finint electric power infrastructure: interdependencies...
TRANSCRIPT
Str
ong
er,
Sm
arte
r, M
ore
Sec
ure
an
d
Res
ilien
t C
yber
-Ph
ysic
al P
ower
Gri
d
Con
gres
sion
al R
esea
rch
and
Dev
elop
men
t Cau
cus
B-3
69 R
aybu
rn H
ouse
Off
ice
Bui
ldin
g, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
CFr
iday
, M
ay 1
5, 2
015,
Noo
n–1:
30pm
Dr.
S.
Mas
sou
d A
min
*–
Cha
irm
an,
IEEE
Sm
art
Grid
–ASM
E En
ergy
Pub
ic P
olic
y Ta
sk F
orce
–Cha
irm
an,
Boa
rd o
f D
irec
tors
, Te
xas
Rel
iabi
lity
Entit
y (T
exas
RE)
–Boa
rd o
f D
irec
tors
, M
idw
est
Rel
iabi
lity
Org
aniz
atio
n (M
RO
)–
Direc
tor,
& E
ndow
ed C
hair,
Tech
nolo
gica
l Lea
ders
hip
Inst
itute
; Pr
ofes
sor
of E
lect
rica
l &
Com
pute
r En
gine
erin
g, U
nive
rsity
Dis
tingu
ishe
d Te
achi
ng P
rofe
ssor
; U
niv.
of M
inne
sota
*Sup
port
fro
m E
PRI,
NSF,
ORN
L, H
oney
wel
l and
SN
L is
gra
tefu
lly a
ckno
wle
dged
.
Elec
tric
Pow
er In
fras
truc
ture
: In
terd
epen
denc
ies,
Sec
urity
, and
Res
ilien
ce
Pres
iden
tial P
olic
y D
irec
tive
21:
“Ene
rgy
and
com
mun
icat
ions
in
fras
truc
ture
esp
ecia
lly c
ritic
al
beca
use
of t
heir e
nabl
ing
func
tions
acr
oss
all c
ritic
al
infr
astr
uctu
re a
reas
”
DO
E: “
A r
esili
ent
elec
tric
grid…
is
arg
uabl
y th
e m
ost
com
plex
an
d cr
itica
l inf
rast
ruct
ure.
”
The
vast
net
wor
ks o
f ele
ctrif
icat
ion
are
the
grea
test
eng
inee
ring
achi
evem
ent o
f the
20t
h ce
ntur
y–
U.S
. Nat
iona
l Aca
dem
y of
Eng
inee
ring
Un
con
ven
tion
al T
hre
ats
to
Sec
uri
ty
Conn
ectivity
Complexity
Cyb
erse
curi
tyC
han
gin
g R
isks
Cybe
rpow
er
Cybe
rAlert
Cybe
rInsurance
Cybe
rActivism
Cybe
rCom
mun
icatio
n
Cybe
ratta
ckCybe
rWar
Cybe
rBullying
Cybe
rCom
merce
Cybe
rspace
Cybe
rsecurity
Cybe
rethics
Cybe
rcrim
eCybe
rFININT
Cybe
rEspionage
Cybe
rLaw
IT/
OT
inte
rdep
end
enci
es a
nd
imp
act
•To
day’
s sy
stem
s re
quire
a ti
ghtly
kni
t inf
orm
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
ns c
apab
ility
•Pr
otec
ting
the
syst
em w
ill re
quire
new
tech
nolo
gy
to e
nhan
ce s
ecur
ity o
f pow
er s
yste
m c
omm
and,
co
ntro
l, an
d co
mm
unic
atio
ns.
Dep
ende
nce
on IT
•Sy
stem
inte
grat
ion,
incr
ease
d co
mpl
exity
: cal
l for
ne
w a
ppro
ache
s to
sim
plify
the
oper
atio
n of
co
mpl
ex in
frast
ruct
ure
and
mak
e th
em m
ore
robu
st to
atta
cks
and
inte
rrupt
ions
.In
crea
sing
Com
plex
ity
•Th
e vu
lner
abilit
ies
of c
entra
lized
con
trol s
eem
to
dem
and
smal
ler,
loca
l sys
tem
con
figur
atio
ns.
Res
ilienc
e re
ly u
pon
the
abilit
y to
brid
ge to
p-do
wn
and
botto
m-u
p de
cisi
on m
akin
g in
real
tim
e.
Cen
traliz
atio
n an
d D
ecen
traliz
atio
n of
C
ontro
l
•Pr
obab
ilistic
ass
essm
ents
can
offe
r stra
tegi
c gu
idan
ce o
n w
here
and
how
to d
eplo
y se
curit
y re
sour
ces
to g
reat
est a
dvan
tage
.
Asse
ssin
g th
e m
ost
Effe
ctiv
e Se
curit
y In
vest
men
ts
source:M
assoud
Amin,EPR
I,Janu
ary27,1998
Big
ger P
ictu
re: D
river
sLe
t’s f
ram
e th
e is
sues
. As
I se
e it,
her
e ar
e th
e to
p 10
dr
iver
s fo
r ch
ange
in t
he e
lect
ric
pow
er s
ecto
r, in
no
part
icul
ar o
rder
:1.
Acc
eler
atio
n of
effic
ienc
y (e
nerg
y in
tens
ity
drop
ping
2%
/yr.
);2.
Dis
trib
uted
gen
erat
ion
and
ener
gy r
esou
rces
(D
G
& D
ERs)
, in
clud
ing
ener
gy s
tora
ge &
mic
rogr
ids;
3.M
ore
citie
s in
tere
sted
in c
hart
ing
thei
r en
ergy
fu
ture
;4.
Dis
tric
t en
ergy
sys
tem
s;5.
Sm
art
Grid;
Source:M.A
min,“TheCase
forthe
SmartG
rid:Fun
ding
ane
winfra
structureinan
ageof
uncertainty.”P
ublic
Utilitie
sFortnightly,M
arch
2015,p
p.24
32andIEEE
SmartG
rid,January
2014
http://
smartgrid
.ieee.org/ja
nuary20
14/102
4theieee
smartg
ridinitiativewhats
aheadin
2014
Driv
ers
(con
t.)6.
Ele
ctrific
atio
n of
tra
nspo
rtat
ion;
7. N
ew E
PA r
egul
atio
ns,
such
as
for
gree
nhou
se g
ases
un
der
Sec
tion
111(
d) o
f Cle
an A
ir A
ct;
8. D
eman
d re
spon
se (
and
3rd-
part
y ag
greg
atio
n of
sa
me)
;9.
Com
bine
d he
at &
pow
er (
CH
P),
plus
was
te h
eat
reco
very
; an
d10
. Th
e in
crea
sing
ly in
ters
tate
and
eve
n tr
ans-
natio
nal
natu
re o
f ut
ilitie
s (a
nd c
ontr
acto
rs t
oo,
whi
ch le
ads
to
secu
rity
con
cern
s).
Source:M.A
min,“TheCase
forthe
SmartG
rid:Fun
ding
ane
winfra
structureinan
ageof
uncertainty.”P
ublic
Utilitie
sFortnightly,M
arch
2015,p
p.24
32andIEEE
SmartG
rid,January
2014
http://
smartgrid
.ieee.org/ja
nuary20
14/102
4theieee
smartg
ridinitiativewhats
aheadin
2014
Key
Que
stio
nsTh
ese
driv
ers
in t
urn
lead
to
som
e im
port
ant
ques
tions
, bo
th f
or t
he u
tility
, as
a b
usin
ess,
and
for
re
gula
tors
, as
mak
ers
of p
olic
y:1.
Wha
t bu
sine
ss m
odel
s m
ay d
evel
op,
and
how
will
the
y su
cces
sful
ly s
erve
bot
h up
stre
am e
lect
rici
ty m
arke
t ac
tors
and
2.
Wha
t ef
fect
s co
uld
thes
e ne
w b
usin
ess
mod
els
have
on
incu
mbe
nt u
tiliti
es,
and
wha
t op
port
uniti
es m
ay e
xist
for
ot
her
indu
stry
sec
tors
to
capi
taliz
e on
the
se c
hang
es?
3.H
ow w
ill r
egul
atio
n ne
ed t
o ev
olve
to
crea
te a
leve
l pl
ayin
g fie
ld f
or b
oth
dist
ribu
ted
and
trad
ition
al e
nerg
y re
sour
ces?
Source:M.A
min,“TheCase
forthe
SmartG
rid:Fun
ding
ane
winfra
structureinan
ageof
uncertainty.”P
ublic
Utilitie
sFortnightly,M
arch
2015,p
p.24
32andIEEE
SmartG
rid,January
2014
http://
smartgrid
.ieee.org/ja
nuary20
14/102
4theieee
smartg
ridinitiativewhats
aheadin
2014
Key
Que
stio
ns (c
ont.)
4. W
hat
plau
sibl
e vi
sion
s do
we
see
for
the
futu
re o
f th
e po
wer
sec
tor,
incl
udin
g ch
ange
s fo
r in
cum
bent
ut
ilitie
s, n
ew e
lect
rici
ty s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
, re
gula
tors
, po
licym
aker
s, a
nd c
onsu
mer
s?
5. W
hat
mea
sure
s ar
e pr
actic
al a
nd u
sefu
l for
critic
al
infr
astr
uctu
re p
rote
ctio
n (C
IP)
and
the
secu
rity
of
cybe
r ph
ysic
al in
fras
truc
ture
? en
ergy
con
sum
ers?
“Tod
ay’s
regu
lato
ry fr
amew
ork
is k
eepi
ng
us lo
cked
into
the
20th
cen
tury
.”
-Ann
e Pr
amag
gior
e, C
EO, C
omEd
Source:M.A
min,“TheCase
forthe
SmartG
rid:Fun
ding
ane
winfra
structureinan
ageof
uncertainty.”
PublicUtilitie
sFortnightly,M
arch
2015,p
p.24
32andIEEE
SmartG
rid,January
2014
http://
smartgrid
.ieee.org/ja
nuary20
14/102
4theieee
smartg
ridinitiativewhats
aheadin
2014
Pow
er G
rid
s H
ave
Com
e Fu
ll C
ircl
e…H
isto
rica
lly,
grid
s de
velo
ped
as
isol
ated
sys
tem
s th
at w
ere
man
aged
and
con
trol
led
loca
lly
Thes
e to
o co
uld
be v
iew
ed a
s m
icro
grid
s
Pres
ent
day
chan
ges
are
mad
e po
ssib
le –
•Cha
ngin
g ec
onom
ics
•Dyn
amic
Geo
polit
ics
•Im
prov
ed P
ower
ele
ctro
nics
•Bet
ter
info
rmat
ion
& c
omm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logy
•M
atur
e re
new
able
ene
rgy
tech
nolo
gies
…
DC s
yste
ms
Min
i grids
(AC)
Sin
gle
Tran
smis
sion
G
rid
(HVA
C)
HVD
C
Isla
nd-a
ble
smar
t gr
ids
(mic
rogr
ids)
Region
alCo
operation:
Hybrid
Netw
orks
Centralized
&Microgrids
Loca
l/Nea
rby…
Reg
iona
l/Nat
iona
l
Inte
rnat
iona
l/Far
away
Dec
entr
aliz
ed
Cen
tral
ized
Poss
ible
Tra
nsiti
onal
and
H
ybrid
izat
ion
Opt
ions
in a
Wid
e R
ange
of A
sses
sed
Scen
ario
s:
Shor
t-an
d Lo
ng-te
rm S
trat
egie
s,
Dec
isio
n Pa
thw
ays,
RO
I, Ec
onom
ic
and
Soci
etal
Obj
ectiv
es, P
olic
ies,
an
d D
isru
ptio
ns (i
nclu
ding
dol
lars
, w
atts
, GH
G e
mis
sion
s,
risks
/ben
efits
–pr
ivat
e an
d pu
blic
)
Dep
endi
ng o
n as
sess
men
ts n
oted
he
rein
, we:
•
Mod
erni
ze, R
etro
fit, a
nd
Hyb
ridiz
e Le
gacy
Infr
astr
uctu
re•
Leap
-Fro
g fo
r Iso
late
d Lo
calit
ies
or fo
r Cle
an S
late
Des
igns
Local
Microgrids
Internationa
lCo
operation:
Prim
arily
Large
Centralized
Gene
ratio
n
Ove
r the
nex
t fiv
e ye
ars,
sm
art m
icro
grid
s w
ill pl
ay a
gr
owin
g ro
le in
mee
ting
loca
l de
man
d, e
nhan
cing
relia
bilit
y an
d en
surin
g lo
cal c
ontro
l of
elec
trici
ty. E
mer
ging
de
velo
pmen
ts a
nd c
halle
nges
th
e sm
art g
rid c
omm
unity
m
ust a
ddre
ss:
Piv
otal
an
d E
mer
gin
g T
ech
nol
ogie
s1.
Ener
gy s
tora
ge2.
Mic
rogr
ids
3.Cyb
er-P
hysi
cal S
ecur
ity
4.Adv
ance
d Con
trol
s w
ith S
ecur
e Com
mun
icat
ions
-O
pera
ting
Plat
form
–Adv
ance
d EM
S/D
MS
-Sen
sors
, M
onito
ring
, an
d D
iagn
ostic
s -
Sm
art
Bre
aker
s5.
In-h
ome
Tech
nolo
gies
-
Sm
art
hom
es a
nd D
eman
d Res
pons
eTh
ene
xtph
aseof
power
grid
evolutionisman
agingde
man
dthrough
consum
ersa
sparto
fawellm
anaged
,secure,an
dsm
arterg
rid
Exam
ples
of S
G T
echn
olog
ies
& S
yste
ms
New
Cha
lleng
es fo
r a S
mar
t Grid
Nee
d to
inte
grat
e:–
Larg
e-sc
ale
stoc
hast
ic (u
ncer
tain
) ren
ewab
le g
ener
atio
n–
Elec
tric
ener
gy s
tora
ge–
Dis
tribu
ted
gene
ratio
n –
Plug
-in h
ybrid
ele
ctric
veh
icle
s–
Dem
and
resp
onse
(sm
art m
eter
s), A
MI,
Dat
a An
alyt
ics,
…
Nee
d to
dep
loy
and
inte
grat
e:–
New
Syn
chro
nize
d m
easu
rem
ent t
echn
olog
ies
–N
ew s
enso
rs–
New
Sys
tem
Inte
grity
Pro
tect
ion
Sche
mes
(SIP
S)
Crit
ical
Sec
urity
Con
trols
Para
digm
Shi
ft –
Dat
a at
MN
Val
ley
Coo
p
Befo
re s
mar
t met
ers
–M
onth
ly re
ad–
480,
000
data
poi
nts
per y
ear
Afte
r sm
art m
eter
s –
15-6
0 m
inut
e kW
h–
Peak
dem
and
–Vo
ltage
–Po
wer
inte
rrupt
ions
–48
0,00
0,00
0 da
ta p
oint
s pe
r yea
r
Bat
tery
Po
wer
ed1B
Wat
er M
eter
s1B
Gas
Met
ers
Indu
stry
Nee
ds to
Con
nect
50
Bill
ion
Dev
ices
by
2020
An
unso
lved
pro
blem
cos
ting
billi
ons
per
year
in w
aste
d re
sour
ces
requ
ires
rad
ical
ly im
prov
ed w
irel
ess
perf
orm
ance
and
low
er c
ost
Courtesy
ofOnRa
mpWire
less,Inc.
Allrightsreserved.
Und
ergr
ound
Mill
ions
of m
iles
of P
ipel
ines
& C
ircui
ts
In V
aults
100M
met
ers
Indo
ors
1B s
enso
rs
Secu
rity
need
s
Phys
ical
Sec
urity
–Tr
ansm
issi
on E
quip
men
t –
Syst
em S
ecur
ity: P
reve
ntin
g sy
stem
impa
ct
and
Prot
ectin
g cr
itica
l sub
stat
ions
–St
anda
rds
Cyb
er S
ecur
ity
Secu
rity:
W
hat s
houl
d w
e be
tryi
ng to
pro
tect
Fuel
Sup
ply
and
Gen
erat
ion
Asse
tsTr
ansm
issi
on a
nd D
istri
butio
nC
ontro
ls a
nd C
omm
unic
atio
nsO
ther
Ass
ets
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Sept
embe
r 11,
200
1 Tr
aged
ies
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Infr
astr
uctu
re S
ecur
ity
Weare
BulletP
roof
TheSkyisFalling
TheTruth
Sour
ce: E
PRI I
nfra
stru
ctur
e Se
curit
y In
itiat
ive
(ISI)
and
Ente
rpris
e In
form
atio
n Se
curit
y (E
IS) P
rogr
amM
asso
ud A
min
, EPR
I, Se
ptem
ber 2
7, 2
001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Infr
astr
uctu
re S
ecur
ity: T
he T
hrea
t
•El
ectri
c po
wer
sys
tem
s co
nstit
ute
the
fund
amen
tal
infra
stru
ctur
e of
mod
ern
soci
ety
and
ther
efor
e an
in
vitin
g ta
rget
for t
hree
kin
ds
of te
rroris
t atta
cks:
•At
tack
s up
onth
e sy
stem
–Po
wer
sys
tem
itse
lf is
pr
imar
y ta
rget
with
ripp
le
effe
ct th
roug
hout
soc
iety
•At
tack
s by
the
syst
em–
Popu
latio
n is
the
actu
al
targ
et, u
sing
par
ts o
f the
po
wer
sys
tem
as
a w
eapo
n•
Atta
ck th
roug
hth
e sy
stem
–U
tility
net
wor
ks p
rovi
de
the
cond
uit f
or a
ttack
s on
br
oad
rang
e of
targ
ets
Sour
ce: E
PRI I
nfra
stru
ctur
e Se
curit
y In
itiat
ive
(ISI)
and
Ente
rpris
e In
form
atio
n Se
curit
y (E
IS) P
rogr
amM
asso
ud A
min
, EPR
I, Se
ptem
ber 2
7, 2
001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Step
s To
war
d En
surin
g Se
curit
y
•EP
RI’s
Ele
ctric
ity In
frast
ruct
ure
Sec
urity
Ass
essm
ent c
onsi
ders
six
br
oad
area
s:–
Syst
em-W
ide
Vuln
erab
ility
Asse
ssm
ent
–G
rid S
ecur
ity–
Cyb
er a
nd C
omm
unic
atio
ns
Thre
ats
–D
istri
butio
n Sy
stem
, Dis
aste
r M
itiga
tion
& R
ecov
ery
–G
ener
atio
n/En
viro
nmen
t–
Pow
er M
arke
ts
Sour
ce: E
PRI I
nfra
stru
ctur
e Se
curit
y In
itiat
ive
(ISI)
and
Ente
rpris
e In
form
atio
n Se
curit
y (E
IS) P
rogr
amM
asso
ud A
min
, EPR
I, Se
ptem
ber 2
7, 2
001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Pow
er G
rid V
ulne
rabi
litie
s
•Ph
ysic
al:
–O
ver 4
50,0
00 m
iles
of 1
00kV
or h
ighe
r tra
nsm
issi
on li
nes,
an
d m
any
mor
e th
ousa
nds
of m
iles
of lo
wer
-vol
tage
line
s
–N
atur
al d
isas
ters
or a
wel
l-org
aniz
ed g
roup
of t
erro
rists
ca
n ta
ke o
ut p
ortio
ns o
f the
grid
as
they
hav
e do
ne in
the
U.S
., C
olom
bia,
and
oth
er c
ount
ries
–Ef
fect
s ty
pica
lly c
onfin
ed to
the
loca
l reg
ion.
•O
pen-
Sour
ce In
form
atio
n:–
Anal
ysts
hav
e es
timat
ed th
at p
ublic
sou
rces
cou
ld b
e us
ed to
gai
n at
leas
t 80%
of i
nfor
mat
ion
need
ed to
plo
t an
atta
ck
Source:EPR
IInfrastructureSecurityInitiative(ISI)andEnterpriseInform
ationSecurity(EIS)P
rogram
Massoud
Amin,EPR
I,Septem
ber2
7,2001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Thre
ats
to S
ecur
ity --
Sour
ces
of V
ulne
rabi
lity
Inte
ntio
nal
hum
an a
cts
Net
wor
ksM
arke
ts
Info
rmat
ion
&
deci
sion
s
Nat
ural
cal
amiti
es
Internal
Sources
External
Sources
•Tr
ansf
orm
er, lin
e re
acto
rs,
series
ca
paci
tors
, tr
ansm
issi
on li
nes.
..•
Prot
ectio
n of
ALL
the
wid
ely
dive
rse
and
disp
erse
d as
sets
is im
prac
tical
--ov
er 4
50,0
00 m
iles
of H
V li
nes
(100
kV
and
abov
e)--
6,64
4 tr
ansf
orm
ers
in E
aste
rn I
nter
con
•Con
trol
Cen
ters
•In
terd
epen
denc
e: G
as p
ipel
ines
, co
mpr
esso
r st
atio
ns,
etc.
; D
ams;
Rai
l lin
es;
Tele
com
–m
onito
ring
& c
ontr
ol o
f sy
stem
•Com
bina
tions
of th
e ab
ove
and
mor
e us
ing
a va
riet
y of
wea
pons
:•
Truc
k bo
mbs
; Sm
all a
irpl
anes
; G
un s
hots
–
line
insu
lato
rs,
tran
sfor
mer
s; m
ore
soph
istic
ated
mod
es o
f at
tack
…
•EM
P•
Bio
logi
cal c
onta
min
atio
n (r
eal o
r th
reat
)•
Ove
r-re
actio
n to
isol
ated
inci
dent
s •
Inte
rnet
Att
acks
•O
ver
80,0
00 h
its/d
ay a
t an
ISO
•H
ijack
ing
of c
ontr
ol•
Sto
rms,
Ear
thqu
akes
, Fo
rest
fires
& g
rass
•
land
fires
… L
oss
of m
ajor
equ
ipm
ent
–es
peci
ally
HV t
rans
form
ers…
“… f
or w
ant
of a
hor
sesh
oe n
ail …
"
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Sour
ce: E
PRI I
nfra
stru
ctur
e Se
curit
y In
itiat
ive
(ISI)
and
Ente
rpris
e In
form
atio
n Se
curit
y (E
IS) P
rogr
amM
asso
ud A
min
, EPR
I, Se
ptem
ber 2
7, 2
001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Util
ity T
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns
•El
ectri
c po
wer
util
ities
usu
ally
ow
n an
d op
erat
e at
leas
t par
ts
of th
eir o
wn
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
sys
tem
s
•C
onsi
st o
f bac
kbon
e fib
er o
ptic
or m
icro
wav
e co
nnec
ting
maj
or s
ubst
atio
ns, w
ith s
purs
to s
mal
ler s
ites
•M
edia
:–
Fibe
r opt
ic c
able
s–
Dig
ital m
icro
wav
e–
Anal
og m
icro
wav
e–
Mul
tiple
Add
ress
Rad
io (M
AS)
–Sp
read
Spe
ctru
m R
adio
–VS
AT s
atel
lite
–Po
wer
Lin
e C
arrie
r–
Cop
per C
able
–Le
ased
Lin
es a
nd/o
r Fac
ilitie
s–
Trun
ked
Mob
ile R
adio
–C
ellu
lar D
igita
l Pac
ket D
ata
(CD
PD)
–Sp
ecia
l sys
tem
s (It
ron,
Cel
lNet
)
Sour
ce: E
PRI I
nfra
stru
ctur
e Se
curit
y In
itiat
ive
(ISI)
and
Ente
rpris
e In
form
atio
n Se
curit
y (E
IS) P
rogr
amM
asso
ud A
min
, EPR
I, Se
ptem
ber 2
7, 2
001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Con
text
: IT
inte
rdep
ende
ncie
s an
d im
pact
Sour
ce: M
asso
ud A
min
, “To
war
d a
Secu
re a
nd S
mar
t Sel
f-Hea
ling
Grid
,"pr
esen
tatio
n to
the
Stra
tegi
c Sc
ienc
e &
Tec
hnol
ogy
EPR
I Res
earc
h A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee (R
AC
), Tu
esda
y, J
anua
ry 2
7, 1
998
page
7 a
t http
://m
asso
ud-a
min
.um
n.ed
u/pr
esen
tatio
ns/C
INSI
_01-
27-1
998_
RA
C.p
df
Depe
nden
ceon
IT:Tod
ay’ssystem
sreq
uire
atig
htlyknitinform
ationand
commun
icatio
nscapability.Be
causeof
thevulnerability
ofInternet
commun
icatio
ns,protectingthesystem
willrequ
irene
wtechno
logy
toen
hancesecurityof
power
system
command,control,andcommun
icatio
ns.
Increasin
gCo
mplexity
:System
integration,increasedcomplexity
:callfor
new
approaches
tosim
plify
theop
erationof
complex
infra
structureandmake
them
morerobu
stto
attacksa
ndinterrup
tions.
CentralizationandDe
centralizationof
Control:Thevulnerabilitie
sofcen
tralize
dcontrolseem
tode
mandsm
aller,localsystem
configurations.R
esilien
cerely
upon
theability
tobridge
topdo
wnandbo
ttom
upde
cisionmakinginreal
time.
AssessingtheMostE
ffectiveSecurityInvestmen
ts:Probabilistic
assessmen
tscan
offerstrategicguidance
onwhe
reandho
wto
deploy
securityresourcesto
greatestadvantage .
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Thre
at E
volu
tion:
Mal
icio
us C
ode
Hou
rs
Tim
e
Wee
ks o
r m
onth
s
Day
s
Min
utes
Seco
nds
Cla
ss II
Hum
an re
spon
se: d
iffic
ult/i
mpo
ssib
leAu
tom
ated
resp
onse
: pos
sibl
e
Early
199
0sM
id 1
990s
Late
199
0s20
0020
03
Cla
ss II
IH
uman
resp
onse
: im
poss
ible
Auto
mat
ed re
spon
se: u
nlik
ely
Proa
ctiv
e bl
ocki
ng: p
ossi
ble
Contagion Timeframe
File
Viru
sesM
acro
Viru
sese-
mai
l Wor
ms
Blen
ded
Thr
eatsWar
hol
Thre
ats
Flas
hTh
reat
s
Cla
ss I
Hum
an re
spon
se: p
ossi
ble
source:M
assoud
Amin,EPR
I,Janu
ary29
,199
8
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Info
rmat
ion
Leak
age
Inte
grity
Vio
latio
nD
enia
l of S
ervi
ceIll
egiti
mat
e U
se
Eave
sdro
ppin
gTr
affic
Ana
lysi
sEM
/RF
Inte
rcep
tion
Indi
scre
tions
by P
erso
nnel
Med
ia
Scav
engi
ng
Inte
rcep
t/Alte
r
Rep
udia
tion
Pene
tratio
nM
asqu
erad
e
Bypa
ssin
gC
ontro
ls
Auth
oriz
atio
nVi
olat
ion
Phys
ical
Intru
sion
Res
ourc
e Ex
haus
tion
Inte
grity
Vio
latio
n
Plan
ting
Troj
an H
orse
Trap
door
Serv
ice
Spoo
fing
Thef
t
Info
rmat
ion
Leak
age
Inte
grity
Vio
latio
n
Thef
t
Rep
lay
Wha
t Can
The
y D
o an
d H
ow C
an T
hey
Do
It?source:M
assoud
Amin,EPR
I,Janu
ary29
,199
8
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
ISI A
reas
: Add
ress
ing
Syst
em V
ulne
rabi
lity
to V
ario
us A
ttack
M
odes
, Red
ucin
g Th
eir I
mpa
ct, a
nd R
apid
Rec
over
y
•St
rate
gic
Spar
e Pa
rts In
vent
ory:
Red
ucin
g re
cove
ry ti
me
from
te
rroris
t atta
ck o
r nat
ural
dis
aste
r by
prov
idin
g sp
are
parts
of
exis
ting
equi
pmen
t and
by
deve
lopi
ng s
tand
ardi
zed
“reco
very
tra
nsfo
rmer
s”w
ith m
ultip
le v
olta
ge ta
ps
•Vu
lner
abilit
y As
sess
men
t (VA
):D
eter
min
ing
the
impa
ct o
f pot
entia
l te
rroris
t atta
cks
on p
ower
sys
tem
com
pone
nts
thro
ugho
ut th
e en
d-to
-end
ele
ctric
ity s
uppl
y ch
ain
•“R
ed T
eam
”Atta
cks:
Laun
ch m
ock
assa
ults
on
the
com
pute
r and
in
form
atio
n ne
twor
ks o
f sel
ecte
d ut
ility
syst
ems,
pro
bing
for
wea
knes
ses
in a
man
ner s
imila
r to
the
FAA’
s R
ed T
eam
effo
rts
•Se
cure
Com
mun
icat
ions
:Sc
opin
g st
udy
to d
eter
min
e ho
w to
de
velo
p a
secu
re, p
rivat
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns n
etw
ork
for t
he e
lect
ric
pow
er in
dust
ry, a
s an
alte
rnat
ive
to In
tern
et-b
ased
sys
tem
s
Source:EPR
IInfrastructureSecurityInitiative(ISI)andEnterpriseInform
ationSecurity(EIS)P
rogram
Massoud
Amin,EPR
I,Octob
er8,2001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Wha
t can
be
Don
e? V
ulne
rabi
lity
Ass
essm
ent
Prof
ile T
hrea
ts(D
eter
min
e In
tent
&
Cap
abilit
ies)
Dev
elop
Atta
ckSc
enar
ios*
Asse
ss
Vuln
erab
ilitie
s to
eac
h At
tack
Appl
y W
ar G
amin
gTh
eory
Asse
ss R
isks
(pro
babi
lity
ofsu
cces
sful
at
tack
x im
pact
)
Iden
tify
Like
ly
Targ
ets
Dev
elop
Cou
nter
-m
easu
res
*Evo
lvin
g sp
ectra
of t
arge
ts a
nd m
odes
of a
ttack
Sour
ce: E
PRI I
nfra
stru
ctur
e Se
curit
y In
itiat
ive
(ISI)
and
Ente
rpris
e In
form
atio
n Se
curit
y (E
IS) P
rogr
amM
asso
ud A
min
, EPR
I, Se
ptem
ber 2
7, 2
001
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
Crit
ical
Sys
tem
Dyn
amic
s an
d R
esili
ence
Cap
abili
ties
Varia
bilit
y an
d un
certa
inty
are
inhe
rent
in c
ompl
ex n
etw
orke
d in
terd
epen
dent
soc
io-te
chno
logi
cal s
yste
ms
A sy
stem
of s
yste
ms
view
is n
eces
sary
to m
easu
re, m
onito
r, un
ders
tand
and
man
age
com
plex
wor
k.N
eces
sary
to u
nder
stan
d “n
orm
al”
•An
ticipationof
disrup
tiveeven
ts
•Look
aheadsim
ulationcapa
bility
•Fastiso
latio
nan
dsectiona
lization
•Ad
aptiv
eislan
ding
•Selfhe
alingan
drestoration
resi
lien
ce, n
oun,
18
24: T
he c
apab
ility
of a
st
rain
ed b
ody
to re
cove
r its
siz
e an
d sh
ape
afte
r de
form
atio
n ca
used
es
peci
ally
by
com
pres
sive
stre
ss;
An a
bilit
y to
reco
ver
from
or a
djus
t eas
ily to
m
isfo
rtune
or c
hang
e
Res
ilien
ce e
nabl
es
Rob
ustn
ess
:A
syst
em, o
rgan
ism
or d
esig
n m
ay b
e sa
id to
be
"rob
ust"
if it
is c
apab
le o
f cop
ing
wel
l with
var
iatio
ns
(inte
rnal
or e
xter
nal a
nd s
omet
imes
unp
redi
ctab
le) i
n its
ope
ratin
g en
viro
nmen
t with
min
imal
dam
age,
alte
ratio
n or
loss
of f
unct
iona
lity.
The
Nat
iona
l Pla
n fo
r Res
earc
h an
d D
evel
opm
ent
In S
uppo
rt o
f Crit
ical
Infr
astr
uctu
re P
rote
ctio
nTh
e ar
ea o
f sel
f-hea
ling
infra
stru
ctur
e w
as
reco
mm
ende
d in
200
5 by
the
Whi
te H
ouse
Offi
ce o
f Sci
ence
an
d Te
chno
logy
Pol
icy
(OST
P)
and
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
omel
and
Secu
rity
(DH
S) a
s on
e of
thre
e th
rust
are
as fo
r th
e N
atio
nal P
lan
for r
esea
rch
and
deve
lopm
ent i
n su
ppor
t of
Crit
ical
Infra
stru
ctur
e P
rote
ctio
n (C
IP)
Secu
rity:
W
hat i
ssue
s im
pede
Pro
tect
ion
Inab
ility
to s
hare
in
form
atio
nIn
crea
sed
cost
of s
ecur
ityW
idel
y di
sper
sed
asse
tsW
idel
y di
sper
sed
owne
rs
and
oper
ator
sFi
ndin
g tra
inin
g an
d em
pow
erin
g se
curit
y pe
rson
nel
•C
omm
erci
al o
ff-th
e-sh
elf
(CO
TS) c
ontro
ls a
nd
com
mun
icat
ions
•Si
ting
cons
train
ts•
Long
lead
-tim
e eq
uipm
ent
•Av
aila
bilit
y of
rest
orat
ion
fund
s•
R&D
focu
sed
on
vuln
erab
ilitie
s
Elec
tric
al-G
as In
terd
epen
denc
y
Ther
e ha
s be
en a
pro
lifer
atio
n of
nat
ural
gas
Th
is h
as re
sulte
d in
a s
hift
to u
se g
as fo
r gen
erat
ion,
es
peci
ally
as
olde
r pla
nts
usin
g ot
her f
uels
are
retir
edPi
pelin
e ca
paci
ties
are
an is
sue
durin
g co
ld w
eath
er
New
Eng
land
gov
erno
rs a
nd o
ther
par
ties
are
brin
ging
forw
ard
crea
tive
idea
s to
mak
e lo
ng-te
rm
com
mitm
ents
to b
uild
new
cap
acity
Add
ition
al g
as p
ipel
ine
capa
city
, acc
ompa
nied
by
supp
ly c
ontra
cts,
is
requ
ired
to m
eet t
he g
row
ing
dem
and
for n
atur
al g
as fo
r pow
er g
ener
atio
n
Ass
et S
trat
egie
s 1
(3)
Gen
erat
ion
–R
efer
ence
NR
C m
etho
dolo
gies
&st
anda
rds
for n
on-n
ucle
ar, w
here
app
ropr
iate
Tran
smis
sion
Lin
es–
Phys
ical
sec
urity
is n
ot th
e an
swer
her
e be
caus
e th
ere
are
too
man
y tra
nsm
issi
on li
nes
and
mos
tly in
the
open
. Vul
nera
bilit
ies
shou
ld b
e ad
dres
sed
thro
ugh
redu
ndan
cy o
r ris
k m
itiga
tion
stra
tegi
es.
–Th
e Fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent c
ould
faci
litat
e re
dund
ancy
app
roac
h by
exp
edite
d si
ting
and
wor
k w
ith s
tate
and
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
to fa
cilit
ate
coor
dina
ted
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g of
mor
e re
dund
ant a
nd le
ss v
ulne
rabl
e tr
ansm
issi
on
grid
–Th
e us
e of
saf
e, e
nerg
ized
wor
k te
chni
ques
is o
ne s
olut
ion
to re
duce
co
nges
tion
and
asso
ciat
ed c
osts
and
min
imiz
e se
rvic
e di
srup
tions
–R
&D u
sing
sen
sors
to c
reat
e ap
prop
riate
ala
rms
for l
ine
sag,
tem
pera
ture
, etc
. –
Enco
urag
e de
sign
s fo
r eas
ier r
epai
r, st
ockp
iling
of a
sset
s an
d ag
reem
ents
to
faci
litat
e re
cove
ry fo
llow
ing
even
ts
Ass
et S
trat
egie
s 2
(3)
Key
subs
tatio
ns a
nd S
witc
hyar
ds–
The
corr
ect l
evel
of s
ecur
ity n
eeds
to b
e de
term
ined
via
a tr
iage
pr
oces
s un
der w
hich
util
ities
pro
tect
thei
r mos
t val
uabl
e re
sour
ces
–R
ecov
ery
from
atta
ck is
impe
ded
by lo
ng le
ad-ti
me
to o
btai
n tr
ansf
orm
ers
and
othe
r com
pone
nts.
–
Assi
st w
ith a
ddre
ssin
g co
nstra
ints
on
mov
emen
ts o
f equ
ipm
ent,
espe
cial
ly la
rge
asse
ts–
Supp
ort t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of s
pare
equ
ipm
ent p
rogr
ams
and
initi
ativ
es–
Con
tinue
to w
ork
with
indu
stry
and
man
ufac
ture
rs to
exp
and
the
exis
ting
self-
heal
ing
tran
sfor
mer
and
grid
pro
gram
s an
d on
st
anda
rdiz
atio
n an
d m
odul
ariz
atio
n of
key
equ
ipm
ent t
o m
ake
repl
acem
ent e
asie
r
Dis
tribu
tion
of N
atio
nal S
igni
fican
ce–
Stre
ngth
en fe
dera
l, st
ate
and
loca
l coo
rdin
atio
n on
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
s of
nat
iona
l sig
nific
ance
to m
ake
repl
acem
ent e
asie
r
Ass
et S
trat
egie
s 3
(3)
Con
trols
and
Com
mun
icat
ions
–In
crea
se R
&D s
o as
to in
crea
se s
ecur
ity w
ithou
t dec
reas
ing
relia
bilit
y an
d fu
nctio
nalit
y–
Fede
ral o
utre
ach
and
awar
enes
s an
d th
e de
velo
pmen
t of s
tand
ard
requ
irem
ents
, e.g
. for
con
trol
sys
tem
per
sonn
el, p
roce
dure
s an
d te
chno
logy
–Se
cure
com
mun
icat
ions
requ
ires
coor
dina
tion
betw
een
fede
ral a
genc
ies
such
as
U.S
. DO
E an
d FC
C–
The
Fede
ral G
over
nmen
t cou
ld p
rom
ote
and
faci
litat
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns a
nd c
yber
sec
urity
aud
its, r
edun
danc
ies,
and
bac
k-up
sys
tem
s–
Com
mun
icat
ions
and
con
trol
s sy
stem
s co
uld
be d
esig
ned
for m
ore
limite
d fa
ilure
–Ev
alua
ting
com
mun
icat
ions
and
con
trol
s fo
r EM
P w
ithst
and
capa
bilit
ies
Pert
inen
t IE
EE S
tand
ards
1 (2
)
End
of L
ife A
sses
smen
t for
Pro
tect
ion
and
Con
trol D
evic
esC
riter
ia fo
r Sec
urity
Sys
tem
s fo
r Nuc
lear
Pow
er G
ener
atin
g St
atio
nsIE
EE G
uide
for A
sses
sing
, Mon
itorin
g an
d M
itiga
ting
Agin
g Ef
fect
s on
Ele
ctric
al E
quip
men
t Use
d in
Nuc
lear
Pow
er
Gen
erat
ing
Stat
ions
and
oth
er N
ucle
ar F
acilit
ies
IEEE
140
2 –
Min
imum
requ
irem
ents
and
pra
ctic
es fo
r ph
ysic
al s
ecur
ity o
f ele
ctric
pow
er s
ubst
atio
nsIE
EE 1
686
–St
anda
rd fo
r Int
ellig
ent E
lect
roni
c D
evic
es
Cyb
er S
ecur
ity C
apab
ilitie
s
Pert
inen
t IEE
E St
anda
rds
2 (2
)
Wor
king
Gro
up C
10 –
Req
uire
men
t and
App
licat
ion
of
the
Subs
tatio
n C
yber
Sec
urity
Sta
ndar
d: 1
646
Wor
king
Gro
up C
6 –
Tria
l Use
Sta
ndar
d fo
r a
Cry
ptog
raph
ic P
roto
col f
or C
yber
Sec
urity
of S
ubst
atio
n Se
rial L
inks
1815
-201
2 –
IEEE
Sta
ndar
d fo
r Ele
ctric
Pow
er S
yste
ms
Com
mun
icat
ions
Dis
tribu
ted
Net
wor
k C
ontro
l (D
NP3
)W
orki
ng G
roup
C16
–P2
030.
102.
1 In
tero
pera
bilit
y of
IP
SEC
Util
ized
with
in U
tility
Con
trol S
yste
ms
Incr
ease
d fe
dera
l R&D
for e
mer
ging
tech
nolo
gies
that
m
ay im
pact
T&D
grid
s, in
clud
ing
new
type
s of
ge
nera
tion,
new
use
s of
ele
ctric
ity a
nd e
nerg
y st
orag
e,
with
an
addi
tiona
l foc
us o
n de
ploy
men
t and
inte
grat
ion
of
such
tech
nolo
gies
to im
prov
e th
e re
liabi
lity,
effi
cien
cy
and
man
agem
ent o
f the
grid
s Ap
plic
atio
n of
pro
-act
ive
wid
espr
ead
cond
ition
m
onito
ring,
inte
grat
ing
cond
ition
and
ope
ratio
nal d
ata,
ha
s be
en s
how
n to
pro
vide
a b
enef
it to
real
-tim
e sy
stem
op
erat
ions
, bot
h in
term
s of
ass
et u
se a
nd c
ost-e
ffect
ive
plan
ned
repl
acem
ent o
f ass
ets
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–A
sset
Man
agem
ent 1
(2)
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–A
sset
Man
agem
ent 2
(2)
Infra
stru
ctur
e se
curit
y re
quire
s a
new
mod
el fo
r priv
ate
sect
or-
gove
rnm
ent r
elat
ions
hips
. –
Ove
rlapp
ing
and
inco
nsis
tent
role
s an
d au
thor
ities
hin
der
deve
lopm
ent o
f pro
duct
ive
wor
king
rela
tions
hips
and
ope
ratio
nal
mea
sure
s
Perfo
rm c
ritic
al s
pare
s an
d ga
ps a
naly
sis
–A
deta
iled
inve
ntor
y is
nee
ded
of c
ritic
al e
quip
men
t, th
e nu
mbe
r and
lo
catio
n of
ava
ilabl
e sp
ares
and
the
leve
l of i
nter
chan
geab
ility
betw
een
site
s an
d co
mpa
nies
.
–M
echa
nism
s ne
ed to
be
deve
lope
d fo
r sto
ckpi
ling
long
lead
-tim
e eq
uipm
ent a
nd fo
r rei
mbu
rsem
ent t
o th
e st
ockp
iling
auth
ority
, be
it pr
ivat
e or
gov
ernm
ent.
Oth
er a
ppro
ache
s in
clud
e st
anda
rdiz
ing
equi
pmen
t to
redu
ce le
ad ti
mes
and
incr
ease
inte
rcha
ngea
bilit
y
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–Se
curit
y, P
rivac
y,
and
Res
ilien
ce 1
(4)
Faci
litat
e, e
ncou
rage
, or m
anda
te th
at s
ecur
e se
nsin
g, “d
efen
se in
dep
th,”
fast
reco
nfig
urat
ion
and
self-
heal
ing
be b
uilt
into
the
infr
astr
uctu
re.
Con
tinue
dev
elop
ing
regi
onal
pla
nnin
g of
a m
ore
redu
ndan
t and
less
vul
nera
ble
tran
smis
sion
grid
Con
tinue
dev
elop
ing
oper
atio
nal t
ools
to m
ore
accu
rate
ly fo
reca
st th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
nat
ural
gas
su
pply
for g
ener
ator
s an
d im
prov
e un
it co
mm
itmen
t de
cisi
ons
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–Se
curit
y, P
rivac
y,
and
Res
ilien
ce 2
(4)
Man
date
con
sum
er d
ata
priv
acy
and
secu
rity
for A
MI
syst
ems
to p
rovi
de p
rote
ctio
n ag
ains
t per
sona
l pro
filin
g,
real
-tim
e re
mot
e su
rvei
llanc
e, id
entit
y th
eft a
nd h
ome
inva
sion
s, a
ctiv
ity c
enso
rshi
p an
d de
cisi
ons
base
d on
in
accu
rate
dat
a
Supp
ort a
ltern
ativ
es fo
r Util
ities
that
wis
h to
elim
inat
eth
e us
e of
wire
less
tele
com
net
wor
ks a
nd th
e pu
blic
In
tern
etto
dec
reas
e gr
id v
ulne
rabi
litie
s–
Incl
ude
optio
ns fo
r util
ities
to o
btai
n pr
ivat
e sp
ectru
m a
t a
reas
onab
le c
osts
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–Se
curit
y, P
rivac
y, a
nd
Res
ilien
ce 3
(4)
Impr
ove
the
shar
ing
of in
telli
genc
e an
d th
reat
in
form
atio
nan
d an
alys
is to
dev
elop
pro
activ
e pr
otec
tion
stra
tegi
es,
–In
clud
es d
evel
opm
ent o
f coo
rdin
ated
hie
rarc
hica
l thr
eat
coor
dina
tion
cent
ers
–at
loca
l, re
gion
al a
nd n
atio
nal l
evel
s–
May
requ
ire e
ither
mor
e se
curit
y cl
eara
nces
issu
ed to
el
ectri
c se
ctor
indi
vidu
als
or tr
eatm
ent o
f som
e in
tellig
ence
an
d th
reat
info
rmat
ion
and
anal
ysis
as
sens
itive
bus
ines
s in
form
atio
n, ra
ther
than
as
clas
sifie
d in
form
atio
n
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–Se
curit
y, P
rivac
y,
and
Res
ilien
ce 4
(4)
Spee
d up
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent o
f cyb
er
secu
rity
stan
dard
s, c
ompl
ianc
e re
quire
men
ts a
nd
thei
r ado
ptio
n. F
acilit
ate
and
enco
urag
e de
sign
of
secu
rity
from
the
star
t and
incl
ude
it in
sta
ndar
dsD
esig
n co
mm
unic
atio
ns a
nd c
ontr
ols
syst
ems
for
mor
e lim
ited
failu
res
incl
udin
g be
tter E
MP
with
stan
d ca
pabi
litie
sIn
crea
se in
vest
men
t in
the
grid
and
in R
&D a
reas
that
as
sure
the
secu
rity
of th
e cy
ber i
nfra
stru
ctur
e (a
lgor
ithm
s, p
roto
cols
, chi
p-le
vel &
appl
icat
ion-
leve
l)
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–M
arke
ts a
nd P
olic
y 1
(2)
Use
the
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Sta
ndar
ds a
nd T
echn
olog
y Sm
art G
rid C
olla
bora
tion
or th
e N
ARU
C S
mar
t Grid
C
olla
bora
tive
as m
odel
s to
brid
ge th
e ju
risdi
ctio
nal g
apbe
twee
n th
e fe
dera
l and
the
stat
e re
gula
tory
org
aniz
atio
ns
on is
sues
suc
h as
tech
nolo
gy u
pgra
des
and
syst
em s
ecur
ity
Mor
e tra
nspa
rent
, par
ticip
ator
y an
d co
llabo
rativ
e di
scus
sion
amon
g fe
dera
l and
sta
te a
genc
ies,
tran
smis
sion
an
d di
strib
utio
n as
set o
wne
rs, r
egio
nal t
rans
mis
sion
op
erat
ors
and
inde
pend
ent s
yste
m o
pera
tors
and
thei
r m
embe
rs a
nd s
uppo
rting
rese
arch
to im
prov
e un
ders
tand
ing
of m
utua
l im
pact
s, in
tera
ctio
ns a
nd b
enef
its
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–M
arke
ts a
nd P
olic
y 2
(2)
Con
tinue
wor
king
at a
fede
ral l
evel
on
bette
r co
ordi
natio
n of
ele
ctric
ity a
nd g
as m
arke
tsto
m
itiga
te p
oten
tial n
ew re
liabi
lity
issu
es d
ue to
incr
easi
ng
relia
nce
on g
as g
ener
atio
nU
pdat
e th
e w
hole
sale
mar
ket d
esig
n to
refle
ct th
e sp
eed
at
whi
ch a
gen
erat
or c
an in
crea
se o
r dec
reas
e th
e am
ount
of
gene
ratio
n ne
eded
to c
ompl
emen
t var
iabl
e re
sour
ces
Rec
omm
enda
tions
1.Fa
cilit
ate,
enc
oura
ge, o
r man
date
that
sec
ure
sens
ing,
“def
ense
in d
epth
,” fa
st re
conf
igur
atio
n an
d se
lf-he
alin
g be
bui
lt in
to th
e in
frast
ruct
ure
2.M
anda
te s
ecur
ity fo
r the
Adv
ance
d M
eter
ing
Infra
stru
ctur
e, p
rovi
ding
pro
tect
ion
agai
nst
Pers
onal
Pro
filin
g, g
uara
ntee
con
sum
er D
ata
Priv
acy,
Rea
l-tim
e R
emot
e Su
rvei
llanc
e, Id
entit
y Th
eft a
nd H
ome
Inva
sion
s, A
ctiv
ity C
enso
rshi
p, a
nd D
ecis
ions
Bas
ed o
n In
accu
rate
Dat
a3.
Wire
less
and
the
publ
ic In
tern
et in
crea
se v
ulne
rabi
lity
and
thus
sho
uld
be a
void
ed4.
Brid
ge th
e ju
risdi
ctio
nal g
ap b
etw
een
Fede
ral/N
ERC
and
the
stat
e co
mm
issi
ons
on c
yber
se
curit
y 5.
Elec
tric
gene
ratio
n, tr
ansm
issi
on, d
istri
butio
n, a
nd c
onsu
mpt
ion
need
to b
e sa
fe, r
elia
ble,
and
ec
onom
ical
in th
eir o
wn
right
. As
set o
wne
rs s
houl
d be
requ
ired
to p
ract
ice
due
dilig
ence
in
secu
ring
thei
r inf
rast
ruct
ure
as a
cos
t of d
oing
bus
ines
s 6.
Dev
elop
coo
rdin
ated
hie
rarc
hica
l thr
eat c
oord
inat
ion
cent
ers
–at
loca
l, re
gion
al, a
nd n
atio
nal
leve
ls –
that
pro
activ
ely
asse
ss p
recu
rsor
s an
d co
unte
r cyb
er a
ttack
s7.
Spee
d up
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent o
f cyb
er s
ecur
ity s
tand
ards
, com
plia
nce
requ
irem
ents
and
thei
r ado
ptio
n. F
acilit
ate
and
enco
urag
e de
sign
of s
ecur
ity in
from
the
star
t an
d in
clud
e it
in s
tand
ards
8.In
crea
se in
vest
men
t in
the
grid
and
in R
&D a
reas
that
ass
ure
the
secu
rity
of th
e cy
ber
infra
stru
ctur
e (a
lgor
ithm
s, p
roto
cols
, chi
p-le
vel a
nd a
pplic
atio
n-le
vel s
ecur
ity)
9.D
evel
op m
etho
ds, s
uch
as s
elf-o
rgan
izin
g m
icro
-grid
s, to
faci
litat
e gr
id s
egm
enta
tion
that
lim
its
the
effe
cts
of c
yber
and
phy
sica
l atta
cks
IEEE
Sm
art G
rid h
ttp://
smar
tgrid
.ieee
.org
Antic
ipat
e
Plan
Impl
emen
t
Enab
ling
secu
re, r
elia
ble
and
resi
lient
syst
ems
requ
ires
peop
le a
nd o
rgan
izat
ions
that
can
Adap
tand
improvise
Ris
k-m
anag
ed A
rchi
tect
ures
and
Lay
ered
Def
ense
resi
lienc
e:
abilit
y to
reco
ver q
uick
ly
robu
stne
ss:
failu
re-re
sist
ant t
hrou
gh d
esig
n an
d/or
con
stru
ctio
n
redu
ndan
cy:
dupl
icat
ive
capa
city
for s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery
Sum
mar
y R
ecom
men
datio
nsSu
ppor
t hol
istic
, int
egra
ted
appr
oach
in
sim
ulta
neou
sly
man
agin
g fle
et o
f ass
ets
to b
est
achi
eve
optim
al c
ost-e
ffect
ive
solu
tions
add
ress
ing
the
follo
win
g:
–A
ging
infr
astr
uctu
re–
Grid
har
deni
ng (i
nclu
ding
wea
ther
-rel
ated
eve
nts,
ph
ysic
al v
ulne
rabi
lity,
and
cyb
er-p
hysi
cal s
ecur
ity)
–Sy
stem
relia
bilit
yU
rgen
tly a
ddre
ss m
anag
ing
new
Sm
art G
rid a
sset
ssu
ch a
s ad
vanc
ed m
eter
ing
infra
stru
ctur
e (A
MI)
and
inte
lligen
t ele
ctro
nic
devi
ces
Appe
ndix
The
Smar
t Grid
: 22.
5 Ye
ars
in th
e M
akin
gSelfHe
alingGrid(M
ay19
98De
c.20
02)
–19
982002:EPR
I/DO
DCo
mplex
InteractiveNe
tworks/SystemsInitia
tive
(CIN/SI)
cofund
edun
dera
Congressionally
approved
GICU
Rprogram
(58%
from
mybu
dget
atEPRI,and
42%fro
mDD
R&EthroughAR
O)
–10
8professorsandover
240graduate
stud
entsin28
U.S.
universitiesfun
ded,inclu
ding
CarnegieMellon,Minne
sota,Illino
is,Arizo
naSt.,IowaSt.,Pu
rdue
,Harvard,M
IT,Corne
ll,UC
Berkeley,
Wisc
onsin
,RPI,U
TAM,CalTech,U
CLA,
andStanford.
–52
utilitie
sand
ISO(in
cluding
TVA,
ComEd/Exelon,CA
ISO,ISO
NE,
etc..)provided
feed
back;24resulta
nttechno
logies
extracted.
Intelligrid(200
1presen
t):EPRI
tradem
arked
SmartG
rid:Finalnameadop
tedat
EPRI
andDO
E
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
•W
hat i
s a
Smar
t Sel
f-hea
ling
grid
?Th
e te
rm “s
mar
t grid
” ref
ers
to th
e us
e of
com
pute
r, co
mm
unic
atio
n,
sens
ing
and
cont
rol t
echn
olog
y w
hich
ope
rate
s in
par
alle
l with
an
elec
tric
pow
er g
rid fo
r the
pur
pose
of e
nhan
cing
the
relia
bilit
y of
ele
ctric
pow
er
deliv
ery,
min
imiz
ing
the
cost
of e
lect
ric e
nerg
y to
con
sum
ers,
and
fa
cilit
atin
g th
e in
terc
onne
ctio
n of
new
gen
erat
ing
sour
ces
to th
e gr
id.
•W
hat a
re th
e po
wer
grid
’s e
mer
ging
issu
es?
They
incl
ude
1) in
tegr
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t of D
ER, r
enew
able
reso
urce
s, a
nd
“mic
rogr
ids”
; 2)
use
and
man
agem
ent o
f the
inte
grat
ed in
frast
ruct
ure
with
an
over
laid
se
nsor
net
wor
k, s
ecur
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns a
nd in
tellig
ent s
oftw
are
agen
ts;
3) a
ctiv
e-co
ntro
l of h
igh-
volta
ge d
evic
es;
4) d
evel
opin
g ne
w b
usin
ess
stra
tegi
es fo
r a d
ereg
ulat
ed e
nerg
y m
arke
t; an
d 5)
ens
urin
g sy
stem
sta
bilit
y, re
liabi
lity,
robu
stne
ss, s
ecur
ity a
nd e
ffici
ency
in a
co
mpe
titiv
e m
arke
tpla
ce a
nd c
arbo
n co
nstra
ined
wor
ld.
Def
initi
on: S
mar
t Sel
f-Hea
ling
Grid
Sour
ce: M
asso
ud A
min
, “To
war
d a
Secu
re a
nd S
mar
t Sel
f-Hea
ling
Grid
,"pr
esen
tatio
n to
the
Stra
tegi
c Sc
ienc
e &
Tec
hnol
ogy
EPR
I Res
earc
h A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee (R
AC
), Tu
esda
y, J
anua
ry 2
7, 1
998
page
5 a
t http
://m
asso
ud-a
min
.um
n.ed
u/pr
esen
tatio
ns/C
INSI
_01-
27-1
998_
RA
C.p
df
Adap
tive
Infra
stru
ctur
es
•W
hat i
s “s
elf h
ealin
g”?
–A
syst
em th
at u
ses
info
rmat
ion,
sen
sing
, con
trol a
nd
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
to a
llow
it to
dea
l with
un
fore
seen
eve
nts
and
min
imiz
e th
eir a
dver
se im
pact
•W
hy is
sel
f hea
ling
conc
ept i
mpo
rtant
to th
e El
ectri
c Po
wer
G
rid a
nd E
nerg
y In
frast
ruct
ure?
–A
secu
re “a
rchi
tect
ed” s
ensi
ng, c
omm
unic
atio
ns,
auto
mat
ion
(con
trol),
and
ene
rgy
over
laid
infra
stru
ctur
e as
an
inte
grat
ed, r
econ
figur
able
, and
ele
ctro
nica
lly
cont
rolle
d sy
stem
that
will
offe
r unp
rece
dent
ed fl
exib
ility
and
func
tiona
lity,
and
impr
ove
syst
em a
vaila
bilit
y,
secu
rity,
qua
lity,
resi
lienc
e an
d ro
bust
ness
.
Def
initi
on: S
mar
t Sel
f-Hea
ling
Grid
Sour
ce: M
asso
ud A
min
, “To
war
d a
Secu
re a
nd S
mar
t Sel
f-Hea
ling
Grid
,"pr
esen
tatio
n to
the
Stra
tegi
c Sc
ienc
e &
Tec
hnol
ogy
EPR
I Res
earc
h A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee (R
AC
), Tu
esda
y, J
anua
ry 2
7, 1
998
page
6 a
t http
://m
asso
ud-a
min
.um
n.ed
u/pr
esen
tatio
ns/C
INSI
_01-
27-1
998_
RA
C.p
df
“Pre
vent
ing
Bla
ckou
ts,”
Sci
entif
ic A
mer
ican
, May
200
7
Sm
art
Sel
f-H
ealin
g G
rid
Source:M
.AminandP.Sche
we,“PreventingBlackouts,”
ScientificAm
erica
n,May
2007
Smar
t Grid
Pro
tect
ion
Sche
mes
& C
omm
unic
atio
n R
equi
rem
ents
Type
of r
elay
Dat
a Vo
lum
e (k
b/s)
Late
ncy
Pres
ent
Futu
rePr
imar
y (m
s)
Seco
ndar
y (s
)O
ver c
urre
nt p
rote
ctio
n16
025
004-
80.
3-1
Diff
eren
tial p
rote
ctio
n70
1100
4-8
0.3-
1
Dis
tanc
e pr
otec
tion
140
2200
4-8
0.3-
1
Load
she
ddin
g37
044
000.
06-0
.1 (s
)
Adap
tive
mul
ti te
rmin
al20
033
004-
80.
3-1
Adap
tive
out o
f ste
p11
0013
000
Dep
ends
on
the
dist
urba
nce
Smar
t Grid
: Tsu
nam
i of D
ata
Dev
elop
ing
Newde
vicesintheho
me
enab
ledby
thesm
artm
eter
Youarehe
re.
AMIDe
ploymen
t
Programmab
leCo
mmun
icatingTh
ermostat
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e
Distrib
utionMan
agem
ent
Rollo
ut
Mob
ileDa
taGo
esLive
RTUUp
grad
e
GISSystem
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t
OMSUp
grad
e
Distrib
utionAu
tomation
Substatio
nAu
tomationSystem
Workforce
Man
agem
entP
roject
Time
AnnualRateofDataIntake
200TB
400TB
600TB
800TB
Trem
endo
usam
ount
ofda
tacomingfro
mthefie
ldinthene
arfuture
paradigm
shift
forh
owutilitie
sope
rate
andmaintainthegrid
Smar
t Grid
: Int
egra
te D
ispe
rsed
Ene
rgy
Sour
ces
into
a
Mod
ern
Grid
to P
rovi
de E
nerg
y to
Cen
ters
of D
eman
dEm
ergi
ng S
uppl
y an
d D
eman
d Pa
ttern
s
A M
ulti-
laye
r Grid
Sys
tem
in n
eed
of S
tren
gthe
ning
and
Pro
tect
ion
Rec
omm
enda
tions
for m
ovin
g to
ene
rgy
syst
ems
to m
eet d
eman
d of
tom
orro
w•
Bui
ld a
str
onge
r and
sm
arte
r ele
ctric
al
ener
gy in
fras
truc
ture
–Tr
ansf
orm
the
Net
wor
k in
to a
Sm
art G
rid–
Dev
elop
an
Expa
nded
Tra
nsm
issi
on S
yste
m–
Dev
elop
Mas
sive
Ele
ctric
ity S
tora
ge S
yste
ms
•B
reak
our
add
ictio
n to
oil
by tr
ansf
orm
ing
tran
spor
tatio
n–
Elec
trify
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n: P
HEV
s an
d EV
s–
Dev
elop
and
Use
Alte
rnat
ive
Tran
spor
tatio
n Fu
els
•G
reen
the
elec
tric
pow
er s
uppl
y–
Expa
nd th
e U
se o
f Ren
ewab
le E
lect
ric G
ener
atio
n–
Expa
nd N
ucle
ar P
ower
Gen
erat
ion
–C
aptu
re C
arbo
n Em
issi
ons
from
Fos
sil P
ower
Pla
nts
•In
crea
se e
nerg
y ef
ficie
ncy
•W
ith fu
ll cy
ber a
nd p
hysi
cal s
ecur
ityso
urce
: McA
fee
64Perc
enta
ge o
f crit
ical
infr
astr
uctu
re e
nter
pris
e ex
ecut
ives
re
port
ing
larg
e-sc
ale
DD
oS a
ttack
s an
d th
eir f
requ
ency
sour
ce: J
ourn
al o
f Ene
rgy
Sec
urity
65
Elec
tric
Ter
roris
m: G
rid C
ompo
nent
Tar
gets
1994
–200
4En
ergy
Sec
tor V
ulne
rabi
lity
•41
% o
f rep
orte
d cy
ber s
ecur
ity
inci
dent
s be
twee
n O
ct 2
011
and
Sept
201
2 w
ere
in th
e en
ergy
se
ctor
(DH
S re
port)
•An
atta
ck o
n a
Saud
i Ara
bian
oil
com
pany
last
sum
mer
wip
ed
data
from
30,
000
com
pute
rs.
•Tw
o ge
nera
tors
rece
ntly
re
porte
d to
hav
e su
ffere
d cy
ber
atta
cks;
one
kno
cked
the
plan
t ou
t for
thre
e w
eeks
. •
DO
D e
ngag
ing
in 5
-fold
ex
pans
ion
of c
yber
sec
urity
•O
ffens
ive
and
defe
nsiv
e po
stur
es•
Can
adia
n G
over
nmen
t dou
blin
g cy
ber e
xpen
ditu
res
Wor
king
Pre
mis
e #1
Th
is is
ugl
y!
Crit
ical
Infr
astr
uctu
re P
rote
ctio
n:N
ew a
ppro
ache
s fo
r evo
lvin
g th
reat
sW
orki
ng P
rem
ise
#2
…B
ut th
is is
ugl
ier!
Istanbu
l,20
03Mozdo
k,20
03
Tanzania,199
8Oklahom
aCity,199
5Sa
udi A
rabi
a, 1
996
Baghdad,20
03
Crit
ical
Infr
astr
uctu
re P
rote
ctio
n:N
ew a
ppro
ache
s fo
r evo
lvin
g th
reat
s
Challeng
e
Canwehave
this?
With
outthis?
Crit
ical
Infr
astr
uctu
re P
rote
ctio
n:N
ew a
ppro
ache
s fo
r evo
lvin
g th
reat
sC
an w
e bu
ild n
on-in
trus
ive
yet h
igh
conf
iden
ce to
ols,
sy
stem
s, p
roce
sses
that
incr
ease
our
sec
urity
AN
D
pres
erve
/ext
end
our c
ivil
right
s?Sy
nerg
y B
etw
een
Secu
rity
Tech
nolo
gies
& P
olic
y
•E.
G. t
rade
offs
bet
wee
n lib
erty
&
se
curit
y?
•N
on/lo
w-in
trusi
ve b
ut h
igh
c
onfid
ence
te
chno
logi
es a
nalo
gous
to
MR
I•
Plot
the
spac
e
•In
corp
orat
e se
curit
y an
d pr
ivac
y ea
rly a
s de
sign
crit
eria
•Pr
ovid
e po
licy
impa
ct s
tate
men
t
Impl
icat
ions
for n
ew te
chno
logi
es -
som
eof
fer m
ore
Lor
m
ore
S•W
hat i
f we
offe
r bot
h?•C
an th
is b
e a
desi
gn c
riter
ia?
E.g.
rem
ote
mon
itorin
g; a
nom
aly
dete
ctio
n; w
ide-
area
tam
per d
etec
tion
Whe
re is
a g
iven
pol
icy
w.r.
t. -a
theo
retic
ally
op
timal
fron
tier?