracking, as well as a shift reaction, with thepurpose of producing a high quality of gas. In this paper, characteristicsof BMF air gasification were studied in the gasifier. Without outer heatenergy input, the whole process is supplied with energy produced bypartial combustion of BMF in the gasifier using a hypostoichiometricamount of air. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER) and biomassparticle size on gasification temperature, gas composition, gas yield,low-heating value (LHV), carbon conversion and gasification efficiencywere studied. The results showed that higher ER led to highergasification temperature and contributed to high H2-content, but toohigh ER lowered fuel gas content and degraded fuel gas quality. Asmaller particle was more favourable for higher gas yield, LHV, carbonconversion and gasification efficiency. And the BMF air gasification inthe cyclone gasifier with the energy self-sufficiency is reliable.

09/02266 Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base-catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterificationDemirbas, A. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 923–927.In this study, waste cooking oil has subjected to transesterificationreaction by potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalytic and supercriticalmethanol methods obtaining for biodiesel. In catalysed methods, thepresence of water has negative effects on the yields of methyl esters. Inthe catalytic transesterification free fatty acids and water alwaysproduce negative effects since the presence of free fatty acids andwater causes soap formation, consumes catalyst, and reduces catalysteffectiveness. Free fatty acids in the waste cooking oil are transester-ified simultaneously in supercritical methanol method. Since wastecooking oil contains water and free fatty acids, supercritical transester-ification offers great advantage to eliminate the pre-treatment andoperating costs. The effects of methanol/waste cooking oils ratio,potassium hydroxide concentration and temperature on the biodieselconversion were investigated.

09/02267 Biodiesel production from oleaginousmicroorganismsMeng, X. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 1–5.High energy prices, energy and environment security, concerns aboutpetroleum supplies are drawing considerable attention to find arenewable biofuels. Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs) derived from animal fats or vegetable oils, is rapidly movingtowards the mainstream as an alternative source of energy. However,biodiesel derived from conventional petrol or from oilseeds or animalfat cannot meet realistic need, and can only be used for a small fractionof existing demand for transport fuels. In addition, expensive largeacreages for sufficient production of oilseed crops or cost to feedanimals are needed for raw oil production. Therefore, oleaginousmicroorganisms are available for substituting conventional oil inbiodiesel production. Most of the oleaginous microorganisms likemicroalgae, bacillus, fungi and yeast are all available for biodieselproduction. Regulation mechanism of oil accumulation in microorgan-ism and approach of making microbial diesel economically competitivewith petrodiesel are discussed in this review.

09/02268 Biodiesel production in a small community:case study in ThailandPhalakornkule, C. et al. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2009,53, (3), 129–135.A community-scale process of biodiesel production from animal fatswas reported together with an economic analysis and wastewatertreatment process. The biodiesel product whose qualification met Thaibiodiesel standards for agricultural engines could be used directly inagricultural engines, such as water pumps, cultivator engines, trailer-mounted engines, dump trucks and farm vehicles with single-cylinder,four-stroke diesel engines without operational problems. This studywas an illustration for producing inexpensive and renewable energyfrom domestic sources to reduce dependence on foreign sources ofpetroleum. The treatment of wastewater from the biodiesel productionprocess was necessary because the water contained high levels of COD(approximately 138,000 mg L�1) and oils/fats, which may hinder thebiological mechanism. By adding aluminium sulfate of an appropriateamount followed by an adjustment of pH, alkalinity and nitrogen levels,the water could be further treated by an anaerobic process.

09/02269 Bioethanol production from thick juice asintermediate of sugar beet processingDodic, S. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 822–827.


13 Alternative energy supplies (biofuels and bioconversion energy)

The aims of this study were to investigate the bioethanol production ofthick juice as intermediate from sugar beet processing in batch cultureby free Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and the effect of sugarconcentration on ethanol yield and CO2 weight loss rate. Thick juiceand molasses of sugar beet from a domestic sugar factory were dilutedwith distilled water to give a total sugar concentration of 5, 10, 15, 20and 25% (ww�1). Initial concentration of fermentable sugars of 20%(ww�1) in culture medium can be taken as optimal, enabling maximalethanol yield (68%) and maximal CO2 evolution rate was realized,amounting to more than 90 g L�1 h�1. The optimal concentration offermentable sugar from thick juice for bioethanol production by free S.cerevisiae cells was 20% (ww�1) at 30 �C, pH 5 and agitation rate200 rpm gave maximum ethanol concentration of 12% (v v�1).

09/02270 Biofuels in the U.S. – challenges andopportunitiesHoekman, S. K. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 14–22.Biofuels are of rapidly growing interest for reasons of energy security,diversity, and sustainability – as well as for greenhouse gas mitigation.In recent years, the USA has enacted regulations – and adoptedaggressive goals – to encourage increased usage of biofuels. IndividualStates (especially California) have taken even stronger positions withrespect to biofuels. Initial efforts have focused mainly on ethanol,produced via fermentation of sugars from grains (especially corn).Today’s R&D focus is on ‘second-generation biofuels’ that areproduced from a variety of biomass feedstocks utilizing a wide rangeof conversion technologies. This paper summarizes policy andregulatory drivers for biofuels in the USA, describes usage trendsand projections, and highlights major R&D efforts to promotedevelopment and commercialization of second-generation biofuels.R&D is being conducted in many areas, including biomass resourceassessment, development of new biomass feedstocks, improvedconversion technologies, and integration of systems. Other importantconsiderations include fuel quality and specifications, as well asrequirements for blending, distribution, and storage. ConsiderableR&D, policy, and regulatory efforts are also focused on the energy andenvironmental consequences of biofuels. This includes not only directemissions associated with vehicular uses, but also the fuels’ life-cycleimpacts with respect to total energy usage, greenhouse gas emissions,and multi-media effects. Due to the wide diversity of biomassfeedstocks, conversion technologies, and systems integration ap-proaches, the life-cycle impacts of biofuels can vary widely.

09/02271 Biogas as a sustainable energy source in Nepal:present status and future challengesGautam, R. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 248–252.Cattle manure, human excreta and agriculture residues are used inanaerobic bioreactors in many parts of the world to produce methanegas, which is used for the purpose of cooking and lighting. Since suchwaste materials are readily available in farms, rural people of manydeveloping countries have been benefited from this technology.Besides, this technology is cheaper and simpler, thus, gainingpopularity throughout the world. Nepal is one of the least developedcountries with the vast majority of people involved in subsistenceagriculture. The use of biogas technology in Nepal has benefited thecountry in improving health, environment, economy and energyconservation. This paper presents the state of the biogas sector inNepal.

09/02272 Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemicalroutes: a reviewSaxena, R. C. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13, (1), 167–178.Energy demand is increasing continuously due to rapid growth inpopulation and industrialization development. The development ofenergy sources is not keeping pace with spiraling consumption. Evendeveloped countries are not able to compensate even after increasingthe energy production multifold. The major energy demand is providedfrom the conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.Two major problems, which every country is facing with theseconventional fuels, are depletion of fossil fuels and deterioration ofenvironment. The present review article aims to highlight variousbiochemical processes for conversion of biomass into biologicalhydrogen gas and ethanol. The present discussion focuses on hydrogenproduction through various routes, namely fermentative, photosyn-thesis and biological water gas shift reaction. In addition, emphasis hasbeen laid on ethanol as biomass-based energy fuel. The discussion hasbeen focused on the technology for ethanol production from variousbiomass sources such as molasses, lignocellulosic feedstock and starch.Various biochemical processes and their major steps involved duringthe ethanol production from biomass have been discussed in detail.

09/02273 Biomethanation of herbaceous biomass residuesusing 3-zone plug flow like digesters – a case study fromIndiaChanakya, H. N. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 416–420.Biomethanation of herbaceous biomass feedstock has the potential toprovide clean energy source for cooking and other activities in areaswhere such biomass availability predominates. A biomethanationconcept that involves fermentation of biomass residues in three steps,occurring in three zones of the fermentor is described. This approachwhile attempting take advantage of multistage reactors simplifies thereactor operation and obviates the need for a high degree of processcontrol or complex reactor design. Typical herbaceous biomassdecompose with a rapid volatile fatty acids flux initially (with atendency to float) followed by a slower decomposition showingbalanced process of volatile fatty acids generation and its utilizationby methanogens that colonize biomass slowly. The tendency to float atthe initial stages is suppressed by allowing previous days feed to hold itbelow digester liquid which permits volatile fatty acids to disperse intothe digester liquid without causing process inhibition. This approachhas been used to build and operate simple biomass digesters to providecooking gas in rural areas with weed and agro-residues. Withappropriate modifications, the same concept has been used fordigesting municipal solid wastes in small towns where large fermentorsare not viable. With further modifications this concept has been usedfor solid–liquid feed fermentors. Methanogen colonized leaf biomasshas been used as biofilm support to treat coffee processing wastewateras well as crop litter alternately in a year. During summer it functionsas a biomass based biogas plants operating in the three-zone modewhile in winter, feeding biomass is suspended and high strength coffeeprocessing wastewater is let into the fermentor achieving over 90%biological oxygen demand reduction. The early field experience ofthese fermentors is presented.

09/02274 Characteristics and composition of Jatrophagossypiifolia and Jatropha curcas L. oils and application forbiodiesel productionde Oliveira, J. S. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (3), 449–453.In this work two genus of the Jatropha family: the Jatrophagossypiifolia (JG) and Jatropha curcas L. (JC) were studied in orderto delimitate their potential as raw material for biodiesel production.The oil content in wild seeds and some physical–chemical properties ofthe oils and the biodiesel obtained from them were evaluated. Thestudied physical–chemical properties of the JC and JG biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel engines, and thereforeshow a promising economic exploitation of these raw materials in semi-arid regions. However, further agronomic studies are needed in orderto improve the seed production and the crude oil properties.

09/02275 Characteristics of high heating rate biomasschars prepared under N2 and CO2 atmospheresBorrego, A. G. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2009, 77,(3–4), 409–415.Partial substitution of coal by biomass in combustion systems inconjunction with advanced technologies for carbon dioxide capture andstorage may result in a significant reduction of greenhouse gasesemissions. This study investigates three biomass chars produced fromrice husk, forest residuals and wood chips under nitrogen and carbondioxide atmospheres using a drop tube furnace (DTF) heated at950 �C. The char constitutes an unburned residue which has beendevolatilized under conditions resembling in thermal history those infull scale boilers. Higher weight losses were achieved under nitrogenthan under carbon dioxide for each type of biomass, and the highestweight loss was that of wood chips biomass, followed by forest residualsand then rice husk. The results indicate significant morphologicaldifferences between the biomass chars produced. The wood chipsyielded thick-walled chars with a cenospheric shape very similar tothose of low-rank vitrinite. The forest residual chars were angular inshape and often had a tenuinetwork structure, while the rice husk charsretained their vegetal structure. Overall, the studied biomass chars canbe described as microporous solids. However, in the case of the ricehusk, the silica associated to the char walls was essentially mesoporous,increasing the adsorption capacity of the rice husk chars. Theatmosphere in the DTF affects the development of porosity in thechars. The pore volumes of the rice husk and forest residual charsprepared under a carbon dioxide atmosphere were higher than those ofchars prepared under a nitrogen atmosphere, whereas the opposite wasthe case with the wood chip chars. The chars that experienced the mostdrastic devolatilization were those with the lowest intrinsic reactivity.This indicates a more efficient reorganization of the chemical structurethat reduces the number of active sites available for oxygen attack.Overall a similar morphology, optical texture, specific surface areaand reactivity were found for the biomass chars generated undernitrogen and carbon dioxide, which is a similar result to that obtainedfor coal chars.



09/02276 Comparing the lubricity of biofuels obtained frompyrolysis and alcoholysis of soybean oil and their blendswith petroleum dieselSuarez, P. A. Z. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1143–1147.A diesel-like fuel, pyrodiesel, was synthesized by a pyrolysis methodusing soybean oil as starting material. Some physical properties of thematerial were studied, both neat and in blends with high-sulfur andlow-sulfur diesel fuels, and compared with blends of biodiesel in fossilfuels. It was observed using different methods that the lubricity ofbiobased fuels obtained after the transesterification or pyrolysis ofsoybean oil is superior to low-sulfur and high-sulfur diesel fuels andalso that the lubricity of diesel fuels are enhanced when either biodieselor pyrodiesel are added. Based on the results reported herein,pyrodiesel is a viable alternative to biodiesel for use in compression-ignition engines.

09/02277 Comparison of Arundo donax L. andMiscanthus x giganteus in a long-term field experimentin Central Italy: analysis of productive characteristicsand energy balanceAngelini, L. G. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (4), 635–643.Miscanthus x giganteus (miscanthus) and Arundo donax L. (giant reed)are two perennial crops which have been receiving particular attentionduring the last decade as bioenergy crops. The main aim of the presentstudy was to compare the above-ground biomass production and theenergy balance of these perennial rhizomatous grasses in a long-termfield experiment. The crops were cultivated from 1992 to 2003 in thetemperate climate of central Italy with 20,000 plants ha�1, 100–100–100kgN, P2O5, K2O per hectare, and without irrigation supply. For eachyear of trial, biomass was harvested in autumn to estimate biometriccharacteristics and productive parameters. Besides, energy analysis ofbiomass production was carried out determining energy output, energyinput, energy efficiency (output/input) and net energy yield (output–input). Results showed high above-ground biomass yields over a periodof 10 years for both species, with better productive performances ingiant reed than in miscanthus (37.7 t DMha�1 year�1 versus 28.7t DMha�1 year�1 averaged from 2 to 12 years of growth). Such highyields resulted positively correlated to number of stalks (miscanthus),plant height and stalk diameter (giant reed). Moreover, these perennialspecies are characterized by a favourable energy balance with a netenergy yield of 467 and 637GJ ha�1 (1–12 year mean) for miscanthusand giant reed respectively. With such characteristics, both grassescould be proposed as biomass energy crops in southern Europe with asignificant and environmentally compatible contribution to energyneeds.

09/02278 Design of a thermally integratedbioethanol-fueled solid oxide fuel cell system integratedwith a distillation columnJamsak, W. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 187, (1), 190–203.Solid oxide fuel cell systems integrated with a distillation column(SOFC-DIS) have been investigated in this study. The MER (maximumenergy recovery) network for SOFC-DIS system under the baseconditions (CEtOH=25%, EtOH recovery=80%, V=0.7V, fuelutilization= 80%, TSOFC=1200K) yields QCmin=73.4 andQHmin=0kW. To enhance the performance of SOFC-DIS, utilizationof internal useful heat sources from within the system (e.g. condenserduty and hot water from the bottom of the distillation column) and acathode recirculation have been considered in this study. Theutilization of condenser duty for preheating the incoming bioethanoland cathode recirculation for SOFC-DIS system were chosen andimplemented to the SOFC-DIS (CondBio-CathRec). Different MERdesigns were investigated. The obtained MER network of CondBio-CathRec configuration shows the lower minimum cold utility (QCmin)of 55.9 kW and total cost index than that of the base case. A heatexchanger loop and utility path were also investigated. It was foundthat eliminate the high temperature distillate heat exchanger can lowerthe total cost index. The recommended network is that the hot effluentgas is heat exchanged with the anode heat exchanger, the externalreformer, the air heat exchanger, the distillate heat exchanger and thereboiler, respectively. The corresponding performances of this designare 40.8%, 54.3%, 0.221W cm�2 for overall electrical efficiency,combined heat and power efficiency and power density, respectively.The effect of operating conditions on composite curves on the design ofheat exchanger network was investigated. The obtained compositecurves can be divided into two groups: the threshold case and the pinchcase. It was found that the pinch case which TSOFC=1173K yieldshigher total cost index than the CondBio-CathRec at the baseconditions. It was also found that the pinch case can become athreshold case by adjusting split fraction or operating at lower fuelutilization. The total cost index of the threshold cases is lower than thatof the pinch case. Moreover, it was found that some conditions can givelower total cost index than that of the CondBio-CathRec at the baseconditions.

09/02279 Determination of biodiesel blend levels indifferent diesel samples by 1H NMRMonteiro, M. R. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (4), 691–696.The use of 1H NMR to quantify different methyl biodiesels in dieselfrom different sources is described. Biodiesel samples from soybeanand castor oils, which have different fatty acid compositions, and threediesel fuels, which have distinct chemical compositions, were used toprepare biodiesel blends (0.5–30%, v/v). These samples were analysedby 1H NMR and some relationships of integrals were employed toconstruct calibration curves. The results indicated that the quantifi-cation of biodiesel in diesel by 1H NMR is not affected by eitherbiodiesel or diesel types and thus this technique is especially valuablefor such determination.

09/02280 Direct synthesis of carbon nanofibers onmodified biomass-derived activated carbonChen, X.-W. et al. Carbon, 2009, 47, (1), 340–343.Carbon nanofibres were synthesized on activated carbons producedfrom agricultural waste using chemical vapour deposition. Importantly,iron already present in the ash content of the activated carbon wasemployed as a natural catalyst for nanofibre formation. The need for awet chemical catalyst preparation step was avoided.

09/02281 Energy production from grassland – assessingthe sustainability of different process chains under GermanconditionsRosch, C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (4), 689–700.In many regions of Europe, grassland shapes the landscape and fulfilsimportant functions in protecting nature, soil, and water. However, thetraditional uses of grassland for forage production are vanishing withprogress in breeding and structural adaptations in agriculture. On theother hand, the demand for biomass energy is rising due to politicalsustainability goals and financial measures to support renewableenergy. Against this background, the Institute for Technology Assess-ment and Systems Analysis investigated the applicability, economicefficiency, and sustainability of different techniques for energyproduction from grassland as well as from grassland converted intomaize fields or short-rotation poplars under German conditions. Theresults show that despite relatively high energy prices and the financialsupport for bioenergy, the effects of energy production from grasslandon employment in agriculture and farmers’ income are modest. What isbeneficial are savings in non-renewable energy, reductions in green-house gas emissions, and local provision of energy carriers. If grasslandbiomass (grass silage or hay) is used for energy purposes, this bringsthe further advantages of preserving biodiversity and the culturallandscape and protecting of soil and groundwater. Negative impacts onsustainable development result from an increase in emissions, whichleads to acidification, eutrophication, and risks to human health. Theoverall evaluation indicates that short-rotation poplars are compara-tively advantageous from the economic and ecological point of view.Therefore, a development plan for grassland is required to identifyareas where grassland could be used as an energy resource or where itwould be favourable to install energy plantations with fast-growingperennial plants.

09/02282 Establishing perennial grass energy crops in theUK: a review of current propagation options for MiscanthusAtkinson, C. J. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 752–759.A key UK government strategy is to expand the supply of home grownbiomass and facilitate the development and competitiveness of asustainable supply chain, while promoting low-carbon technology.Analysis of the potential supply chain suggests that this can, in part, beachieved by growing energy crops. Meeting expectations is, however,reliant on developing an economically viable biomass sector whichincorporates efficient, sustainable and regional supply chains toincrease biomass use. This review aims to present the knowledge bywhich plant propagules, for the biomass supply chain, can be producedat minimum cost. It specifically addresses the potential of biomassproduction from the perennial grass Miscanthus. This review is part ofa project to identify the causes for the apparent limitations in theestablishment of UK perennial energy crops. The work reported herefocuses on the knowledge available regarding the potential routes bywhich Miscanthus material could be mass produced. The reviewconcludes that high density plantings must be established to maximizeyields. Vegetative clonal plant propagation is required to deliveruniform crops of selected germplasm. Commercial seed production inthe UK is not possible and potentially undesirable for selectedgermplasm. Rhizome production and division is slow, but currentlydoes not limit increases in production because the UK industry uptakeis currently small. Uptake of new germplasm will be dependent on theuse of rapid and cost effective plant propagation systems, particularlyvegetative systems. The germplasm collection established provides anopportunity for genotypes to be propagated by a range of techniques todetermine ease of propagation in terms of cost and multiplication rates.At present the establishment rate of Miscanthus is slow and this



appears limited by economics; evidence suggests that the cost of plantpropagules is one factor that constrains widespread planting. Newtechniques are required that simultaneously reduce unit costs ofpropagules and increase the speed of their availability to aid thisdeveloping industry.

09/02283 Estimates of technically available woody biomassfeedstock from natural forests and willow biomass crops fortwo locations in New York StateCastellano, R. J. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (3), 393–406.A geographic information system was used to estimate the technicallyavailable woody biomass from forests and willow biomass crops withina 40 km radius of Syracuse and Tupper Lake, New York. Land coverand land use data were used to identify the available land base andrestrictions were applied for slope, parcel size and designated wetlands.Approximately 222,984 oven-dry tonnes (odt) of forest biomass aretechnically available annually around Syracuse, from 165,848 hectares(ha) of timberland. There are 67,880 ha of agricultural land technicallyavailable for growing willow biomass crops, which could produce 38,181odt yr�1 if 5% of this land was used and yields were 11.25 odt ha�1 yr�1.There are approximately 215,300 odt of forest biomass technicallyavailable annually around Tupper Lake from 211,500 ha of timberland.There are 781 ha of technically available agricultural land in this areaso willow biomass production would be minimal. While these two areashave different land cover and land use characteristics, both have thepotential to produce significant amounts of woody biomass.

09/02284 Factors affecting strength and durability ofdensified biomass productsKaliyan, N. and Morey, R. V. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (3),337–359.Effectiveness of a densification process to create strong and durablebonding in densified products such as pellets, briquettes, and cubes canbe determined by testing the strength (i.e. compressive resistance,impact resistance, and water resistance), and durability (i.e. abrasionresistance) of the densified products. These tests can indicate themaximum force/stress that the densified products can withstand, andthe amount of fines produced during handling, transportation, andstorage. In this article, the procedures used for measuring the strengthand durability of the densified products are discussed. The effects ofconstituents of the feed such as starch, protein, fiber, fat, lignin andextractives; feed moisture content; feed particle size and its distri-bution; feed conditioning temperature/preheating of feed; addedbinders; and densification equipment variables (forming pressure,and pellet mill and roll press variables) on the strength and durabilityof the densified products are reviewed. This article will help selectprocess parameters to produce strong and durable densified productsfrom new biomass feedstocks or animal feed formulations. Guidelinesfor developing standards on criteria for the acceptance levels ofstrength and durability of the densified products are presented.

09/02285 Hydrogen-rich gas from catalytic steamgasification of biomass in a fixed bed reactor: influence ofparticle size on gasification performanceLuo, S. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (3),1260–1264.The catalytic steam gasification of biomass was carried out in a lab-scale fixed bed reactor in order to evaluate the effects of particle size atdifferent bed temperatures on the gasification performance. The bedtemperature was varied from 600 to 900 �C and the biomass wasseparated into five different size fractions (below 0.075 mm, 0.075–0.15 mm, 0.15–0.3 mm, 0.3–0.6 mm and 0.6–1.2 mm). The results showthat with decreasing particle size, the dry gas yield, carbon conversionefficiency and H2 yield increased, and the content of char and tardecreased. And the differences due to particle sizes in gasificationperformance practically disappear as the higher temperature bound isapproached. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide contents in the producedgas increase with decreasing particle size at 900 �C, reaching to 51.2%and 22.4%, respectively.

09/02286 Improvements in char yield and pore properties ofwood-derived carbon by iodine treatmentNakamura, K. et al. Carbon, 2009, 47, (1), 348.An iodine treatment was applied to wood to seek improvements in charyields and pore-related properties, i.e. surface area, micro-pore volumeand the pore-size distribution, of the carbons derived from themwithout any other special pre- and post-treatments. Char yields wereimproved, surface area and micro-pore volumes were increased. Theinitiation temperature of pyrolysis of the treated woods was decreased,and gases such as CH3I and HI were produced during the pyrolysis.The change in the above-mentioned yields and pore-related propertieswith the iodine treatment was analysed using wood-componentpolymers such as cellulose and lignin. By spectroscopic analyses,iodine in the polymers exists in its ionic state, which may increase the

stability of the polymers. Iodine-treated lignin plays a role of themodification of the pyrolysis process in the improvements in the yieldsand pore-related properties in the resultant wood-derived carbons.

09/02287 Nonmarket cobenefits and economic feasibility ofon-farm biogas energy productionYiridoe, E. K. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1170–1179.Standard analysis of the economic feasibility of on-farm biogas energyproduction tend to emphasize primarily on direct financial benefits tofarmers, and abstracts from the non-market co-benefits associated withanaerobic digestion of livestock manure and other biomass feedstock.This shortcoming of the standard feasibility analysis raises a funda-mental question: How is the economic feasibility of on-farm anaerobicbiogas energy production affected by the associated nonpecuniary co-benefits? Incorporating key non-market co-benefits from biogas energyproduction extends the standard economic feasibility analysis, andprovides important insights. When non-market co-benefits wereexcluded, on-farm biogas energy production was generally notfinancially feasible for the dairy and swine farm size ranges studied(except for 600- and 800-sow farms). Overall, results of the financialfeasibility analysis did not change compared to a base scenario (withoutnon-market co-benefits) when an estimated annual total non-marketco-benefits of CND$5000 was incorporated into the analysis, for bothdairy and swine farms. Biogas energy production was generallyfinancially viable for small-size dairy (i.e. 50-cow) and swine (i.e.200-sow) farms when the non-market co-benefits were valued atCND$15,000 (or higher). Improvements in financial feasibility weremore dramatic for dairy than for swine farms.

09/02288 Optimisation of FAME production from wastecooking oil for biodiesel useBautista, L. F. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 862–872.This study consists of the development and optimization of thepotassium hydroxide-catalysed synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters(FAME) from waste cooking oil. A factorial design of experiments anda central composite design have been used. The variables chosen werefatty acid concentration in the waste cooking oil, temperature andinitial catalyst concentration by weight of waste cooking oil, while theresponses were FAME purity and yield. The initial catalyst concen-tration is the most important factor, having a positive influence onFAME purity, but a negative one on FAME yield due to the positiveinfluences of the yield losses (triglyceride saponification and methylester dissolution in glycerol). Fatty acid concentration in the wastecooking oil is the second factor of importance, having negativeinfluences in FAME purity and yield. Temperature has an insignificanteffect on FAME purity, but it has a significant negative influence onFAME yield due to the positive effect of temperature on the yieldlosses. Second-order models were obtained to predict the responsesanalysed as a function of these variables.

09/02289 Optimization of biodiesel production from edibleand non-edible vegetable oilsPatil, P. D. and Deng, S. Fuel, 2009, 88, (7), 1302–1306.The non-edible vegetable oils such as Jatropha curcas and Pongamiaglabra (karanja) and edible oils such as corn and canola were found tobe good viable sources for producing biodiesel. Biodiesel productionfrom different edible and non-edible vegetable oils was compared inorder to optimize the biodiesel production process. The analysis ofdifferent oil properties, fuel properties and process parameteroptimization of non-edible and edible vegetable oils were investigatedin detail. A two-step and single-step transesterification process wasused to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid (FFA) non-edibleoils and edible vegetable oils, respectively. This process gives yields ofabout 90–95% for J. curcas, 80–85% for P. glabra, 80–95% for canola,and 85–96% for corn using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst.The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared with ASTMstandards for biodiesel.

09/02290 Overview of fuel properties of biomass fastpyrolysis oilsLu, Q. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5), 1376–1383.Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the most promising technologies forconverting biomass to liquid fuels. As a result, this technology hasgained extensive attention in the last two decades. The pyrolysisliquids, known as the bio-oils, have been regarded as promisingcandidates to replace petroleum fuels to be used in various thermaldevices. However, bio-oils are totally different from petroleum fuels.Therefore, the successful utilization of bio-oils in terms of liquid fuelsrequires adequate understanding of their fuel properties. This reviewconcentrates on the detailed fuel properties of bio-oils and discusseshow these properties affect the utilization of bio-oils.



09/02291 Palm oil: addressing issues and towardssustainable developmentTan, K. T. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 420–427.The quest for renewable energy has intensified since the escalatingprice of crude petroleum in the recent years. Renewable energy such asbiodiesel has the potential to replace petroleum-derived transportationfuel in the future. Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils such palm oil, rapeseedand soybean. Currently, more than 80% of the world biodieselproductions are from rapeseed oil. However, the cost of palm oil,which is at least US$200 per tonne cheaper than rapeseed oil, indicatesthat palm oil could be a more suitable and attractive candidate as thesource of biodiesel compared to other vegetable oils. Although palm oilis known to be a multi-purpose vegetable oil with products rangingfrom food to biodiesel, there are a lot of issues surrounding palm oilproduction. Nevertheless, some of these issues reported in theliterature were found to be misleading and are thus confusing thepublic perception on palm oil. Thus, the aim of this paper is tohighlight and clarify the negative issues reported in the literaturesurrounding palm oil production. Apart from that, various policies or/and strategies that will lead to a more sustainable production anddevelopment of palm oil industries will also be proposed. Hence, palmoil will be able to become the leading vegetable oil in terms of food andnon-food production, especially as the main source of renewableenergy, biodiesel.

09/02292 Predicting the temperature dependent viscosityof biodiesel fuelsYuan, W. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1120–1126.The purpose of this work was to develop a method for predictingtemperature dependent viscosities of biodiesel based on fatty acid estercomposition. The Grunberg–Nissan equation combined with a groupcontribution method was used as the mixing rule to calculate viscositiesof mixtures of fatty acid esters. Prediction errors at 25 �C were less than2.5% for 22 mixtures of fatty acid ethyl esters. Compared withexperimentally measured viscosities at 20–100 �C, predicted viscositiesof soybean oil and yellow grease methyl esters were within 3%. Forcoconut, palm and canola oil methyl esters, maximum errors wereunderestimations at approximately 7%.

09/02293 Prediction of optimized pretreatment processparameters for biodiesel production using ANN and GARajendra, M. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 868–875.An artificial neural network (ANN) based program coupled withgenetic algorithm (GA) was developed on MATLAB platform forpredicting the optimized process parameters required for reducinghigh free fatty acids (FFA) of any vegetable oils for successfultransesterification. The developed ANN was a feed forward backpropagation network (4–7–13–1) with one input, two hidden and oneoutput layers. The input parameters for the ANN to generalize thepretreatment process were initial acid value of vegetable oil (IAV),methanol-to-oil ratio (M), catalyst concentration (C) and reaction time(T) and the output parameter was final acid value (FAV) of oil. Thedeveloped ANN was trained with the experimental data obtained forjatropha, mahua, simaruoba and rice bran oils with acid value morethan 14mg KOH/g-oil. The trained ANN was tested with separate setof data generated from pretreatment of mahua oil using responsesurface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatabledesign (CCRD) and found to predict the input pretreatment processparameters with low mean square error (MSE) and relative percentagedeviation (RPD). The well trained ANN synaptic joint weights andthreshold values were used by GA to evaluate the fitness (to get FAV ofoil less than 2 after pretreatment) of individuals (combinations of M, Cand T) for optimization. The optimized process parameters predictedby the developed ANN–GA technique for sunflower oil with IAV28� 1mg KOH/g-oil were experimentally verified and the FAV wasmeasured to be 2� 0.2 mg KOH/g-oil against the predicted value of2mg KOH/g-oil.

09/02294 Pretreatment of yellow grease for efficientproduction of fatty acid methyl estersDiaz-Felix, W. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (4), 558–563.Biodiesel is a renewable fuel comprised of fatty acid methyl esters(FAME) derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Comparisonsbetween biodiesel and petroleum-based diesel have shown biodiesel tobe effective in reducing exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. While there areadvantages of biodiesel over the traditional petroleum based diesel,biodiesel commercialization is limited by production cost that isdominated by the price of the feedstock (soybean oil). Yellow greasehas the potential to be an effective feedstock with lower cost, but thechemical composition of these oils is variable depending on the sourceof collection and differs from that of virgin oil due to the presence offree fatty acids (FFA). Esterification has been previously demonstrated

to reduce the FFA levels of YG; however, large quantities of methanolwere required to drive the reaction to high yield. Methanol usage forprocessing and FFA content are the main factors affecting theeconomics of FAME production from YG. In this study, therelationship between composition and process variables was system-atically studied. The effect of FFA ranging from 2% to 32% (w/w) wasstudied at three different molar ratios of methanol to FFA (4.5:1, 9:1,18:1) and was found to have a non-linear relationship. Data obtainedfrom this full factorial screening was used to develop a predictivestatistical model to forecast the conversion based on initial FFA leveland proportion of alcohol applied for esterification.

09/02295 Steps to discern sustainability criteria for acertification scheme of bioethanol in Brazil: approach anddifficultiesDelzeit, R. and Holm-Muller, K. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 662–668.Taking Brazilian bioethanol as an example, this paper presents possiblesustainability criteria for a certification scheme aimed to minimizenegative socio-ecological impacts and to increase the sustainableproduction of biomass. The authors describe the methods that haveled us to the identification of a first set of feasible sustainability criteriafor Brazilian bioethanol and discuss issues to be considered whendeveloping certification schemes for sustainability. General problemsof a certification scheme lie in the inherent danger of introducing newnon-tariff trade barriers and in the problems of including importanthigher scale issues like land conversion and food security. Acertification system cannot replace a thorough analysis of policyimpacts on sustainability issues.

09/02296 Techno-economic analysis of the energyexploitation of biomass residues in Heraklion Prefecture –CreteBoukis, I. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 362–377.As with most of the Greek islands, Crete is not interconnected to thenational power grid. Therefore, power is generated locally and is basedon a handful of ageing power plants running on imported diesel fueloil, owned by the Public Power Corporation. However, the growth ofthe tourism industry and the subsequent need for more power presentmajor challenges for the electricity production on the island. The highpotential of biomass residues on the island creates new prospects forthe energy concept of Crete. The purpose of this work is to examine thefeasibility of a biomass-fired plant in the Heraklion Prefecture, on theisland of Crete, taking into account the high biomass residues potentialof this area.

09/02297 Theoretical study of the transesterification oftriglycerides to biodiesel fuelAsakuma, Y. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 786–791.The transesterification of various triglycerides was considered in termsof the activation energy obtained from quantum computationalchemistry. According to these values, the effect upon the reactivity ofthe structure of the triglyceride is not particularly large. Moreover, thetransesterification reaction is completed via a transition state, in whichring formation consisting of the carbon of the carboxyl and alkoxygroups appears, even if a long-chain alcohol is used as a reactant.Finally, an ideal reaction pathway, in which the ester bond at the centerof the triglyceride is transesterified before peripheral ester bonds, wasshown by an activation energy analysis and electrostatic potentialdistribution.

09/02298 Utilization of carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass for energy in ChinaZhou, X. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 479–485.This paper considered the utilization of carbon-negative biofuels fromlow-input high-diversity grassland biomass on degraded lands (LIHD)for energy including energy equivalent to greenhouse gas (GHG)capture and storage. The results show that the energy output of LIHDbiomass on degraded soil is nearly equal to that of ethanol fromconventional corn grain on fertile soil. It has also been shown thatLIHD biofuel is far more economical than the conventional biofuelssuch as corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel. China is a largeagriculturally developing country, with its rural area largely populatedand vast land degraded. The potential of using energy from LIHDbiomass on degraded lands in China was estimated and the resultsshow that the potential energy production of LIHD biomass reaches6350971.32 TJ year�1, accounting for about 15% of China’s energyconsumption in 2002.

09/02299 Variability in sunflower oil quality for biodieselproduction: a simulation studyPereyra-Irujo, G. A. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (3), 459–468.



Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats.The fatty acid composition of the feedstock, which varies among andwithin species, is the main determinant of biodiesel quality. In thiswork, the variability in biodiesel quality (density, kinematic viscosity,heating value, cetane number and iodine value) obtained fromsunflower oil is analysed, by means of a validated crop model thatpredicts the fatty acid composition of one high-oleic, and threetraditional (high-linoleic) sunflower hybrids. The model was run witha 10-year average weather data from 56 weather stations in Argentina,and simulation results were compared to the biodiesel standards ofArgentina, USA and Europe. It is shown that biodiesel produced fromsunflower oil does not have one fixed quality, but different qualitiesdepending on weather conditions and agricultural practices, and thatintraspecific variation in biodiesel quality can be larger than inter-specific differences. The results suggest that (a) sunflower oil fromhigh-oleic hybrids is suitable for biodiesel production (within limits ofall analysed standards), regardless of growing conditions and (b)sunflower oil from traditional hybrids is suitable for biodieselproduction under the standards of Argentina and USA, while onlycertain hybrids grown in warm regions (e.g. northern Argentina,southern USA, China, India, Pakistan) are suitable for biodieselproduction according to the European standard.

Geothermal energy

09/02300 In-situ thermal response test for ground sourceheat pump system in Elazig, TurkeyEsen, H. and Inalli, M. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (4), 395–401.Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems exchange heat with theground, often through a vertical, U-tube, borehole heat exchanger(BHE). The performance of this U-tube BHE depends on the thermalproperties of the ground formation, as well as grout or backfill in theborehole. The design and economic probability of GSHP systems needthe thermal conductivity of geological structure and thermal resistanceof BHE. Thermal response test (TRT) method allows the in-situdetermination of the thermal conductivity () of the ground formationin the vicinity of a BHE, as well as the effective thermal resistance (Rb)of this latter. Thermal properties measured in laboratory experimentsdo not comply with data of in-situ conditions. The main goal has beento determine same in-situ ground type of BHE, including the effect ofborehole’s depths (60m: VB2; 90m: VB3). As shown in these results, and Rb of the VB2/VB3 boreholes are determined as 1.70/1.70Wm�1 K�1and 0.05/0.03KW�1 m, respectively.

09/02301 Monitoring of energy exergy efficiencies andexergoeconomic parameters of geothermal district heatingsystems (GDHSs)Ozgener, L. and Ozgener, O. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1704–1711.In this work, the monitoring energy and exergy efficiency results of thelast heating seasons of operation of the geothermal district heatingsystems (GDHSs) and their technical availability analysis andmonitoring exergoeconomic parameters are presented. The casestudies cover the actual system data taken from the systems in Afyonand Salihli GDHSs, Turkey. General energy, exergy, technicalavailability, and exergoeconomic analysis of the GDHSs are intro-duced. Furthermore, the average technical availability, real availability,capacity factor and energy and exergy efficiencies value of GDHSs havebeen analysed.

09/02302 Review of geothermal energy resources inPakistanZaigham, N. A. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13, (1), 223–232.Pakistan, despite the enormous potential of its energy resources,remains energy deficient and has to rely heavily on imports ofhydrocarbon products to satisfy hardly its needs. Moreover, a verylarge part of the rural areas does not have the electrification facilitiesbecause they are either too remote and/or too expensive to connect tothe national grid. Pakistan has wide spectrum of high potentialrenewable energy sources, conventional and as well non-conventional.Many of them have not been adequately explored, exploited anddeveloped. Geothermal energy is one of them. Pakistan can bebenefited by harnessing the geothermal option of energy generationas substitute energy in areas where sources exist. Most of the highenthalpy geothermal resources of the world are within the seismic beltsassociated with zones of crustal weakness like the seismo-tectonic beltthat passes through Pakistan having inherited a long geological historyof geotectonic events. The present study of the geotectonic frameworksuggests that Pakistan should not be lacking in commerciallyexploitable sources of geothermal energy. This view is furtherstrengthened by (a) the fairly extensive development of alteration

zones and fumeroles in many regions of Pakistan, (b) the presence of afairly large number of hot springs in different parts of the country, and(c) the indications of Quaternary volcanism associated with the Chagaiarc extending into Iran and Afghanistan border areas. Thesemanifestations of geothermal energy are found within three geotec-tonic or geothermal environments, i.e. (i) geo-pressurized systemsrelated to basin subsidence, (ii) seismo-tectonic or suture-relatedsystems, and (iii) systems related to Neogene–Quaternary volcanism. Afew localities, scattered sporadically all over the country, have beenstudied to evaluate only some of the basic characteristic parameters ofthe geothermal prospects. The present review study the geothermalactivities of varying intensity and nature, associated with differentgeotectonic domains, and reveals the viable potential of the geothermalenvironments, which could be exploited for the generation ofsustainable indigenous energy in Pakistan.

09/02303 Thermal-economic modeling and optimization ofvertical ground-coupled heat pumpSanaye, S. and Niroomand, B. Energy Conversion and Management,2009, 50, (4), 1136–1147.The optimal design process of a ground source heat pump includesthermal modelling of the system and selection of optimal designparameters which affect the system performance as well as initial andoperational costs. In this paper, the modelling and optimizingprocesses of a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) with closed verticalground heat exchanger (VGHX) are presented. To verify the modellingprocedure of heat pump and VGHX systems, the simulation outputswere compared with the corresponding values reported in the literatureand acceptable accuracy was obtained. Then an objective function (thesum of annual operating and investment costs of the system) wasdefined and minimized, exposed to the specified constraints to estimatethe optimum design parameters (decision variables). Two Nelder–Mead and genetic algorithm optimization techniques were applied toguarantee the validity of the optimization results. For the givenheating/cooling loads and various climatic conditions, the optimumvalues of heat pump design parameters (saturated temperature/pressure of condenser and evaporator) as well as VGHX designparameters (inlet and outlet temperatures of the ground water source,pipe diameter, depth and number of boreholes) were predicted.Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of change in the total annual costof the system and optimum design parameters with the climaticconditions, cooling/heating capacity, soil type, and number of bore-holes were discussed. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of change inoptimum design parameters with increase in the investment andelectricity costs was performed.

Solar energy

09/02304 A comparative performance study of somethermal storage materials used for solar space heatingKhalifa, A. J. N. and Abbas, E. F. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (4),407–415.One of the most common methods used in passive heating is theutilization of a massive wall for heat storage. Many factors affect theperformance of the wall, such as the thickness and the media used forheat storage. A numerical study has been conducted on a zone heatedby a thermal storage wall. Three different storage materials areexamined, namely concrete, the hydrated salt CaCl26H2O and paraffinwax (N-eicosane). A numerical model is presented in this paper whichjudges the suitability of these materials as thermal storage mediumsunder the actual weather conditions of Iraq. For that purpose, theroom temperature fluctuation in the zone is evaluated for eachmaterial using different thickness for each wall. The study concludedthat an 8-cm-thick storage wall made from the hydrated salt is capableof maintaining the comfort temperature in the zone with the least roomtemperature fluctuation.

09/02305 A model for calculating hourly global solarradiation from satellite data in the tropicsJanjai, S. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1450–1457.A model for calculating global solar radiation from geostationarysatellite data is presented. The model is designed to calculate themonthly average hourly global radiation in the tropics with high aerosolload. This model represents a physical relation between the earth-atmospheric albedo derived from GMS5 satellite data and theabsorption and scattering coefficients of various atmospheric constitu-ents. The absorption of solar radiation by water vapour which isimportant for the tropics, was calculated from ambient temperatureand relative humidity. The relationship between the visibility and solarradiation depletion due to aerosols was developed for a high aerosolload environment. This relationship was used to calculate solar


13 Alternative energy supplies (solar energy)

radiation depletion by aerosols in the model. The total column ozonefrom TOMS/EP satellite was employed for the determination of solarradiation absorbed by ozone. Solar radiation from four pyranometerstations was used to formulate the relationship between the satelliteband earth-atmospheric albedo and broadband earth-atmosphericalbedo required by the model. To test its performance, the modelwas used to compute the monthly average hourly global radiation at 25solar radiation monitoring stations in tropical areas in Thailand. It wasfound that the values of monthly average of hourly global radiationscalculated from the model were in good agreement with those obtainedfrom the measurements, with the root mean square difference of 10%.After the validation the model was employed to generate hourly solarradiation maps of Thailand. These maps reveal the diurnal and seasonvariation of solar radiation over the country.

09/02306 A modified sulphur–iodine cycle for efficientsolar hydrogen productionProsini, P. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1218–1225.A thermochemical water-splitting cycle representing a modification ofthe classical sulfur–iodine cycle is proposed. To decrease the energeticdemand, increasing the cycle energy efficiency, the distillation of theiodine phase was replaced with the evaporation of the excess of waterand iodine. This was obtained by neutralizing the hydrogen iodide inthe iodine phase with nickel oxide. In such a way water and iodine canbe simply recovered by evaporation leaving nickel iodide as solid phase.The nickel iodide is decomposed to obtain nickel metal and hydrogen isproduced by reaction of the metal with sulfuric acid. The nickelsulphate, obtained after hydrogen production, is decomposed togenerate sulfur dioxide (used as the reagent in the Bunsen reaction)and nickel oxide (that is recycled). To validate the cycle effectivenessthe proposed reactions have been carried out. Crystalline solidmaterials have been identified by XRD diffraction. Powders mor-phology was studied by scanning electron microscopy and energydispersive X-ray. Thermodynamics studies were carried out bythermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. Finally an energybalance to evaluate the theoretical energy efficiency was computed.

09/02307 Air-cooled LiBr–water absorption chillers forsolar air conditioning in extremely hot weathersKim, D. S. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4),1018–1025.A low temperature-driven absorption cycle is theoretically investigatedfor the development of an air-cooled LiBr–water absorption chiller tobe combined with low-cost flat solar collectors for solar air condition-ing in hot and dry regions. The cycle works with dilute LiBr–watersolutions so that risk of LiBr crystallization is less than forcommercially available water-cooled LiBr–water absorption chillerseven in extremely hot ambient conditions. Two-phase heat exchangersin the system were modelled taking account of the heat and masstransfer resistances in falling film flows by applying the film theory inthermal and concentration boundary layers. Both directly andindirectly air-cooled chillers were modelled by properly combiningcomponent models and boundary conditions in a matrix system andsolved with an algebraic equation solver. Simulation results predict thatthe chillers would deliver chilled water around 7.0 �C with a COP of0.37 from 90 �C hot water under 35 �C ambient condition. At 50 �Cambient temperature, the chillers retained about 36% of their coolingpower at 35 �C ambient. Compared with the directly air-cooled chiller,the indirectly air-cooled chiller presented a cooling power performancereduction of about 30%.

09/02308 Artificial intelligence techniques for sizingphotovoltaic systems: a reviewMellit, A. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 406–419.Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are becoming useful as alternateapproaches to conventional techniques or as components of integratedsystems. They have been used to solve complicated practical problemsin various areas and are becoming more and more popular nowadays.AI-techniques have the following features: can learn from examples;are fault tolerant in the sense that they are able to handle noisy andincomplete data; are able to deal with non-linear problems; and oncetrained can perform prediction and generalization at high speed. AI-based systems are being developed and deployed worldwide in a myriadof applications, mainly because of their symbolic reasoning, flexibilityand explanation capabilities. AI have been used and applied indifferent sectors, such as engineering, economics, medicine, military,marine, etc. They have also been applied for modelling, identification,optimization, prediction, forecasting, and control of complex systems.The main objective of this paper is to present an overview of the AI-techniques for sizing photovoltaic (PV) systems: stand-alone PVs, grid-connected PV systems, PV-wind hybrid systems, etc. Publishedliterature presented in this paper show the potential of AI as a designtool for the optimal sizing of PV systems. Additionally, the advantage

of using an AI-based sizing of PV systems is that it provides goodoptimization, especially in isolated areas, where the weather data arenot always available.

09/02309 Better or worse? The role of solar photovoltaic(PV) systems in sustainable development: case studies ofremote atoll communities in KiribatiMala, K. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 358–361.The Republic of Kiribati, formerly known as the Gilbert Islands, isMicronesian (one of the three groups of islands in the Pacific). Theeight territories that make up Micronesia are Commonwealth of theNorthern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Republicof Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic of Nauru,Republic of Palau, Territory of Guam and Territory of Wake Island.The other two groups of islands in the Pacific are Melanesia andPolynesia) country in the Pacific. The energy sources utilized inKiribati include petroleum products, biomass, solar energy and windpower. Solar energy was introduced in Kiribati in the early 1980s,documented in an earlier study. Currently, it makes a very insignificant(less than 1%) contribution to the total annual primary energy supply.Solar energy in Kiribati is used mostly in the form of solar photovoltaic(PV) technologies for the provision of lighting and electricity. Thisstudy examines the role of PV technologies in the sustainabledevelopment process in Kiribati, with particular reference to remoteatoll communities. Initial results from on-site surveys carried out arereported in this paper. These surveys have sought to identify thereasons why people use or do not use PV systems.

09/02310 Comparison of Fresnel concentrators for buildingintegrated photovoltaicsChemisana, D. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4),1079–1084.To develop concentrating photovoltaic systems for building integrationapplications, two optical devices are proposed. The concentrators arebased in stationary linear Fresnel lenses and secondary CPC. Themoving focal area is 10 times smaller than the Fresnel lens aperture.Concentrator characteristics are studied in detail: shadowing effect,placement of the focal area and optical concentration efficiency. Themain contribution of this paper is the three-dimensional opticalanalysis of the non-imaging concentrating systems. In terms of solarradiation, photovoltaic moving modules placed in the focal area ofstationary concentrators are compared with simply fixed photovoltaicmodules. In favourable weather locations, the beam radiation incidenton the concentrating modules would be a large percentage, more than50%, of the global radiation received by the fixed photovoltaic devices.

09/02311 Correlations for estimation of daily global solarradiation with hours of bright sunshine in TurkeyBakirci, K. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 485–501.In this study, seven different empirical equations are employed toestimate the monthly average daily global solar radiation on ahorizontal surface for provinces in the different regions of Turkey,using only the relative duration of sunshine. Daily global solarradiation and sunshine measurement data collected for the provincesof Turkey are obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service.The regression constants of the new models developed in this study arefound for the provinces of Turkey, as well as that of some models givenin the literature. In order to indicate the performance of the models,the statistical test methods of the mean bias error (MBE), meanabsolute bias error (MABE), mean relative error (MRE), root meansquare error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (r) are used.

09/02312 Design and performance of a transportablehemispherical solar stillIsmail, B. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 145–150.A simple transportable hemispherical solar still was designed andfabricated, and its performance was experimentally evaluated underoutdoors of Dhahran climatic conditions. It was found that over thehours of experimental testing through daytime, the daily distilled wateroutput from the still ranged from 2.8 to 5.7 l/m2 day. The daily averageefficiency of the still reached as high as 33% with a correspondingconversion ratio near 50%. It was also found that the average efficiencyof the still decreased by 8% when the saline water depth increased by50%.

09/02313 Design and performance of solar poweredabsorption cooling systems in office buildingsEicker, U. and Pietruschka, D. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (1), 81–91.The paper contributes to the system design of solar thermal absorptionchillers. A full simulation model was developed for absorption coolingsystems, combined with a stratified storage tank, steady-state ordynamic collector model and hourly resolved building loads. Themodel was validated with experimental data from various solar coolingplants. As the absorption chillers can be operated at reduced generator



temperatures under partial load conditions, the control strategy has astrong influence on the solar thermal system design and performance.It could be shown that buildings with the same maximum cooling load,but very different load time series, require collector areas varying bymore than a factor of 2 to achieve the same solar fraction. Dependingon control strategy, recooling temperature levels, location and coolingload time series, between 1.7 and 3.6 m2 vacuum tube collectors per kWcooling load are required to cover 80% of the cooling load. The costanalysis shows that Southern European locations with higher coolingenergy demand lead to significantly lower costs. For long operationhours, cooling costs are around 200 e MWh�1 and about 280 e MWh�1

for buildings with lower internal gains and shorter cooling periods. Fora southern German climate, the costs are more than double.

09/02314 Efficiency analysis of the Solarflow –an innovative solar-powered desalination unit fortreating brackish waterDallas, S. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 397–400.The Solarflow was invented at the Environmental Technology Centre,Murdoch University (the Murdoch ETC) in Perth, Western Australiaas part of a doctoral thesis in the early 1990s researching suitable watertreatment systems for remote indigenous communities. The design hasbeen modified since this time by its original manufacturer but fullcommercialization was not achieved. The current owner Solco Pty Ltdwas keen to further improve the efficiency and lower the purchase costof the unit and engaged the Murdoch ETC to undertake furthertesting. The Solarflow is a self-contained solar-powered unit capable ofproducing 400 L/day of high-quality drinking water from brackish watervia reverse osmosis and requires only 120 W of photovoltaic power.This is achievable due to its innovative energy recovery system. Inorder to assess the unit’s efficiency more accurately the latest high-ratedata logging technology from the ResLab laboratory at MurdochUniversity was employed. This enabled quantification of the Solar-flow’s unique and complex waveforms of the four key parameters:voltage, current, pressure and flow. The results of this testing arepresented in this paper.

09/02315 Hydrolysis rate of submicron Zn particles forsolar H2 synthesisErnst, F. O. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1166–1175.The hydrolysis rate of Zn particles by up to 50 mol% water vapour inAr gas was measured by thermogravimetric analysis at atmosphericpressure and 330–360 �C and quantified by a core-shell model. Aninitial ZnO layer led to an initially linear conversion profile attributedto a fast surface reaction (half-order with respect to water vapour molefraction, y) followed by a parabolic conversion profile independent of ybut dependent on Zn ion diffusion through a ZnO layer. The latter ismost important for solar H2 formation by the Zn/ZnO water-splittingcycle as it determines the required process residence time for Znhydrolysis. A ready-to-use equation for calculation of ZnO and H2

formation during Zn hydrolysis is proposed and compared to literaturedata revealing enhanced hydrolysis rates for submicron Zn particles.

09/02316 Integrated collector storage solar water heater:temperature stratificationGarnier, C. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1465–1469.An analysis of the temperature stratification inside an integratedcollector storage solar water heater (ICS-SWH) was carried out. Thesystem takes the form of a rectangular-shaped box incorporating thesolar collector and storage tank into a single unit and was optimized forsimulation in Scottish weather conditions. A 3-month experimentalstudy on the ICS-SWH was undertaken in order to provide empiricaldata for comparison with the computed results. Using a previouslydeveloped macro model; a number of improvements were made. Theinitial macro model was able to generate corresponding water bulktemperature in the collector with a given hourly incident solarradiation, ambient temperature and inlet water temperature andtherefore able to predict ICS-SWH performance. The new model wasable to compute the bulk water temperature variation in different SWHcollectors for a given aspect ratio and the water temperature along theheight of the collector (temperature stratification). Computed longi-tudinal temperature stratification results obtained were found to be inclose agreement with the experimental data.

09/02317 Laboratory investigations on continuousbio-methanization of energy crops as mono-substratewithout supplementationDemirel, B. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (6–7), 988–993.Continuous bio-methanization of an energy crop, namely the beetsilage, was investigated in this laboratory-scale work as mono-substrate,using a mesophilic biogas digester controlled by a fuzzy logic control(FLC) technique and without using any supplementing or bufferingagent, despite the low pH of the substrate around 3.80. Thetemperature, pH, redox potential (ORP), daily biogas production and

composition of digester biogas were continuously measured online.During the operation, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) variedbetween 24.8 and 9 days, as the organic loading rate (OLR) rangedfrom 2.6 to 4.7 g L�1 d�1. The average pH, specific gas production rate(spec. GPR) and volumetric gas production rate (vol. GPR) weredetermined to be 7.12, 0.31 L g VS�1 d�1 and 1.084 L L�1 d�1, respect-ively. The average methane (CH4) content of digester biogas was about56%. The FLC technique, which was developed at HAW Hamburg foranaerobic conversion of acidic energy crops to methane, determinedthe daily feeding volume (� OLR/HRT) for the biogas digester,depending on the feedback from online pH and methane measure-ments, and on the calculation of the spec. GPR. The spec. GPR wascalculated by the corrected daily biogas production. Through onlinemonitoring of pH, biogas production rate and composition, and by useof the FLC technique, the acidic beet silage could continuously beconverted to biogas, without using manure or any other kind ofbuffering or supplementing agent(s). The lab-scale anaerobic biogasdigester performed stable and safe, without encountering any problemsof instability, as indicated by an adequate amount of buffering capacity,a VFA content below 0.5 g L�1 and a neutral pH range throughout thestudy.

09/02318 Low cost management for photovoltaic systemsin isolated site with new IV characterization model proposedBenghanem, M. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3),748–755.The control and follow-up of the operational photovoltaic (PV)systems in isolated sites allow the mystery of this type of installation.In this context, an experimental manipulation was set up based onmicrocontroller in order to acquire the data issued from a PVinstallation in isolated site. Then transmit these data by using highfrequency (HF) wireless connection to a central computer whichmanipulates the information. This work presents the design of auniversal data acquisition system with available components and iseasily accessible with a central server. The contribution of this work isto control the functioning of PV system and also to give the current–voltage (I–V) curve of PV modules in real conditions. The transmissionof the data by using HF connection, reduce considerably the cost of thesystem management. This work allows us to study the performances ofthe PV system in real time. Also, a new model for IV characterizationwas presented in this article, as well as the system realized and theobtained results.

09/02319 Novel concept for producing energy integrating asolar collector with a man made mountain hollowZhou, X. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3), 847–854.The concept of the solar chimney thermal power technology wasproven with the successful operation of the Manzanares prototype builtin the 1980s. However, all previous attempts at producing energy froma commercial solar chimney thermal power plant on a large scale havefailed because of bad engineering and safety. A novel concept forproducing energy by integrating a solar collector with a mountainhollow is presented and described. Solar energy is collected in thecollector and heats the ground, which is used to store heat energy andheat the indoor air. Then, the hot air is forced by the pressuredifference between it and the ambient air to move along the tiltedsegment and up the vertical segment of the ‘chimney’, driving theturbine generators to generate electricity. The mountain hollow,formed by excavation in a large-elevation mountain, can avoid thesafety issues of erecting a gigantic concrete chimney, which is neededfor commercial solar chimney thermal power plants. Furthermore, itcan also save a great amount of construction materials for constructinga robust chimney structure and reduce the energy cost to a level lessthan that of a clean coal power plant, providing a good solution to thereclamation and utilization of undeveloped mountains, especially inmountainous countries.

09/02320 Operating temperature of photovoltaic modules:a survey of pertinent correlationsSkoplaki, E. and Palyvos, J. A. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 23–29.The importance of solar cell/module operating temperature for theelectrical performance of silicon-based photovoltaic installations isbriefly discussed. Suitable tabulations are given for most of the explicitand implicit correlations found in the literature which link thistemperature with standard weather variables and material/system-dependent properties, in an effort to facilitate the modelling/designprocess in this very promising area of renewable energy applications.

09/02321 Optimal policy of energy innovation in developingcountries: development of solar PV in IranShafiei, E. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1116–1127.The purpose of this study is to apply managerial economics andmethods of decision analysis to study the optimal pattern of innovationactivities for development of new energy technologies in developing



countries. For this purpose, a model of energy research anddevelopment (R&D) planning is developed and it is then linked to abottom-up energy-systems model. The set of interlinked modelsprovide a comprehensive analytical tool for assessment of energytechnologies and innovation planning taking into account the specificconditions of developing countries. An energy-system model is used asa tool for the assessment and prioritization of new energy technologies.Based on the results of the technology assessment model, the optimalR&D resources allocation for new energy technologies is estimatedwith the help of the R&D planning model. The R&D planning model isbased on maximization of the total net present value of resulting R&Dbenefits taking into account the dynamics of technological progress,knowledge and experience spillovers from advanced economies,technology adoption and R&D constraints. Application of the set ofinterlinked models is explained through the analysis of the develop-ment of solar PV in Iranian electricity supply system and then someimportant policy insights are concluded.

09/02322 Redrawing the solar map of South Africa forphotovoltaic applicationsMunzhedzi, R. and Sebitosi, A. B. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1),165–169.The South African solar map has been redrawn to make it applicable tophotovoltaic installations. This has been done with the aim of reducingthe cost of solar PV installations in South Africa through accurateenergy resource assessment and competent system design. Climate datasoftware as well as solar design software was used to aid this process.The new map provides an alternative to the map in current use, whichonly considers radiation, whereas many more factors affect the outputof a panel, such as wind, cloud cover and humidity. All these are takeninto account when drawing the new map.

09/02323 Reduction of irreversibility generation in sugarand ethanol production from sugarcaneEnsinas, A. V. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 680–688.Sugarcane is one of the most important industries of the Brazilianeconomy, and its main products are sugar and ethanol. Most of theindustrial plants produce both products in an integrated process, inwhich the sugarcane bagasse is a by-product that can be used as a fuelin the cogeneration system. The bagasse is used as the only fuel of theplant, supplying all energy required for the process, and also producingelectricity surplus that may be sold to the grid. In this paper, exergyanalysis is used to assess an integrated sugar and ethanol plant with itscogeneration system. The plant was divided into eight sub-systems toevaluate the irreversibility generation in each separately. Data fromtypical sugarcane factories in Brazil, which produce sugar and ethanol,were used in the process simulation. The analysis has shown that thesub-systems with the highest contribution for the total irreversibilitygeneration of the plant were co-generation, juice extraction andfermentation. Some improvements are proposed, including processthermal integration and the introduction of more efficient equipmentsfor prime mover and steam and electricity generation. The analysisindicated that the total irreversibility could be reduced by 10% shouldthose changes be implemented.

09/02324 Review and modelling the systems oftransmission concentrated solar energy via optical fibresKandilli, C. and Ulgen, K. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2009, 13, (1), 67–84.The aims of this study are to optimize the coupling of a low-cost offsetparaboloidal dish, which concentrates direct solar irradiance with dualaxes tracking component, and the fibre optic bundle (FOB), whichtransmits concentrated solar energy; to review previous studies on thetransmission of concentrated solar energy via optical fibres (TCSE-vOF) by classifying according to their purposes; to present amathematical model for coupling symmetrical paraboloidal dish andFOB, and a modified model for optimum coupling of offsetparaboloidal dish proposed in the study, taking into account theparameters of the dish and dispersion effect; to apply the models tosymmetrical and offset paraboloidal dish under the same conditions;and to compare the annual output power obtained. Optical efficiencyof the whole system was calculated as 68% in optimum condition, but itwas found to be 63% for the system proposed. Overall system efficiencywas found to be 59%. It was found that the offset paraboloidal dishproduced much more energy than the symmetrical one does whencomparing under the same conditions. The difference of monthlyaverage annual obtainable power was calculated as 0.82%. The monthlyaverage annual power gained from the offset paraboloidal dishproposed was computed as 1041.6 kW to per square metre.

09/02325 Simultaneous desalination and power generationusing solar energyZhao, Y. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 401–408.

Using solar energy to produce fresh water and electricity simul-taneously is a prospective way to solve the problems combining freshwater shortage, energy crisis and farm land degradation in NorthernVictoria. This paper records the process of calculating the performanceof the nozzle applying homogenous equilibrium model, designing andtesting the prototype of such system using three different types of thenozzles in static and rotary systems. The research on the project isdivided into two steps: first is about static system in which the spraynozzle is proved to be the best in both production of fresh water andpower generation; while on the second stage, the convergent–divergent(C–D) nozzles are the best in rotary system. Some data were analysedtheoretically based on the test and the results found that thepercentage of fresh water measured by experiment is consistent withthe calculation using homogenous equilibrium expansion model(HEM), however, there is big difference in power generation betweentheory and experiments. Based on the experimental figures andanalysis, the reasons for low power generation are found and a newmodel is proposed. According to the new model, a different reactionturbine using curve length C–D nozzles is designed to overcome theproblems which were encountered in the previous prototype. Afteranalysing the efficiency of the cycle by T–s diagram, the evacuated tubesolar collector integrated heat pipe is suggested to be applied on thissystem.

09/02326 Solar thermal heat engines for water pumping:an updateDelgado-Torres, A. M. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2009, 13, (2), 462–472.Solar thermal-driven heat engines for water pumping have beenpreviously reviewed for some authors in the past century. However,some devices have not been treated as metal hydride-based systems orthe pumping subsystems of solar thermal-driven reverse osmosisdesalination systems. Following the typical classification given in theprevious literature, in this work an update of the solar heat engines forwater pumping based in thermodynamic methods (conventional andunconventional) is presented. Besides small remarks about systemspreviously quoted by other authors, new designs found in the literatureare described. In general, the main characteristics of these systems istheir low efficiency, low power output and, in the case of unconven-tional designs, its simplicity. This work in conjunction with previousreview papers make up reference point for the knowledge of the use ofsolar thermal energy for liquid pumping purpose.

09/02327 Solar-powered cooling systems: technicaland economic analysis on industrial refrigerationand air-conditioning applicationsDesideri, U. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1376–1386.In the last years, the growing demand for air conditioning has caused asignificant increase in demand for primary energy resources. Solar-powered cooling is one of the technologies which allows to obtain, byusing the renewable solar source, an important energy saving comparedto traditional air conditioning plants. The paper describes differenttechnical installations for solar cooling, their way of operation,advantages and limits. The objective of the present study has been toanalyse the technical and economic feasibility of solar absorptioncooling systems, designed for two different application fields: industrialrefrigeration and air conditioning. The possibility to replace orintegrate the existing plants is studied, by considering the refrigerationrequirements of a company, which works in meat manufacturing, andthe heating and cooling demands of a hotel located in a tourist town inItaly. In the first case, the system comprises an absorption chillercoupled to solar flat plate collectors, whereas the second application isabout a hybrid trigeneration plant, known as thermo-solar trigenera-tion; this option allows having greater operational flexibility at siteswith demand for energy in the form of heating as well as cooling, forexample in a hotel. In this way the authors could compare differentresults obtained by a technical and economic experimental analysisbased on existing users and evaluate the advantages and disadvantagesin order to suggest the best solution for the two studied cases.

09/02328 The performance of silicon solar cells operated inliquidsWang, Y. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (7–8), 1037–1042.Better performance can be achieved when the bare silicon solar cellsare immersed into liquids for the enhanced heat removing. In thisstudy, the performance of solar cells immersed in liquids was examinedunder simulated sunlight. To distinguish the effects of the liquid opticand electric properties on the solar cells, a comparison betweenimmersion of the solar module and the bare solar cells was carried out.It was found that the optic properties of the liquids can cause minorefficiency changes on the solar cells, while the electric properties of theliquids, the molecular polarizable and ions, are responsible for themost of the changes. The bare solar cells immersed in the non-polarsilicon oil have the best performance. The accelerated life tests werecarried out at 150�C high temperature and under 200 W/m2 ultraviolet



light irradiation, respectively. It was found that the silicon oil has goodstability. This study can give support on the cooling of the concentratedphotovoltaic systems by immersing the solar cells in the liquids directly.

09/02329 Theoretical variations of the thermal performanceof different solar collectors and solar combi systems asfunction of the varying yearly weather conditions inDenmarkAndersen, E. and Furbo, S. Solar Energy, 2009, 83, (4), 552–565.The thermal performances of solar collectors and solar combi systemswith different solar fractions are studied under the influence of theDanish design reference year, DRY data file, and measured weatherdata from a solar radiation measurement station situated at theTechnical University of Denmark in Kgs. Lyngby. The data from DRYdata file are used for any location in Denmark. The thermalperformances of the solar heating systems are calculated by means ofvalidated computer models. The measured yearly solar radiation variesby approximately 23% in the period from 1990 until 2002, and theinvestigations show that it is not possible to predict the yearly solarradiation on a tilted surface based on the yearly global radiation. Theannual thermal performance of solar combi systems cannot withreasonable approximation be fitted to a linear function of the annualtotal radiation on the solar collector or the annual global radiation.Solar combi systems with high efficient solar collectors are moreinfluenced by weather variations from one year to another than systemswith low efficient solar collectors. The annual thermal performance ofsolar collectors cannot be predicted from the global radiation, but boththe annual thermal performance and the annual utilized solar energycan with a reasonable approximation be fitted to a linear function ofthe yearly solar radiation on the collector for both flat plate andevacuated tubular solar collectors. Also evacuated tubular solarcollectors utilize less sunny years with large parts of diffuse radiationrelatively better than flat plate collectors.

09/02330 Thermal conductivities study of new types ofcompound adsorbents used in solar adsorption refrigerationZhao, H. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1244–1248.In this paper, the thermal probe is firstly introduced and used inadsorption refrigeration to measure the working pair’s thermalconductivities. Different types of compound adsorbents were prepared,and the thermal conductivities of all the types were measured withdifferent adsorption capacities. Experimental results demonstrate that:with the same adsorption capacity, the conductivities of the compoundadsorbents increase with the quantity of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)content. The conductivities of the compound adsorbents increasesharply when the sodium silicate content is between 0% and 7.5% andincrease slowly when the content is 7.5–20%. For 13� zeolite andcompound adsorbents Z3 and Z4, their thermal conductivities increaseas a quadratic polynomial with their adsorption capacities. Theconductivities increase more than 158.2% when the adsorptioncapacities increase from 0% to 25%. The thermal conductivities ofcompound adsorbent Z3 and Z4 are 0.183 and 0.199 W (m K)�1,respectively, and increase about 65.4% and 80.1%, respectively,compared with the 13� zeolite. With these test results, the compoundadsorbent Z4 is used for making an adsorption bed, and theexperimental coefficient of performance (COP) of the solar coolingtube is about 0.26.

09/02331 Thermotropic layers for flat-plate collectors –a review of various concepts for overheating protectionwith polymeric materialsResch, K. and Wallner, G. M. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2009, 93, (1), 119–128.Within this paper a comprehensive review of the developments ofthermotropic hydrogels, thermotropic polymer blends and thermo-tropic systems with fixed domains for overheating protection purposesis given. In addition, performance properties for thermotropic layers toprevent overheating in solar collectors are defined. The differentthermotropic material classes are discussed as to their ability to meetthese requirements. The review shows that thermotropic layersdeveloped so far need to be adapted as to switching temperature andlong-term stability for applicability in solar thermal collectors.

09/02332 Thin-film solar cells on commercial ceramic tilesIencinella, D. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009, 93,(2), 206–210.Amorphous silicon solar cells were deposited on porcelain stonewaretiles in order to develop a fully integrated photovoltaic (PV) buildingelement. In a previous work the authors demonstrated the feasibility of

adopting porcelain stoneware tiles as thin-film solar cell substrates andfabricated 1� 1 cm2 solar cells on ‘industrial-level’ ceramic substratesshowing more than 4% efficiency. In this study the focus is on largerarea (7 cm2) devices deposited on 100 cm2 tiles. As the active areaincreases additional problems arise from the surface of the substrate.In particular short-circuit paths originate from the unfavourableproperties of the substrate tiles (roughness, porosity, etc.) havingdramatic consequences on the performance of larger area devices.With the assumption that spot-like regions, in which the back layer andthe front layer are in electrical contact (local short-circuits), arepresent all over the device, a new device structure is proposed toovercome the substrate drawbacks. A new contacts arrangement wasdesigned in order to minimize the shunting effect of short-circuit paths.As a result an initial efficiency of 2.5% has been obtained using the newdevice structure for 7 cm2 devices deposited on a 100 cm2 PV mini-module tile.

09/02333 Three dimensional numerical and experimentalstudy of forced convection heat transfer on solar collectorsurfaceTurgut, O. and Onur, N. International Communications in Heat andMass Transfer, 2009, 36, (3), 274–279.In this study, experimental and three-dimensional numerical work wascarried out to determine the average heat transfer coefficients forforced convection air flow over a rectangular flat plate. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were obtained using a commercialfinite volume based fluid dynamics code called Fluent 6.3. Theexperiments were performed for mass transfer using the naphthalenesublimation technique. The results were presented in terms of heattransfer parameters using the analogy between heat and mass transfer.All the experimental results are correlated within an accuracy of �12%.

09/02334 Transformation in the photovoltaics industry inAustralia, Germany and Japan: comparison of actors,knowledge, institutions and marketsMarinova, D. and Balaguer, A. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 461–464.The paper analyses the evolution of the photovoltaics industry inAustralia, Germany and Japan from a comparative policy perspective.It uses a sectoral innovation system framework to discuss the way thethree countries have approached the development of knowledge andnew technologies, the actors in the sector and the interactions betweenthem, the role of institutions and availability of funding as well as thedevelopment of markets for photovoltaics. It outlines the differentpaths that the countries have adopted for the process of transition fromniche to mass production. The findings show that various nationalplayers have specialized in different activities, with the institutions’building block being a key determinant for success or otherwise. In thecase of Australia, it is also the least developed area which ultimatelyexposes the country to losing its innovation benefits.

09/02335 Transport boundary conditions for solar cellsVolovichev, I. N. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2009,93, (1), 6–10.Boundary conditions (BCs) to the Poisson and transport equations forstationary transport processes of nonequilibrium carriers in semi-conductor structures, including solar cells, are formulated. Theapplicability of the resulting BCs for solar cells consisting of severalvarious materials (metals, bipolar semiconductors, including ones inthe quasineutrality approach) and their structures are analysed forboth closed and open circuit conditions.

09/02336 Wind turbulence used as searching signal forMPPT in variable-speed wind energy conversion systemsMunteanu, I. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 322–327.The control problem associated to a class of horizontal-axis fixed-pitchvariable-speed low-power wind energy conversion systems, working inthe partial load region, consisting in the energy conversion maximiza-tion, is approached here under the assumption that the wind turbinemodel and its parameters are poorly known. Using a new approachderived from the optimum seeking methods category, generically calledmaximum power point tracking (MPPT), the proposed control solutionaims at driving the average position of the operating point near tooptimality. Instead of inducing sinusoidal search signals, the windturbulence is here used as search disturbance. The high-speed shaft’saverage rotational speed is slowly adjusted using the fast Fouriertransform processing of some available measures from the system as anestimate of the operating point’s position/distance to optimality.Numerical simulations are used for preliminary checking the controllaw based on this estimation.



Wind energy

09/02337 A comparative study between three sensorlesscontrol strategies for PMSG in wind energy conversionsystemBrahmi, J. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1565–1573.This paper presents a comparative study of sliding mode, artificialneural network and model reference adaptive speed observers for aspeed sensorless permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) inwind energy conversion system (WECS). Wind velocity and positionsensorless operating methods for wind generation system usingobserver are proposed only by measuring phase voltages and currents.Maximum wind energy extraction is achieved by running the windturbine generator in variable-speed mode. In addition the three speedobservers are compared to verify the robustness against parametervariations.

09/02338 A review of surface engineering issues critical towind turbine performanceDalili, N. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 428–438.Wind turbine performance can be significantly reduced when thesurface integrity of the turbine blades is compromised. Many frontierhigh-energy regions that are sought for wind farm developmentincluding Nordic, warm-humid, and desert-like environments oftenprovide conditions detrimental to the surface of the turbine blade. InNordic climates ice can form on the blades and the turbine structureitself through a variety of mechanisms. Initial ice adhesion may slightlymodify the original aerodynamic profile of the blade; continued iceaccretion can drastically affect the structural loading of the entire rotorleading to potentially dangerous situations. In warmer climates, ahumid wind is desirable for its increased density; however, it can comeat a price when the region supports large populations of insects. Insectcollisions with the blades can foul blade surfaces leading to a markedincrease in skin drag, reducing power production by as much as 50%.Finally, in more arid regions where there is no threat from ice orinsects, high winds can carry soil particles eroded from the ground(abrasive particles). Particulate-laden winds effectively sand-blast theblade surfaces, and disrupt the original skin profile of the blade, againreducing its aerodynamic efficiency. While these problems arechallenging, some mitigative measures presently exist and are discussedin the paper. Though, many of the current solutions to ice or insectfouling actually siphon power from the turbine itself to operate, orrequire that the turbine be stopped, in either case, profitability isdiminished. The survey of this topic in the course of this researchsuggests that a desirable solution may be a single surface engineeredcoating that reduces the incidence of ice adhesion, insect fouling, andprotects the blade surface from erosive deterioration. Researchdirections that may lead to such a development are discussed herein.

09/02339 A transition toward a market expansion phase:policies for promoting wind power in TaiwanHuang, Y.-H. and Wu, J.-H. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 437–447.Considering the significant issues on global warming and environmen-tal protection, the energy sector needs a long-term policy, by whichrenewable energies gradually replace conventional fossil fuels. In termsof an energy system, the development of renewable energies implies achallenge to existing energies like fossil fuels and nuclear power thathave been for decades equipped with sound infrastructure andregulations. And a transformation of the energy system cannot expectany achievement without overcoming considerable opposition fromvested interests involved with the fossil fuels technologies. Analyses ofthe ‘technological system’ can serve as a guide to explore how thephase-in and phase-out of actors in the energy system, the formation ofthe networks, and the establishment of policies come to work ondevelopment potentials of each function in the energy system. Thisarticle, by taking wind power for example, first investigates into theanalytical framework of the technological system to analyse develop-mental strategies for the wind power evolution in Taiwan. Besides, acomparative analysis is drawn from the development of wind powerbetween Germany and Sweden (a positive and an unsatisfactoryexample) to understand what essentials policy makers should considerfor expanding wind power utilization in Taiwan.

09/02340 An optimization approach for wind turbinecommitment and dispatch in a wind parkMoyano, C. F. and Pec Lopes, J. A. Electric Power Systems Research,2009, 79, (1), 71–79.This paper describes an operational optimization strategy to beadopted at the wind park control level, that enables defining thecommitment of wind turbines and their active and reactive poweroutputs following requests from Wind Park Dispatch Centers,assuming that individual wind turbines short-term wind speed forecasts

are known and are expressed as power availability. This operationalstrategy was also developed with a concern on the minimization of theconnection/disconnection changes of the individual wind generators,for a given time horizon. When identifying the active/reactivedispatching policies, wind generators loading capabilities are alsotaken in account. This optimization tool is especially suited to managelarge wind parks.

09/02341 Complex-valued prediction of wind profile usingaugmented complex statisticsMandic, D. P. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 196–201.This paper presents a novel approach for the simultaneous modellingand forecasting of wind whereby the wind field is considered as a vectorof its speed and direction components in the field of complex numbersC. To account for the intermittency and coupling of wind speed anddirection, the study uses the recently introduced framework ofaugmented complex statistics. The augmented complex least meansquare algorithm is introduced and its usefulness in wind forecasting isanalysed. Simulations over different wind regimes support theapproach.

09/02342 Condition monitoring and fault detection of windturbines and related algorithms: a reviewHameed, Z. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 1–39.Renewable energy sources like wind energy are widely availablewithout any limitation. Wind turbines are used to tap the potential ofwind energy, which is available in millions of MW but the reliability ofwind turbines is critical to extract this maximum amount of energy fromthe wind. The authors reviewed different techniques, methodologiesand algorithms developed to monitor the performance of wind turbinesas well as for an early fault detection to avoid sudden breakdowns. Tokeep the wind turbine in operation, the implementation of a conditionmonitoring system (CMS) and a fault detection system (FDS) isparamount and for this purpose ample knowledge of these two types ofsystems is mandatory. So, an attempt has been made in this study toreview maximum approaches related to CMS and FDS.

09/02343 Current situation of the wind energy use andinvestigation of wind resources in the coastal region of theBaltic Sea in LithuaniaKatinas, V. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 201–207.This paper reviews the current situation and future prospects of the useof wind energy and wind power resource assessment experience inLithuania. Installed wind power capacity has increased from 6.4 to54.84 MW in Lithuania in 2006. During last five years wind powerresource assessment was carried out, wind measurements weregeneralized and on the basis of obtained results Lithuanian windresources map was developed. Measurements have shown that the mostsuitable region for building WT of big capacity is the 10 km widecoastal strip in Lithuania. The suitability of several existing WT siteswas evaluated by the power output coefficient, which describes theefficiency of installed WT. The aim of this work is to presentthe current situation of wind energy development and the results ofthe investigation of wind climate conditions in the coastal region of theBaltic Sea in Lithuania.

09/02344 Design and construction of a simple blade pitchmeasurement system for small wind turbinesWhale, J. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 425–429.For small wind turbines to be reliable they must have in place goodmechanisms to protect themselves against very high winds or suddenremoval of load. One common protection method in small windturbines is that of blade feathering. It is important that the bladefeathering mechanism of a small wind turbine is tested before theturbine is installed in the field. This paper presents a simple system formonitoring the blade feathering of a turbine with an overall componentcost that small wind turbine manufacturers can afford. The blade pitchmeasurement system (BPMS) has been designed and constructed bythe Research Institute of Sustainable Energy (RISE) and aids smallwind turbine manufacturers in testing and optimizing the settings ofthe blade feathering mechanisms on their machines. The results showthat the BPMS was successful in recording the behaviour of the bladefeathering mechanism in field trials with a 20 kW and a 30 kW windturbine. The BPMS displays significant potential as an effective,inexpensive system for small wind turbine manufacturers to ensure thereliability of their pitch regulating over-speed protection mechanisms.

09/02345 Development and validation of a multicriteriaindicator for the assessment of objective aesthetic impact ofwind farmsdel Carmen Torres Sibille, A. et al. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 2009, 13, (1), 40–66.


13 Alternative energy supplies (wind energy)

Wind energy represents one of the most important renewableresources. However, despite the fact that wind farms are representedas environmentally friendly projects, they frequently encounter publicresistance. One of the main criticisms of wind farm constructionprojects is directed at their poor aesthetic integration into thelandscape. This work develops an indicator to assess the magnitudeof the objective aesthetic impact on the landscape caused by theinstallation of the wind farm. The indicator combines measures ofvisibility, colour, fractality and continuity that can be taken fromphotographs. Value functions are constructed for each variable andincorporated into the indicator. This indicator has been used tocalculate the objective aesthetic impact of five wind farms. Comparisonof the indicator results with a population survey shows that theindicator correctly represents the order of impact as perceived by thepopulation sample, and is thus an appropriate objective measure ofaesthetic impact of wind farms.

09/02346 Effect of wind parks with doubly fedasynchronous generators on small-signal stabilityTsourakis, G. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 190–200.This paper investigates modes of response introduced by wind parkswith doubly fed asynchronous generators (DFAGs), as well as theirimpact on electromechanical oscillations in interconnected powersystems. A DFAG model with detailed control loops is used, as itappears in the literature and commercial software. It is shown thatunder certain conditions and without appropriate controller tuning thevoltage/VAR control loop of an interconnected DFAG tends toinstability. Furthermore, the effect of increased penetration of DFAGson the stability of inter-area oscillations in a small typical power systemis examined. It is shown that the effect is generally favourable, butthere are cases where the inter-area mode is less damped or can evenbe destabilized. Improved controller tuning to avoid instability in thelatter case is proposed.

09/02347 Equivalent models of wind farms by usingaggregated wind turbines and equivalent windsFernandez, L. M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(3), 691–704.In this paper, new equivalent models of wind farms equipped with windturbines based on squirrel-cage induction generators and doubly-fedinduction generators are proposed to represent the collective beha-viour on large power systems simulations, instead of using a completemodel of wind farms where all the wind turbines are modelled. Themodels proposed here are based on aggregating wind turbines into anequivalent wind turbine which receives an equivalent wind of the onesincident on the aggregated wind turbines. The equivalent wind turbinepresents re-scaled power capacity and the same complete model as theindividual wind turbines, which supposes the main feature of thepresent equivalent models. Two equivalent winds are evaluated in thiswork: (1) the average wind from the ones incident on the aggregatedwind turbines with similar winds, and (2) an equivalent incoming windderived from the power curve and the wind incident on each windturbine. The effectiveness of the equivalent models to represent thecollective response of the wind farm at the point of common couplingto grid is demonstrated by comparison with the wind farm responseobtained from the detailed model during power system dynamicsimulations, such as wind fluctuations and a grid disturbance. Thepresent models can be used for grid integration studies of large powersystem with an important reduction of the model order and thecomputation time.

09/02348 Estimation of wind energy potential using finitemixture distribution modelsAkpinar, S. and Akpinar, E. K. Energy Conversion and Management,2009, 50, (4), 877–884.This study carried out an analysis of wind characteristics of fourstations (Elazig, Elazig-Maden, Elazig-Keban, and Elazig-Agin) over aperiod of 8 years (1998–2005). The probabilistic distributions of windspeed are a critical piece of information needed in the assessment ofwind energy potential, and have been conventionally described byvarious empirical correlations. Among the empirical correlations, thereare the Weibull distribution and the maximum entropy principle. Thesewind speed distributions cannot accurately represent all wind regimesobserved in that region. However, this study represents a theoreticalapproach of wind speed frequency distributions observed in that regionthrough applications of a singly truncated from below normal Weibullmixture distribution and a two component mixture Weibull distributionand offer less relative errors in determining the annual mean windpower density. The parameters of the distributions are estimated usingthe least squares method and Statistica software. The suitability of thedistributions is judged from the probability plot correlation coefficientplot R2, RMSE and �2. Based on the results obtained, it can beconcluded that the two mixture distributions proposed here providevery flexible models for wind speed studies.

09/02349 Mathematical modelling of a wind power systemwith an integrated active filterBelov, V. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 117–125.A novel technical solution of the power quality and electromagneticcompatibility (EMC) problems has been proposed through computer-aided design of a wind power system. In the considered wind powersystem, an AC power source generates the power, which is comparableto the consumed power. Consumer equipment is represented by aswitch-mode power supply. Instead of the standard solution for thepower quality and EMC problems, where a harmonic filter is placedbetween the load side and the wind-driven power generator, an activepower filter has been integrated into the AC/DC/AC converter of thewind power system. A mathematical model of the AC/DC/ACconverter built upon the multi-phase bridge-element concept has beenintroduced. A computer program for analysis of electromagneticprocesses in a wind power system has been developed. A practicalexample of a wind power system has been analysed where the systemfrequency response is calculated using the developed mathematicalmodel.

09/02350 Multi-criteria decision making on strategicselection of wind farmsLee, A. H. I. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 120–126.With maturity of advanced technologies and urgent requirement formaintaining a healthy environment with reasonable price, China ismoving toward a trend of generating electricity from renewable windresources. How to select a suitable wind farm becomes an importantfocus for stakeholders. This paper first briefly introduces wind farmand then develops its critical success criteria. A new multi-criteriadecision-making model, based on the analytic hierarchy processassociated with benefits, opportunities, costs and risks, is proposed tohelp select a suitable wind farm project. Multiple factors that affect thesuccess of wind farm operations are analysed by taking into accountexperts’ opinions, and a performance ranking of the wind farms isgenerated.

09/02351 Nonlinear control with wind estimation of a DFIGvariable speed wind turbine for power capture optimizationBoukhezzar, B. and Siguerdidjane, H. Energy Conversion and Manage-ment, 2009, 50, (4), 885–892.A cascaded non-linear controller is designed for a variable speed windturbine equipped with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Themain objective of the controller is wind energy capture optimizationwhile avoiding strong transients in the turbine components andspecially in the drive train. The inner loop controller ensures anefficient tracking of both generator torque and stator flux, while theouter loop controller achieves a close tracking of the optimal bladerotor speed to optimize wind energy capture. It is combined to a windspeed estimator that provides an estimation of the wind speed and theaerodynamic torque involved in the controller. The global controller isfirstly tested with a simplified mathematical model of the aeroturbineand DFIG for a high-turbulence wind speed profile. Secondly, theaeroturbine controller is validated upon a flexible wind turbinesimulator. These new control strategies are compared to other existingcontrollers based on tests upon an aeroelastic wind turbine simulator.The obtained results show better performance in comparison with theexisting controllers.

09/02352 Performance evaluation of Jepirachi Wind ParkPinilla, A. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 48–52.This paper presents some technical details, operational experiences,and lessons learnt by the Colombian public utility – Empresas Publicasde Medellın – with a recently installed 19.5 MW wind park in thenorthern region of Colombia – province of La Guajira. This is the firstever wind park feeding to the electricity network in Colombia. TheJepirachi Wind Park was commissioned in April 2004 and it has to dateaccumulated nearly 180,000 h of operation. During that time 15NORDEX N60/1.3 MW turbines have fed electricity to the Colombianmain electricity grid. This work describes the park layout, includingmeteorological stations installed in the surroundings and the windregime prevailing in the zone. Details are also given about remotemonitoring of the Wind Park and individual turbines, through theSupervisory, Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA NordexControl 2). Since July 2004, Empresas Publicas de Medellın (EEPPM)and Universidad de Los Andes-Bogota, Colombia have been workingtogether in a wind park performance monitoring programme. This haspermitted both institutions to learn more rapidly matters relating toevaluation, planning and operation of wind parks exposed to extremeclimatic conditions like those present in the semi-desert region of theGuajira. This work describes the wind park operation, where individualwind turbines have yielded monthly production capacity factors as highas 65–75%; values which are high when compared to similar turbinesinstalled elsewhere. Accordingly, levels of electrical energy productionof up to 1750 kWh/m2-year per turbine have been measured, exceedingtypical values reported in the wind energy literature. A series of



operational and technical troubles have become evident, which arerelated to some of the particular features of the climate and the windregime at the site of the Jepirachi Wind Park. Because of these localfeatures it is suggested that a greater level of uncertainty (limiting thevalidity of methods and hypotheses) may exist in the study andplanning of future wind parks in regions such as La Guajira.

09/02353 Performance of a 3 kW wind turbine generatorwith variable pitch control systemNagai, B. M. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1774–1782.A prototype 3 kW horizontal upwind type wind turbine generator of4 m in diameter has been designed and examined under real windconditions. The machine was designed based on the concept that evensmall wind turbines should have a variable pitch control system just aslarge wind turbines, especially in Japan where typhoons occur at leastonce a year. A characteristic of the machine is the use of a worm andgear system with a stepping motor installed in the center of the hub,and the rotational main shaft. The machine is constructed with nomechanical breaking system so as to avoid damage from strong winds.In a storm, the wind turbine is slowed down by adjusting the pitch angleand the maximum electrical load. Usually the machine is controlled atseveral stages depending on the rotational speed of the blades. Twocontrol methods have been applied: the variable pitch angle, andregulation of the generator field current. The characteristics of thegenerator under each rotational speed and field current are firstinvestigated in the laboratory. This paper describes the performancesof the wind turbine in terms of the functions of wind turbine rotationalspeed, generated outputs, and its stability for wind speed changes. Theexpected performances of the machine have been confirmed under realwind conditions and compared with numerical simulation results.The wind turbine showed a power coefficient of 0.257 under theaverage wind speed of 7.3 m/s.

09/02354 Reliability analysis of grid connected small windturbine power electronicsArifujjaman, M. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1617–1623.Grid connection of small permanent magnet generator (PMG) basedwind turbines requires a power conditioning system comprising abridge rectifier, a dc–dc converter and a grid-tie inverter. This workpresents a reliability analysis and an identification of the least reliablecomponent of the power conditioning system of such grid connectionarrangements. Reliability of the configuration is analysed for the worstcase scenario of maximum conversion losses at a particular wind speed.The analysis reveals that the reliability of the power conditioningsystem of such PMG based wind turbines is fairly low and it reduces to84% of initial value within one year. The investigation is furtherenhanced by identifying the least reliable component within the powerconditioning system and found that the inverter has the dominanteffect on the system reliability, while the dc–dc converter has the leastsignificant effect. The reliability analysis demonstrates that a perma-nent magnet generator based wind energy conversion system is not thebest option from the point of view of power conditioning systemreliability. The analysis also reveals that new research is required todetermine a robust power electronics configuration for small windturbine conversion systems.

09/02355 Tapping the energy storage potential in electricloads to deliver load following and regulation, withapplication to wind energyCallaway, D. S. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1389–1400.This paper develops new methods to model and control the aggregatedpower demand from a population of thermostatically controlled loads,with the goal of delivering services such as regulation and loadfollowing. Previous work on direct load control focuses primarily onpeak load shaving by directly interrupting power to loads. In contrast,the emphasis of this paper is on controlling loads to produce relativelyshort time scale responses (hourly to sub-hourly), and the controlsignal is applied by manipulation of temperature set points, possibly viaprogrammable communicating thermostats or advanced meteringinfrastructure. To this end, the methods developed here leverage theexistence of system diversity and use physically based load models toinform the development of a new theoretical model that accuratelypredicts – even when the system is not in equilibrium – changes in loadresulting from changes in thermostat temperature set points. Insightinto the transient dynamics that result from set point changes isdeveloped by deriving a new exact solution to a well-known hybrid stateaggregated load model. The eigenvalues of the solution, which dependonly on the thermal time constant of the loads under control, are shownto have a strong effect on the accuracy of the model. The paper alsoshows that load heterogeneity – generally something that must beassumed away in direct load control models – actually has a positive

effect on model accuracy. System identification techniques are broughtto bear on the problem, and it is shown that identified models performonly marginally better than the theoretical model. The paper concludesby deriving a minimum variance control law, and demonstrates itseffectiveness in simulations wherein a population of loads is made tofollow the output of a wind plant with very small changes in thenominal thermostat temperature set points.

09/02356 The key technology of offshore wind farm and itsnew development in ChinaWang, Z. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 216–222.As energy demands increase, renewable energy systems become moreimportant and wind farms offer many advantages. This paper reviewsthe characteristics and developing state of offshore wind farms mainlyin Europe, and considers the technology relating to offshore wind farm.Many key aspects of wind power production are considered, such asoptimization configuation and estimation, electricity transmission andconnection, system and stability operation, access, manufacturingexcursion systems, turbine foundations. Plans for use of offshore windfarms in China are also discussed.

09/02357 Wind power price trends in the United States:struggling to remain competitive in the face of stronggrowthBolinger, M. and Wiser, R. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1061–1071.The amount of wind power capacity being installed globally is surging,with the United States the world leader in terms of annual marketshare for three years running (2005–2007). The rapidly growing marketfor wind has been a double-edged sword, however, as the resultingsupply-demand imbalance in wind turbines, along with the rising costof materials and weakness in the US dollar, has put upward pressure onwind turbine costs, and ultimately, wind power prices. Two mitigatingfactors – reductions in the cost of equity provided to wind projects andimprovements in project-level capacity factors – have helped to relievesome of the upward pressure on wind power prices over the last fewyears. Because neither of these two factors can be relied upon tofurther cushion the blow going forward, policymakers should recognizethat continued financial support may be necessary to sustain the windsector at its current pace of development, at least in the near term.Though this article emphasizes developments in the US market forwind power, those trends are similar to, and hold implications for, theworldwide wind power market.

09/02358 Wind turbulence characteristics study at theStonecutters Bridge site: part I – mean wind and turbulenceintensitiesHui, M. C. H. et al. Journal of Wind Engineering and IndustrialAerodynamics, 2009, 91, (1), 22–36.Hong Kong is situated in the typhoon belt thus major civil engineeringstructures such as tall buildings and bridges are exposed to very severegusty winds caused by a direct hit once every few years. StonecuttersBridge in Hong Kong is a cable-stayed bridge having a colossal centralspan of 1018 m. The dynamic action of gusty wind on the bridgetherefore needs careful consideration. A study into the turbulencecharacteristics at the bridge site has therefore been initiated with theobjective of deriving a model of turbulence suitable for buffetingcalculations of slender structures. To this end, Highways Departmentof Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) erected a 50 mhigh meteorological mast at the bridge site and commissioned windtunnel experiments employing a 1/1500 scale terrain model. Part I ofthis paper focuses on the study of mean wind and turbulenceintensities. Part II will focus on the other turbulence characteristicsincluding wind power spectra, integral length scales and windcoherences.

09/02359 Wind turbulence characteristics study at theStonecutters Bridge site: Part II: Wind power spectra,integral length scales and coherencesHui, M. C. H. et al. Journal of Wind Engineering and IndustrialAerodynamics, 2009, 91, (1), 48–59.Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong is a cable-stayed bridge having acolossal central span of 1018 m. The dynamic action of gusty wind onthe bridge therefore needs careful consideration. In order to obtain arealistic estimate of the wind turbulence characteristics, HighwaysDepartment of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)erected a 50 m high meteorological mast near Stonecutters Bridge andcommissioned wind tunnel experiments employing a 1/1500 scaleterrain model. Part I of this paper has focused the discussion on thestudy of mean wind and turbulence intensities. In this Part II of thepaper, the other turbulence characteristics including wind powerspectra, integral length scales and wind coherences are discussed.



Others, including economics

09/02360 A Kalina power cycle driven by renewable energysourcesLolos, P. A. and Rogdakis, E. D. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 457–464.The present paper investigates a Kalina cycle using low-temperatureheat sources to produce power. The main heat source of the cycle isprovided from flat solar collectors. In addition, an external heat sourceis connected to the cycle, which corresponds to 5% up to 10% of thetotal thermal energy supplied to the cycle. The cycle operates at lowpressure levels (0.2–4.5 bar) and low maximum temperature (130 �C).The NH3 mass fraction at the turbine inlet varies along with theexpansion pressure and the effects on the cycle efficiency are studied.For given conditions, an optimum range of vapour mass fractions andoperating pressures can be identified that result in optimum cycleperformance. Simple equations have been derived that link theoperational parameters with the independent variables as well as withthe cycle efficiency.

09/02361 Application of STATCOM/BESS for wind powersmoothening and hydrogen generationMuyeen, S. M. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (2),365–373.This paper proposes static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)incorporated with battery energy storage system (STATCOM/BESS) tosmooth the line power of wind farm consists of fixed-speed windgenerators. Constant output power reference is not a good choicebecause there may be some cases where wind speed is very low andthen sufficient power cannot be obtained. In that case, energy storagedevice can solve the problem but large energy capacity may be needed.This paper proposes exponential moving average (EMA) to generatethe reference output power, and thus the energy capacity of BESS unitcan be small. Another salient feature of this study is the generation ofhydrogen by using wind energy. At the wind farm terminal, twotopologies of hydrogen generators and their merits and demerits areanalysed. Finally, by taking the advantage of STATCOM/BESS, simplehydrogen generator topology composed of rectifier and electrolyser isproposed. Detailed modelling and control strategy of hydrogengenerator and STATCOM/BESS topologies are discussed and acooperative control is developed. The effectiveness of the proposedsystem is verified by the simulation analysis using PSCAD/EMTDC.

09/02362 Assessment of H2- and H2O-based renewableenergy-buffering systems in minor islandsCorsini, A. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 279–288.The paper assesses the energy and environmental performance of twosolutions designed to complement renewable energy (RE) technol-ogies, in stand-alone power system (SAPS) configuration typical ofminor Mediterranean islands, by converting the available RE surplus.The studied SAPS, based on the Ventotene island demographic,meteorological and load data, features high renewable energypenetration onto the load power demand, i.e. up to 55.25% share ofpeak power capacity. Transient models have been developed tosimulate the storage process of winter renewable energy surplus andthe time-dependent matching among SAPS electric demand and thestochastic renewable power contributions combined with energysurplus conversion systems. The study compares a hydrogen-basedsystem and a desalinated water-production system, proposed as twoeffective alternatives for renewable energy seasonal buffering in anisland context. The comparative analysis of the time-dependentsystem’s behaviour has been investigated with an hourly distributionover the period of one reference year, in terms of fuel consumption andhydrogen system energy storage or desalination capacity. The assess-ment is carried out by taking performance indicators, SAPS fuelsavings, as well as stored and dump power data. The studydemonstrates the suitability of both the models for the winterrenewable energy buffer, in order to improve to the matching of peakenergy and water demands.

09/02363 Competition between first and second generationtechnologies: lessons from the formation of a biofuelsinnovation system in the NetherlandsSuurs, R. A. A. and Hekkert, M. P. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 669–679.The support of sustainable energy innovations has become a dominanttopic on the political agenda of many countries. Providing this supportremains difficult, since the processes constituting such innovationtrajectories are poorly understood. To increase insight in suchprocesses, this paper takes the historical development of biofuels inthe Netherlands as the topic of study. Special attention is paid to thesimultaneous development of two technology generations within thefield: a first generation (1G) and a second generation (2G) of biofuels.A critical question asked is whether deployment programmes for a 1Gtechnology may have positive effects on the development of later

generations. Two archetypical support strategies are identified: one isto keep investing in R&D concerning 2G technology, where theexpected outcome is a fast move from one technology generation to theother. The other strategy is to focus on learning-by-doing in the 1Gtechnology. In that way progress can be made in 1G technologies butthe effects on 2G technologies are uncertain. A technologicalinnovation system perspective was applied to analyse the strategiesfollowed and their effects. From the results lessons of relevance aredrawn for practitioners who aspire to understand and influenceemerging energy technologies.

09/02364 Cost determination of the electro-mechanicalequipment of a small hydro-power plantOgayar, B. and Vidal, P. G. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 6–13.One of the most important elements on the recovery of a small hydro-power plant is the electro-mechanical equipment (turbine–alternator),since the cost of the equipment means a high percentage of the totalbudget of the plant. The present paper intends to develop a series ofequations which determine its cost from basic parameters such aspower and net head. These calculations are focused at a level ofprevious study, so it will be necessary to carry out the engineeringproject and request a budget to companies specialized on theconstruction of electro-mechanical equipment to know its cost moreaccurately. Although there is a great diversity in the typology ofturbines and alternators, data from manufacturers which cover all theconsidered range have been used. The above equations have beendeveloped for the most common of turbines: Pelton, Francis, Kaplanand semiKaplan for a power range below 2 MW. The obtainedequations have been validated with data from real installations whichhave been subject to analysis by engineering companies working on theassembly and design of small plants.

09/02365 Current status and perspectives of renewableenergy sources in PolandPaska, J. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13, (1),142–154.Using renewable energy sources is one of the crucial components of thesustainable development, giving rational economic, ecological andsocial effects. Developed countries notice the necessity of emissionreduction from combustion of energy fuels processes and the necessityof seeking alternative energy resources. Support for development ofthe use of renewable energy sources became a very important objectivewithin the European Union. In this article the present state andperspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland are depictedas well as the main tools for promoting their development andutilization.

09/02366 Design, economic analysis and environmentalconsiderations of mini-grid hybrid power system withreverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areasSetiawan, A. A. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 374–383.This paper discusses the design process of a mini-grid hybrid powersystem with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas,together with an economic analysis and environmental considerationsfor the project life-cycle. It presents a design scenario for supplyingelectricity and fulfilling demand for clean water in remote areas byutilizing renewable energy sources and a diesel generator with a reverseosmosis desalination plant as a deferrable load. The economic issuesanalysed are the initial capital cost needed, the fuel consumption andannual cost, the total net present cost (NPC), the cost of electricity(COE) generated by the system per kWh and the simple payback time(SPBT) for the project. The environmental considerations discussedare the amount of gas emissions, such as CO2 and NOx, as well asparticulate matter released into the atmosphere. Simulations based onan actual set of conditions in a remote area in the Maldives wereperformed for two conditions: before and after the tsunami of 26thDecember 2004. Experimental results on the prototype 5 kVA mini-gridinverter and reverse osmosis desalination plant, rated at 5.5 kWh/day,are also presented here to verify the idea of providing power and watersupplies to remote areas.

09/02367 Distributed power generation: a case study ofsmall scale PV power plant in GreeceBakos, G. C. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1757–1766.In recent years, energy systems have been undergoing a developmenttrend characterized by privatization of the most important energysectors (electricity and natural gas) that has turned former monopoliesinto free-market competitors. Furthermore, community awareness ofenvironmental impact caused by large conventional power plants isgrowing, together with a greater interest in distributed-generation(DG) technologies based upon renewable energy sources (RES) andcogeneration. In this context, renewable energy technologies areemerging as potentially strong competitors for more widespread use.Despite the remarkable progress attained over the past decades, REShave not yet been fully integrated into the power sector. Some RES-


13 Alternative energy supplies (others, including economics)

technologies have already achieved a significant market share. Theindustry is now quite mature, although far from having developed itsglobal potential. This paper deals with the current status of DG inGreece and the presentation of a 60 kWp PV power station, developedunder Law 3468/06 ‘Production of Electricity from Renewable EnergySources, High Efficiency Cogeneration of Heat and Power and OtherDevices’. This application is the first DG installation with fixed PVmodules implemented in the country after the approval of Law 3468/06.Cash flow economic analysis of the developed DG installation isperformed and the experiences related to the potential of DG in Greekelectricity market is presented and discussed.

09/02368 Energy system analysis of 100% renewableenergy systems – the case of Denmark in years 2030 and2050Lund, H. and Mathiesen, B. V. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 524–531.This paper presents the methodology and results of the overall energysystem analysis of a 100% renewable energy system. The input for thesystems is the result of a project of the Danish Association ofEngineers, in which 1600 participants during more than 40 seminarsdiscussed and designed a model for the future energy system ofDenmark. The energy system analysis methodology includes hour byhour computer simulations leading to the design of flexible energysystems with the ability to balance the electricity supply and demand.The results are detailed system designs and energy balances for twoenergy target years: year 2050 with 100% renewable energy frombiomass and combinations of wind, wave and solar power; and year2030 with 50% renewable energy, emphasizing the first important stepson the way. The conclusion is that a 100% renewable energy supplybased on domestic resources is physically possible, and that the firststep towards 2030 is feasible to Danish society. However, Denmark willhave to consider to which degree the country shall rely mostly onbiomass resources, which will involve the reorganization of the presentuse of farming areas, or mostly on wind power, which will involve alarge share of hydrogen or similar energy carriers leading to certaininefficiencies in the system design.

09/02369 Exergy analysis of renewable energy-basedclimatisation systems for buildings: a critical viewTorıo, H. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (3), 248–271.Exergy is naturally related to the concept of quality of energy.Therefore, exergy analysis has been widely applied in parallel withenergy analysis in order to find the most rational use of energy. Withinthe built environment a wide margin for exergy saving may be found.Actually, buildings require mostly low quality energy for thermal usesat low temperatures and nowadays their energy demand is mainlysatisfied with high quality sources. Exergy analysis of renewableenergy-based climatization systems may be considered an emergingfield, where different and often contrasting approaches are followed.Then, in this paper a comprehensive and critical view on the mostrecent studies on this topic is presented. Special attention is paid to themethodological aspects specifically related to climatization systems andrenewables, and to the comparison of the results. Main renewableenergy-based heating and cooling systems are considered in detail.Finally, conclusions regarding the state of the art and possible trendson this field are derived, with the aim to highlight future researchissues and promote further developments of this method. Furthermore,conclusions regarding the usability of the exergy method as a tool topromote a more efficient use of available energy sources are alsoderived.

09/02370 Gauging the future competitiveness of renewableenergy in ColombiaCaspary, G. Energy Economics, 2009, 31, (3), 443–449.This article aims to assess the likely competitiveness of different formsof renewable energy in Colombia over the next 25 years. To this end, itcompares the likely power production cost for a set of renewableenergy sources, and compares them to the likely long-run cost oftraditional energy. Costs from global and local externalities through theuse of traditional energy sources are also factored into the analysis.The key conclusion of the article is that while solar PV will likelyremain uncompetitive under any future cost scenario, cost paths forsmall hydro, modern biomass or geothermal are already close enoughto being competitive, so that appropriate government intervention maymake the decisive difference in making these technologies competitivewith conventional energy technologies.

09/02371 Geo-spatial multi-criteria analysis for waveenergy conversion system deploymentNobre, A. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 97–111.The growing requirements for renewable energy production lead to thedevelopment of a new series of systems, including wave energyconversion systems. Due to their sensitivity and the impact of theaggressive marine environment, the selection of the most adequatelocation for these systems is a major and very important task. Several

factors, such as technological limitations, environmental conditions,administrative and logistic conditions, have to be taken into account inorder to support the decision for best location. This paper describes ageo-spatial multi-criteria analysis methodology, based on geographicinformation systems technology, for identification of the best locationto deploy a wave energy farm. This methodology is not conversionsystem dependent and therefore can be easily customized for differentsystems and implementation conditions. Selection factors can include,for example, ocean depth, sea bottom type, existing underwater cables,marine protected areas, ports location, shoreline, power grid location,military exercise areas, climatology of wave significant height, periodand power. A case study demonstrating this methodology is presented,for an area offshore the Portuguese southwest coast. The system outputallows a clear differential identification of the best spots forimplementing a wave energy farm. It is not just a simple Booleanresult showing valid and invalid locations, but a layer with a valuedsuitability for farm deployment.

09/02372 Hybrid renewable energy-fuel cell system: designand performance evaluationLeva, S. and Zaninelli, D. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79,(2), 316–324.The paper introduces hybrid photovoltaic-wind-diesel generationsystems supplying a remote power load considering the advantages ofsustainable energy from the economic point of view. In particular, acost investment valuation is performed on a real plant showing theeffect of sustainable economical saving. The possibility to introduce afuel cell generation device in a photovoltaic-wind existing plant forsupplying Telecommunication apparatus is also investigated and theresults are reported and discussed in the paper. Furthermore, startingfrom measured data, a control system is realized in order to verify thefunctionality of the plant.

09/02373 Hydropower planning coordinated with windpower in areas with congestion problems for trading on thespot and the regulating marketMatevosyan, J. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1),39–48.In this paper a day-ahead planning algorithm for a multi-reservoirhydropower system coordinated with wind power is developed.Coordination applies to real situations, where wind power andhydropower are owned by different utilities, sharing the sametransmission lines, though hydropower has priority for transmissioncapacity. Coordination is thus necessary to minimize wind energycurtailments during congestion situations. The planning algorithmaccounts for the uncertainty of wind power forecasts and power marketprice uncertainty. Planning for the spot market and the regulatingmarket is considered in the algorithm. The planning algorithm isapplied to a case study and the results are summarized in the paper.

09/02374 New directions in renewable energy educationJennings, P. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 435–439.The renewable energy industry is growing rapidly amidst risingconcerns about oil depletion and climate change. Renewable energyis seen by many as part of the appropriate response to these concernsand some national Governments have put programs in place to supportthe wider use of sustainable energy systems. This has led to a rapidincrease in demand for renewable energy specialists who are able todesign, install and maintain such systems. Most engineers are nottrained to use these renewable energy technologies and most are notaware of the principles of sustainability. There is therefore an urgentneed to develop and implement new courses that prepare engineers,scientists and energy planners to work with renewables to producesustainable energy generation systems. Renewable energy education isa relatively new field and previously it formed a minor part oftraditional engineering courses. These days it has an identity of its own,with special techniques, standards and requirements which are notnormally encountered in other disciplines. Attempts to add one or twounits of study on renewables into traditional science and engineeringdegrees are unlikely to produce graduates with sufficient knowledge orunderstanding to use renewables effectively. Modern renewable energyeducation includes a study of the technology, resources, systems design,economics, industry structure and policies in an integrated package.This prepares the graduates to design sound systems from amongst therange of options available. There are more pitfalls in the use ofrenewables than there are in using the more mature conventionaltechnologies and systems. Designers, installers and service personnelneed to be particularly aware of the industry and the characteristics ofthe various firms and their technologies. Over the past decade severalnew approaches have emerged to renewable energy education that seekto address the needs of the 21st century for sustainable energy supplysystems. This paper will describe the aims, philosophy, structure andoutcomes of several of these initiatives. It includes courses inrenewable energy science, renewable energy engineering, renewable



energy policy and planning and renewable energy technician training.The paper will also describe some aspects of the training of researchersin cooperation with the renewable energy industry.

09/02375 Opportunities and challenges for renewableenergy policy in ChinaZhang, P. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 439–449.Renewable energy is the inevitable choice for sustainable economicgrowth, for the harmonious coexistence of human and environment aswell as for the sustainable development. Government support is the keyand initial power for developing renewable energy. In this article, anoverall review has been conducted on renewable energy developmentpolicy (including laws and regulations, economic encouragement,technical research and development, industrialized support andgovernment model projects, etc.) in China. On this basis, a systematicanalysis has been conducted on the disadvantages of renewable energydevelopment policy. On the point of long-term effective system forrenewable energy development, a series of policy advice has beenoffered, such as strengthening the policy coordination, enhancingregional policy innovation, echoing with clean development mechan-ism, implementing process management, constructing market invest-ment and financing system. It is expected that the above advices couldbe helpful to ever-improvement of renewable energy developmentpolicy.

09/02376 Organization of the current U.S. biopowerindustry: a template for future bioenergy industriesAltman, I. and Johnson, T. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 779–784.The development of biomass based industries face many challenges.Technological and environmental questions are paramount. However,the organization of developing biomass-based industries could be a keynon-technical barrier. Given that industrial organization is not thefocus of many research agendas, this article attempts to fill the void.Biomass sources could be a low cost feedstock for energy productionsuch as cellulosic ethanol. This potential low cost hinges on effectiveand efficient methods of exchange. One way to address the need tounderstand the organization of future biomass based industries is toexamine current related industries such as the United States biopowerindustry. This article first examines the broad industrial structure of thecurrent biopower industry by briefly discussing inputs, technology,function and production trends. Then the discussion is narrowed tofocus on the type of organizational form used to procure or transferownership of biomass materials in the current US biopower industry.Based on survey evidence the current biopower industry is found to behighly vertically integrated with little use of spot markets. This result isfound to be consistent across the type of biomass fuel used.

09/02377 Renewable portfolio standards and cost-effectiveenergy-efficiency investmentMahone, A. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 774–777.Renewable portfolio standards (RPSs) and mandates to invest in cost-effective energy efficiency (EE) are increasingly popular policy tools tocombat climate change and dependence on fossil fuels. These supply-side and demand-side policies, however, are often uncoordinated.Using California as a case in point, this paper demonstrates that statescould improve resource allocation if these two policies were coordi-nated by incorporating renewable-energy procurement cost into thecost-effectiveness determination for EE investment. In particular, ifrenewable energy is relatively expensive when compared to conven-tional energy, increasing the RPS target raises the cost-effective levelof EE investment.

09/02378 Short-term generation scheduling model of Fujianhydro systemWang, J. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 1085–1094.The Fujian hydropower system is one of the provincial hydropowersystems with the most complicated hydraulic topology in China. Thispaper describes an optimization program that is required by FujianElectric Power Company Ltd. to aid the shift engineers in makingdecisions with the short-term hydropower scheduling such that thegeneration benefit can be maximal. The problem involves 27 reservoirsand is formulated as a non-linear and discrete programming. It is a verychallenging task to solve such a large-scale problem. In this paper, theLagrangian multipliers are introduced to decompose the primalproblem into a hydro subproblem and many individual plant-basedsubproblems, which are respectively solved by the improved simplex-like method and the dynamic programming. A numerical example isgiven and the derived solution is very close to the optimal one, with thedistance in benefit less than 0.004%. All the data needed for thenumerical example are presented in detail for further tests and studiesfrom more experts and researchers.

09/02379 Simulation based size optimization of a PV/windhybrid energy conversion system with battery storage undervarious load and auxiliary energy conditionsEkren, B. Y. and Ekren, O. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1387–1394.In this paper, size of a PV/wind integrated hybrid energy system withbattery storage is optimized under various loads and unit cost ofauxiliary energy sources. The optimization is completed by a simulationbased optimization procedure, OptQuest, which integrates variousheuristic methods. In the study, the main performance measure is thehybrid energy system cost. And the design parameters are PV size,wind turbine rotor swept area and the battery capacity. The case studyis realized for Izmir Institute of Technology Campus Area, Urla,Turkey. The simulation model of the system is realized in ARENA12.0, a commercial simulation software, and is optimized using theOptQuest tool in this software. Consequently, the optimum sizes of PV,wind turbine and battery capacity are obtained under various auxiliaryenergy unit costs and two different loads. The optimum results areconfirmed using loss of load probability (LLP) and autonomy analysis.And the investment costs are investigated how they are shared amongthose four energy sources at the optimum points.

09/02380 Social demand for electricity from forest biomassin Spain: does payment periodicity affect the willingness topay?Solino, M. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (2), 531–540.In this article, social preferences for a partial substitution programmeof electricity generated by conventional energy sources is analysed, forenergy generated from a local renewable energy source, such as forestbiomass. This analysis sets arguments in favour of accelerating theintroduction of this renewable technology in the Spanish electricitysystem. Simultaneously, two methodological goals concerning thecontingent valuation method are discussed. In the first one, it isanalysed to see if there are statistical differences in the willingness topay (WTP) when a single- or a double-bounded format is employed toask the valuation question. Results show that WTP estimates fromsingle- and double-bounded significantly differ. In the second one, theeffect of the periodicity of the payment vehicle on the estimates ofwelfare change is analysed. The timeframe specification of the paymentvehicle has been scarcely studied, and this fact constitutes the maincontribution of this paper to the specialized literature. Results showthat periodicity influences upon the probability to favour the proposedchange. The periodicity does not affect to the mean WTP obtained inthe single-bounded format, but there are statistical differences in thedouble-bounded format. These results might be explained by thepresence of yea saying and payment scale bias.

09/02381 Sustainability by combining nuclear, fossil, andrenewable energy sourcesForsberg, C. W. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (1), 192–200.The energy industries face two sustainability challenges: the need toavoid climate change and the need to replace traditional crude oil asthe basis of transport systems. Radical changes in our energy systemwill be required to meet these challenges. These challenges mayrequire tight coupling of different energy sources (nuclear, fossil, andrenewable) to produce liquid fuels for transportation, match electricityproduction to electricity demand, and meet other energy needs. Thisimplies a paradigm shift in which different energy sources areintegrated together, rather than being considered separate entitiesthat compete. Several examples of combined-energy systems aredescribed. High-temperature nuclear heat may increase worldwidelight crude oil resources by an order of magnitude while reducinggreenhouse gas releases from the production of liquid fossil fuels.Nuclear–biomass liquid-fuels production systems could potentiallymeet world needs for liquid transport fuels. Nuclear–hydrogen peakpower systems may enable renewable electricity sources to meet muchof the world’s electric demand by providing electricity when the winddoes not blow and the sun does not shine.

09/02382 Sustainable application of renewable sources inwater pumping systems: optimized energy systemconfigurationRamos, J. S. and Ramos, H. M. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (2), 633–643.Eighteen years ago, in Portugal, the expenses associated with theenergy consumption of a water supply system were quite low. However,with the successive fuel crises and the increase of the energy tariff aswell as the water demand, energy consumption is becoming a largerand a more important part of the total budget of water supply pumpingsystems. In addition, new governmental policies, essentially in devel-oped countries, are trying to implement renewable energies. For thesereasons, a case-study of a water pumping system in Portugal connectedto solar and wind energy sources was undertaken. A stand-alone and agrid-connected systems were tested. The stand-alone system wascompared with the cost of extending the national electric grid. In thegrid-connected system two solutions were analysed, one with a waterturbine and another without. To be able to implement a water turbine,



a larger water pump was needed to pump the necessary water as forconsumption as for energy production. For the case analysed thesystem without a water turbine proved to be more cost-effectivebecause the energy tariff is not yet so competitive as well as the cost ofwater turbines.

09/02383 The cost of water from an autonomouswave-powered desalination plantFolley, M. and Whittaker, T. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 75–81.A techno-economic model of an autonomous wave-powered desalina-tion plant is developed and indicates that fresh water can be producedfor as little as £0.45/m3. The advantages of an autonomous wave-powered desalination plant are also discussed indicating that the realvalue of the system is enhanced due to its flexibility for deployment andreduced environmental impact. The modelled plant consists of theOyster wave energy converter, conventional reverse osmosis mem-branes and a pressure exchanger–intensifier for energy recovery. Atime-domain model of the plant is produced using wave-tankexperimentation to calibrate the model of Oyster, manufacturer’s datafor the model of the reverse osmosis membranes and a hydraulic modelof the pressure exchanger–intensifier. The economic model of the plantuses best-estimate cost data which are reduced to annualized costs tofacilitate the calculation of the cost of water. Finally, the barriers to thedeployment of this technology are discussed, but they are notconsidered insurmountable.

09/02384 The vulnerability of renewable energy to climatechange in Brazilde Lucena, A. F. P. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 879–889.Energy supply in Brazil relies heavily on renewable energy source. Theproduction of energy from renewable sources, however, greatlydepends on climatic conditions, which may be impacted in the futuredue to global climate change (GCC). This paper analyses thevulnerabilities of renewable energy production in Brazil for the casesof hydropower generation and liquid biofuels production, given a set oflong-term climate projections for the A2 and B2 IPCC emissionscenarios. The most important result found in this study is theincreasing energy vulnerability of the poorest regions of Brazil toGCC. Both biofuels production (particularly biodiesel) and electricitygeneration (particularly hydropower) may negatively suffer fromchanges in the climate of those regions. Other renewable energysources – such as wind power generation – may also be vulnerable,raising the need for further research. However, the results found arefundamentally dependent on the climate projections which, in turn, arestill highly uncertain with respect to the future evolution of greenhousegas emissions, greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere andGCC. Therefore, in such long-term scenario analyses, the trends anddirections derived are the ones to be emphasized rather than theprecise results one arrives.

14 FUEL SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY

Fundamental science, analysis,instrumentation

09/02385 A GIS-based methodology for highlightingfuelwood supply/demand imbalances at the local level:a case study for Central MexicoGhilardi, A. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (6–7), 957–972.When fuelwood is harvested at a rate exceeding natural growth andinefficient conversion technologies are used, negative environmentaland socio-economic impacts, such as fuelwood shortages, naturalforests degradation and net GHG emissions arise. In this study, theauthors argue that analysing fuelwood supply/demand spatial patternsrequire multi-scale approaches to effectively bridge the gap betweennational results with local situations. The proposed methodology isexpected to help (1) focusing resources and actions on local criticalsituations, starting from nationwide analyses and (2) estimating, withinstatistically robust confidence bounds, the proportion of non-renew-able harvested fuelwood. Starting from a previous work, a county-basedfuelwood hot spot was selected in the Central Highlands of Mexico,identified from a national wide assessment, and developed a grid-basedmodel in order to identify single localities that face concomitantconditions of high fuelwood consumption and insufficient

fuelwood resources. By means of a multi-criteria analysis, 20 localities,out of a total of 90, were identified as critical in terms of six indicatorsrelated to fuelwood use and availability of fuelwood resources.Fuelwood supply/demand balances varied among localities from�16.2� 2.5 Gg y�1 to 4.4� 2.6 Gg y�1, while fractions of non-renewablefuelwood varied from 0 to 96%. These results support the idea thatbalances and non-renewable fuelwood fractions (mandatory inputs forclean development mechanism cookstoves projects) must be calculatedon a locality by locality basis if gross under or over-estimations want tobe avoided in the final carbon accounting.

09/02386 A numerical simulation tool for predicting theimpact of outdoor thermal environment on building energyperformanceHe, J. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1596–1605.A building affects its surrounding environment, and conversely itsindoor environment is influenced by its surroundings. In order toobtain a more accurate prediction of the indoor thermal environment,it is necessary to consider the interactions between the indoor andoutdoor thermal environments. However, there is still a lack ofnumerical simulation tools available for predicting the interactionsbetween indoor and outdoor microclimate that take into account theinfluences of outdoor spatial conditions (such as building forms andtree shapes) and various urban surface materials. This present paperpresents a simulation tool for predicting the effect of outdoor thermalenvironment on building thermal performance (heating/cooling loads,indoor temperature) in an urban block consisting of several buildings,trees, and other structures. The simulation tool is a 3D CAD-baseddesign tool, which makes it possible to reproduce the spatial forms ofbuildings and constructed surface materials in detail. The outdoorthermal environment is evaluated in terms of external surfacetemperature and mean radiant temperature (MRT). Simulated resultsof these temperatures can be visualized on a colour 3D display.Building heating/cooling loads and indoor air temperature (internalsurface temperature) can also be simulated. In this study, a simulationmethodology is described, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted for awooden detached house under different outdoor conditions (buildingcoverage, adjacent building height, surrounding with trees or no-trees).Simulation results show that the simulation tool developed in this studyis capable of quantifying the influences of outdoor configurations andsurface materials on both indoor and outdoor environments.

09/02387 A state machine approach in modelling theheating process of a buildingPakanen, J. and Karjalainen, S. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (5),528–533.Process models and their applications have gradually become anintegral part of the design, maintenance and automation of modernbuildings. The following state machine model outlines a new approachin this area. The heating power described by the model is based on therecent inputs as well as on the past inputs and outputs of the process,thus also representing the states of the system. Identifying the modelmeans collecting, assorting and storing observations, but also effec-tively utilizing their inherent relationships and nearest neighbours. Thelast aspect enables to create a uniform set of data, which forms thecharacteristic, dynamic behaviour of the HVAC process. The statemachine model is non-parametric and needs no sophisticated algorithmfor identification. It is therefore suitable for small microprocessordevices equipped with a larger memory capacity. The first test runs,performed in a simulated environment, were encouraging and showedgood prediction capability.

09/02388 A study on a scenario using the PID methodLee, S. H. and Hwang, Y. S. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2),253–257.A scenario, a broad-brush description of a possible future evolution ofa system, can be specified in terms of a set of FEPs (features, eventsand processes) and their interactions. KAERI has developed a scenariousing the PID (process influence diagram) method to reveal theinteractions between processes in detail. For the development of PID,KAERI established a methodology of four principles based on theKAERI RES (rock engineering system). According to the method-ology, a model PID of a reference scenario is under development andthree sub-PIDs of a container corrosion, a mechanical stress changeand a radionuclide migration sub-scenario have been constructed.Also, a main frame for a full PID has been integrated using two sub-PIDs such as a container corrosion sub-scenario and a mechanicalstress change sub-scenario. After constructing the full PID of areference scenario, the other PIDs will be constructed in a similarmanner to the model PID. In addition, various reduced PIDs as well asa full PID will be provided to meet a user’s requirements. Realizationof the scenario using RES and PID is expected to increase theconfidence and the transparency for a safety assessment of a high-radioactive waste repository.


14 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation)

09/02389 An algorithm for calculating the optimal referencetemperature in buildingsVrecko, D. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (2), 182–189.In this paper, an algorithm for calculating the reference temperature inthe rooms of a building is presented. The algorithm works in such a wayas to properly reduce the reference temperature in the rooms whenthey are not occupied, and at the correct start time, before the roomsare occupied, recover the reference temperature back to the definedvalue. The algorithm is tested in six rooms of a simulated hotel buildingusing the well-known TRNSYS software. Different occupancy regimesare considered in the various rooms, and simulations are performed fora period of 1 year using the weather data of the town of Portoroz,Slovenia. The results obtained with the proposed algorithm arecompared to the results achieved with a constant reference tempera-ture setting. The comparison is made with regard to the energyconsumed for the heating and cooling of the rooms, and taking accountof the deviations from the allowed temperature rise time. In the roomswhere the occupancy is not known in advance similar results can beobtained with the proposed algorithm as with the constant referencesetting. However, in the rooms where the occupancy is known inadvance, desired level of guest comfort can be preserved with theproposed algorithm with an approximately 10% lower energy con-sumption for the heating and cooling of the rooms than with theconstant reference recovery time setting.

09/02390 An entropy generation metric for non-energysystems assessmentsSekulic, D. P. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 587–592.Processes in non-energy systems have not been as frequent a subject ofsustainability studies based on thermodynamics as have processes inenergy systems. This paper offers insight into thermodynamic thinkingdevoted to selection of a sustainability energy-related metric based onentropy balancing of a non-energy system. An underlying objective inthis sustainability-oriented study is product quality involving thermalprocessing during manufacturing vs resource utilization (say, energy).The product quality for the considered family of materials processingfor manufacturing is postulated as inherently controlled by the imposedtemperature non-uniformity margins. These temperature non-unifor-mities can be converted into a thermodynamic metric which can berelated to either destruction of exergy of the available resource or, on amore fundamental level of process quality, to entropy generationinherent to the considered manufacturing system. Hence, a manufac-turing system can be considered as if it were an energy system, althoughin the later case the system objective would be quite different. In a non-energy process, a metric may indicate the level of perfection of theprocess (not necessarily energy efficiency) and may be related to thesustainability footprint or, as advocated in this paper, it may be relatedto product quality. Controlled atmosphere brazing of aluminium, astate-of-the-art manufacturing process involving mass production ofcompact heat exchangers for automotive, aerospace and processindustries, has been used as an example.

09/02391 An intelligent power factor corrector for powersystem using artificial neural networksBayindir, R. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 152–160.An intelligent power factor correction approach based on artificialneural networks (ANNs) is introduced. Four learning algorithms,backpropagation, delta-bar-delta, extended delta-bar-delta and di-rected random search, were used to train the ANNs. The best testresults obtained from the ANN compensators trained with the fourlearning algorithms were first achieved. The parameters belonging toeach neural compensator obtained from an off-line training were theninserted into a microcontroller for on-line usage. The results haveshown that the selected intelligent compensators developed in thiswork might overcome the problems occurred in the literature providingaccurate, simple and low-cost solution for compensation.

09/02392 Analytical study of natural convection in highPrandtl numberNadim, N. and Domairry, G. Energy Conversion and Management,2009, 50, (4), 1056–1061.In the case of natural convection modelling, when the Boussinesqassumption is used, coupled non-linear differential equations areencountered. In this work, the authors have modelled natural heatconvection by implementing one of the newest analytical methods ofsolving non-linear differential equations called homotopy analysismethod (HAM), this provides a vast freedom to choose the answertype. An iterating analytical method was used in order that cope withnon-linearity. Also, some provisions were applied because of particulardifficulties that are caused by coupling problem. A new adaptingboundary condition is proposed in this work that is based on an initialguess and then it is developed to the solution expression. HAM wasapplied to the case study according to the physics of the targetproblem.

09/02393 Capacitor placement and scheduling usinginteractive bi-objective programming with valuable trade offapproachKuo, C.-C. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 995–1003.The interactive bi-objective programming with valuable trade off(IBVT) approach to general capacitor placement and schedulingproblems is proposed. A novel simulated annealing-like, modifiedparticle swarm optimization is also presented and applied for bettersolution quality. Two main contradictory concerns, which includingcost and quality properties, are considered for optimization. Forpractical needs, the operating and expansion constraints of distributionfeeders are formulated. Also, both fixed and switched types ofcapacitors are included. To demonstrate the effectiveness andfeasibility of the proposed method, comparative studies were con-ducted on an actual feeder systematically. The experiment showedencouraging results, suggesting that the proposed approach wascapable of efficiently determining higher quality solutions.

09/02394 Effect of linear and non-linear components in thetemperature dependences of thermoelectric properties onthe cooling performanceYamashita, O. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1746–1756.The relative cooling of performance of �/�0 for a thermoelectric (TE)element was derived analytically by taking the linear and non-linearcomponents in the temperature (Tz) dependences of TE properties intothe thermal rate equations (TRE) on the assumption that all of the TEproperties are expressed by a quadratic function of Tz at a position zalong a TE element and the temperature profile along a TE element islinear or non-linear, where � and �0 are the coefficients of performance(COP) derived from the new and conventional TRE, respectively. Thelinear and non-linear components in the Tz-dependences of TEproperties were estimated experimentally for Bi–Te alloys. When aTE element has a linear temperature profile, �/�0 estimated using thelinear and/or non-linear components in the Tz-dependences of their TEproperties increases with an increase of �T and reached great values of1.3–1.6 at ZT=1 under the condition of T=300K and �T=80K. Asa result, it was found that the linear component in the electricalresistivity � and the non-linear one in the Seebeck coefficient � have asignificant effect on �/�0. When �/�0 was estimated for a non-lineartemperature profile of a module fabricated using these Bi–Te alloys,however, it was slightly lower than that obtained for a lineartemperature profile. The formulas obtained for � and �/�0 areapplicable even for the practical TE coolers and refrigerators with astrong non-linearity in the temperature profile.

09/02395 Energy and exergy analyses on a novel hybridsolar heating, cooling and power generation system forremote areasZhai, H. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1395–1404.In this study, a small scale hybrid solar heating, chilling and powergeneration system, including parabolic trough solar collector withcavity receiver, a helical screw expander and silica gel–water adsorptionchiller, etc., was proposed and extensively investigated. The system hasthe merits of effecting the power generation cycle at lower temperaturelevel with solar energy more efficiently and can provide both thermalenergy and power for remote off-grid regions. A case study was carriedout to evaluate an annual energy and exergy efficiency of the systemunder the climate of northwestern region of China. It is found that boththe main energy and exergy loss take place at the parabolic troughcollector, amount to 36.2% and 70.4%, respectively. Also found is thatthe studied system can have a higher solar energy conversion efficiencythan the conventional solar thermal power generation system alone.The energy efficiency can be increased to 58.0% from 10.2%, and theexergy efficiency can be increased to 15.2% from 12.5%. Moreover, theeconomical analysis in terms of cost and payback period (PP) has beencarried out. The study reveals that the proposed system the PP of theproposed system is about 18 years under present energy priceconditions. The sensitivity analysis shows that if the interest ratedecreases to 3% or energy price increase by 50%, PP will be less than10 years.

09/02396 Experimental investigation on liquid–liquid–gasflow: flow patterns and pressure-gradientBannwart, A. C. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009, 65, (1–2), 1–13.The use of core-annular flow pattern, where a thin fluid surrounds aviscous one, may be attractive to heavy oil transportation and as anartificial lifting method in heavy oil wells, a situation that can becomefrequent in the Brazilian offshore scenario. However, in petroleumproduction operations gas is frequently present. Therefore, the study ofthree-phase flow of heavy oil, water and gas is in order. This paperreports pressure drop measurements and three-phase flow patternsobserved in horizontal and vertical 2.84-cm i.d. glass pipes. The focuswas a mixture of heavy crude oil (3400 mPa s, 970 kg/m3 at 20 �C), water



an air at several combinations of the individual flow rates. Three-phasepressure drop data were compared with single-phase oil and two-phaseoil-gas flows to assess the gains due to water injection. In addition,three-phase flow patterns formed inside vertical and slightly inclined1.0 cm i.d. pipes are also presented. Thus, scale-up and inclinationeffects could be qualitatively analysed. Full-scale onshore-fieldexperiments were conducted in order to investigate the applicabilityof using water to transport heavy oil in actual lines in the presence ofgas. A big steel pipeline (7.7 cm i.d. and 274 m) conveying a very viscouscrude oil (36950 mPa s, 972.1 kg/m3 at 20 �C), natural gas (GOR 15 m3/m3) and water was used. Onshore-field three-phase flow tests werecarried out and pressure gradient data are reported. The observedimprovements in oil production rates and the pressure drop reductionsobtained are remarkable.

09/02397 Flamelet mathematical models for non-premixedlaminar combustionCarbonell, D. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156, (2), 334–347.Detailed numerical calculations based on the solution of the fulltransport equations have been compared with flamelet calculations inorder to analyse the flamelet concept for laminar diffusion flames. Thegoal of this work is to study the interactive (Lagrangian flamelet modeland interactive steady flamelet model), and non-interactive (steadyflamelet model and enthalpy defect flamelet model) flamelet modelsconsidering both differential diffusion and non-differential diffusionsituations, and adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. Moreover, anew procedure has been employed to obtain enthalpy defects in theflamelet library, the application of which has been found to beencouraging. The effect of using in-situ, local or stoichiometric scalardissipation rate conditions, and also the effect of using local orstoichiometric conditions to evaluate the flamelet-like time has beenanalysed. To improve slow species predictions using the non-interactivemodels, their transport equations are solved with the reaction termscalculated from the flamelet library, also considering local orstoichiometric conditions in the so-called extended flamelet models.

09/02398 Friction pressure correlations for turbulent flowof drag reducing polymer solutions in straight and coiledtubingGallego, F. and Shah, S. N. Journal of Petroleum Science andEngineering, 2009, 65, (3–4), 147–161.Accurate determination of friction pressure losses of dilute dragreducing polymer solutions remains to be a challenge in many practicalapplications. These include a wide variety of hydraulic operationsperformed on a daily basis in the oil and gas industry. Most drilling,completions, and stimulation jobs require pumping fluids at high flowrates, which in turn generates high frictional pressure losses, enhancedby the use of small diameter tubing or coiled tubing. Curvature in thislatter is believed to generate secondary flows and thus extra flowresistance. Therefore, good drag reduction characteristics of fluids aredesirable. In this study, energy dissipation by eddies in turbulent flowof viscoelastic fluids is assumed to be the mechanism causing dragreduction. Various concentrations of Nalco ASP-700 and Nalco ASP-820 dilute polymer solutions are tested at ambient temperature inlaboratory-scale and full-scale flow loops installed with straight andcoiled tubing sections exhibiting different values of diameter, curvatureratio and pipe roughness. In addition, flow tests are conducted at100 �F and 130 �F using the laboratory-scale flow loop. Effects ofconcentration, temperature, curvature ratio, and pipe roughness ondrag reduction are discussed in light of Fanning friction factor versussolvent Reynolds number plots. Results show that drag reduction incoiled tubing is lower than in straight tubing. As curvature ratioincreases, drag reduction decreases. The effect of increasing tempera-ture is to decrease drag reduction in straight tubing and increase it incoiled tubing. In turn, the effect of increasing pipe roughness is toslightly decrease drag reduction in straight tubing up to a certainReynolds number value and then it starts to increase. For coiled tubing,the effect of increasing pipe roughness is to decrease drag reduction. Inthis study, generalized correlations for the prediction of drag reductionin dilute polymer solutions flowing in straight and coiled tubing aredeveloped on the basis of the energy dissipation of eddies in turbulentflow field and a shear rate dependent relaxation time. In addition,correlations are validated using experimental data for a low concen-tration guar fluid flowing through full-scale flow loop.

09/02399 Generalized travel-time inversion on unstructuredgridsStenerud, V. R. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009, 65, (3–4), 175–187.In this study an extension to unstructured grids for the so-calledgeneralized travel-time inversion method for inversion of productiondata is proposed. The framework of the inversion method appliesdirectly to fully unstructured grids, but there are aspects regardingsensitivities and regularization that have to be addressed. First, ageneralized smoothing operator is proposed for the regularization to

impose smooth modification on reservoir parameters. Second, tohandle reservoir models with great heterogeneity in cell sizes, the useof rescaled sensitivities (average cell volume multiplied by localsensitivity density) in the inversion is considered. The authosdemonstrate the utility of the extensions on three synthetic cases in2-D. First, by validating the inversion method by applying it to areservoir model represented both on a Cartesian and on a refinedtriangular grid. Second, by applying the method for a highlyunstructured grid with large differences in cell sizes. Third, byconsidering an example with faults and non-matching connections.All examples show that that this method is able to match the data withthe same quality as has been obtained earlier on structured grids andwithout degrading the realism of the reservoir parameters. Finally, asimple synthetic 3D case is presented to illustrate that using rescaledsensitivities may be important to avoid unwanted grid-effects in modelswith strong variations in the thickness of the stratigraphic layers.

09/02400 IFTEM: an interval-fuzzy two-stage stochasticoptimization model for regional energy systems planningunder uncertaintyLin, Q. G. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 868–878.The development of optimization models for energy systems planninghas attracted considerable interest over the past decades. However, theuncertainties that are inherent in the planning process and the complexinteractions among various uncertain parameters are challenging thecapabilities of these developed tools. Therefore, the objective of thisstudy is to develop a hybrid interval-fuzzy two-stage stochastic energysystems planning model (IFTEM) to deal with various uncertaintiesthat can be expressed as fuzzy numbers, probability distributions anddiscrete intervals. The developed IFTEM is then applied to ahypothetical regional energy system. The results indicate that theIFTEM has advantages in reflecting complexities of various systemuncertainties as well as dealing with two-stage stochastic decisionproblems within energy systems.

09/02401 Interactions between louvers and ceilinggeometry for maximum daylighting performanceFreewan, A. A. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 223–232.The impact of ceiling geometries on the performance of louvres wasinvestigated using physical model experiments and Radiance simu-lations. Two performance indicators, the illuminance level and itsdistribution uniformity, were used to assess daylighting performance ina room located in a subtropical climate region. It was found that theperformance of the louvres can be improved by changing the ceilinggeometry. The illuminance level increased in the rear of the room, anddecreased in the front – near the window – compared to rooms havinghorizontal ceilings. Radiance results were found to be in goodagreement with physical model data obtained under a clear sky andhigh solar radiation. Louvres’ daylighting performance was reduced bytilting the louvres downward. The best ceiling shape was found to beone that is chamfered in the front and rear of the room.

09/02402 Isoconversional kinetic analysis ofco-combustion of sewage sludge with straw and coalXiao, H.-M. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1741–1745.In this paper, the co-combustion behaviour of sewage sludge with strawand coal were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser underdifferent atmospheres and at different heating rates (10, 20 and40 K min�1) in the temperature range from ambient temperature to1000 �C. TG and DTG curves were analysed. The Flynn–Wall–Ozawa’s(FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose’s (KAS) isoconversionalmethods were used to yield dependency of the activation energy ofreduction process on the degree of conversion. The values of E� wereobtained. The results indicate that: with the increase of heating rate,the maximum weight loss rate of samples increase obviously. Theactivation energy is practically constant in the 0.2�� 0.9 range, withthe average values of E�=137.27 and 132.38 kJmol�1 calculated byFWO and KAS methods, respectively.

09/02403 Modeling of a pressure modulated desalinationsystem using bond graph methodologyKumar, R. and Umanand, L. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1654–1666.A desalination system is a complex multi-energy domain systemcomprising power/energy flow across several domains such as elec-trical, thermal, and hydraulic. The dynamic modelling of a desalinationsystem that comprehensively addresses all these multi energy domainsis not adequately addressed in the literature. This paper proposes toaddress the issue of modelling the various energy domains for the caseof a single-stage flash evaporation desalination system. This paperpresents a detailed bond graph modelling of a desalination unit withseamless integration of the power flow across electrical, thermal, andhydraulic domains. The paper further proposes a performance indexfunction that leads to the tracking of the optimal chamber pressure



giving the optimal flow rate for a given unit of energy expended. Themodel has been validated in steady state conditions by simulation andexperimentation.

09/02404 Numerical approach for optimum electromagneticparameters of electrical machines used in vehicle tractionapplicationsFodorean, D. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1288–1294.A large speed variation is an essential request in the automobileindustry. In order to compete with diesel engines, the flux weakeningtechnique has to be employed on the electrical machines. In this way,appropriate electromagnetic and geometrical parameters can give thedesired speed. Using the inverse problem method coupled withnumerical analysis by finite element method, the authors propose anoptimum parameters configuration that maximizes the speed domainoperation. Several types of electrical machines are under study:induction, synchronous permanent magnet, variable reluctance andtransverse flux machines, respectively. With a proper non-linear model,by using analytical and numerical calculation, an optimum solution forthe speed variation of the studied drives is proposed.

09/02405 Optimization of economic load dispatch of higherorder general cost polynomials and its sensitivity usingmodified particle swarm optimizationSaber, A. Y. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 98–106.This paper presents a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO)for constrained economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. Real costfunctions are more complex than conventional second order costfunctions when multi-fuel operations, valve-point effects, accuratecurve fitting, etc., are considering in deregulated changing market. Theproposed modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) consists ofproblem dependent variable number of promising values (in velocityvector), unit vector and error–iteration dependent step length. Itreliably and accurately tracks a continuously changing solution of thecomplex cost function and no extra concentration/effort is needed forthe complex higher order cost polynomials in ELD. Constraintmanagement is incorporated in the modified PSO. The modified PSOhas balance between local and global searching abilities, and anappropriate fitness function helps to converge it quickly. To avoid themethod to be frozen, stagnated/idle particles are reset. Sensitivity ofthe higher order cost polynomials is also analysed visually to realize theimportance of the higher order cost polynomials for the optimization ofELD. Finally, benchmark data sets and methods are used to show theeffectiveness of the proposed method.

09/02406 Pinch design method in the case of a limitednumber of process streamsRaskovic, P. and Stoiljkovic, S. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 593–612.The use of Pinch technology is very often strongly limited by theexistence of complex chemical process units (combustion, drying,scrubbing, etc.) in the energy system of the plant. Since thismethodology, in its standard form, does not account for chemicaloperation inside those units, only a few process streams can be used forthe creation of the heat exchanger network. The final design, inaccordance with the overall mass and energy balance of the plant, willgenerate only slight increase in the energy efficiency. To exceed theselimitations, the plant can be reconfigured by adding the modules ofvirtual heat exchangers in existing physical and mathematical models ofthe plant. These exchangers present just fictive elements, whichsimulate possible heating/cooling of the streams, and their purpose isonly to ensure the conservancy of balance equations. In this way, thenew task enables the use of more streams in the pinch design, whichcan result in the solution with significant improvement of plant energyperformance.

09/02407 Recurrent fuzzy neural network by usingfeedback error learning approaches for LFC ininterconnected power systemSabahi, K. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4),938–946.In this study, a new adaptive controller based on modified feedbackerror learning (FEL) approaches is proposed for load frequencycontrol (LFC) problem. The FEL strategy consists of intelligent andconventional controllers in feedforward and feedback paths, respect-ively. In this strategy, a conventional feedback controller (CFC), i.e.proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller, is essential toguarantee global asymptotic stability of the overall system; and anintelligent feedforward controller (INFC) is adopted to learn theinverse of the controlled system. Therefore, when the INFC learns theinverse of controlled system, the tracking of reference signal is doneproperly. Generally, the CFC is designed at nominal operatingconditions of the system and, therefore, fails to provide the bestcontrol performance as well as global stability over a wide range of

changes in the operating conditions of the system. So, in this study asupervised controller (SC), a lookup table based controller, isaddressed for tuning of the CFC. During abrupt changes of the powersystem parameters, the SC adjusts the PID parameters according tothese operating conditions. Moreover, for improving the performanceof overall system, a recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN) is adoptedin INFC instead of the conventional neural network, which was used inpast studies. The proposed FEL controller has been compared with theconventional feedback error learning controller (CFEL) and the PIDcontroller through some performance indices.

09/02408 Road-surface properties affecting rates of energydissipation from vehiclesIgwe, E. A. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1692–1696.The rates of energy that moving vehicles dissipate to road surfaces aswell as noise emissions and their propensities for pitting (and hencetheir repair costs per year) all depend upon the structural properties ofthese surfaces. Thus, to increase the strength of bituminous concrete(i.e. a typical flexible road-surface) has been one of the major recentaims in highway engineering. The present study explored techniquesthat will increase these strength properties by modifying the material,using rubber latex, through rubberization and hence, improve thestrength of the flexible trafficked surface when in contact with vehicles.At the optimal design asphalt (i.e. bitumen) content of 4.68%, thesuccessive addition of various percentages of the rubber latex produceda design value of 1.65% rubber content, which increased the stability ofthe roadway from 1595 to 2639 N (i.e. an 65.5% increase) and thedensity from 2447 to 2520.8 kg/m3 (i.e. a 3.02% increase). This showsthat the addition of rubber latex to bituminous concrete (a flexibleroad-surface) increased sustainability and the strength (in terms ofstability and density). Similarly, the air voids and voids in the mineralaggregate (VMA) were reduced by introducing latex from 4.22% to3.45% (i.e. a 17.06% reduction) and 16.25% to 13.43% (i.e. an 17.4%reduction), respectively. Whereas, the reduction in voidage volumeadded strength to the bituminous concrete by increasing its stabilityand density, the reduction in VMA had no positive impact on thestrength properties of the flexible road-surface.

09/02409 Study of phase changing characteristics ofgranular composites using differential scanning calorimetryRady, M. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5), 1210–1217.Characterization of the phase changing behaviour of granular materialsis an important issue for design and optimization of latent heat thermalenergy storage (LHTES) systems. In the present work, differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to study the phase changingbehaviour of granular composites consisting of ceramic encapsulatedphase change material (EPCM) with particle diameters of 1–3 mm. Theobtained DSC curves characterizing melting and solidification of thecomposite material are shown to be dependent upon the values ofheating and cooling rates. Direct utilization of the measured DSCcurves could result in an inexact representation of the sample enthalpychange. A simple procedure has been advised to obtain accuratequantitative results from the DSC measurements based on theestimation of the thermal resistance between the sample and itsenclosure. Analysis of the evolution of latent heat of EPCM withtemperature at different values of cooling/heating rates is presented.

09/02410 The experience curve, option value, and theenergy paradoxAnsar, J. and Sparks, R. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1012–1020.This paper develops a model to explain the ‘energy paradox,’ theinclination of households and firms to require very high internal ratesof return in order to make energy-saving investments. The modelabstracts from many features of such investments to focus on theirirreversibility, the uncertainty of their future payoff streams, and theinvestor’s anticipation of future technological advance. In this setting,the decision to invest in energy-saving technology can be delayed,providing option value. In addition, delay allows the potential investorto cash in on future experience-curve effects: With the passage of time,firms gain practical knowledge in producing and installing the energy-saving technology, enabling them to reduce the technology’s up-frontcost per unit of energy saved. The authors incorporate thesefundamentals into a stochastic model where the investment’s dis-counted benefits follow geometric Brownian motion. To demonstratethe model’s capabilities, simulation results are generated for photo-voltaic systems that highlight the experience-curve effect as afundamental reason why households and firms delay making energy-saving investments until internal rates of return exceed values of 50%and higher, consistent with observations in the economics literature.The authors also explore altruistic motivations for energy conservationand the model’s implications for both ‘additionality’ and the design ofenergy-conservation policy.



Fuel cell technology

09/02411 Development of electrical efficiencymeasurement techniques for 10 kW-class SOFC system.Part I: measurement of electrical efficiencyTanaka, Y. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3),458–466.Measurement techniques to estimate electrical efficiency of 10 kW-class solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) systems fuelled by town-gas weredeveloped and demonstrated for a system developed by Kansai ElectricPower Company and Mitsubishi Materials Corporation under a NEDOproject. Higher heating value of the fuel was evaluated with atransportable gas sampling unit and conventional gas chromatographyin AIST laboratory with thermal-conductivity and flame-ionizationdetectors, leading to mean value 44.69 MJ m�3 on a volumetric base forideal-gas at the standard state (0 �C, 101.325 kPa). Mass-flow-rate ofthe fuel was estimated as 33.04 slm with a mass-flow meter for CH4,which was calibrated to correct CH4 flow-rate and effect of sensitivitychange and to obtain conversion factor from CH4 to town-gas. Withoutcalibration, systematic effect would occur by 8% in flow-ratemeasurement in the case for CH4. Power output was measured witha precision power analyser, a virtual three-phase starpoint adapter, andtri-axial shunts. Power of fundamental wave (60 Hz) was estimated as10.14 kW, considering from total active power, total higher harmonicdistortion factor, and power consumption at the starpoint adapter. Theelectrical efficiency was presumed to be 41.2% (HHV), though thismean value will be complete only when uncertainty estimation isaccompanied.

09/02412 Development of electrical efficiencymeasurement techniques for 10 kW-class SOFC system.Part II: uncertainty estimationTanaka, Y. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3),467–478.Uncertainty of electrical efficiency measurement was investigated for a10 kW-class solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) system using town gas.Uncertainty of heating value measured by the gas chromatographymethod on a mole base was estimated as �0.12% at 95% level ofconfidence. Micro-gas chromatography with/without CH4 quantifi-cation may be able to reduce uncertainty of measurement. Calibrationand uncertainty estimation methods are proposed for flow-ratemeasurement of town gas with thermal mass-flow meters or controllers.By adequate calibrations for flowmeters, flow rate of town gas ornatural gas at 35 standard litres per minute can be measured withinrelative uncertainty �1.0% at 95 % level of confidence. Uncertainty ofpower measurement can be as low as �0.14% when a precise wattmeteris used and calibrated properly. It is clarified that electrical efficiencyfor non-pressurized 10 kW-class SOFC systems can be measured within�1.0% relative uncertainty at 95% level of confidence with thedeveloped techniques when the SOFC systems are operated relativelystably.

09/02413 Experimental results from a 5 kW PEM fuel cellstack operated on simulated reformate from highly dilutedhydrocarbon fuels: efficiency, dilution, fuel utilisation, COpoisoning and design criteriaHedstrom, L. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1508–1514.The present article analyses the effects of dilute biogas on efficiency,fuel utilization, dynamics, control strategy, and design criteria for apolymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) system. The tested fuelcompositions are exemplified by gas compositions that could beattained within various Swedish biofuel demonstration projects.Experimental data which can serve as a basis for design of PEFCbiogas systems operating in load-following, or steady-state mode, arereported for a 5 kW PEFC stack.

09/02414 Fuel constituent effects on fuel reformingproperties for fuel cell applicationsShekhawat, D. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 817–825.The effect of different types of compounds commonly found in dieselfuel (e.g. paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics), as well as theirchemical structure (e.g. branched versus linear paraffins) on fuelreforming has been investigated. Diesel reforming is very complicatedbecause diesel is a complex mixture of hundreds of compounds withgreatly different reactivities. The syngas production rates at the sameconditions were observed in this order: paraffins > naphthenes aro-aromatics. Additionally, the type of reforming performed (OSR,CPOX, or SR) as well as the process parameters (space velocity andreaction temperature) significantly affected the syngas production ratesas well as carbon formation. The reactivity of one fuel component canaffect the conversion pattern of others, e.g. overall yields from thereforming of a fuel mixture are not additive of yields from individual

fuel components, rather the more reactive component is consumedfirst. Furthermore, the type of substituent in aromatics andnaphthenes, the carbon chain length in n-paraffins, branching inparaffins, and degree of aromatic saturation affect the overallhydrocarbon conversion, syngas selectivity, and carbon formation.The presence of sulfur compounds in the fuel caused significant dropsin H2 yields compared to CO yields.

09/02415 Numerical predictions of a PEM fuel cellperformance enhancement by a rectangular cylinderinstalled transversely in the flow channelPerng, S.-W. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1541–1554.This paper numerically investigates the installation of the transverserectangular cylinder along the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in the flowchannel for the cell performance enhancement of a proton exchangemembrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The effects of the blockage at variousgap sizes and the width of the cylinder on the cell performanceenhancement have been studied with changing the gap ratios = 0.05–0.3, for the same cylinder) and the width-to-height ratios (WR = 0.66–1.66, for the same cylinder height and gap ratio). The results show thatthe transverse installation of a rectangular cylinder in the fuel flowchannel effectively enhances the cell performance of a PEMFC. Inaddition, the influence of the width of the cylinder on the cell perform-ance is obvious, and the best cell performance enhancement occurs atthe gap ratio 0.2 among the gap ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3.

09/02416 Parametric analysis of proton exchangemembrane fuel cell performance by using the Taguchimethod and a neural networkWu, S.-J. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 135–144.This study proposes a novel parameter optimization method, capableof integrating the neural network and the Taguchi method forparametric analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)performance. Numerous parameters affecting the PEMFC perform-ance are analysed, such as fuel cell operating temperatures, cathodeand anode humidification temperatures, operating pressures, andreactant flow rate. In the traditional design of experiments, theTaguchi method has been popularly utilized in engineering. However,the parameter levels selected to form the orthogonal array in theTaguchi method are discrete, preventing the estimation of the realoptimum. This study used the Taguchi method to acquire the primaryoptimums of the operating parameters in the PEMFC. Each row in theorthogonal array together with its relative responses was used toestablish a set of training patterns (input/target pair) to the neuralnetwork. The neural network can then construct relationships betweenthe control factors and responses in the PEMFC. The actual optimumsof the operating parameters in the PEMFC were obtained by thetrained neural network. Experimental results are presented foridentifying the proposed approach, which is useful in improvingperformance for PEMFC and developing electrical system on advancedvehicles and ships.

09/02417 PEM fuel cell testing by electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopyBrunetto, C. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2009, 79, (1), 17–26.Nowadays, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) arecandidate as middle term power sources for automotive, stationarygeneration and portable power applications. In order to introducethese devices into the market an improvement in their performancesseems necessary, as well as the development of an effective controlsystem able to find their optimal operating conditions. This paper dealswith electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using an effectivetool, where a cost-effective measurement hardware has been developedcreating a software to analyse the results. Both single fuel cells andstacks have been tested in various operating conditions. Thisexperimental approach allows to highlight variations of modelparameters and to perform a further analysis of the processes occurringin a fuel cell through electrical circuit models. A special attention isgiven to the experimental results, in order to address fuel cellmalfunctions using the EIS approach as an effective diagnostic method.

09/02418 Polymer electrolyte fuel cells employingelectrodes with gas-diffusion layers of mesoporous carbonderived from a sol–gel routeSahu, A. K. et al. Carbon, 2009, 47, (1), 102–108.Sol–gel derived mesoporous carbon (MC) for the preparation of gas-diffusion layer (GDL) and its ameliorating effect on the performanceof polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is reported. MC with aspecific surface area of 370 m2/g, pore diameter of 6.7 nm and porevolume of 0.45 cm3/g has been synthesized by co-assembly of a tri-blockcopolymer, namely pluronic-F127, as a structure directing agent, and amixture of phloroglucinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursor. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have beenemployed to examine the structural properties of the MC. Surface


14 Fuel science and technology (fuel cell technology)

morphology of the GDL comprising MC has been studied by scanningelectron microscopy. A peak power density of 0.53 W/cm2 at a loadcurrent-density of 1.1 A/cm2 is achieved for the PEFC employingelectrodes with GDL of MC compared to the peak power density of0.47 W/cm2 at a load current-density of 0.93 A/cm2 for the PEFCemploying electrodes with GDL of commercial Vulcan XC-72Rcarbon, while operating at 70 �C with H2 and air feeds at atmosphericpressure.

09/02419 Static and dynamic modeling of a diesel fuelprocessing unit for polymer electrolyte fuel cell supplyChrenko, D. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1324–1335.This article introduces the energetic macroscopic representation(EMR) as approach for the dynamic modelling of a diesel fuelprocessing unit. The EMR is the first step toward model-based controlstructure development. The autothermal fuel processing systemcontaining: heat exchanger, reformer, desulfurization, water gas shift,preferential oxidation and condensation is divided into a multitudesimple subblocks. Each subblock describes an elementary step of thefuel conversion, several of these blocks may occur in a single module.Calculations are carried out using two basic principles: mass andenergy balances. For model-based control development, it is imperativethat the model represents dynamic behaviour, therefore temperatureand pressure dynamics are taken into account in the model. It is shownthat the model is capable to predict the stationary behaviour of theentire fuel processing unit correctly by comparison with given data.Predictions regarding reformer heat up, temperature and pressuredynamics are also provided.

09/02420 Static and dynamic modeling of solid oxide fuelcell using genetic programmingChakraborty, U. K. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 740–751.Modelling of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems is a powerfulapproach that can provide useful insights into the non-linear dynamicsof the system without the need for formulating complicated systems ofequations describing the electrochemical and thermal properties.Several algorithmic approaches have in the past been reported forthe modelling of solid oxide fuel cell stacks. However, all of thesemodels have their limitations. This paper presents an efficient geneticprogramming approach to SOFC modelling and simulation. Thismethod, belonging to the computational intelligence paradigm, isshown to outperform the state-of-the-art radial basis function neuralnetwork approach for SOFC modelling. Both static (fixed load) anddynamic (load transient) analyses are provided. Statistical tests ofsignificance are used to validate the improvement in solution quality.

15 ENVIRONMENT

Pollution, health protection,applications

09/02421 An energy performance assessment for indoorenvironmental quality (IEQ) acceptance in air-conditionedofficesWong, L. T. and Mui, K. W. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009,50, (5), 1362–1367.Maintaining an acceptable indoor environmental quality (IEQ) for air-conditioned office buildings consumes a considerable amount ofthermal energy. This study correlates thermal energy consumptionwith the overall occupant acceptance of IEQ in some air-conditionedoffices. An empirical expression of an IEQ index associated withthermal comfort, indoor air quality, aural and visual comfort is used tobenchmark the offices. Employing input parameters obtained from thebuilding stocks of Hong Kong, the office portfolios regarding thethermal energy consumption and the IEQ index are determined byMonte Carlo simulations. In particular, an energy-to-acceptance ratioand an energy-to-IEQ improvement ratio are proposed to measure theperformance of energy consumption for the IEQ in the air-conditionedoffices. The ratios give the thermal energy consumption correspondingto a desirable percentage of IEQ acceptances and to an IEQ upgrade,respectively. The results showed a non-linear increasing trend ofannual thermal energy consumption for IEQ improvement at theoffices of higher IEQ benchmarks. The thermal energy consumptionfor visual comfort and indoor air quality would also be significant in

these offices. This study provides useful information that incorporatesthe IEQ in air-conditioned offices into the development of perform-ance evaluation measures for thermal energy consumption.

09/02422 Assessment of post-Kyoto climate changemitigation regimes impact on sustainable developmentStreimikiene, D. and Girdzijauskas, S. Renewable and SustainableEnergy Reviews, 2009, 13, (1), 129–141.This article analyses post-Kyoto climate change mitigation regimes andtheir impact on sustainable development. Wide range of post-Kyotoclimate change mitigation architectures have different impact ondifferent groups of countries, therefore sustainability assessment isperformed for four main group of countries: EU and other Annex-Icountries, USA, advanced developing countries and least developedcountries. The post-Kyoto climate change mitigation regimes areevaluated based on their economical, environmental, social andpolitical impact for different groups of countries. For the assessmentthe scoring is applied. The architectures are further ranked accordingto the best results or highest score obtained during assessmentaccording to all criteria and for all groups of countries.

09/02423 Comparative population dose risks from nuclearfuel cycle closure and renewal of the commercial nuclearenergy alternative in the U.S.Pennington, C. W. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 290–296.The debate over a large expansion of commercial nuclear energy forelectricity production in the USA, termed a ‘nuclear renaissance,’ hasmost recently focused on the issues of spent nuclear fuel transportationand the closing of the once-through nuclear fuel cycle through thelicensing, construction, and operation of the national spent nuclear fuelrepository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. While such a commercialnuclear energy expansion is postulated to have environmental, climate,resource utilization, and economic benefits, the fundamental issue fortypical US citizens about nuclear energy concerns the potential forexposure to ionizing radiation. Two generations of US citizens haveexperienced public and media ‘education’ that has heightened theirprimal fears of ionizing radiation from commercial nuclear energy. Insuch an environment, comparing the risks of radiation doses fromcommercial nuclear energy fuel cycle closure and further nuclearenergy expansion with ionizing radiation population doses experiencedyear after year, decade after decade from non-nuclear (conventional)industries seems worthwhile for use in achieving stakeholder educationand concurrence. The US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) hasrecently performed its own landmark risk assessment of spent fueltransport in the USA, demonstrating the guiding principles andmethods for use in comparative risk assessments involving radiationdose considerations. Using the NAS assessment approach, this paperbroadens its application to the full consideration of the risk of nuclearfuel cycle closure and renewal of the commercial nuclear energyalternative in the USA, to evaluate the ionizing radiation dose risks ofsuch expansion compared to those routinely accepted for non-nuclearindustries by policy makers and the public. The 50-year collective doserisk from the total commercial nuclear fuel cycle, even if the US triplesits installed nuclear capacity, transports spent fuel to Yucca Mountain,and operates the Yucca Mountain repository as planned, is shown to bein the range of 3.1-million person-cSv; for five selected non-nuclearindustries, the corresponding 50-year collective dose risk exceeds1 billion person-cSv, a more than 300 times greater risk. A key steptowards renewing the commercial nuclear energy alternative, then, is touse this knowledge for education of various stakeholder parties.

09/02424 Comparative study of environmental strategies:the case of Portuguese industriesSarmento, M. and Durao, D. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 540–546.This paper aims at assessing some environmental strategies im-plemented by the managers of potential polluting industries. Threeinquiries were answered by 150 large, medium, and small enterprises,located all over Portugal, in 2001, 2003, and 2005. It was concluded thatcompanies are increasingly concerned with environmental issues, sincethe mean values are xm=3.9 in 2001, xm=4.4 in 2003, and xm=4.4 in2005, for a scale varying from 1 to 5. The companies are investingincreasingly in environmental processes since the mean values arexm=2.7 in 2001, xm=3.7 in 2003, and xm=3.8 in 2005. As far as theequipment is concerned, the mean values are xm=3.2 in 2001, xm=4.0in 2003, and xm=4.3 in 2005.

09/02425 Consumers’ perceptions regarding tradeoffsbetween food and fuel expenditures: a case study of U.S.and Belgian fuel usersSkipper, D. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (6–7), 973–987.Biofuels have been suggested as a sustainable alternative to fossil-based fuels, but when produced with inputs traditionally used as foodand feed grain, the production of biofuels has contributed to priceincreases in the food sector. In the fall of 2006, a survey was


15 Environment (pollution, health protection, applications)

administered to compare consumer perceptions regarding the tradeoffbetween renewable fuels and food in the USA (n=242) and Belgium(n=363). Results show that respondents in both countries prefer lowerfood prices to lower fuel prices (67.6% in the USA and 78.9% inBelgium). A logit model was estimated to determine which variablesimpacted whether a consumer favoured policies that lower fuel prices atthe cost of higher food prices. While the sample of Belgian respondentsappeared to realize that lower fuel prices eventually had to come at thecost of higher food prices, the sample of US respondents felt domesticagriculture could provide some low-cost, environmentally friendlyalternatives with little impact on food prices. Accessible publictransportation in Belgium acted as an important fuel saving strategyin that country and led respondents to emphasize food price decreasesover fuel price decreases. Also, respondents with heightened awarenesstowards the environment recognized that the expansion of renewablefuels may need to come at the cost of higher food prices. Theseattitudes were similar in both countries. Finally, in both countries olderrespondents placed more importance on lower food prices than lowerfuel prices.

09/02426 Energy consumption pattern of a decentralizedcommunity in northern HaryanaDevi, R. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13, (1),194–200.A survey of household energy consumption pattern has been carriedout in a village, Bibipur, district Jind, Haryana, India, during 2004. Thehouseholds surveyed covered heterogeneous population belonging todifferent income groups, education groups and social groups. Studieswere made on the total energy available, total energy required andenergy consumption in different sectors domestic, agricultural, trans-port, rural industries and miscellaneous uses. The total energyavailable from all the sources (animate, biomass/non-conventionaland inanimate sources) in the village is 468,205 MJ and the require-ment for all the activities and from all the resources is 592,220 MJ.There is a big gap between energy supply and demand for the village.There is more availability of non-conventional energy resources ascompared to conventional energy resources and some resources areunexploited. Therefore, to meet the balance of energy demand andsupply, non-conventional resources should be exploited. In domesticsector, maximum energy is used in cooking (52.1%) and 45% of it issupplied from non-conventional energy sources and 10% fromconventional energy sources. Calculations were made by consideringall the energy resources for average per capita energy consumption andit was 20.02 MJ/day per capita. Electricity is used mainly for lightingand power, while gas is preferred for cooking. In agricultural sector,energy consumption for different activities was calculated and it wasfound that maximum energy consumption is in irrigation (41.7%) andminimum in transplanting. In agricultural sector, maximum energycomes from conventional energy sources (about 60%) and from non-conventional energy sources it is only about 30%. From the study, itwas found that maximum population having good economic conditionslike electricity very much as an energy source followed by LPG, biogas,coal, firewood and agricultural residues.

09/02427 Environmental impacts of a lignocellulosefeedstock biorefinery system: an assessmentUihlein, A. and Schebek, L. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 739–802.Biomass is a sustainable alternative to fossil energy carriers that areused to produce fuels, electricity, chemicals, and other goods. At themoment, the main biobased products are obtained by the conversion ofbiomass to basic products like starch, oil, and cellulose. In addition,some single chemicals and fuels are produced. Presently, concepts ofbiorefineries which will produce a multitude of biomass-derivedproducts are discussed. Biorefineries are supposed to contribute to amore sustainable resource supply and to a reduction in greenhouse gasemissions. However, biobased products and fuels may also beassociated with environmental disadvantages due to, e.g. land use oreutrophication of water. The authors performed a life-cycle assessmentof a lignocellulose feedstock biorefinery system and compared it toconventional product alternatives. The biorefinery was found to havethe greatest environmental impacts in the three categories: fossil fueluse, respiratory effects, and carcinogenics. The environmental impactspredominantly result from the provision of hydrochloric acid and to asmaller extent also from the provision of process heat. As the finalconfiguration of the biorefinery cannot be determined yet, variousvariants of the biorefinery system were analysed. The optimum variant(acid and heat recoveries) yields better results than the fossilalternatives, with the total environmental impacts being approximately41% lower than those of the fossil counterparts. For most biorefineryvariants analysed, the environmental performance in some impactcategories is better than that of the fossil counterparts whiledisadvantages can be seen in other categories.

09/02428 Identifying potential environmental impacts oflarge-scale deployment of dedicated bioenergy crops inthe UKRowe, R. L. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 271–290.This review assesses the evidence base for potential impacts of large-scale bioenergy crop deployment principally within the UK context, butwith wider implications for Europe, the USA and elsewhere. Theauthors focus on second generation, dedicated lignocellulosic crops,but where appropriate draw comparison with current first-generationoil and starch crops, often primarily grown for food. For lignocellulosiccrops, positive effects on soil properties, biodiversity, energy balance,greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, carbon footprint and visual impactare likely, when growth is compared to arable crops. Compared toreplacement of set-aside and permanent unimproved grassland,benefits are less apparent. For hydrology, strict guidelines oncatchment management must be enforced to ensure detrimental effectsdo not occur to hydrological resources. The threat of climate changesuggests that action will be required to ensure new genotypes areavailable with high water use efficiency and that catchment-scalemanagement is in place to secure these resources in future. In general,for environmental impacts, less is known about the consequences oflarge-scale deployment of the C4 grass Miscanthus, compared to shortrotation coppice (SRC) willow and poplar, including effects onbiodiversity and hydrology and this requires further research. Detailedconsideration of GHG mitigation and energy balance for both cropgrowth and utilization suggest that perennial crops are favoured overannual crops, where energy balances may be poor. Similarly, crops forheat and power generation, especially combined heat and power(CHP), are favoured over the production of liquid biofuels. However, itis recognized that in contrast to heat and power, few alternatives existfor liquid transportation fuels at present and research to improve theefficiency and energy balance of liquid transport fuel production fromlignocellulosic sources is a high current priority. Although SRC, and toa lesser extent energy grasses such as Miscanthus, may offer significantbenefits for the environment, this potential will only be realized iflandscape-scale issues are effectively managed and the whole chain ofcrop growth and utilization is placed within a regulatory frameworkwhere sustainability is a central driver. Land resource in the UK andthroughout Europe will limit the contribution that crops can make tobiofuel and other renewable targets, providing a strong driver toconsider sustainability in a global context.

09/02429 Indoor environmental quality in Hellenic hospitaloperating roomsDascalaki, E. G. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (5), 551–560.Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in hospital operating rooms (ORs)constitutes a major challenge for the proper design and operation of anenergy efficient hospital. A subjective assessment of the indoorenvironment along with a short monitoring campaign was performedduring the audits of 18 ORs at nine major Hellenic hospitals. A total of557 medical personnel participated in an occupational survey, provid-ing data for a subjective assessment of IEQ in the audited ORs. TheOR personnel reported work related health symptoms and anassessment of indoor conditions (thermal, visual and acousticalcomfort, and air quality). Overall, personnel reported an average of2.24 work-related symptoms each, and 67.2% of respondents reportedat least one. Women suffer more health symptoms than men. Specialdispositions, such as smoking and allergies, increase the number ofreported symptoms for male and female personnel. Personnel thatperceive satisfactory indoor comfort conditions (temperature, humid-ity, ventilation, light, and noise) average 1.18 symptoms per person,while for satisfactory indoor air quality the average complaints are 0.99.The perception of satisfactory IEQ (satisfactory comfort conditionsand air quality) reduces the average number of health complaints to0.64 symptoms per person and improves working conditions, even in ademanding OR environment.

09/02430 Investigation on the feasibility and enhancementmethods of wind power utilization in high-rise buildings ofHong KongLu, L. and Ip, K. Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13, (2), 450–461.This paper reports the investigation results of wind power applicationin buildings. It is found that the concentration effect of buildings andthe heights of buildings could enhance wind power utilization byincreasing the wind speed by 1.5–2� and wind power density by 3–8�under the given simulation conditions. The wind aerodynamics andwind flows over the buildings are investigated based on localmeteorological data and local high-rise building characteristics. Thispaper concludes that wind power utilization in high-rise buildings inHong Kong is feasible theoretically, and some effective enhancementmethods are proposed based on the simulation results, such as makingfull use of the heights of buildings and the concentration effect ofbuildings, and choosing optimal shape of building roof. However, to



receive the highest potential wind energy resource and avoid turbulentareas, the tool of computational fluid dynamics has to be used to modelthe annual wind flows over buildings to help analyse, locate, and designwind turbines in and around buildings.

09/02431 Lack of international consensus on thedisposition and storage of disused sealed sourcesStreeper, C. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (2), 258–267.Radioactive sealed sources are found in almost every country in theworld because of their beneficial medical and commercial or industrialapplications. Some of the isotopes used have short half-lives – iridium-192 (Ir-192), 73.8 days – while others have very long half-lives –americium-241 (Am-241), 432 years or plutonium-239 (Pu-239),24,130 years. It is important, particularly for longer lived isotopes, tofind final disposition pathways. Lack of a permanent dispositionpathway such as recycling or irretrievable disposal creates numerousproblems, including the potential loss of regulatory control, whichincreases the risk of inadvertent or deliberate misuse of the material.The misuse of radioactive materials has the potential for substantialpublic health and economic damage. Disused sources also pose aninherent risk to the end-users from a liability, safety, and public healthperspectives. This paper examines various disposition pathwaysemployed by several key source manufacturing or possessing nation-states for disused sources. Examples of source disposition pathwaysinclude long-term storage, deep geological disposal, borehole disposaland shallow land burial. The Off-Site Source Recovery Project(OSRP), part of the office of Global Threat Reduction Initiative(GTRI), acts as an intermediary in the recovery and ultimatedisposition of US origin sealed radiological materials. Several conceptsthat could help mitigate the challenge of a lack of long-term dispositionoptions for sources are available, but these tools have not yet beenapplied by most nation-states. For example, regional consolidation andrepatriation of sources to the country of manufacture would ease oreliminate the need for in situ disposal or storage in a number ofdeveloping nation-states.

09/02432 Land use and carbon mitigation in Europe:a survey of the potentials of different alternativesOvando, P. and Caparros, A. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 992–1003.This paper considers studies that analyse carbon emission mitigationalternatives involving the use of land within Europe. The aims are toapproximate the aggregate amount of carbon offsets that can beachieved through these alternatives, such as land-use changes, forestmanagement and bioenergy production, and to show to what extent theresults of the different studies are compatible and take into account thefact that land is a finite resource. Finally, based on the surveyedstudies, the authors estimate the potential contribution of thesealternatives to the goals of emission reduction proposed by theEuropean Union for the years 2020 and 2050. Taking into accountthe results of the different studies analysed in this survey, land-basedalternatives can contribute from 13% to 52% of the Europeanproposed target by 2020. The implementation of these alternativeswould concurrently require from 8% to 30% of EU-25 agricultural landto be afforested or diverted to bioenergy crops in this period.

09/02433 Modulating societal acceptance in new energyprojects: towards a toolkit methodology for projectmanagersRaven, R. P. J. M. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 564–574.This paper considers the results of the Create Acceptance project. In acomparative analysis of 27 case studies on new energy projects, fivecrucial challenges were identified for project managers of new energyprojects related to societal acceptance. A six-step methodology wasdiscussed for facilitating societal acceptance in new and ongoing energyprojects. The methodology was tested and refined in five demon-stration projects in Europe to test its usability. The experiences withthe methodology were positive, but several issues were identified forfurther improvement.

09/02434 Prediction of yearly energy requirements ofindoor ice rinksSeghouani, L. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (5), 500–511.A model of the transient heat transfer between the ground under andaround the foundations of an indoor ice rink and the brine circulatingin pipes embedded in the concrete slab under the ice has been coupledwith a previously developed model calculating heat fluxes towards theice by convection, radiation and phase changes. Subroutines calculatingthe energy consumption for heating and humidifying (or cooling andreheating) the ventilation air have also been added to the model. Theresulting simulation tool has been used to calculate monthlyrefrigeration loads and energy consumption by the ventilation system,the lights, the brine pump, the radiant heating system of the stands andthe underground electric heating used to prevent freezing and heaving

for four North American cities with very different climates. Corre-lations expressing the energy consumption of the ventilation air streamin terms of the sol-air temperature are formulated.

09/02435 Representations of environmental concerns incost–benefit analyses of solid waste recyclingPickin, J. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2008, 53, (1–2), 79–85.The value of cost–benefit analysis (CBA) as a decision tool in the areaof solid waste recycling is examined, centring on a review of how 37‘effect-by-effect’ English language studies attempt to encapsulate theassociated environmental issues. In this study, the author identifies fivecritical areas where CBAs are often inconsistent with each other, withpopular views of recycling, or with other areas of policy. These are: thetypes of environmental impact and their valuation; the relevance ofupstream externalities; whether there is a scarcity externality; theeconomic significance of householder efforts; and the need to drivetowards long-term sustainability through eco-restructuring. Ratherthan the hard rationality it seems to promise, the author concludes thatCBA with environmental externality measurement and valuation hasdiverted debate from the public arena into technical complexities thatare the preserve of experts, allowing space for analysts’ ideologicalinclinations to be manifest and for commissioning agencies to procureresults that suit their interests. The author argues that the best CBAsare those with multiple levels of information, disaggregated environ-mental data, range values, sensitivity analysis, itemization of excludedor unvalued elements, and, to the extent affordable, valuation bymultiple methods. Expressed preference methods may producevaluations that accord with economic theory and are also more intune with popular opinion.

09/02436 Social, economical and environmental impacts ofrenewable energy systemsAkella, A. K. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 390–396.Conventional energy sources based on oil, coal, and natural gas haveproven to be highly effective drivers of economic progress, but at thesame time damaging to the environment and to human health. Keepingin mind, the social, economical and environmental effects of renewableenergy system have been discussed in this paper. The uses of renewableenergy system, instead of, conventional energy system, to control social,economical and environmental problems have been discussed. Theresults show that the trends of total emission reduction in differentyears, which is exponentially increasing after the installation ofrenewable energy system in remote areas.

09/02437 The relationship between income andenvironment in Turkey: is there an environmental Kuznetscurve?Akbostanci, E. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 861–867.This study investigates the relationship between income and environ-mental quality for Turkey at two levels. First, the relationship betweenthe CO2 emissions and per capita income is examined by the help of atime series model using cointegration techniques. In the second stage,the relationship between income and air pollution is investigated byusing PM10 and SO2 measurements in Turkish provinces. In this part ofthe study panel data estimation techniques are utilized. The time seriesmodel covers 1968–2003, and the panel data model covers 1992–2001including observations from 58 provinces. A monotonically increasingrelationship between CO2 and income is found in the long-runaccording to time series analysis. On the other hand, panel dataanalysis indicates an N-shape relationship for SO2 and PM10 emissions.Therefore, the results of the time series and panel data analyses do notsupport the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, which assumesan inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental degradationand income.

09/02438 The relative importance of social and institutionalconditions in the planning of wind power projectsAgterbosch, S. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13, (2), 393–405.Governments around the world try to stimulate the development anduse of renewable energy technologies, like wind energy. While windturbines are increasingly being implemented, however, a lack of socialacceptance at the local level remains an important challenge fordevelopers of wind power plants. This article aims to explore therelative importance of social and institutional conditions and theirinterdependencies in the operational process of planning wind powerschemes. The article not only focuses on how negative local socialconditions can frustrate public policy (cf. NIMBY syndrome), but alsoon how positive local social conditions can compensate for a negativepublic policy framework. The authors analysed the cases of implement-ing wind power of two actors (the regional energy distributor and smallprivate investors) in the municipality of Zeewolde, the Netherlands.Both cases illustrate that the formal institutional framework (formalrules, procedures and instruments) is neutral in a certain sense. Socialconditions – management styles, interests and informal contacts – put



meaning in this framework. The way stakeholders deal with theprevailing institutional structure clarifies social acceptance and there-with implementation.

CO2, NOx, SO2 and particulateemissions

09/02439 Accounting for energy-related CO2 emission inChina, 1991–2006Zhang, M. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 767–773.As the country with the second largest emitter of energy-related CO2

gas, China experienced a dramatic decline in CO2 emission intensityfrom 1991 to 2000, but since then the rate of decline slowed and CO2

emission intensity actually increased in 2003. In this paper, thecomplete decomposition method developed by Sun is used to analysethe nature of the factors that influence the changes in energy-relatedCO2 emission and CO2 emission intensity during the period 1991–2006.The authors found that: (1) energy intensity effect is confirmed as thedominant contributor to the decline in CO2 emission and CO2 emissionintensity, (2) economic activity effect is the most important contributorto increased CO2 emission, and (3) economic structure and CO2

emission coefficient effects are found to contribute little to the changesin CO2 emission and CO2 emission intensity, which actually increasedCO2 emission and CO2 emission intensity over the period 1991–2006except for several years.

09/02440 An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energyconsumption, income and foreign trade in TurkeyHalicioglu, F. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1156–1164.This study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causalrelationships between carbon emissions, energy consumption, income,and foreign trade in the case of Turkey using the time-series data forthe period 1960–2005. This research tests the interrelationship betweenthe variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure. Thebounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long-runrelationships between the variables. In the case of first form of long-run relationship, carbon emissions are determined by energy consump-tion, income and foreign trade. In the case of second long-runrelationship, income is determined by carbon emissions, energyconsumption and foreign trade. An augmented form of Grangercausality analysis is conducted amongst the variables. The long-runrelationship of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income andforeign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability.The empirical results suggest that income is the most significantvariable in explaining the carbon emissions in Turkey which is followedby energy consumption and foreign trade. Moreover, there exists astable carbon emissions function. The results also provide importantpolicy recommendations.

09/02441 Assessing the effect of mass transfer on theformation of HC and CO emissions in HCCI engines, using amulti-zone modelKomninos, N. P. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1192–1201.The focus of the present study is to assess the effect of mass transfer onthe formation of unburned HC and CO emissions in HCCI engines. Amulti-zone model was modified and used for this purpose. The newfeature of the multi-zone model is its ability to switch between twodistinct simulation modes, i.e. either including or excluding masstransfer between zones. The switch between modes occurs at a user-defined point in the engine closed cycle. Apart from mass transfer, thetwo modes use identical sub-models for the heat transfer betweenzones and to the cylinder wall and for combustion simulation, which ismodelled using a reduced set of chemical reactions coupled with achemical kinetics solver. Using the modified multi-zone model, fourcases were simulated and compared: one including mass transferthroughout the closed cycle, and three cases whereby mass transfer isneglected after the initiation of the first or second heat release or afterthe completion of main heat release. The simulation results reveal thatmass transfer affects the HC and CO accumulated at the colder regionsduring combustion and governs the HC partial oxidation and COproduction during expansion. For the operating conditions studied,neglecting mass transfer during combustion results to an under-prediction of HC by as much as 50% and of CO by 45% relative tothe case where mass transfer is considered for. Omitting mass transferonly during expansion, results in an overestimation of HC by 9% and inan underestimation of CO by 26%.

09/02442 Control of NO emission during coal reburningLuan, T. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1783–1787.

In this study, two types of coals were used as the reburning fuel toinvestigate the influence of the reburning zone stoichiometry SR2, theprimary NO level and the particle size on NO reduction. For bothcoals, the NO reduction can reach as high as 60–70% in the tested SR2

range of 0.7–1.1. No optimum reburning zone stoichiometry wasobserved in this study. The NO reduction decreases monotonically withthe decrease of reburning zone stoichiometry. The effect of particlesize is only obvious for larger particle sizes.

09/02443 Experimental research on catalyticdecomposition of nitrous oxide on supported catalystsWang, Y. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1304–1307.A series of Ni–Co catalysts were prepared in this study. Experimentalresults showed that supported Ni–Co catalyst had the ability ofdecomposition of N2O, and its activity was increased with increasingcontent of the catalytic components on the support. Study indicatedthat a little addition of platinum catalytic component to the Ni–Cocatalyst would benefit on improving its activity, and it was obviousunder lower reaction temperature. Experimental results showed thatthe Pt–Ni–Co catalyst had good stability. XRD, SEM, TG and ICPcharacterization also showed that the prepared catalyst had a goodstable structure before and after reaction.

09/02444 Greenhouse gas emissions assessment ofhydrogen and kerosene-fueled aircraft propulsionNojoumi, H. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1363–1369.The paper highlights the importance of hydrogen as a promisingalternative for future aircraft fuel, with respect to reduced environ-mental impact, increased sustainability, high energy content andfavourable combustion kinetics, since the rapid growth and depen-dence of aircraft propulsion on fossil fuels are unsustainable. Thispaper compares the environmental impact of hydrogen and kerosene-fuelled aircraft, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and otheremission comparisons. Sample flights from Toronto to Montreal, andCalgary to London are examined. Emissions from a conventionalaircraft are estimated and compared with the LH2 (liquid hydrogen)aircraft. The environmental benefits and drawbacks of these systemsare presented from safety and storage perspectives. Radiative forcingfactors that compare conventional aircraft and LH2 aircraft areincluded. It is shown that the amount of NOx, HC and CO emissionsfor the trips with conventional aircraft for Calgary is 171.4, 41.9 and32.2 kg, while Montreal is 56.17, 2.43 and 21.9 kg, and London is 251.7,5.1 and 39.2 kg, respectively. These results are compared againsthydrogen propulsion to show the promising capabilities of hydrogen asan aircraft fuel.

09/02445 Modified CaO-based sorbent looping cycle forCO2 mitigationLi, Y. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (4), 697–704.CaO-based sorbent looping cycle, i.e. cyclic calcination/carbonation, isone of the most interesting technologies for CO2 capture during coalcombustion and gasification processes. In order to improve thedurability of limestone during the multiple calcination/carbonationcycles, modified limestone with acetic acid solution was proposed as anCO2 sorbent. The cyclic carbonation conversions of modified limestoneand original one were investigated in a twin fixed bed reactor system.The modified limestone shows the optimum carbonation conversion atthe carbonation temperature of 650 �C and achieves a conversion of 0.5after 20 cycles. The original limestone exhibits the maximum carbona-tion conversion of 0.15 after 20 cycles. Conversion of the modifiedlimestone decreases slightly as the calcination temperature increasesfrom 920 �C to 1100 �C with the number of cycles, while conversion ofthe original one displays a sharp decay at the same reaction conditions.The durability of the modified limestone is significantly better than theoriginal one during the multiple cycles because mean grain size of CaOderived from the modified limestone is lower than that from theoriginal one at the same reaction conditions. The calcined modifiedlimestone shows higher surface area and pore volume than the calcinedoriginal one with the number of cycles, and pore size distribution of themodified limestone is superior to the original one after the samenumber of calcinations.

09/02446 Predictive equations for CO2 emission factors forcoal combustion, their applicability in a thermal power plantand subsequent assessment of uncertainty in CO2

estimationRoy, J. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 792–798.The emission of carbon dioxide varies systematically with the rank andtype of coal combusted. Hence use of a single default emission factorproposed by IPCC (Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change) forentire categories coals may not be appropriate option to obtain areliable estimate of carbon dioxide emission level or towards thepreparation of national carbon dioxide inventory. Even predictive


15 Environment (CO2, NOx, SO2 and particulate emissions)

equations developed based on the coals of different origin may notwork well with coals of a specific origin. Several linear predictiveequations were thus developed separately for coking and non-cokingcoals of Indian origin for the estimation of carbon dioxide emissionutilizing basic coal parameters such as VM, FC, GCV and NCV ondifferent basis. Large numbers of authenticated data set were used formultiple regression analysis and good correlations were obtained.Those equations were also validated with different data sets of Indiancoals. Its applicability towards estimation of CO2 emission from powerplant was also studied and uncertainty in CO2 estimation is revealed.The developed equations may be utilized to get a realistic estimate ofcarbon dioxide emission with specific cases where Indian coals aremostly used.

09/02447 Regulated and unregulated emissions from alight-duty diesel engine with different sulfur content fuelsTan, P.-Q. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (5), 1086–1091.Five different sulfur content fuels were used on a light-duty dieselengine to study the effect of fuel sulfur on emissions. Four regulatedemissions: smoke, nitrogen oxide (NOx), unburned hydrocarbon (HC)and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions of the engine were investigated,as well as three unregulated emissions: formaldehyde (HCHO),acetaldehyde (MECHO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The smoke emissiondecreases continuously and remarkably with the fuel sulfur content,and the fuel sulfur has more influence on smoke emission at lowerengine load. The concentration of NOx emissions did not changesignificantly with the different sulfur content fuels. As the fuel sulfurcontent decreases, the concentrations of HC and CO emissions havedistinct reduction. The HCHO emission values are very low. TheMECHO emission decreases with increasing engine load, and itcontinuously decreases with the fuel sulfur content and it could notbe detected at higher engine load with 50 ppm sulfur fuel. The SO2

emission increases continuously with the engine load, and obviouslydecreases with the fuel sulfur contents.

Hydrocarbon emissions

09/02448 Investigating the importance of mass transfer onthe formation of HCCI engine emissions using a multi-zonemodelKomninos, N. P. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (7–8), 1335–1343.The focus of the present study is to investigate the importance of masstransfer on the formation of the most important HCCI engineemissions, i.e. unburned HC and CO emissions. A multi-zone modelis used for this purpose. The multi-zone model includes sub-models forthe heat transfer between zones and to the cylinder wall and for themass transfer between the hotter and colder regions of the combustionchamber. The combustion mechanism is modelled using a reduced setof chemical reactions coupled with a chemical kinetics solver. Theresults indicate that mass transfer during combustion and expansionplays a significant role on the formation of both the unburned HC andthe CO emissions and therefore must be taken into account for theclosed part of the engine cycle, i.e. compression, combustion andexpansion. According to the model results, the formation of theseemissions is located mainly at the crevice and the near-the-wall regionsand is determined by the temperature field and mass transfer. It isshown that neglecting mass transfer in these regions during combustionand expansion would result to a significant deviation from the valuespredicted with the inclusion of mass transfer.

09/02449 Particulate-bound polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons in naturally ventilated multi-storey residentialbuildings of Singapore: vertical distribution and potentialhealth risksKalaiarasan, M. et al. Building and Environment, 2009, 44, (2), 418–425.The main objective of the study is to quantify the polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration levels (US EPA priority com-ponents) in fine traffic-generated particles (PM2.5) at various heights oftypical multi-storey public housing buildings located in close proximity,i.e. within 30 m and along a busy major expressway in Singapore. Thesecondary objective is to estimate the potential health risks associatedwith inhalation exposure, based on the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs)at the various floors of these buildings. Two typical public housingbuildings, both naturally ventilated residential apartment blocks, ofpoint block configuration (22-storey) and slab block configuration (16-storey) were selected for the study. Particulate samples were collectedfor chemical analysis at three representative floors: the lower, the mid,and the upper floors of the buildings. Key meteorological parameterssuch as wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, and relativehumidity were also measured at the representative floors. All sampleswere analysed for the 16 PAH priority pollutants listed by US EPA.

The vertical PAH distribution profile varies with height of buildingdepending on the type of block configuration. The total meanconcentrations of particulate PAHs for point and slab blocks are3.32� 1.76 ng/m3 (0.56–7.2 ng/m3) and 6.0� 1.88 ng/m3 (3.19–10.26 ng/m3), respectively. The results suggest that the building configurationinfluences the vertical distribution of particulate PAHs. The dominantparticulate PAHs measured at the point block are naphthalene,acenaphthylene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene whilethose for the slab block, the main particulate PAHs are naphthalene,phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. The Bpe/Indratio for both blocks ranged from 0.92� 0.2 to 1.63� 0.6 indicatingparticulate PAHs are contributed by a mixture of both diesel and petrolengine type of vehicles, with diesel engine vehicles contributing a higherpercentage of particulate PAHs to the different floor levels of bothbuildings. The total BaP equivalency results showed the potentialhealth risk to cancer due to inhalation exposure is of concern forresidents living in both blocks since the total BaPeq concentrations forboth blocks were very close to, or slightly exceeded the maximumpermissible risk level of 1 ng/m3 of benzo(a)pyrene.

Life cycle analysis

09/02450 Design of environmentally conscious absorptioncooling systems via multi-objective optimization and lifecycle assessmentGebreslassie, B. H. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (9), 1712–1722.In this paper, a systematic method based on mathematical program-ming is proposed for the design of environmentally consciousabsorption cooling systems. The approach presented relies on thedevelopment of a multi-objective formulation that simultaneouslyaccounts for the minimization of cost and environmental impact atthe design stage. The latter criterion is measured by the Eco-indicator99 methodology, which follows the principles of life-cycle assessment(LCA). The design task is formulated as a bi-criteria non-linearprogramming (NLP) problem, the solution of which is defined by a setof Pareto points that represent the optimal trade-off between theeconomic and environmental concerns considered in the analysis.These Pareto solutions can be obtained via standard techniques formulti-objective optimization. The main advantage of this approach isthat it offers a set of alternative options for system design rather than asingle solution. From these alternatives, the decision-maker can choosethe best one according to his or her preferences and the applicablelegislation. The capabilities of the proposed method are illustrated in acase study problem that addresses the design of a typical absorptioncooling system.

09/02451 Influence of insulated roof slabs on airconditioned spaces in tropical climatic conditions – a lifecycle cost approachHalwatura, R. U. and Jayasinghe, M. T. R. Energy and Buildings, 2009,41, (6), 678–686.The recent energy crisis and the environment impacts of buildingindustry have led to the active promotion of principles of sustainabledevelopment in recent times. Minimization of energy usage is the keyto improve sustainability where the actual impact is assessed on thebasis of life-cycle cost estimates. In this context, the performance ofinsulated roof slabs, which can be used as an alternative toconventional light weight roofs, have been assessed in detail especiallywith respect to air conditioned buildings. It is shown that insulated roofslabs could have a desirable behaviour with respect to life-cycleperformance in addition to providing other benefits such as cycloneresistance and higher robustness to the building.

09/02452 Life cycle assessment of processes for hydrogenproduction. Environmental feasibility and reduction ofgreenhouse gases emissionsDufour, J. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34,(3), 1370–1376.Decomposition of CH4 (natural gas) is one of the alternatives understudy to achieve the sustainable production of hydrogen. No CO2 orother greenhouse gases emissions are produced in this route andcarbon is obtained as a solid co-product at the end of the reaction(CH4 Ð C + 2H2). This process can be thermally or catalyticallyconducted and recent studies have demonstrated that the carbonobtained in the reaction can also show catalytic activity. In this work,thermal and autocatalytic decomposition of methane were studied andcompared with the steam reforming with and without CO2 capture andstorage from an environmental point of view, using life-cycle assess-ment (LCA) tools. As well, different energetic scenarios were includedin the study. The selected functional unit was 1 Nm3 of hydrogen andthe LCA was focused on material and raw materials acquisition and


15 Environment (life cycle analysis)

manufacturing stages. The assessment was carried out with SimaPro 7.1software by using Eco-indicator 95 method. Results showed thatautocatalytic decomposition is the most environmental-friendly processfor hydrogen production since presented the lowest total environmen-tal impact and CO2 emissions. Also, steam reforming with CO2 captureand storage led to lower CO2 emissions but higher total environmentalimpact than conventional steam reforming.

09/02453 Life cycle assessment of waste managementsystems in Italian industrial areas: case study of 1stMacrolotto of PratoTarantini, M. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 613–622.Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is not widely used as a decision-supporting tool in Italy, despite recent European Commission policiesfostering its adoption to achieve an energy- and resource-efficienteconomy. In this paper, an LCA of waste management system of the 1stMacrolotto industrial area is presented. The aims of the study were toidentify the environmental critical points of the system and to evaluateopportunities and problems in applying this methodology at industrialarea level. After a description of the waste management system of the1st Macrolotto industrial area, the main assumptions of the study andsome elements of the system modelling are presented. Resultsconfirmed that door-to-door separated collection and packagingrecycling are successful strategies for reducing the use of naturalresources. The co-operation of the waste management company, whichwas part of the area management structure, was strategic for thecompletion of the analysis. Country-specific databases and modelsshould be developed for a widespread application of the LCAmethodology to waste management in Italian industrial areas.

09/02454 Simulation-based life-cycle assessment of energyefficiency of biomass-based ethanol fuel from differentfeedstocks in ChinaYu, S. and Tao, J. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 476–484.Interests in biomass-based fuel ethanol (BFE) have been re-boosteddue to oil shortage and environmental deterioration. Biomass-basedfuel ethanol is renewable and, apparently, environmentally friendly.Biomass-based E10 (a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline byvolume) is a promising conventional gasoline substitute, becausevehicle engines require no modifications to run on E10 and vehiclewarranties are unaffected. This paper presented life-cycle assessments(LCAs) of energy efficiency of wheat-based E10 from central China,corn-based E10 from northeast China, and cassava-based E10 fromsouthwest China. The respective energy flow-based evaluation model ofwheat-, corn-, and cassava-based E10 was built based on data frompilot BFE plants. Monte Carlo method is applied to deal with theuncertain parameters and input and output variables of the evaluationmodel because of its wide application and easy development ofstatistical dispersion of calculated quantities. According to theassessment results, the average energy input/output ratio of wheat-based fuel ethanol (WFE), corn-based fuel ethanol (CFE), andcassava-based fuel ethanol (KFE) is 0.70, 0.75, and 0.54, respectively,and biomass-based E10 vehicle can have less fossil energy demand thangasoline-fuelled ones.

16 ENERGY

Supplies, policy, economics, forecasts

09/02455 A close look at the China design standard forenergy efficiency of public buildingsHong, T. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (4), 426–435.This paper takes a close look at the China national standard GB50189–2005, Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings, whichwas enforced on July 1, 2005. The paper first reviews the standard, thencompares the standard with ASHRAE Standard 90.1–2004 to identifydiscrepancies in code coverage and stringency, and recommends someenergy conservation measures that can be evaluated in the design ofpublic buildings to achieve energy savings beyond the standard. Thepaper also highlights several important features of 90.1–2004 that maybe considered as additions to the GB50189–2005 standard during thenext revision. At the end the paper summarizes the latest developmentsin building energy standards and rating systems in China and the USA.

09/02456 Analysis of changes in the structure of ruralhousehold energy consumption in northern China: a casestudyZhou, Z. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(1), 187–193.There is currently a paucity of research examining changes in thestructure of household energy consumption in rural areas of northernChina. In response to this, the authors have thoroughly analysedhousehold energy consumption in terms of energy sources and energyend-uses in villages of Huantai County from 1989 to 2005. The resultsindicated that commercial energy consumption increased, both in theabsolute amount and the relative proportion. Non-commercial energy(traditional biomass energy) use decreased greatly but still accountedfor a significant proportion of all energy sources. In terms of energyend-uses, cooking and home-heating energy consumptions were ofnearly equal importance. While energy for cooking has historicallydominated total consumption, energy used for recreational activitiesincreased dramatically in comparison. In addition, the authors discussthe influence of changes in energy consumption structure on householdenergy expenditures, environmental effects and supply-demand bal-ance of energy. Results showed the payout of household energyconsumption was stable, the environment deteriorated, the fossil fuelsupply was unsustainable in the long term. For the sustainabledevelopment of local energy sources, the environment, and theeconomy, it will be imperative to fully exploit suitable, local renewableenergy resources.

09/02457 Beyond Bush: environmental politics andprospects for US climate policyHarris, P. G. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 966–971.The United States was a pioneer in domestic environmental law-making, and it was a leader in international environmental co-operation in the final decades of the last century. During the currentdecade, however, it has moved away from co-operating with otherstates in finding new ways to protect the global environment. While itsearly efforts to address climate change were no worse, and often betterthan, other developed countries, it has fallen far behind as a number ofEuropean states and the European Union have started to implementrobust policies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. This paperrecounts this evolution in US policy from environmental leader toenvironmental laggard. It summarizes the US climate change-relatedpolicies and diplomacy, recounting significant events during thepresidential administrations of George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton andGeorge W. Bush. It then extends this summary of events to assess theprospects for US climate policy in the near future.

09/02458 Brazilian biodiesel policy: social andenvironmental considerations of sustainabilityGarcez, C. A. G. and de Souza Vianna, J. N. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 645–654.The objective of this article is to analyse the Brazilian biodiesel policy(PNPB) and to identify the social and environmental aspects ofsustainability that are present or absent within it. Biofuels, namelyalcohol and biodiesel, have been increasing in popularity on a globalscale due to their potential as alternative and renewable energysources. Brazil, a vast country blessed with abundant natural resourcesand agricultural land, has emerged as a global leader in the productionof biofuels. This article includes a brief analysis of the concept ofsustainable development, which served as a basis to evaluate the policydocuments. Although PNPB’s implementation, which began in 2004, isstill within its initial stage, it was possible to identify and elaborate onthe environmental and social aspects of the policy, namely: the socialinclusion of family farmers; regional development; food security;influencing the carbon and energy balance of biodiesel; promotingsustainable agricultural practices and a diversity of feedstock.

09/02459 Energy and environmental issues relating togreenhouse gas emissions for sustainable development inTurkeyKaygusuz, K. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13, (1),253–270.Turkey’s demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly. Since1990, energy consumption has increased at an annual average rate of4.3%. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy productionand consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmentalissues at the local, regional and global levels. With respect to globalenvironmental issues, Turkey’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions havegrown along with its energy consumption. Emissions in 2004 reached193 million tons. States have played a leading role in protecting theenvironment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Stateemissions are significant on a global scale. CO2 and carbon monoxide(CO) are the main GHGs associated with global warming. At thepresent time, coal is responsible for 30–40% of the world CO2


16 Energy (supplies, policy, economics, forecasts)

emissions from fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NOx contribute toacid rain. Carbon assessments can play an important role in a strategyto control CO2 emissions while raising revenue.

09/02460 Energy and greenhouse gas emission savings ofbiofuels in Spain’s transport fuel. The adoption of the EUpolicy on biofuelsLechon, Y. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (6–7), 920–932.Using life-cycle assessment the fossil energy benefits and avoidedglobal warming emissions have been evaluated for the EU biofuelsgoals in Spain. The Biofuels considered are cereal ethanol, biodieselfrom residual oils, and from palm, sunflower, soybeans and rapeseedvegetable oils. The findings are that the source of the cereal andvegetable oil influences the efficacy of the Biofuels and that resultsgreatly depend on whether or not electricity has been produced as co-product in bioethanol plants and that without CHP the energy balanceof ethanol is negative with few greenhouse gas offsets.

09/02461 Energy technology roadmap for the next 10 years:the case of KoreaLee, S. K. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (2), 588–596.The Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), the only government-sponsored research institute specialized in the development of energytechnology and policy, has established a long-term strategic energytechnology roadmap (ETRM) for the period spanning from 2006 to2015. Taking into account such variables as the energy environment,economic spin-off, and commercial potential, the ETRM was classifiedinto three sectors, namely high oil prices, the UNFCCC, and thehydrogen economy. The ETRM not only represents a milestone interms of the development of national energy technology in Korea, butalso serves to identify the primary energy technologies which should bedeveloped. The ETRM also supplies energy policymakers withsuccessful R&D alternatives vis-a-vis the development of energytechnologies under the current Korean energy environment.

09/02462 European Union’s renewable energy sources andenergy efficiency policy review: The Spanish perspectivede Alegrıa Mancisidor, I. M. et al. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 2009, 13, (1), 100–114.The European Union’s (EU) energy objectives, legislation andprogrammes are determinant for the current strategy for the promotionof renewable energy sources (RES) and energy efficiency (EE) inSpain, which is becoming a key element for its internationalcompetitiveness. Firstly, this article explores the evolution of the EU’senergy strategy, focusing on the adopted legislations and programmesto promote RES and EE. It concludes with an analysis of the impact ofthose measures in Spain.

09/02463 Hidden biases in Australian energy policySchlapfer, A. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 456–460.The challenges in developing technology for the capture and storage ofCO2 from coal, oil and gas power generation, as well as thoseassociated with the storage of nuclear waste, are widely regarded assolvable. According to proponents of clean coal, oil and gastechnologies, as well as the proponents of nuclear technology, it isonly a matter of time and resources to find a solution to their wasteproblems. Similarly, the Australian government argues that effortsshould be concentrated on clean coal technologies, as well asconsidering the nuclear option. However, when it comes to thechallenges associated with renewable energy technologies, like inter-mittency of wind generated grid power, storage of electricity fromrenewable energy and so on, there seems to be an attitude amongstAustralian energy planners that these challenges represent insurmoun-table technical and financial problems, and will, at least in the short tomedium term, prevent them from becoming a viable alternative to coal,oil, gas and uranium based energy technologies.

09/02464 Implications of fossil fuel constraints oneconomic growth and global warmingNel, W. P. and Cooper, C. J. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (1), 166–180.Energy security and global warming are analysed as 21st centurysustainability threats. Best estimates of future energy availability arederived as an energy reference case (ERC). An explicit economicgrowth model is used to interpret the impact of the ERC on economicgrowth. The model predicts a divergence from twentieth-centuryequilibrium conditions in economic growth and socio-economic welfareis only stabilized under optimistic assumptions that demands aparadigm shift in contemporary economic thought and focusedattention from policy makers. Fossil fuel depletion also constrainsthe maximum extent of global warming. Carbon emissions from theERC comply nominally with the B1 scenario, which is the lowestemissions case considered by the IPCC. The IPCC predicts atemperature response within acceptance limits of the global warmingdebate for the B1 scenario. The carbon feedback cycle, used in theIPCC models, is shown as invalid for low-emissions scenarios and an

alternative carbon cycle reduces the temperature response for the ERCconsiderably compared to the IPCC predictions. The analysis proposesthat the extent of global warming may be acceptable and preferablecompared to the socio-economic consequences of not exploiting fossilfuel reserves to their full technical potential.

09/02465 Resolving the impasse in American energypolicy: the case for a transformational R&D strategy at theU.S. Department of EnergySovacool, B. K. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13,(2), 346–361.From its inception in 1977, the US Department of Energy (DOE) hasbeen responsible for maintaining the nation’s nuclear stockpile, leadingthe country in terms of basic research, setting national energy goals,and managing thousands of individual programs. Despite these gains,however, the DOE research and development (R&D) model does notappear to offer the nation an optimal strategy for assessing long-termenergy challenges. American energy policy continues to face con-straints related to three ‘I’s’: inconsistency, incrementalism, andinadequacy. An overly rigid management structure and loss of missionwithin the DOE continues to plague its programs and createinconsistencies in terms of a national energy policy. Various layers ofstove-piping within and between the DOE and national laboratoriescontinue to fracture collaboration between institutions and engenderonly slow, incremental progress on energy problems. And funding forenergy research and development continues to remain inadequate,compromising the country’s ability to address energy challenges. Toaddress these concerns, an R&D organization dedicated to transfor-mative, creative research is proposed.

09/02466 SWOT analyses of the national energy sector forsustainable energy developmentMarkovska, N. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 752–756.A holistic perspective of various energy stakeholders regarding thestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOTs) of theenergy sector in Macedonia is utilized as baseline to diagnose thecurrent state and to sketch future action lines towards sustainableenergy development. The resulting SWOT analyses pointed to theprogressive adoption of European Union (EU) standards in energypolicy and regulation as the most important achievement in the energysector. The most important problems the national energy sector facesare scarce domestic resources and unfavourable energy mix, lowelectricity prices, a high degree of inefficiency in energy production anduse, as well as insufficient institutional and human capacities. Theformulated portfolio of actions towards enabling sustainable energydevelopment urges the adoption of a comprehensive energy strategybuilt upon sustainability principles, intensified utilization of the naturalgas, economic prices of electricity, structural changes in industry,promotion of energy efficiency and renewables, including cleandevelopment mechanism projects, enforcement of EU environmentalstandards and meeting the environmental requirements, as well asinstitutional and human capacity building.

09/02467 The distributional implications of a carbon tax inIrelandCallan, T. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (2), 407–412.In this paper, the authors study the effects of carbon tax and revenuerecycling across the income distribution in the Republic of Ireland. Inabsolute terms, a carbon tax of e20/tCO2 would cost the pooresthouseholds less than e3/week and the richest households more than e4/week. A carbon tax is regressive, therefore. However, if the tax revenueis used to increase social benefits and tax credits, households across theincome distribution can be made better off without exhausting the totalcarbon tax revenue.

09/02468 The energy policy of the Republic of CyprusPilavachi, P. A. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 547–554.This paper presents the energy policy of the Republic of Cyprusgovernment controlled areas from 1960 until 2006. It describes thesectors of electricity, petroleum, natural gas and renewable energysources. It also deals with the marine layers of oil and withenvironmental aspects. The energy policy of Cyprus is harmonizedwith that of the European Union according to its national obligations,having as its guidelines to secure competition in the market and tofulfill the energy needs of the country, with the least burden to theeconomy and to the environment. The future plans and targets ofCyprus related to its energy strategy are also presented.

09/02469 The iterative contribution and relevance ofmodelling to UK energy policyStrachan, N. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 850–860.This paper discusses the iterative provision of modelling insights onlong-term decarbonization scenarios for UK energy policy makers. Amulti-year model construction process of the UK MARKAL-Macro-hybrid energy-economic model, and four subsequent major policy


16 Energy (supplies, policy, economics, forecasts)

analyses illustrates the scope of this interaction. The initial set ofmodelling runs focused on the technical feasibility of long-term 60%carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction scenarios, the role of key technologies,and the underlying uncertainties. Furthermore subsequent modellingstudies were aimed to generate insights on more stringent targets, andon issues and uncertainties that may make targets harder to achieve.Hence, this paper analyses the large number of long-term UK CO2

reduction scenarios through a clustering approach on target stringencyand barriers to implementation. Robust findings and key uncertaintiesare highlighted, including the critical role of the power sector, trade-offs between resources, sectors, key energy technologies and beha-vioural responses, and the increasing level and spread of CO2 marginalprices and GDP impacts. The relevance and use of modelling insightsto the UK energy policy process is shown in the continuation of theenergy modelling–policy interface. This constitutes both ongoing modeldevelopment, and nuanced scenario analysis designed to furtherexplore key uncertainties in evolving policy issues.

09/02470 The role of the nuclear power generation in theKorean national economy: an input–output analysisYoo, S.-H. and Yoo, T.-H. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2009, 51, (1),86–92.The nuclear power generation has played an important role in theeconomic development of Korea and electric power has become acritical factor sustaining the well-being of the Korean people. Thispaper attempts to apply input–output (I–O) analysis to investigate therole of the nuclear power generation in the national economy, withspecific application to Korea. A static I–O framework is employed,focusing on three topics in its application: the impact of nuclear powersupply investment on the production of other sectors and the inter-industry linkage effect; the nuclear power supply shortage effect; andthe impact of the rise in nuclear power rate on prices of other products.This paper pays particular attention to the nuclear power generationsector by taking the sector as exogenous and then investigating itseconomic impacts. Moreover, potential uses of the results areillustrated from the perspective of policy instruments and some policyimplications are discussed.

09/02471 Towards an international tradable greencertificate system – the challenging example of BelgiumVerhaegen, K. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009,13, (1), 208–215.In Europe, a common framework for renewable energy sources (RES)is aspired. Tradable green certificates (TGCs) are a market-based cost-efficient means to stimulate electricity production from RES. SinceTGCs are the most widespread support scheme in Europe togetherwith feed-in tariffs, chances are that a common European frameworkcould well be based on TGCs. However, while integrating currentlyexisting different national TGC systems, any remaining differencesshould be carefully considered. Just how difficult the creation of aninternational TGC market would be is illustrated in this paper by thecase of Belgium, where no less than four different TGC systems existnowadays. The example of Belgium illustrates that harmonizingdifferent TGC systems is easier said than done and represents aserious challenge. This clearly illustrates that a single Europeansupport scheme for RES, however desirable, is still far in the future.

Energy conservation

09/02472 A methodology for the electrical energy systemplanning of Tamil Nadu state (India)Daniel, J. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 904–914.In this paper, an energy planning optimization procedure of a selectedterritory is illustrated and applied using an energy flow optimizationmodel. The developed approach takes into account various electricitygenerating options to meet the energy needs of various demand sectors.Energy saving techniques and hybrid technologies are considered andvarious scenarios are developed by assessing the contribution ofrenewable energy technologies over the planning period. The pro-cedure aims to reduce the total actualized cost of energy generationover selected time horizon and predicts the additional installationsrequired along with the existing facilities to meet the energy demand.At the same time the role of renewable energy technologies and ofenergy saving measures is evaluated by imposing suitable constraints onCO2 emissions and primary energy sources exploitation. The procedureis applied to the territory of Tamil Nadu state (India) by consideringdifferent energy planning scenarios.

09/02473 A study of energy efficiency of private officebuildings in Hong KongChung, W. and Hui, Y. V. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (6), 696–701.

A benchmark study of the energy efficiency of private office buildingsin Hong Kong was conducted in 2002 because energy efficiency wasdeclining. In the study, private office buildings were divided into fiveuser groups. For each group, a multiple regression model wasdeveloped to find the relationship between energy use intensities(EUIs) and other factors, such as operating hours, for normalizationand benchmarking purposes. This study makes use of the regressionresults to study the energy efficiency of private office buildings bydifferent grades. In Hong Kong, office buildings are divided into threegrades (A, B, and C) based on the quality of the facility, which isreflected in rental values; a Grade A office building denotes expensiveluxury. The EUI of Grade A office buildings was found to be thehighest, consuming over 50% of the total energy used in officebuildings. Recently, the annual EUI of office buildings has improvedeven though Grade A floor space is increasing. This may be due to thepromotion of the energy efficiency program launched in the lastdecade.

09/02474 Advice tool for early design stages of intelligentfacades based on energy and visual comfort approachOchoa, C. E. and Capeluto, I. G. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (5),480–488.Increased awareness on environmental issues, together with require-ments imposed by implementation of energy efficiency codes, hasgenerated the need for tools that evaluate thermal performance ofbuildings. Their objective is to ensure compliance and certification.However, existing computer models are still rudimentary with manylimitations for use in early design stages of any architectural project.They require exact data in a stage when designers consider conceptualideas from a range of options rather than precise details and numbers.Design tools that suggest solutions based on ideas are rare. Thisdisadvantage can be seen in the planning of intelligent facades, wherethe number of possible configurations can be overwhelming anddecisions made in early stages have profound effects on energy andcomfort performance. This paper presents NewFacades, a model thathelps pass from ideas to significant concepts in the design of intelligentfacades. It uses energy and visual comfort strategies abstracted from aprescriptive energy code for hot climates to suggest a range of goodstarting solutions. Designers can have energy and visual comfortestimations to these alternatives through an advanced stage energysimulation program such as EnergyPlus, or explore them further withother tools. Methods used by the tool are presented here in the contextof sample cases. By working on energy principles or relying on localexisting energy standards, the model can be extended to all types ofclimates.

09/02475 An empirical approach for ranking environmentaland energy saving measures in the hotel sectorBeccali, M. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 82–90.The energy demand of the hotel sector of an Italian region is hereutilized for hierarchizing, by means of an empirical method, efficientmeasures devoted to energy saving and reduction of CO2 emissions.Due to the large number of consumers present in the selectedterritorial area and the lack in detailed data, the energy demandassessment is here carried out by the analysis of a sample ofrepresentative consumers. A short set of indexes, referring to energyand environmental performances, are defined and calculated fordifferent clusters of hotels, grouped on the basis of site characteristics,opening periods, number of beds, and building age. Such indexes areutilized to establish lists of actions with assigned priorities stemmingfrom energy, environmental and economics issues. Energy plannersand decision makers can easily use this approach for defining,implementing and monitoring energy efficiency as well as sustainabilitypolicies in the tourist sector of a given geographical area, starting froma limited set of data. The method has been proposed by authors withinthe assessment of the Sicilian Energy Masterplan.

09/02476 Analysis of sectoral energy conservation inMalaysiaAl-Mofleh, A. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (6), 733–739.The electrical energy consumption in Malaysia has increased sharply inthe past few years, and modern energy efficient technologies aredesperately needed for the national energy policy. This article presentsa comprehensive picture of the current status of energy consumptionand various energy conservation options viable for Malaysian environ-ment. A detailed survey is made to assess the consumption pattern andthe existing techniques for energy efficiency. Based on the survey, thefeasibility of improving the available systems and adopting newprograms in different sectors is investigated. The study reveals thefact that the energy conservation policy of the country has been fairlyimproved in the past 10 years. However the country has to pay moreattention to this area and make urgent measures to adopt more energyefficient technologies in various sectors.


16 Energy (energy conservation)

09/02477 Can envelope codes reduce electricity and CO2

emissions in different types of buildings in the hot climate ofBahrain?Radhi, H. Energy, 2009, 34, (2), 205–215.The depletion of non-renewable resources and the environmentalimpact of energy consumption, particularly energy use in buildings,have awakened considerable interest in energy efficiency. Buildingenergy codes have recently become effective techniques to achieveefficiency targets. The Electricity and Water Authority in Bahrain hasset a target of 40% reduction of building electricity consumption andCO2 emissions to be achieved by using envelope thermal insulationcodes. This paper investigates the ability of the current codes toachieve such a benchmark and evaluates their impact on buildingenergy consumption. The results of a simulation study are employed toinvestigate the impact of the Bahraini codes on the energy andenvironmental performance of buildings. The study focuses on air-conditioned commercial buildings and concludes that envelope codes,at best, are likely to reduce the energy use of the commercial sector by25% if the building envelope is well-insulated and efficient glazing isused. Bahraini net CO2 emissions could drop to around 7.1%. Thesimulation results show that the current energy codes alone are notsufficient to achieve a 40% reduction benchmark, and therefore, moreeffort should be spent on moving towards a more comprehensiveapproach.

09/02478 Determinants of consumer interest in fueleconomy: lessons for strengthening the conservationargumentPopp, M. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (5), 768–778.With an outlook for higher global energy prices and concomitantincrease of agricultural resources for the pursuit of fuel, consumers areexpected to seek more fuel-economic transportation alternatives. Thispaper examines factors that influence the importance consumers placeon fuel economy, with attention given to differences between Americanand European consumers. In a survey conducted simultaneously in theUSA and Belgium in the fall of 2006, respondents in both countriesranked fuel economy high among characteristics considered whenpurchasing a new vehicle. Overall, respondents in the US placedgreater emphasis on fuel economy as a new-vehicle characteristic.Respondents’ budgetary concerns carried a large weight whenpurchasing a new vehicle as reflected in their consideration of a fuel’srelative price (e.g. gasoline vs. diesel vs. biofuel) and associated carrepair and maintenance costs. On the other hand, high-incomeAmericans displayed a lack of concern over fuel economy. Concernover the environment also played a role since consumers who feltempowered to affect the environment with their purchasing decisions(buying low and clean emission technology and fuels) placed greaterimportance on fuel economy. No statistically significant effects on fueleconomy rankings were found related to vehicle performance, socio-demographic parameters of age, gender or education. Importantly, thetradeoff between using agricultural inputs for energy rather than forfood, feed and fibre had no impact on concerns over fuel economy.Finally, contrary to expectations, US respondents who valueddomestically produced renewable fuels did not tend to value fueleconomy.

09/02479 Economic analysis of energy-saving renovationmeasures for urban existing residential buildings in Chinabased on thermal simulation and site investigationOuyang, J. et al. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (1), 140–149.Energy-saving renovations of existing residential buildings have provento be very helpful in alleviating the pressure of energy shortages andCO2 emission, but an economic analysis of the measures by using a life-cycle cost (LCC) method is very important and necessary to determinewhether to implement them or not. Based on thermal simulation andsite investigation, the paper uses one urban existing residential buildingin Hangzhou city of China as the subject building, and analyses theeconomic benefits from the energy-saving renovation measuresthrough the LCC method. The findings clearly show that theinvestigation of the factual electricity consumption of the subjectbuilding is very important to predict accurately the energy-savingeffects and financial benefits of the measures for the building, becauseof the great discrepancy between in fact and in thermal simulation ofthe heating and cool loads, and the too cheap electricity price mayhamper the development of energy-saving implementations in residen-tial sector in China.

09/02480 Effect of fuel type on the optimum thickness ofselected insulation materials for the four different climaticregions of TurkeyUcar, A. and Balo, F. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (5), 730–736.The optimum insulation thickness of the external wall for four variouscities from four climate zones of Turkey, energy savings over a lifetimeof 10 years and payback periods are calculated for the five differentenergy types and four different insulation materials. Foamboard 3500,

Foamboard 1500, extruded polystyrene and fibreglass as insulationmaterial are selected. In this study, it is calculated the value of theamount of the net energy savings using the P1–P2 method. The resultsshow that optimum insulation thicknesses vary between 1.06 and7.64 cm, energy savings vary between 19 $/m2 and 47 $/m2, and paybackperiods vary between 1.8 and 3.7 years depending on the city and thetype of fuel. The highest value of energy savings is reached in Agri forLPG fuel type, while the lowest value is obtained in Aydin for naturalgas.

09/02481 Energy and exergy analysis of the Greek hotelsector: an applicationXydis, G. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (4), 402–406.Energy consumption in buildings vary significantly, depending onfactors as the use of the building, the construction type, maintenance,existing heating, cooling and lighting systems and other types ofservices. Hotel buildings have high energy consumption rate, as a resultof their unique operational characteristics. Energy consumption inhotels is among the highest in the non-residential building sector inabsolute values. Available specific information on the energy charac-teristics, thermal performance, energy losses, electric loads, andcomfort conditions play significant role for the sustainable develop-ment of hotel’s systems. These data can also be used to identifywhether there is space for improvement in new or existing hotels bycomparing them against predicted or actual building energy perform-ance. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the energy and exergyutilization in four hotels in Rethimno, Crete (southern Greece) and inKassandra, Halkidiki (northern Greece).

09/02482 Energy monitoring and conservation potential inschool buildings in the C0 climatic zone of GreeceDimoudi, A. and Kostarela, P. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 289–296.Energy efficiency is very important in school buildings as it isassociated with comfort and air quality conditions in their interiorand energy costs of these buildings are associated with their mainoperational costs. Moreover, school buildings differ from other types ofbuildings because they are the places where children are educated andhave the opportunity to learn how to become environmentally-awarecitizens. There is an increasing awareness throughout Europe forpromotion of sustainable solutions in school buildings involving energyefficient technologies and measures. The aim of this article is to assessthe energy performance, based on monitored data, of school buildingsin the C0 climatic zone of Greece, a region with the lowest airtemperature during winter period. It also demonstrates, throughsimulation studies, the potential for energy conservation of schoolbuildings in this region.

09/02483 Energy rebound and economic growth: a reviewof the main issues and research needsMadlener, R. and Alcott, B. Energy, 2009, 34, (3), 370–376.Contrary to conventional wisdom, more efficient use of energy mayactually through rebound effects lead to greater instead of less totalconsumption of energy – or at least to no diminution of energyconsumption. If so, energy efficiency strategies may serve goals ofraising economic growth and affluence, but as an environmental orenergy policy strategy could backfire, leading to more resource use inabsolute terms rather than less. This, in turn, could in the long runhamper economic growth, for instance if resource scarcity crowds outtechnical change. The hypothesis that rebound is greater than unity(‘backfire’) predicts the observed real-world correlation between risingenergy consumption and rising efficiency of energy services, howeverdifficult it may be to define a precise holistic metric for the latter. Theopposing hypothesis, i.e. that rebound is less than unity and that energyefficiency increases therefore result in less energy consumption thanbefore, requires on the other hand strong forces that do account for theempirically observed economic growth. This paper summarizes some ofthe discussions around the rebound effect, puts it into perspective toeconomic growth, and provides some insights at the end that can guidefuture empirical research on the rebound topic.

09/02484 Energy-saving strategies with personalizedventilation in cold climatesSchiavon, S. and Melikov, A. K. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (5),543–550.In this study the influence of the personalized supply air temperaturecontrol strategy on energy consumption and the energy-savingpotentials of a personalized ventilation system have been investigatedby means of simulations with IDA-ICE software. GenOpt software wasused to determine the optimal supply air temperature. The simulatedoffice room was located in a cold climate. The results reveal that thesupply air temperature control strategy has a marked influence onenergy consumption. The energy consumption with personalizedventilation may increase substantially (in the range: 61–268%)compared to mixing ventilation alone if energy-saving strategies are



not applied. The results show that the best supply air temperaturecontrol strategy is to provide air constantly at 20 �C. The most effectiveway of saving energy with personalized ventilation is to extend theupper room operative temperature limit (saving up to 60% comparedto the reference case). However, this energy-saving strategy can berecommended only in a working environment where the occupantsspend most of their time at their workstation. Reducing the airflow ratedoes not always imply a reduction of energy consumption. Supplyingthe personalized air only when the occupant is at the desk is not aneffective energy-saving strategy.

09/02485 Evolution strategy based optimal chiller loadingfor saving energyChang, Y. C. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (1),132–139.This study employs evolution strategy (ES) to solve optimal chillerloading (OCL) problem. ES overcomes the flaw that Lagrangianmethod is not adaptable for solving OCL as the power consumptionmodels or the kW-PLR (partial load ratio) curves include convexfunctions and concave functions simultaneously. The complicatedprocess of evolution by the genetic algorithm (GA) method for solvingOCL can also be simplified by the ES method. This study uses the PLRof chiller as the variable to be solved for the decoupled air conditioningsystem. After analysis and comparison of the case study, it has beenconcluded that this method not only solves the problems of Lagrangianmethod and GA method, but also produces results with high accuracywithin a rapid timeframe. It can be perfectly applied to the operation ofair conditioning systems.

09/02486 Explaining the adoption of energy-efficienttechnologies in U.S. commercial buildingsAndrews, C. J. and Krogmann, U. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (3),287–294.This paper investigates factors explaining the adoption of energy-efficient heating, cooling, window, and lighting technologies in UScommercial buildings. It presents multinomial logit models oftechnology adoption using the 2003 Commercial Buildings EnergyConsumption Survey microdata set, examining, first, fundamentalbuilding components, and, second, energy-efficient adaptations. Keyfindings are that the choice of fundamental building components isstrongly influenced by locational factors, the activities that are expectedto take place in the building, and building-specific characteristics.Lighting technologies are an exception, and are poorly explained bythese factors. By contrast, energy-efficient heating, cooling, window,lighting, and control adaptations appear to share common drivers, andare more likely to be adopted in newer, larger, more energy-intensive,owner-occupied buildings. These are the buildings that can best affordthe up-front costs of innovation, which is often a design-intensiveprocess. Absent policy interventions, the energy-efficient adaptationsare unlikely to diffuse rapidly to the rest of the commercial buildingstock.

09/02487 Feasibility study of capturing carbon creditbenefits in an academic institution: a case studyKafle, N. and Mathur, J. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (1), 133–137.The clean development mechanism (CDM) potential in an academicinstitution hosting 2500 students is analysed through the introductionof renewable energy technologies (solar water heater, solar steamcooking) and adoption of energy efficient technologies (compactfluorescent lighting, energy efficient air conditioners). The baselineemission has been calculated for each technology. A detail investmentanalysis has been carried out for each of these measures. The impact ofrevenue generated by selling carbon credits through the CDM, on theeconomic viability of the project activity is analysed along withsensitivity analysis. Out of the four cases analysed, energy efficientlighting and energy efficient air conditioners do not require CDMbenefits for their viability hence they fail to prove the additionality.Solar steam cooking having negative value of IRR does not pass theadditionality criterion for CDM. The solar water heater generating48.13 tCO2/year is identified as the candidate CDM project. The totalamount of CO2 that can be saved from emitting to the atmosphere byemploying the renewable and energy efficient technologies is 311.34tCO2/year. The certified emission reductions generated by this projectare insufficient to cover the validation/verification and registrationexpenses. For converting the CDM potential into reality, bundling ofthe similar activities with nearby academic institutes can be considered.

09/02488 Forecasting electricity spot market prices with ak-factor GIGARCH processDiongue, A. K. et al. Applied Energy, 2009, 86, (4), 505–510.In this article, conditional mean and conditional variance forecasts areinvestigated using a dynamic model following a k-factor GIGARCHprocess. Particularly, the analytical expression of the conditionalvariance of the prediction error is provided. This method is appliedto the German electricity price market for the period 15 August 2000 to

31 December 2002 and spot prices forecasts are tested until one-monthahead forecast. The forecasting performance of the model is comparedwith a SARIMA–GARCH benchmark model using the year 2003 as theout-of-sample. The proposed model outperforms clearly the benchmarkmodel. It is concluded that the k-factor GIGARCH process is asuitable tool to forecast spot prices, using the classical RMSE criteria.

09/02489 How energy efficiency fails in the buildingindustryRyghaug, R. and Sørensen, K. H. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 984–991.This paper examines how energy efficiency fails in the building industrybased on many years of research into the integration of energyefficiency in the construction of buildings and sustainable architecturein Norway. It argues that energy-efficient construction has beenseriously restrained by three interrelated problems: (1) deficienciesin public policy to stimulate energy efficiency, (2) limited governmentalefforts to regulate the building industry, and (3) a conservative buildingindustry. The paper concludes that innovation and implementation ofnew, energy-efficient technologies in the building industry requires newpolicies, better regulations and reformed practices in the industry itself.

09/02490 Innovative method for energy management:modelling and optimal operation of energy systemsAndreassi, L. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (4), 436–444.This paper presents an optimal management control strategy for powersystems in industrial plants. A dedicated code has been developed toperform system analysis and simulation. The energy/mass balancesexisting between building and power plant has been depicted through amathematical model based on vector equations, taking into account thebehaviour of each system component. The main result is the definitionof the power plant component set points satisfying the energy loadunder predefined optimization criteria (i.e. system efficiency, costs,pollutant emissions). Input data are the industrial plant loads, bothelectric and thermal, the technical characteristic of the installations,and the cost of electricity and fuel. As a general result the authors showthat the optimal management of a power plant is as significant as theefficiency of its components for energy saving purposes. In particular,the correlation between the component set point profiles and theenergy/cost/pollution savings is highlighted. Yearly simulations areperformed on an existing energy system of an industrial plant varyingthe frequency of energy load dataset. The considered time steps aremonth, half a day, 4 h and 1 h. The results demonstrate that the wholepower plant management leads to a global reduction of the cost andthat the availability of more detailed energy load dataset leads to betteroperation cost estimation. As expected, considering a large time-step,the variation of energy load is not appreciable. The energy savingpotential of this method is demonstrated allowing the best plantmanagement solution under different energy loads.

09/02491 Methodology for optimizing the operation ofheating/cooling plants with multi-heat-source equipmentsWang, F. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (4), 416–425.A methodology for optimizing the operation of heating–cooling plantswith multi-heat-source equipments is proposed. The methodologydecides the optimal combination of the running machines to minimizethe energy consumption of a heating/cooling plant. The energyconsumption, energy cost and carbon dioxide emission are simulatedusing a tool developed in the MATLAB1 Simulink1 environment,embedded with a module developed using MATLAB1 Stateflow1 thatcan automatically decide the on/off states of heat source machinescorresponding to cooling and heating loads and an operational priorityorder of heat source machines. A case study is introduced todemonstrate the methodology, which is an actual heating–coolingplant located in Osaka, Japan. The plant consists of two absorptionchiller–heaters, one centrifugal chiller, one ice chiller, and two air-source heat pumps. The proposed methodology is used to simulate theplant performance at six different operational priority orders of heatsource machines. The best operational combination can reduce primaryenergy consumption by 19.7%, energy cost by 12.8%, and carbondioxide emission by 29.6%, compared to present operation.

09/02492 Optimal chilled water temperature calculation ofmultiple chiller systems using Hopfield neural network forsaving energyChang, Y.-C. and Chen, W.-H. Energy, 2009, 34, (4), 448–456.The values of chilled water supply temperatures in chillers indicate theload distributions as the chilled water return temperatures in allchillers are the same in a decoupled air-conditioning system. This studyemploys the Hopfield neural network (HNN) to determine the chilledwater supply temperatures in chillers, which are used to solve theoptimal chiller loading (OCL) problem. A linear input–output model isutilized as a substitute for the sigmoid function, which eliminates theshortcoming of the conventional HNN method. Notably, HNN over-comes the flaw in the Lagrangian method in that the latter cannot beutilized for solving the OCL problem as its power-consumption models



include non-convex functions. The chilled water supply temperaturesare used as variables to be solved for a decoupled air-conditioningsystem and solve the problem using the HNN method to overcome thedefect in the Lagrangian method. After analysis of the case study andcomparison of results using these two methods, it was concluded thatthe HNN method solves the problem of the Lagrangian method, andproduces highly accurate results. The HNN method can be applied tothe operation of air-conditioning systems.

09/02493 Potential for reducing electricity demand forlighting in households: an exploratory socio-technical studyWall, R. and Crosbie, T. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, (3), 1021–1031.Illuminance data were collected from 18 UK dwellings during 1-weekperiods in spring 2007, to establish when luminaires were used and tocalculate electricity consumption for lighting. Householders were alsointerviewed about lighting use and choices. The potential for reducinglighting electricity consumption by replacing incandescent bulbs withcompact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is assessed. Mean weekly electricityconsumption for lighting was 3.756 kW h and mean proportion of totalelectricity consumption used for lighting was 6.55%. It is notable,however, that participants generally expressed high levels of environ-mental awareness and that electricity consumption figures for lessenvironmentally-aware households may differ. On average, householdscould have reduced lighting electricity consumption by 50.9% if allincandescent bulbs were replaced with CFLs. Even householdersmaking extensive use of efficient lighting technologies expressedconcerns about these technologies’ performance, but seemed willingto tolerate perceived shortcomings for environmental reasons. How-ever, the study raises questions about whether people without strongenvironmental motivations can be convinced that efficient lightingtechnologies will meet their needs. It also raises questions about theeffectiveness of policies phasing out general lighting service incandes-cent bulbs, as there is a risk that householders may switch to tungstenhalogen bulbs rather than low-energy options.

09/02494 Sustainable development of the Belgrade energysystemJovanovic, M. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 532–539.Cities are the most important energy consumers of any country in allenergy vector components. Nowadays, Belgrade as a cultural, edu-cational, scientific, administrative, political, and business center of theregion with its own structure of production, transportation, services,and urban system, represents significant consumer of different energyforms. Only useful and final energy is delivered to energy consumingsectors of a city. Simulation model MAED was used in this paper toestimate energy demand in city for a long time period. On the basis ofenergy demand forecast for three major ‘energy consumers’ (sectors ofhousehold/service, industry, and transportation) until 2020, thesustainable development ‘scenarios’ of Belgrade energy system aredeveloped (2005–2010, 2010–2015, 2015–2020). For each ‘scenario’, theenergy systems of primary resources are determined so to satisfy thepredicted differences in energy consumption for the mentioned timeintervals until 2020. In this case different ‘scenarios’ are evaluated. Theevaluation of ‘scenarios’ sustainability is obtained by method of multi-criteria analysis. Using energy indices for sustainable development, thefollowing indices are taken into consideration for the assessment ofscenario sustainability: economical, social, and environmental. Theobtained results can be used by experts in decision-making process.

09/02495 The effect of suspended ceilings on energyperformance and thermal comfortHøseggen, R. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (2), 234–245.The objective of this study is to determine the potential energy savingsand thermal comfort benefits of exposing concrete in the ceiling to theindoor air as an alternative to suspended ceiling. The performanceswere assessed through monitoring of room air and surface tempera-tures in an office building in operation, and simulation of differentscenarios with a calibrated building simulation model. In this study, it isshown that ESP-r is capable of simulating an advanced controlledoffice building in operation with good agreement with the measure-ments. The results presented in this paper indicate that exposedconcrete in the ceiling both reduces the number of hours with excessivetemperatures considerably and create a better and more stable thermalenvironment during the working day. Also, exposed concrete increasesthe achievements of utilizing night free cooling significantly. However,by removing the suspended ceiling, only minor annual heating energysavings are achieved.

09/02496 The role of compressed air energy storage(CAES) in future sustainable energy systemsLund, H. and Salgi, G. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50,(5), 1172–1179.Future sustainable energy systems call for the introduction ofintegrated storage technologies. One of these technologies is com-pressed air energy storage (CAES). In Denmark at present, wind

power meets 20% and combined heat and power production (CHP)meets 50% of the electricity demand. Based on these figures, the paperassesses the value of integrating CAES into future sustainable energysystems with even higher shares of fluctuating renewable energysources. The evaluation is made on the basis of detailed energy systemanalyses in which the supply of complete national energy systems iscalculated hour by hour in relation to the demands during a year. TheDanish case is evaluated in a system-economic perspective bycomparing the economic benefits achieved by improving the inte-gration of wind power to the costs of the CAES technology. The resultis compared to various other storage options. Furthermore, a business-economic evaluation is done by calculating the potential income of theCAES technology from both spot markets and regulating powermarkets. The evaluation includes both historical hour by hour pricesduring a 7-year period on the Nordic Nord Pool market as well asexpected future price variations. The conclusion is that even in energysystems with very high shares of wind power and CHP, neither thehistorical nor the expected future price variations on the spot marketalone can justify the investment in CAES systems. Other storagetechnology options are significantly more feasible. CAES may operateboth on the spot market and the regulating power market, whichindicates potential feasibility. However, such strategy is highly riskybecause of the small extent of the regulating power market and ifCAES is to become feasible it will depend on incomes from auxiliaryservices.

09/02497 Very low energy homes in the United States:perspectives on performance from measured dataParker, D. S. Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41, (5), 512–520.This study presents measured annual performance data from a dozenrecent-vintage very low energy homes in North America. Many of thedesigns combine greater energy efficiency with solar electric photo-voltaic power in an attempt to create zero energy homes (ZEH). Theauthors also provide measured data from the first home constructed tothe German Passivhaus standard in the United States. Several projectseither exceeded or come very close to true net zero energy whenevaluated over a year. The data indicate that very low energy usebuildings can very readily be achieved in North America. Annualenergy use half that or less than standard housing can be achieved foran equivalent cost of $0.10/kWh from the efficiency investment. Ingeneral, the better cost-effectiveness seen from energy efficiencymeasures indicates that greater investment in conservation should bea prerequisite to installation of solar water heating and solar electricityin Zero Energy Homes. However, over emphasis in efficiency is alsopossible. This suggests that optimization tools such as BEopt andEGUSA, which characterize both renewable resource performance andthat also of specific combinations of energy efficiency measures, willbest guide designers to locate the most economically favourable mix toreach an energy neutral level.

17 ENERGY CONVERSIONAND RECYCLING

09/02498 A unified approach to assess performance ofdifferent techniques for recovering exhaust heat from gasturbinesCarapellucci, R. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1218–1226.Exhaust heat from gas turbines can be recovered externally orinternally to the cycle itself. Of the technology options for externalrecovery, the combined gas–steam power plant is by far the mosteffective and commonly used worldwide. For internal recoveryconventional solutions are based on thermodynamic regeneration andsteam injection, while innovative solutions rely on humid airregeneration and steam reforming of fuel. In this paper a unifiedapproach for analysing different exhaust heat recovery techniques isproposed. It has been possible to define a characteristic internal heatrecovery plane, based on a few meaningful parameters and to identifyan innovative scheme for repowering existing combined cycles. Thecharacteristic plane indicates directly the performance obtainable withthe different recovery techniques, showing that performances close tocombined cycle plants (external recovery) can only be achieved withcombined recovery techniques (humid air regeneration, steam reform-ing of fuel). The innovative repowering scheme, which requires theaddition of a gas turbine and one-pressure level HRSG to an existingcombined gas–steam power plant, significantly increases power outputwith fairly high marginal efficiency.


17 Energy conversion and recycling

09/02499 An experimental study on a novel shredder formunicipal solid waste (MSW)Luo, S. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (3),1270–1274.Based on composition and volume-mass properties of municipal solidwaste (MSW) (i.e. unit weight, void ratio, and water content), a newway for the breakage of the organic MSW is presented to effectivelyconvert MSW to heat and fuel gas. A lab-scale shredder consisting ofcompaction and shredding chambers is designed and the breakageprocess of MSW in the shredder can be divided into three successivephases: deformation, further deformation, compressive shearing. Theperformances of the shredder, such as the effect of the rotor velocityand hydraulic pressure on product size distribution and specific energyare investigated. The results show that with hydraulic pressure thespecific energy is reduced, and size distribution of product is finer.When hydraulic pressure is constant, the specific energy decreases withincreasing rotor velocity, while the products size distribution is coarser.

09/02500 Effects of internal exhaust gas recirculation oncontrolled auto-ignition in a methane engine combustionCho, G. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (6), 1042–1048.The effects of internal exhaust gas recirculation (IEGR) on controlledauto-ignition were evaluated with a single cycle simulator consisting ofa rapid intake compression and expansion machine (RICEM) usingmethane as the fuel. The fuel–air mixture and simulated residual gaswere introduced to the combustion chamber through the spool-typevalves. Simulated residual gas representing the IEGR was generated byburning the fuel–air mixture in the IEGR chamber during the intakestroke. Various supply timings, homogeneities, and equivalence ratiosof simulated residual gas were tested to investigate their effects on theauto-ignition of the fuel–air mixture. Multi-point ignitions and fastercombustion were observed along with realized controlled auto-ignitioncombustion. The supply timing of simulated residual gas correlateswith its temperature which subsequently affects the auto-ignitiontiming and burning duration. Stratification between the fuel–airmixture and simulated residual gas can maintain locally hightemperatures of the simulated residual gas and enhance the auto-ignition of the fuel–air mixture. The auto-ignition temperature underthe stratified mixing condition was more than 100 K lower than thatunder homogeneous mixing conditions. Relatively lean mixtures hadmore difficulty with auto-ignition and frequently showed misfire evenat high temperatures.

09/02501 Evaluating renewable carbon sources assubstrates for single cell oil production by Cunninghamellaechinulata and Mortierella isabellinaFakas, S. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (4), 573–580.The biochemical behaviour of two oleaginous Mucorales strains,namely Mortierella isabellina ATHUM 2935 and Cunninghamellaechinulata ATHUM 4411, was studied when the aforementionedmicroorganisms were cultivated on xylose, raw glycerol and glucoseunder nitrogen-limited conditions. Significant differences in the processof lipid accumulation as related to the carbon sources used wereobserved for both microorganisms. These differences were attributed tothe different metabolic pathways involved in the assimilation of theabove substrates. Therefore, the various carbon sources were chan-neled, at different extent, to storage lipid or to lipid-free biomassformation. Although glucose containing media favored the productionof mycelial mass (15 g L�1 of total biomass in the case of C. echinulataand 27 g L�1 in the case of M. isabellina), the accumulated lipid in drymatter was 46.0% for C. echinulata and 44.6% for M. isabellina. Lipidaccumulation was induced on xylose containing media (M. isabellinaaccumulated 65.5% and C. echinulata 57.7% of lipid, wt wt�1, in drymycelial mass). In these conditions, lipids of C. echinulata containedsignificant quantities of �-linolenic acid (GLA). This fungus, whencultivated on xylose, produced 6.7 g L�1 of single cell oil and 1119mg L�1 of GLA. Finally, the growth of both C. echinulata and M.isabellina on raw glycerol resulted in lower yields in terms of bothbiomass and oil produced than the growth on xylose.

09/02502 Hydrogen-rich gas from catalytic steamgasification of municipal solid waste (MSW): influence ofcatalyst and temperature on yield and product compositionHe, M. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, (1),195–203.In the present study the catalytic steam gasification of MSW to producehydrogen-rich gas or syngas (H2 + CO) with calcined dolomite as acatalyst in a bench-scale downstream fixed bed reactor was investi-gated. The influence of the catalyst and reactor temperature on yieldand product composition was studied at the temperature range of 750–950 �C, with a steam to MSW ratio of 0.77, for weight hourly spacevelocity of 1.29 h�1. Over the ranges of experimental conditionsexamined, calcined dolomite revealed better catalytic performance, atthe presence of steam, tar was completely decomposed as temperatureincreases from 850 to 950 �C. Higher temperature resulted in more H2

and CO production, higher carbon conversion efficiency and dry gasyield. The highest H2 content of 53.29 mol%, and the highest H2 yieldof 38.60 mol H2/kg MSW were observed at the highest temperaturelevel of 950 �C, while, the maximum H2 yield potential reached70.14 mol H2/kg dry MSW at 900 �C. Syngas produced by catalyticsteam gasification of MSW varied in the range of 36.35–70.21 mol%.The char had a highest ash content of 84.01% at 950 �C, and negligiblehydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur contents.

09/02503 Integrated waste-to-energy conversion and wastetransportation within island communitiesZsigraiova, Z. et al. Energy, 2009, 34, (5), 623–635.Usually in islands both primary energy sources and drinking water aremissing. Additionally, municipal solid waste (MSW) must be managedavoiding exclusive use of landfills, which limits sustainable develop-ment. Power generation from MSW incineration contributes signifi-cantly to replacing energy produced from fossil fuels and to reduceoverall emissions. A solution based on thermodynamics, environmentaland economic analyses and 3D-GIS modelling for the afore-mentionedproblems for Cape Verde is proposed. This model integrates wastetransportation optimization and incineration with energy recoverycombining production of heat and power (CHP), the heat being usedfor drinking water production. The results show that extractioncondensing steam turbines are more suitable when power productionis a priority (5.0 MW with 4000 m3/d of drinking water), whereas back-pressure turbines yield 5540–6650 m3/d of drinking water with anadditional power production of 3.3–4.7 MW. The environmental andeconomic assessment performed shows the feasibility of the proposedCHP solution, which brings a considerable reduction in net airemissions (1.6 kt), including a significant decrease in the greenhousegas emissions (131 ktCO2), and that the revenue from energy sales(e15 million) has potential to balance the incineration cost. Moreover,when terrain relief is accounted for in the route optimization forminimum fuel consumption, savings up to 11% are obtained.

09/02504 Lactic acid recovery from fermentation broth ofkitchen garbage by esterification and hydrolysis methodZhao, W. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, 33, (1), 21–25.Kitchen garbage was utilized to produce lactic acid (LA) to reduce thecorresponding cost. The whole process for pure LA productioninvolved fermentation, esterification and hydrolysis. Kitchen garbagecould produce 47.9 g L�1 LA with pH adjusted with ammonia to 6–7.Then the fermentation broth was concentrated by water evaporation,the ammonium lactate inside was esterified with the butanol to producebutyl lactate. Proper catalyst was studied to improve esterification rate,a cation-exchange resin modified by FeCl3 as a catalyst was proved tobe effective. The esterification yield of ammonium lactate (NH4LA)could reach 96%. Pure LA was hydrolysed from the obtained butyllactate in presence of a cation-exchange resin in the H+ form as acatalyst. The catalyst for hydrolysis could be regenerated and reused tosave the cost. LA production from the kitchen garbage could not onlysave cost, but also solve the pollution problems of kitchen garbage.

09/02505 Parametric optimization and comparative study oforganic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low grade waste heatrecoveryDai, Y. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (3), 576–582.Organic Rankine cycles (ORC) for low-grade waste heat recovery aredescribed with different working fluids. The effects of the thermodyn-amic parameters on the ORC performance are examined, and thethermodynamic parameters of the ORC for each working fluid areoptimized with exergy efficiency as an objective function by means ofthe genetic algorithm. The optimum performance of cycles withdifferent working fluids was compared and analysed under the samewaste heat condition. The results show that the cycles with organicworking fluids are much better than the cycle with water in convertinglow grade waste heat to useful work. The cycle with R236EA has thehighest exergy efficiency, and adding an internal heat exchanger intothe ORC system could not improve the performance under the givenwaste heat condition. In addition, for the working fluids with non-positive saturation vapour curve slope, the cycle has the bestperformance property with saturated vapour at the turbine inlet.

09/02506 Performance and combustion characteristics of aDI diesel engine fueled with waste palm oil and canola oilmethyl estersOzsezen, A. N. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (4), 629–630.This study discusses the performance and combustion characteristics ofa direct injection diesel engine fuelled with biodiesels such as waste(frying) palm oil methyl ester (WPOME) and canola oil methyl ester(COME). In order to determine the performance and combustioncharacteristics, the experiments were conducted at the constant enginespeed mode (1500 rpm) under the full load condition of the engine.The results indicated that when the test engine was fuelled with



WPOME or COME, the engine performance slightly weakened; thecombustion characteristics slightly changed when compared to pet-roleum based diesel fuel. The biodiesels caused reductions in carbonmonoxide, unburned hydrocarbon emissions and smoke opacity, butthey caused to increases in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions.

09/02507 Pyrolysis kinetics and combustioncharacteristics of waste recovered fuelsGrammelis, P. et al. Fuel, 2009, 88, (1), 195–205.Alternative fuels, such as biomass and refuse-derived fuels tend to playan increasingly important role in the European energy industry. Co-firing fuels derived from non-hazardous waste streams have thepotential of covering a significant part of the future demand on co-incineration capacities, which is expected to increase due to theimplementation of the 2000/76 EC landfill directive. However, theircombustion behaviour has not yet been fully investigated, because ofthe difficulty to define representative fuel characteristics simulatingaccurately all the fuel fractions. In the present study, refuse-derivedfuel behaviour was investigated by thermogravimetry under pyrolysisand combustion conditions. A non-isothermal thermogravimetricanalyser (TA Q600) operated at ambient pressure was used for boththe pyrolysis and combustion experiments. The devolatilization of thewaste samples was investigated at a temperature range of 30–1000 �Cwith the constant heating rate of 20 �C/min and for particle sizesbetween 150 and 250 mm. Combustion tests were realized under thesame heating conditions. The independent parallel, first order,reactions model was elaborated for the kinetic analysis of the pyrolysisresults. The thermal degradation of the refuse-derived fuel samples wasmodelled assuming four parallel reactions corresponding to thedevolatilization of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and plastics. In-creased activation energies were calculated for the plastics fraction.Lignin presented the lowest contribution in the pyrolysis of thesamples. Slightly increased combustion reactivities were found for thewaste fuel samples compared to lignite. It is concluded that waste-recovered fuels can be used in existing combustion facilities eitheralone or in combination with coal and future investigations shouldfocus on the operational behaviour of large-scale facilities whenexploiting these waste species.

09/02508 Recovery of discarded sulfated lead-acidbatteries by inverse chargeKarami, H. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4),893–898.The aim of this research is to recover discarded sulfated lead-acidbatteries in order to save the energy. In this work, the effect of inversecharge on the reactivation of sulfated active materials has beeninvestigated. At first, the battery is deeply discharged and theelectrolyte of battery is replaced with a new sulfuric acid solution of1.28 g/cm3. Then, the battery is inversely charged with constant currentmethod (2 A for the battery with the nominal capacity of 40 A h) for24 h. At the final stage, the inversely charged battery is directly chargedfor 48 h. Through these processes, a discarded battery can recover itscapacity to more than 80% of a similar fresh and non-sulfated battery.Inverse oxidation and reduction of battery’s active materials cantransform inactive sulfates into active sulfates. Discharge and cycle-lifebehaviours of the recovered batteries were investigated and comparedwith similar healthy battery. The morphology and structure of plateswas studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and afterinverse charge.

09/02509 Recovery of value-added products from thecatalytic pyrolysis of waste tyreShah, J. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (4), 991–994.The influence of an acidic (SiO2), basic (Al2O3) and mixture of acidicand basic (Al2O3: SiO2) catalyst on the pyrolysis of used tyre rubberhas been investigated. The yield of the derived gas, liquid and solid hasbeen studied in term of the temperature, time and amount of catalyst.Oil fractions were analysed by FTIR spectroscopy and gas chromatog-raphy with FID. Oil derived with Al2O3 containing higher concen-

tration of polar hydrocarbons (40%) and lower concentration ofaliphatic hydrocarbons while 40% aliphatic hydrocarbons and 30%polar hydrocarbons were found in oil derived with SiO2. A mixture ofcatalyst (Al2O3: SiO2) gave equal concentration of aliphatic (35%) andpolar (35%) hydrocarbons in oil.

09/02510 Steam jet ejector cooling powered by waste orsolar heatMeyer, A. J. et al. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34, (1), 297–306.A small scale steam jet ejector experimental setup was designed andmanufactured. This ejector setup consists of an open loop configur-ation and the boiler operate in the temperature range of Tb= 85–140 �C. The typical evaporator liquid temperatures range fromTe= 5 �C to 10 �C while the typical water-cooled condenser pressureranges from Pc= 1.70 kPa to 5.63 kPa (Tc= 15–35 �C). The boiler ispowered by two 4 kW electric elements while a 3 kW electric elementsimulates the cooling load in the evaporator. The electric elements arecontrolled by means of variacs. Primary nozzles with throat diametersof 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm and 3.5mm are tested while the secondary ejectorthroat diameter remains unchanged at 18mm. These primary nozzlesallow the boiler to operate in the temperature range of Tb= 85–110 �C.When the nozzle throat diameter is increased, the minimum boilertemperature decreases. A primary nozzle with a 3.5 mm throat diameterwas tested at a boiler temperature of Tb= 95 �C, an evaporatortemperature of Te= 10 �C and a critical condenser pressure ofPcrit = 2.67 kPa (22.6 �C). The system’s COP is 0.253. In a case studythe experimental data of a solar powered steam jet ejector airconditioner is investigated. Solar powered steam ejector air condition-ing systems are technical and economical viable when compared toconventional vapour compression air conditioners. Such a system caneither utilize flat plate or evacuated tube solar thermal collectorsdepending on the type of solar energy available.

09/02511 Study of recycling exhaust gas energy of hybridpneumatic power system with CFDHuang, K. D. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, 50, (5),1271–1278.A hybrid pneumatic power system (HPPS) is integrated by an internalcombustion engine (ICE), a high efficiency turbine, an air compressorand an energy merger pipe, which can not only recycle and storeexhaust gas energy but also convert it into useful mechanical energy.Moreover, it can make the ICE operate in its optimal state of maximumefficiency; and thus, it can be considered an effective solution toimprove greatly the exhaust emissions and increase the overall energyefficiency of the HPPS. However, in this system, the flow energymerger of both high pressure compressed air flow and hightemperature exhaust gas flow of the ICE greatly depends on themerging capability of the energy merger pipe. If the compressed airpressure (Pair) at the air inlet is too high, smooth transmission andmixture of the exhaust gas flow are prevented, which will interfere withthe operation condition of the ICE. This shortcoming is mostly omittedin the previous studies. The purpose of this paper is to study the effectof the level of Pair and the contraction of cross-section area (CSA) atthe merging position on the flow energy merger and determine theiroptimum adjustments for a better merging process by using compu-tation fluid dynamics (CFD). In addition, the CFD model wasvalidated on the basis of the experimental data, including thetemperature and static pressure of the merger flow at the outlet ofthe energy merger pipe. It was found that the simulation results were ingood agreement with the experimental data. The simulation resultsshow that exhaust gas recycling efficiency and merger flow energy aresignificantly dependent on the optimum adjustment of the CSA forchanges in Pair. Under these optimum adjustments, the exhaust gasrecycling efficiency can reach about 83%. These results will be valuablebases to research and design the energy merger pipe of the HPPS.



[first author] 2009 fuel-and-energy-abstracts 1

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