first aid fire fighting

7/29/2019 First Aid Fire Fighting

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1. Electrical (23%)

2. Smoking materials (18%)

3. Friction (10%)

4. Overheated materials (8%)

5. Hot surfaces (7%)

6. Burner flames (7%)

Others (27%): Sparks, Spontaneous ignition, Cutting,Welding, Arson, Chemical action, Lightning, Molten

substances


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FIREa rapid (exponential

growth), self sustaining

oxidation processaccompanied by the

evolution of heat and light

of varying intensities


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A slow form of deflagration

Deflagration Propagating reactions in which the energy transfer from the reaction zone to the

unreacted zone is accomplished thru ordinary transport processes such as heatand mass transfer.

Detonation

Propagating reactions in which energy is transferred from the reaction zone to the

unreacted zone on a reactive shock wave. The velocity of the shock wave alwaysexceeds sonic velocity in the reactant.


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Some general facts about fire protection No facility is absolutely fireproof. Nearly everything can burn, by given

ignition, adequate fuel, and sufficient Oxygen.

Fire and flame will spread in a building both vertically and horizontally

The spread of the heat, smoke, and toxic gases is possibly the greatest singledanger to life and takes place in much the same manner as does the spreadof fire.

Smoke and toxic gases are responsible for 66% of deaths from fire inbuildings.

On-site early detection of a fire is absolutely essential.

The use of a buildingits occupancywill influence the degree of firehazards. The more hazardous the materials handled in a plant area are, themore likely is the chance for a fire to start and rapidly spread.

The contents of a building are usually a more important factor in the start ofa fire than the physical structure of the building.

Very often only a few minutes pass between the beginning of combustionand the development of a destructive fire

What happens, or does not happen, in the first few minutes of a firedetermines whether it can be controlled or not.


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The first of the major hazards in a process plant is fire.

Fire in the process industries causes more serious accidents thanexplosion or toxic release, although the accidents in which thegreatest loss of life and damage occur are generally caused byexplosion.

Fire is normally regarded as having a disaster potential less thanexplosion or toxic release.

One of the worst explosion hazards, however, is usually

considered to be that of an explosion of a vapour cloud that hasdrifted over a populated area, and in this case the difference in thenumber of casualties caused by a flash fire rather than anexplosion in the cloud may be relatively small.

Vapour cloud, , or flash fires and fireballs radiate intense heat that

can be lethal.


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Another lethal effect is the depletion of oxygen in the atmospherecaused by a flash fire.

Although the Flixborough disaster was primarily a vapour cloudexplosion,a large flash fire in part of the cloud also accompanied

the latter and this fire was responsible for some of the deaths thatoccurred.

Flash fires can also do considerable damage to the plant.

In buildings, fire is the main threat and can cause great damage as

well as loss of fire.

Fire is, therefore, a serious hazard.


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Human viability is affected by multipleproducts of combustion:Heat (thermal burns, respiratory damage)

Smoke (particulate, vapor, and gaseous)

Effects include toxins and reduced visibilityOxygen deprivation (normal is 20.9%)

Products of combustion vary by fuel but always

include CO CO can cause death in 1%

concentration


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Fire can be self limiting in common situations.Controlling Factors Are:

Available Fuel Supply (furniture, structure, other

contents)Available Oxidizer Ventilated Fire or Unventilated

Fire; Chemical Oxidizers

Design, Construction and Occupancy can

contribute to these limitations (types andcontinuity of fuels and oxidizers)


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Fires usually start in a facilitys contents or operations ratherthan in its structure. Therefore, consider the following:

What materials are flammable?

What materials in a process or operation are most likely to ignite? Burn?Explode?

What in the facility could be a source of ignition? Are any open sparks orflames present? Are high temperatures involved in any operations?

Where are flammable and combustible materials located? Are flammablematerials stored together? Do indirect connections exist? If one of the materials

should burn, could the others easily ignite?

Might any of the materials ignite because of convection or radiation?

What toxic gases might develop into a fire?

How much time might it take for a fire to spread to other areas? to adjacent

facilities? Smoke and toxic gases, and sometimes heat, are largely responsible for fire

deaths. What toxic gases might develop from the burning of contents?

How many people are likely to be involved in the facility, in adjacent facilities,or in facilities nearby?


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Legal requirements

Principles of initiation, spread and extinction of fire

Site selection and layout

Buildings and structures

Storage and movement of materials Design of process plant

Operation of process plant

Maintenance of process plant

Fire prevention

Fire defence Works fire brigades

Classification of fires and selection of extinguishing media

Fixed fire fighting systems

Portable and transportable appliances

Organization of emergency procedures


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It is not necessarily essential to remove all theoxygen in order to extinguish a fire.

Reducing the oxygen concentration below 12-16% can generally put out liquid fires.

Solids fires may require a greater reduction ofoxygen concentration below about 5% forsurface smoldering and as low as about 2% fordeep-seated smoldering.


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Fire normally grows and spreads by direct burning, which results fromimpingement of the flame on combustible materials, by heat transfer or by travel of

the burning material. The 3 main modes of heat transfer are:

1- Conduction

2- Convection

3- Radiation

All these modes are significant in heat transfer from fires.

Conduction is important particularly in allowing heat to pass through a solidbarrier and ignite material on the other side.

Most of the heat transfer from fires, however , is by convection and radiation.

It is estimated that in most fires, some 75% of the heat emanates by convection.

The hot products of combustion rising from a fire typically have a temperature in

the range of 800 1200 degree C and a density a quarter that of air. On open plant much of the heat is dissipated into the atmosphere, but in buildings

it is transferred to the ceiling.

Radiation is the other main mode of heat transfer. Although it usually accounts fora smaller proportion of the heat issuing from the fire, radiated heat is transferreddirectly to nearby objects, does not go preferentially upwards and crosses open

spaces. For these reasons it is generally the most significant mode of transfer onopen plant.


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Are combustible scrap, debris and waste materials (oily rags, etc.)stored in covered metal receptacles and removed from the work sitepromptly?

Is proper storage practiced to minimize the risk of fire includingspontaneous combustion?

Are approved containers and tanks used for the storage and handlingof flammable and combustible liquids?

Are all connections on drums and combustible liquid piping, vapor

and liquid tight? Are all flammable liquids kept in closed containers when not in use

(e.g., parts cleaning tanks, pans, etc.)? Are bulk drums of flammable liquids grounded and bonded to

containers during dispensing? Do storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids have

explosion-proof lights? Do storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids have

mechanical or gravity ventilation? Is liquefied petroleum gas stored, handled, and used in accordance

with safe practices and standards? Are NO SMOKING signs posted on liquefied petroleum gas tanks?


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Are liquefied petroleum storage tanks guarded to prevent damage fromvehicles?

Are all solvent wastes, and flammable liquids kept in fire-resistant,covered containers until they are removed from the work site?

Is vacuuming used whenever possible rather than blowing or sweepingcombustible dust?

Are fire separators placed between containers of combustibles or

flammables, when stacked one upon another, to assure their support andstability?

Are fire extinguishers selected and provided for the types of materials inareas where they are to be used?

Are appropriate fire extinguishers mounted outside areas containingflammable liquids and inside storage area for such materials?

Are all extinguishers serviced, maintained and tagged at definedintervals ?

Are extinguishers free from obstructions or blockage?


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Are all extinguishers fully charged and in their designated places? Where sprinkler systems are permanently installed, are the nozzle heads

so directed or arranged that water will not be sprayed into operatingelectrical switch boards and equipment?

Are "NO SMOKING" signs posted where appropriate in areas whereflammable or combustible materials are used or stored?

Are safety cans used for dispensing flammable or combustible liquids at a

point use? Are all spills of flammable or combustible liquids cleaned up promptly? Are storage tanks adequately vented to prevent the development of

excessive vacuum or pressure as a result of filling, emptying, oratmosphere temperature changes?

Are storage tanks equipped with emergency venting that will relieveexcessive internal pressure caused by fire exposure?

Are "NO SMOKING" rules enforced in areas involving storage and useof hazardous materials?

Is the transfer/withdrawal of flammable or combustible liquidsperformed by trained personnel?

Are employees trained in the use of fire extinguishers?


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Understand the combustion process anddifferent fire classes.

Understand fire extinguisher types, operating

procedures, capabilities, and limitations.

Understand basic firefighting concept of P.A.S.S.


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In order to have a fire, there must be

Oxygen to sustain combustion,

Heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature,Fuelto support the combustion andA Chemical Reactionbetween the other three elements.

This is what we call it The Fire Tetrahedron.

Remove any one of the four elements to extinguish the fire

The Concept of Fire Prevention

is based upon keeping these four elements separated


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Fire Triangle or Tetrahedron

Heat

Oxygen

Fuel


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CHEMICALREACTION

FUEL

THE FIRE PYRAMID


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CHEMICALREACTION

FUEL

THE FIRE PYRAMID


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Fires are classified according to the types of objects beingburned:

Class A ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth,rubber or certain types of plastic

Class B flammable liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, paint,paint thinners

Class C flammable gases as propane, butane

Class D certain combustible metals such as magnesium,titanium, potassium or sodium.


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Electrical Fires are fires involving EnergizedElectrical Equipments such as Motors,Transformers, and appliances.

Remove the power and the Electrical Firebecome one of the other classes of fire.


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Not all fires are the same. Different fuels create different fires andrequire different types of fire extinguishing agents.

It is important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Usingthe incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite after apparently being

extinguished successfully.


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The fire will not occur if one of the Fire Tetrahedron elements is

missing. The Fire Suppression Methods showing how to remove eachone of these elements in order to extinguish the fire:

CoolingSmothering

Starving

Interrupting


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Smothering: Cutting out the Oxygen.


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Cooling: Reducing the ignition Temperature.


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Starving: Shutting off the Fuel source.


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Interrupting The Chemical Reaction: By using Dry Chemical Powder to

certain classes of fire.


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Water and Foam

Water and Foam Fire Extinguishers extinguish the fire by takingaway the Heat element of the Fire Tetrahedron. Foam agents alsoseparate the Oxygen element from the other elements.

Water Extinguishers are for Class A Fires ONLY. They should notbe used on Class B or C Fires. The discharge stream could spreadthe flammable liquid in a Class B Fires or could create a shockhazard on a Electrical Fires.

Foam Extinguishers can be used on Class A & B Fires ONLY. Theyare not for use on Electrical Fires due to the shock hazard.

WATER


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Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers extinguish the fire by takingaway the Oxygen element of the Fire Tetrahedron and also byremoving the Heat with a very cold discharge.

Carbon Dioxide can be used on Class B & C Fires & Electrical Fires.

They are usually ineffective on Class A Fires.

CO2Extinguisher


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Dry Chemical

Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily byinterrupting the Chemical Reaction of the Fire Tetrahedron.

Todays most widely used type of fire extinguisher is themultipurpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B, C andElectrical Fires. This agent also works by creating a barrierbetween the Oxygen element and the Fuel element on Class AFires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B ,C & Electrical Fires ONLY.

DCExtinguisher


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Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers extinguishthe fire primarily by interrupting the Chemical Reaction of the FireTetrahedron.

Like the stored pressure Dry Chemical Extinguishers, the

multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B and C Fires.This agent also works by creating a barrier between the Oxygenelement and the Fuel element on Class A Fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C Fires ONLY.


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1. WATER TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

CO2 CARTRIDGE TYPE STORED PRESSURE

2. FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

MECHANICAL FOAM TYPE

3. DRY CHEMICAL POWDER TYPE CO2 CARTRIDGE TYPE

STORED PRESSURE TYPE

4. CARBON DIOXIDE TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

STORED PRESSURE TYPE


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SQUEEZE GRIP

SAFETY CLIP/PIN

PRESSURE GAUGE

SIPHON TUBE

PURE WATERDISCHARGE HOSE

NOZZLE


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PLUNGER

HANDLE

CO2CARTRIDGE

FOAM MAKING

BRANCH


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SQUEEZE GRIP

SAFETY CLIP/PIN

PRESSURE GAUGE

SIPHON TUBEDISCHARGE HOSE

AFFF SOLUTION

FOAM MAKING BRANCH


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PLUNGERSAFETY PIN/CLIP

CO2 CARTRIDGE PIERCER

CO2 CARTRIDGE

INNER CONTAINER

DISCHARGE HOSE

SIPHON TUBE

DCP

NOZZLE


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SAFETY PIN

WHEEL VALVE

HIGH PRESSUREDISCHARGE HOSE

CYLINDERHANDLE

DISCHARGE HORN

SIPHON TUBE

LIQUEFIED CO2


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R Rescue

Alarm

Contain

Extinguish

A

C

E


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Sweep side to side

Aim low at the

base of flames

Squeeze the

handle

Pull the pinP

A

S

S


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Fire Extinguishers can be heavy, so its a goodidea to practice picking up and holding anextinguisher to get an idea of the weight and feel.

Take time to read the operating instructions andwarnings found on the fire extinguisher label.Not all fire extinguishers look alike.

Practice releasing the discharge hose or horn and

aiming it at the base of an imagined fire. Do notpull the pin or squeeze the lever. This will breakthe extinguisher seal and cause it to lose pressure.


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It is important to know the location

and the types of extinguishers

in your workplaceprior to actually using one


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When it is time to use the extinguisher on a fire, just remember

PASS!


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The Pin.


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The nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the safe distance.


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The operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing agent.


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The nozzle or hose from side to side until the fire is out.Move forward or around the fire area as the fire diminishes.Watch the area in case of re-ignition.


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Fire extinguishers must be inspected or given aquick check every 30 days (A month).

For most extinguishers, this is a job that you caneasily do by locating the extinguisher in yourworkplace and answering the THREEQUESTIONS to the right.


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Question #1

Is the extinguisher in the correct location?


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Question #2

Is it visible and accessible?


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Question #3

Does the gauge or pressure indicator show the correct pressure?


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After using the fire extinguisher

DONTjust leave it on the incident scene.Take it out of the Incident Scene

and youMUST report it to the Fire Section to completethe Fire Extinguisher Replacement and/or Re-Fill procedure.


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Computer Monitor Fire


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A computer monitor left on over a weekend caused this fire

resulting in $100,000 damage.

TURN OFF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES SUCH AS COMPUTEREQUIPMENT AND FANS AT THE END OF THE WORK SHIFT EACH

DAY.

FAN FIRE


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A wall mounted fan was left on over the weekend andresulted in a fire which caused damage in excess of

$20,000.00

Turn offelectrical appliances including fans andcomputer equipment at the end of the work shift each

day to reduce the chance of fire.

FirePrevention

is everyonesjob.


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Fire are also classified by size.

Major fire >20 jets

Large fire 8-19 jets

Medium fire 3-7 jetsSmall fire 1-2 jets, or >3 hose reels

Minor fire 1-2 hose reels, or hand

extinguishers


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With regard to fires in the process industries specifically, fires may beclassified broadly into the following categories:1- Vapour cloud fires

a- fires with no explosionb- fires resulting from explosionc- fires resulting in explosion

2- Fireballs3- Jet flames4- Liquid fires

a- pool firesb- running liquid fires

5- Solid fires

a- fires of solid materialsb- dust fire

6- Warehouse fires7- Fires associated with oxygen


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Remember the fire pyramid

Cool the fire

Limit the oxygen supply

Remove the fuel Inhibit the reaction producing hydroxyl (OH)

radicals


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IS: 933:1989 : Portable chemical fire extingusihers, foam type (third revision)

IS: 934: 1989 ; Portable chemical fire extingusihers, soda acid type (fourth revision)

IS: 940: 1989 : Portable chemical fire extinguishers, water type (gas cartridge) (thirdrevision)

IS: 2171: 1985 : Portable chemical fire extingusihers, Dry Powder (Cartridge type)

(third revision)

IS: 2190: 1992 : Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance ofportable first - aid fire extinguisher (third revision)

IS: 2878: 1986 : Portable fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide type (second revision)

IS: 4562: 1968 : Portable chemical fire extinguishers, foam type, for marine use

IS: 4862: 1986 : Portable chemical fire extinguishers, for aircraft.

IS: 4947: 1985 : Gas cartridge for use in fire extinguishers (second revision)

IS: 5490 : Refills for portable fire extinguishers and chemical fire engines.


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Part I: 1977 : For soda - acid portable fire extinguishers (first revision)

Part II: 1977 : For foam type portable fire extinguishers (first revision)

Part III: 1979 : For soda - acid chemical fire engines, 50 liter capacity (first revision)

Part IV: 1979 : For foam chemical fire engines, 50 liter capacity (first revision)

IS: 6234: 1986 : Portable fire extinguishers water type (stored pressure) (firstrevision)

IS: 8149: 1976 : Functional requirement for twin CO2 fire extinguisher (trolley

mounted)

IS: 10204: 1982 : Portable fire extinguishers mechanical foam type

IS: 10472: 1983 :150 liter capacity chemical fire engine, foam type

IS: 10658: 1983 : Hiegher capacity dry powder fire extinguisher (trolley mounted)

IS: 11108: 1984 : Portable fire extinguishers - Halon 1211 type.


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first aid fire fighting

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