finn
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Pocadi o proizvodnji kupinaTRANSCRIPT
Hei mei, zarzamora, mora, kupina,!
Blackberry Production from a World Perspective
Chad Finn; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR
Characteristics of main blackberry production areas we might be competing with!
Acreage
Most important cultivars
Typical yield
High yield
Percent of crop to processing
Price
Percent exported
Miscellaneous
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Production of blackberries in the U.S. in 2005, by state. (Strik et al.)
State Area
(acres) % Change 1995–2005
Production (tons)
Oregon 7,754 25 25,185 California 699 100 2,600 Texas 680 20 800 Arkansas 600 60 1,543 Georgia 314 300 661 Washington 237 100 400 Virginia 200 — 331 Ohio 175 350 175 North Carolina 151 50 716 Kentucky 111 30 309 Pennsylvania 111 70 120 Illinois 99 –25 110 Missouri 99 0 340 New York 99 –50 154 Total US 11,906 34 35,097
Thanks to:
Chile- Pilar Banados, Enrique Acevedo
China- Zhang Qinghua, Sing Lui, F. Dong
Mexico- Jose Lopez Medina, Mark Hurst
Serbia- Mihailo Nikolic, Brankica Tanovic, Miloljub Stanisavljevic
United States-
Southeast : Josh Bream, Gina Fernandez, Yongjian Chang
California: Gavin Sills, Ellen Thompson
Caution!!! Did the best I could but!.
Chad: Yield per acre?
Response: 6,000 - 8,000 ton per hectare
Assuming 1 metric ton (=1,000 kg)
Then = 5.4 million pounds/acre????
China
Acreage
Most important cultivars
Typical yield
High yield
Percent of crop to processing
Price
Percent exported
Miscellaneous
Map from Worldpress.com
Acreage and production areas
In 2010- 8,000 acres In 2009- 3,300/5,000 acres removed in Nanjing
China
Acreage
Reason for removal of acreage: illegal use of pesticides that made the crop unsalable
Photos: Qinghua Zhang
China
Most important cultivars
<2005 Hull Thornless, Chester Thornless
!Hull" well adapted and high yielding but #fruit not so good$ and #fruit tastes not so good and character for processing was disappointing and products not welcomed on international markets$
China
Most important cultivars
<2005 Hull Thornless, Chester Thornless
>2005 Shawnee, Triple Crown, Arapaho
Shawnee, Triple Crown, Arapaho- #good characteristics for processing and resistant to pests and diseases$
China
Typical yield
Typical Yield High Yield What they say: 9 metric tons/acre 18 metric tons/acre
Which would be: 19,800 pounds/acre 39,600 pounds/acre
What I am guessing they mean:
9 metric tons/hectare 18 metric tons/hectare
Which is: 4 tons/acre 8 tons/acre
China
Percent of crop to processing
95%
Price
Fresh: 20 yuan RMB/kg= $1.36/lb
Percent exported
#In 2009-2010, 8000 metric tons exported$
= 17.6 million pounds
Qinghua Zhang
China
Photos: Qinghua Zhang
China
Photos: Qinghua Zhang
Chile
Acreage
Most important cultivars
Typical yield
High yield
Percent of crop to processing
Price
Percent exported
Miscellaneous
Acreage and production areas
Maps from Electionworld
1 ha=2.47 A 1,243 ha= 3,072 A
2007
Chile
Acreage
#dramatic decline in acreage due to low price of frozen blackberry and due to the high prices of raspberry. This season there are very few grower that kept the blackberry and almost no fruit in the market. My best guess it that surface area is less than half of the official numbers .$
Chile
Acreage
Mostly small growers <2.5 acres
Photos: P. Banados
Chile Production-Trends (based on exports)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Frozen exports from Chile, 1981-2009 (tons)
Blackberry (Mora)- Wild & cultivated
Boysenberry
Source: Chilealimentos
Chile
•!Bygone scenes!!!
Chile
Most important cultivars:
Wild- About 50% of what is sold as frozen
Cherokee
Black Satin
Chester Thornless
Navaho
Boysen
Marion
Semi-erect; photo P. Banados
Chile
Typical yield-
Depends on price. If good pick all!
6.68 tons/acre
High yield
9.80 tons/acre for Black Satin and Cherokee; less for Boysen and Marion
Chile
Percent of crop to processing
99%
1% internal fresh consumption
Percent exported
99%
#No fresh export in last 3-5 years due to Mexico$
Chile
Price 2009, Chilealimentos
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Chile
Wild!!
Mexico
Acreage
Most important cultivars
Typical yield
High yield
Percent of crop to processing
Price
Percent exported
Miscellaneous
Major production areas Michoacán 12,350-19,274 A Jalisco 332-2,470 Colima 143- 1,235 Estimates total: 16,055-29,640 A; 20,085 official
Mexico
Most important cultivars
80-90% Tupy
5-15% Brazos
5% Sleeping Beauty (Driscolls) and others
Mexico Typical yield
•! Sold in boxes... Typically 12, 6oz clamshells in a 4.5 lb box
•! 4,000-6,000 boxes/hectare ~ 5 tons/acre
•! Can fruit a second time! probably average 1.25 crops/year, 2nd crop is lower yield and lower average.
High yield
•! 10 tons/acre
Mean yield over entire country-
•! 7.75 tons/acre
Mexico
Percent of crop to processing
10-20%
Percent exported
95%
75% US and Canada
20% Europe
5% Other
Mexico Price
-! Average price 2009 (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera) $ 0.20/lb
Estimates from colleagues:
-! Fresh ranges from 0.45-3.18/lb; mean $0.90-1.13/lb
-! Processing $ 0.07-0.11/lb
-! “Best way to look at fresh price. Price companies offer for season. (only for best growers)” $1.26-1.63 /lb
-! Price low points in December and May- $0.63/lb
-! Growers break even at $0.50/lb
Mexico
•! Mostly Tupy but looking at new Arkansas selections
•! Use defoliants & growth regulators to bring into flowering.
•! Can bring into fruiting at almost any time but often manage for 3 primary crops
•! Open field production •! Frost free production areas"
Following slides were put together by Dr. Jose Lopez Medina
Basic manipulation practices for Blackberry
!! Mow down (and burning) of canes
!! Advancement of floral initiation/differentiation
!! Cane #seasoning$
!! Hedge trimming
!! Defoliation
!! Use of growth-promoting substances
Mow down & burning of blackberry canes
Floral initiation-differentiation of blackberry
!! Four to seven months after cane emergence, depending
on variety
“Seasoning” of Canes
!! Two or three weekly applications of the following
mix:
"! Copper sulfate pentahydrate: 1%
"! Urea: 1%
"! Mineral oil: 1%
Hedge trimming
Defoliation
Tank mix (in 200 L water):
"!Urea: 10 Kg
"!Ammonium sulfate: 40 Kg
"!Copper sulfate pentahydrate: 4 Kg
"!Mineral oil: 2 L
Bud Break Stimulation
Tank mix (in 200 L water):
"!Gibberellic acid: 5 - 10 g
"!Revent® (20% TDZ) a cytokinin: 30 - 50 ml
"!Mineral oil: 1 L
10 Oct.
Choctaw Brazos
Defoliation: 20 July
Choice of a second crop
!! Cane clipping (removal of portion of canes that
bore the first crop)
!! Don"t need defoliation
!! Use of growth-promoting substances
Choice of a third crop
!! Cane trimming - removal of fruiting shoots that
bore a crop
!! Don"t need defoliation
!! Use of growth-promoting substances
Serbia
Acreage
Most important cultivars
Typical yield
High yield
Percent of crop to processing
Price
Percent exported
Miscellaneous Photo: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic
Serbia Main Production areas: Central Serbia Ma"va Morava River Basin Pocerina Acreage: 11,00-12,500
Source: WWW-VL European History
Serbia
Acreage
About the same as 2005
•! High price in 2007
•! Lots of planting in 2008
•! #after that time in 2008 and 2009 export of the frozen fruits was stopped. Large quantities in storage from 2007, 2008, and 2009.$
•! Price dropped, no new plantings. About 20-30% of producers destroyed their plantations
•! In 2010, all frozen stocks exported.
•! Acreage about right.
Photo: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic
Serbia
Most important cultivars
50% #a"anska bestrna
35% Thornfree
5% Black Satin
5% Dirksen Thornless
1% Darrow, Loch Ness, Chester Thornless, Triple Crown, Hull
•! Growers prefer !#a"anska bestrna"
•! Processors prefer !Thornfree" due to better color stability after freezing, and medium size fruit
Photos: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic
!#a"anska bestrna" color problem
Serbia Typical yield
•! Source 1: 2.67-2.89 tons/acre
•! Source 2:
–!#a"anska bestrna, 6.7 tons/acre
–!Thornfree, 5.3 tons/acre
High yield
•! Source 1: 13.4 tons/acre
•! Source 2:
–!#a"anska bestrna, 11.1 tons/acre
–!Thornfree, 8.9 tons/acre
–!Highest yield for #a"anska bestrna, 20.0 tons/acre
Photo: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic
Serbia Percent of crop to processing
95% Processing
<5% Domestic fresh
Percent exported
90% of processed crop exported
Photos: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic
Serbia
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
2007 2008 2009 2010
Price to Serbian growers ($/lb)
Source 1
Source 2
Price of exported frozen fruit on European market 2010 $0.40-0.70/lb
Serbia
Photos: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic
United States- California
Acreage
Most important cultivars
Typical yield
High yield
Percent of crop to processing
Price
Percent exported
Miscellaneous
United States- California
Acreage:
•! #no clue$
•! 1,000-1,200 acres?
United States- California Most important cultivars
•! Driscoll proprietary cultivars
•! Ouachita", !Obsidian", !Prime-Ark 45"
•! !Olallie" is still important roadside but has nearly disappeared
•! !Newberry" in small plantings
Newberry; Mark Crosse
United States- California
Typical yield
•! Watsonville 6 tons/acre; good 11 t/a; high 15+ t/a
By cultivar
•! Ouachita 8 tons/acre; high 9 tons/acre
•! Obsidian 3.5 tons/acre
•! Prime-Ark 45 6.5-7.5 tons/acre
United States- California
Percent of crop to processing
1% to juice
Price
Markets fluctuate.
$2.60-4.00/lb fresh market
David Karp
United States- Southeast
Acreage: 400-600
Most important cultivars: Ouachita, Navaho,
Arapaho and Natchez
Typical yield: 2,000 flats/acre
High yield: 3,300 flats/acre
Percent of crop to processing: 15 % (frozen, wine, jams)
Price
Retail $2.50/lb PYO, 4.00/pint
Wholesale 2009 $2.45/lb
2010 $2.25/lb
United States- Southeast
Miscellaneous
Horrible prices in late 2010 season due to Mexican competition in May- June has halted expansion and may lead decreased acreage
Thanks again to:
Chile- Pilar Banados, Enrique Acevedo
China- Zhang Qinghua, Sing Lui, F. Dong
Mexico- Jose Lopez Medina, Mark Hurst
Serbia- Mihailo Nikolic, Brankica Tanovic, Miloljub Stanisavljevic
United States-
Southeast : Josh Bream, Gina Fernandez, Yongjian Chang
California: Gavin Sills, Ellen Thompson
Thanks! Any Questions?